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Qin L, Huang J, Feng Y, Zhao B, Guo L, Xie J. Spatiotemporal Visualization of Paraquat Distribution, Toxicokinetics, and Its Detoxification in Zebrafish Using Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:385-394. [PMID: 38206817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Paraquat is a highly toxic quaternary ammonium herbicide. It can damage the functions of multiple organs and cause irreversible pulmonary fibrosis in the human body. However, the toxicological mechanism of paraquat is not yet fully understood, and due to the lack of specific antidotes, the clinical treatment of paraquat intoxication is still a great medical challenge. In-depth research on its toxicity mechanism, toxicokinetics, and effective antidotes is urgently demanded. A new molecular imaging technique, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), can simultaneously achieve quantitative and spatial analysis and offer an alternative, distinct, and useful technique for paraquat intoxication and consequent detoxication. Here, we visualized the spatial-temporal distribution and conducted toxicokinetic research on paraquat in zebrafish by using stable isotope-labeled internal-standard-aided MALDI-MSI for the first time. The results indicated that paraquat had a fast absorption rate and was widely distributed in different organs, such as the brain, gills, kidneys, and liver in zebrafish. Its half-life was long, and the elimination rate was slow. Paraquat reached its peak at 30 min and was mainly distributed in kidneys and intestines and then showed a tendency of declining first but mildly rising later at 6 h, accompanied by a wide distribution in kidneys and intestines again. It suggested that entero-systemic recirculation might lead to the observed secondary peaks, and perhaps it extended the residence time of paraquat in the body. In addition, we validated the potential detoxification effect of sodium salicylate as a potential antidote for paraquat from both the dimensions of distribution and quantification. In conclusion, MALDI-MSI conveniently provided the distinct and quantitative spatial-temporal distribution information on paraquat in the whole body of zebrafish; it will promote the understanding of its toxicokinetic characteristics and provide more valuable information for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyuan Qin
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jiadong Huang
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
- School of Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuanzhou Feng
- Beijing Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Baoquan Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jianwei Xie
- Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis, Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
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Fijałkowski Ł, Skubiszewska M, Grześk G, Koech FK, Nowaczyk A. Acetylsalicylic Acid-Primus Inter Pares in Pharmacology. Molecules 2022; 27:8412. [PMID: 36500502 PMCID: PMC9738180 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is one of the first drugs to be obtained by synthesis while being the most used. It has experienced the longest lasting commercial success and is considered the most popular drug of the modern era. ASA, originally used as an anti-inflammatory medication, nowadays is predominantly used as an antiplatelet agent for prophylaxis in cardiac patients. Many studies show that the benefits of using ASA far outweigh the potential risk of side effects. With particular emphasis on the possibility of ASA repositioning for new therapies, extending the indications for use beyond the diseases from the spectrum of atherosclerotic diseases, such as cancer, requires shifting the benefit-risk ratio, although very good, even more towards safety. Interesting activities consisting not only of changing the formulation but also modifying the drug molecule seem to be an important goal of the 21st century. ASA has become a milestone in two important fields: pharmacy and medicine. For a pharmacist, ASA is a long-used drug for which individual indications are practically maintained. For a doctor, acetylsalicylic acid is primarily an antiplatelet drug that saves millions of lives of patients with coronary heart disease or after a stroke. These facts do not exempt us from improving therapeutic methods based on ASA, the main goal of which is to reduce the risk of side effects, as well as to extend effectiveness. Modified acetylsalicylic acid molecules already seem to be a promising therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Fijałkowski
- Department of Pharmacometrics and Molecular Modeling, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 2 dr. A. Jurasza St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Skubiszewska
- Department of Pharmacometrics and Molecular Modeling, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 2 dr. A. Jurasza St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Grześk
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 75 Ujejskiego St., 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | | | - Alicja Nowaczyk
- Department of Pharmacometrics and Molecular Modeling, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 2 dr. A. Jurasza St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Lin CC, Hsu KH, Shih CP, Chang GJ. Hemodynamic and electromechanical effects of paraquat in rat heart. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0234591. [PMID: 33793552 PMCID: PMC8016255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is a highly lethal herbicide. Ingestion of large quantities of PQ usually results in cardiovascular collapse and eventual mortality. Recent pieces of evidence indicate possible involvement of oxidative stress- and inflammation-related factors in PQ-induced cardiac toxicity. However, little information exists on the relationship between hemodynamic and cardiac electromechanical effects involved in acute PQ poisoning. The present study investigated the effects of acute PQ exposure on hemodynamics and electrocardiogram (ECG) in vivo, left ventricular (LV) pressure in isolated hearts, as well as contractile and intracellular Ca2+ properties and ionic currents in ventricular myocytes in a rat model. In anesthetized rats, intravenous PQ administration (100 or 180 mg/kg) induced dose-dependent decreases in heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac contractility (LV +dP/dtmax). Furthermore, PQ administration prolonged the PR, QRS, QT, and rate-corrected QT (QTc) intervals. In Langendorff-perfused isolated hearts, PQ (33 or 60 μM) decreased LV pressure and contractility (LV +dP/dtmax). PQ (10-60 μM) reduced the amplitudes of Ca2+ transients and fractional cell shortening in a concentration-dependent manner in isolated ventricular myocytes. Moreover, whole-cell patch-clamp experiments demonstrated that PQ decreased the current amplitude and availability of the transient outward K+ channel (Ito) and altered its gating kinetics. These results suggest that PQ-induced cardiotoxicity results mainly from diminished Ca2+ transients and inhibited K+ channels in cardiomyocytes, which lead to LV contractile force suppression and QTc interval prolongation. These findings should provide novel cues to understand PQ-induced cardiac suppression and electrical disturbances and may aid in the development of new treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chuan Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hung Hsu
- Laboratory for Epidemiology, Department of Health Care Management, and Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Pang Shih
- Department of Nursing, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Jyh Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicinal Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Division of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Development and Validation of a Radiomics Nomogram for Prognosis Prediction of Patients with Acute Paraquat Poisoning: A Retrospective Cohort Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6621894. [PMID: 33604379 PMCID: PMC7872759 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6621894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the efficiency of a radiomics model in predicting the prognosis of patients with acute paraquat poisoning (APP). Materials and Methods Chest computed tomography images and clinical data of 80 patients with APP were obtained from November 2014 to October 2017, which were randomly assigned to a primary group and a validation group by a ratio of 7 : 3, and then the radiomics features were extracted from the whole lung. Principal component analysis (PCA) and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression were used to select the features and establish the radiomics signature (Rad-score). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to establish a radiomics prediction model incorporating the Rad-score and clinical risk factors; the model was represented by nomogram. The performance of the nomogram was confirmed by its discrimination and calibration. Result The area under the ROC curve of operation was 0.942 and 0.865, respectively, in the primary and validation datasets. The sensitivity and specificity were 0.864 and 0.914 and 0.778 and 0.929, and the prediction accuracy rates were 89.5% and 87%, respectively. Predictors included in the individualized predictive nomograms include the Rad-score, blood paraquat concentration, creatine kinase, and serum creatinine. The AUC of the nomogram was 0.973 and 0.944 in the primary and validation datasets, and the sensitivity and specificity were 0.943 and 0.955, respectively, in the primary dataset and 0.889 and 0.929 in the validation dataset, and the prediction accuracy was 94.7% and 91.3%, respectively. Conclusion The radiomics nomogram incorporates the radiomics signature and hematological laboratory data, which can be conveniently used to facilitate the individualized prediction of the prognosis of APP patients.
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De Oliveira Mantovani R, Pinheiro DG, De Oliveira GLF, Perrud SN, Teixeira GR, Nai GA, Veras ASC, de Almeida Tavares ME, de Oliveira Mendes L, Pacagnelli FL. Effect of different doses of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on cardiac parameters in male Wistar rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:3078-3087. [PMID: 32901410 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10699-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different doses of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic herbicide in rat hearts. Exposure was through rat food that was nebulized with the herbicide. Thirty adult male Wistar rats (200-300 g) were used. The diet was exposed to 2,4-D in two different doses (CG: control group 10 ml distilled water; LCG: low concentration group 3.71 × 10-3 g.ia/ha diluted in 10 ml saline at 0.9% and HCG: High concentration group 9.28 × 10-3 g.ia/ha diluted in 10 ml 0.9% saline). After 6 months of exposure, blood samples were collected for CKMB evaluation, and left ventricular fragments were analyzed by histological evaluation, fibrosis measurements, fractal dimension and immunohistochemistry (BAX, Bcl2, TNF-α and NF-kB). There were no significant changes in CK-MB concentration, histological parameters, fibrosis measurements and fractal dimension. Long-term oral consumption of food nebulized by the herbicide 2,4-D promoted an increase in BAX, Bcl-2/BAX, and cytoplasmic NF-kB in the nuclear area of the group that received the highest dose of the herbicide. This suggests that the herbicide induces cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dyovana Gomes Pinheiro
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Physiotherapy, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | | | - Stéfani Nobrega Perrud
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Physiotherapy, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | | | - Gisele Alborghetti Nai
- Postgraduate Animal Science Program, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Allice Santos Cruz Veras
- Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | | | | | - Francis Lopes Pacagnelli
- Postgraduate Animal Science Program, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Physiotherapy, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
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Radiomics Nomogram Analyses for Differentiating Pneumonia and Acute Paraquat Lung Injury. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15029. [PMID: 31636276 PMCID: PMC6803642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50886-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraquat poisoning has become a serious public health problem in some Asian countries because of misuse or suicide. We sought to develop and validate a radiomics nomogram incorporating radiomics signature and laboratory bio-markers, for differentiating bacterial pneumonia and acute paraquat lung injury. 180 patients with pneumonia and acute paraquat who underwent CT examinations between December 2014 and October 2017 were retrospectively evaluated for testing and validation. Clinical information including demographic data, clinical symptoms and laboratory test were also recorded. A prediction model was built by using backward logistic regression and presented on a nomogram. The radiomics-based features yielded areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.870 (95% CI 0.757–0.894), sensitivity of 0.857, specificity of 0.804, positive predictive value of 83.3%, negative predictive value of 0.818 in the primary cohort, while in the validation cohort the model showed similar results (0.865 (95% CI 0.686–0.907), 0.833, 0.792, 81.5%, respectively). The individualized nomogram included radiomics signature, body temperature, nausea and vomiting, and aspartate transaminase. We have developed a radiomics nomogram that combination of the radiomics features and clinical risk factors to differentiate paraquat lung injury and pneumonia for patients with an unclear medical history of exposure to paraquat poisoning, providing appropriate therapy decision support.
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Marashi SM, Hosseini SF, Hosseinzadeh M, Qadir MF, Khodaei F. Ameliorative role of aspirin in paraquat-induced lung toxicity via mitochondrial mechanisms. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22370. [PMID: 31348582 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) has accounted for numerous suicide attempts in developing countries. Aspirin (ASA) as an adjuvant treatment in PQ poisoning has an ameliorative role. And, it's uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation role has been well established. The current study aimed at examining the aspirin mechanism on lung mitochondria of rats exposed to PQ. Male rats were randomly allocated in five groups: Control group, PQ group (50 mg/kg; orally, only on the first day), and PQ + ASA (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg; i.p.) groups for 3 weeks. Mitochondrial indices and respiratory chain-complex activities were determined. PQ induced lung interstitial fibrosis; however, ASA (400 mg/kg) led to decrease in this abnormal alteration. In comparison with PQ group, complex II and IV activity, and adenosine triphosphate content in ASA groups had significantly increased; however, reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, and mitochondrial swelling were significantly reduced. In conclusion, aspirin can alleviate lung injury induced by PQ poisoning by improving mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Mahdi Marashi
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran.,Tehran Blood Transfusion Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyede Fatemeh Hosseini
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Massood Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Muhammad Farhan Qadir
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Forouzan Khodaei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
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8
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Shariati S, Khodayar MJ, Hemmati A, Goudarzi M, Kiani M, Rezaei A. The Ameliorative Effects of Allopurinol on Paraquat-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Rats. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.15171/ps.2019.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pulmonary fibrosis is described as a chronic idiopathic inflammatory disease of the interstitial lungs. It is associated with a potentially fatal prognosis, and patients show insignificant response to treatment. To treat paraquat (PQ)-induced pulmonary injury and fibrosis, multiple approaches have been used. We aimed to determine the effects of allopurinol (Allo), a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, on PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. Methods: A total of 30 female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into five groups (200±20 g). Group 1 (control) and group 2 (PQ group) were intraperitoneally administered PQ (20 mg/kg) once on day seven without any treatment, while groups 3–5 orally received 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg of Allo seven days before and three weeks following the administration of PQ, respectively. The animals were sacrificed three weeks after PQ administration. For the histopathological analysis and assessment of serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydroxyproline (HP) contents, the animals’ blood and lungs were collected. Results: The PQ group showed significantly higher lung HP, serum MDA, and lung index in comparison with the control. Treatment with Allo, especially at 100 and 200 mg/kg, decreased HP, MDA, and lung index significantly, compared to the PQ group. Allo could prevent inflammatory cell infiltration, presence of fibroblasts, and PQ-related alveolar thickening. Conclusion: The results revealed that Allo has potential protective effects on PQ-related pulmonary fibrosis, and the role of xanthine oxidase in the exacerbation of PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Shariati
- Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Khodayar
- Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Aliasghar Hemmati
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Goudarzi
- Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Milad Kiani
- Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Anahita Rezaei
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
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9
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Zhang X, Xu X, Li S, Li L, Zhang J, Wang R. A Synthetic Receptor as a Specific Antidote for Paraquat Poisoning. Theranostics 2019; 9:633-645. [PMID: 30809298 PMCID: PMC6376464 DOI: 10.7150/thno.31485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Accidental or suicidal ingestion of the world's most widely used herbicide, paraquat (PQ), may result in rapid multi-organ failure with a 60% fatality rate due to the absence of an effective detoxification solution. Effective, specific antidotes to PQ poisoning have been highly desired. Methods: The binding constant of PQ and a synthetic receptor, cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]), was first determined in various pH environments. The antidotal effects of CB[7] on PQ toxicity were firstly evaluated with in-vitro cell lines. With in-vivo mice models, the pharmacokinetics and the biodistribution of PQ in major organs were determined to evaluate the influence of CB[7] on the oral bioavailability of PQ. Major organs' injuries and overall survival rates of the mice were systemically examined to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of CB[7] on PQ poisoning. Results: We demonstrate that CB[7] may complex PQ strongly under various conditions and significantly reduce its toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Oral administration of PQ in the presence of CB[7] in a mouse model significantly decreased PQ levels in the plasma and major organs and alleviated major organs' injuries, when compared to those of mice administered with PQ alone. Further studies indicated that oral administration of CB[7] within 2 h post PQ ingestion significantly increased the survival rates and extended the survival time of the mice, in contrast to the ineffective treatment by activated charcoal, which is commonly recommended for PQ decontamination. Conclusion: CB[7] may be used as a specific oral antidote for PQ poisoning by strongly binding with PQ and inhibiting its absorption in the gastrointestinal tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shengke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Lanlan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jianxiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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10
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Gao C, Huang Q, Lan Q, Feng Y, Tang F, Hoi MPM, Zhang J, Lee SMY, Wang R. A user-friendly herbicide derived from photo-responsive supramolecular vesicles. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2967. [PMID: 30054483 PMCID: PMC6063903 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05437-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraquat, as one of the most widely used herbicides globally, is highly toxic to humans, and chronic exposure and acute ingestion leads to high morbidity and mortality rates. Here, we report user-friendly, photo-responsive paraquat-loaded supramolecular vesicles, prepared via one-pot self-assembly of amphiphilic, ternary host-guest complexes between cucurbit[8]uril, paraquat, and an azobenzene derivative. In this vesicle formulation, paraquat is only released upon UV or sunlight irradiation that converts the azobenzene derivative from its trans- to its cis- form, which in turn dissociates the ternary host-guest complexations and the vesicles. The cytotoxicity evaluation of this vesicle formulation of paraquat on in vitro cell models, in vivo zebrafish models, and mouse models demonstrates an enhanced safety profile. Additionally, the PQ-loaded vesicles' herbicidal activity against a model of invasive weed is nearly identical to that of free paraquat under natural sunlight. This study provides a safe yet effective herbicide formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Qiaoxian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Qingping Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Yu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Fan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Maggie P M Hoi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Jianxiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Simon M Y Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China.
| | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China.
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11
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Magalhães N, Carvalho F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Human and experimental toxicology of diquat poisoning: Toxicokinetics, mechanisms of toxicity, clinical features, and treatment. Hum Exp Toxicol 2018; 37:1131-1160. [PMID: 29569487 DOI: 10.1177/0960327118765330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diquat (1,1'-ethylene-2,2'-bipyridinium ion; DQ) is a nonselective quick-acting herbicide, which is used as contact and preharvest desiccant to control terrestrial and aquatic vegetation. Several cases of human poisoning were reported worldwide mainly due to intentional ingestion of the liquid formulations. Its toxic potential results from its ability to produce reactive oxygen and nitrogen species through redox cycling processes that can lead to oxidative stress and potentially cell death. Kidney is the main target organ due to DQ toxicokinetics and redox cycling. There is no antidote against DQ intoxications, and the efficacy of treatments currently applied is still unsatisfactory. The aim of this work was to review the most relevant human and experimental findings related to DQ, characterizing its chemistry, activity as herbicide, mechanisms of toxicity, consequences of poisoning, and potential therapeutic approaches taking into account previous experience in developing antidotes for paraquat, a more toxic bipyridinium herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Magalhães
- 1 UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Carvalho
- 1 UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R J Dinis-Oliveira
- 1 UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,2 IINFACTS-Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), Gandra, Portugal.,3 Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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12
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Williams JH, Whitehead Z, Van Wilpe E. Paraquat intoxication and associated pathological findings in three dogs in South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2016; 87:e1-e9. [PMID: 28155296 PMCID: PMC6138077 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v87i1.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraquat is a bipyridylium non-selective contact herbicide commonly used worldwide. When ingestion occurs by humans and animals either accidentally, intentionally or maliciously, paraquat selectively accumulates in the lungs resulting in the production of oxygen-free radicals, causing membrane damage and cell death. Intoxicated subjects typically show progressive and fatal pulmonary haemorrhage, collapse and oedema. In individuals surviving the acute phase, pulmonary fibrosis develops. Gastrointestinal-, renal- and central nervous system clinical signs may also occur. Owing to the lack of effective treatment and absence of an antidote, the prognosis is poor. The clinical presentation, clinicopathological findings and treatment are briefly described of three dogs from one South African household, intoxicated with paraquat. Macroscopic and microscopic lesions in one dog that was necropsied, as well as pulmonary ultrastructure are detailed and illustrated for academic reference. All dogs presented with tachypnoea and dyspnoea 2-3 days after accidental paraquat ingestion. Treatment was aimed at reducing gastrointestinal absorption, enhancing elimination by diuresis and avoiding further oxidative damage by administration of antioxidants. All dogs, however, became progressively hypoxic despite treatment and were euthanised. Paraquat toxicity should be a differential diagnosis in dogs with unexplained progressive respiratory and gastrointestinal signs and renal failure. The local veterinary profession should be aware of accidental or intentional paraquat toxicity of animals. Existing literature, variations possible in canine clinical signs, measured parameters, lesions, as well as possible treatments, promising experimental antidotes and management options are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- June H Williams
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria.
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SIRT1 exerts protective effects against paraquat-induced injury in mouse type II alveolar epithelial cells by deacetylating NRF2 in vitro. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:1049-58. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Ekerbicer N, Gurpinar T, Tarakci F, Turkoz Uluer E, İnan S. Effects of high doses of dexamethasone on hemodynamic and immunohistochemical characteristics of acute paraquat intoxication in rat kidneys. Biotech Histochem 2016; 91:151-60. [PMID: 26796020 DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2015.1109141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium) (PQ), is a nonselective contact herbicide that is highly toxic to humans. The kidney is affected during PQ intoxication. Dexamethasone (Dexa) has anti-inflammatory effects and is used to treat cases of PQ poisoning. We investigated in rat kidney hemodynamic effects and immunohistochemical characteristics of Dexa treatment in acute PQ poisoning. Adult male rats were divided into four groups: 1, untreated control; 2, treated with 100 mg/kg Dexa; 3, treated with 25 mg/kg PQ; 4, treated with PQ + Dexa. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded during the experimental period (2 h). Tissues were removed after 2 h and immunohistochemistry was performed after 24 h. Paraffin sections of kidney were prepared and anti-cyclo-oxygenase-1 (COX-1), anti-cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), anti-angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), anti-aquaporin-1 (AQU-1), anti-vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) primary antibodies were used for immunohistochemical examination. Immunoreactivities were scored as: (1) minimal, (2) weak, (3) mild, (4) moderate, (5) strong and (6) very strong. MAP and HR were measured at 10 min, 20 min, 1 h and 2 h. MAP at 10 and 20 min and 1 h was increased in the Dexa group. HR also was increased in all groups compared to controls at 2 h. Compared to groups 2 and 4, MAP values decreased significantly in group 3 at 1 h. The intensity of all of immunoreactivities was decreased in group 2. In group 3, immunoreactivities of COX-1, COX-2 and ACE were decreased compared to the control and the other groups, whereas AQU-1 and VCAM immunoreactivities were the same as the control group. ACE and VCAM immunoreactivities were decreased in group 4 compared to the control group, while COX-1, COX-2 and AQU-1 immunoreactivities were close to those of the control group. Dexa appears to be useful for treating PQ intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ekerbicer
- a Department of Physiology , Medical School, Celal Bayar University , Manisa , Turkey
| | - T Gurpinar
- b Department of Pharmacology , Medical School, Celal Bayar University , Manisa , Turkey
| | - F Tarakci
- c Vocational School of Health Services, Medical School, Celal Bayar University , Manisa , Turkey
| | - E Turkoz Uluer
- d Department of Histology and Embryology , Medical School, Celal Bayar University , Manisa , Turkey
| | - S İnan
- d Department of Histology and Embryology , Medical School, Celal Bayar University , Manisa , Turkey
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Li S, Zhao G, Chen L, Ding Y, Lian J, Hong G, Lu Z. Resveratrol protects mice from paraquat-induced lung injury: The important role of SIRT1 and NRF2 antioxidant pathways. Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:1833-8. [PMID: 26708779 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) acts via the deacetylation of a number of crucial transcription factors and has been implicated in various biological processes, including oxidative stress. Previous studies have indicated that nuclear factor, erythroid 2‑like 2 (NRF2) is an effective target of antioxidant therapy for paraquat (PQ) poisoning. However, the association between SIRT1 and NRF2 and their effects in PQ‑induced oxidative stress remains to be elucidated. The current study demonstrated that PQ exposure upregulated the expression of SIRT1 and NRF2 following 6‑ and 24‑h exposure in the lungs of mice. However, long‑term exposure to PQ significantly decreased the expression of SIRT1 and NRF2. Resveratrol is a SIRT1 activator, and strongly enhanced SIRT1 expression and attenuated the lung injury resulting from PQ exposure in the current study. Additionally, treatment with resveratrol upregulated the expression of NRF2 and glutathione, increased the activity of heme oxygenase‑1, superoxide dismutase and catalase, but depleted the expression of malondialdehyde. The present results demonstrated that resveratrol reduced PQ‑induced oxidative stress and lung injury, potentially through the positive feedback signaling loop between SIRT1 and NRF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqin Li
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Guangju Zhao
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Longwang Chen
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Yinwei Ding
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Lian
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Guangliang Hong
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
| | - Zhongqiu Lu
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, P.R. China
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Gales L, Amorim R, Afonso CMM, Carvalho F, Dinis-Oliveira RJ. Decreasing the toxicity of paraquat through the complexation with sodium salicylate: Stoichiometric analysis. Toxicology 2015; 336:96-8. [PMID: 26298007 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Yin Y, Zhang J, Song D. Effects of lysine aspirin on lung AQP5 expression and lymphocyte apoptosis in paraquat-poisoned rats. TOXIN REV 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2015.1015036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Mohamed F, Endre ZH, Buckley NA. Role of biomarkers of nephrotoxic acute kidney injury in deliberate poisoning and envenomation in less developed countries. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 80:3-19. [PMID: 26099916 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) has diverse causes and is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. In less developed countries (LDC), nephrotoxic AKI (ToxAKI) is common and mainly due to deliberate ingestion of nephrotoxic pesticides, toxic plants or to snake envenomation. ToxAKI shares some pathophysiological pathways with the much more intensively studied ischaemic AKI, but in contrast to ischaemic AKI, most victims are young, previously healthy adults. Diagnosis of AKI is currently based on a rise in serum creatinine. However this may delay diagnosis because of the kinetics of creatinine. Baseline creatinine values are also rarely available in LDC. Novel renal injury biomarkers offer a way forward because they usually increase more rapidly in AKI and are normally regarded as absent or very low in concentration, thereby reducing the need for a baseline estimate. This should increase sensitivity and speed of diagnosis. Specificity should also be increased for urine biomarkers since many originate from the renal tubular epithelium. Earlier diagnosis of ToxAKI should allow earlier initiation of appropriate therapy. However, translation of novel biomarkers of ToxAKI into clinical practice requires better understanding of non-renal factors in poisoning that alter biomarkers and the influence of dose of nephrotoxin on biomarker performance. Further issues are establishing LDC population-based normal ranges and assessing sampling and analytical parameters for low resource settings. The potential role of renal biomarkers in exploring ToxAKI aetiologies for chronic kidney disease of unknown origin (CKDu) is a high research priority in LDC. Therefore, developing more sensitive biomarkers for early diagnosis of nephrotoxicity is a critical step to making progress against AKI and CKDu in the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahim Mohamed
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.,Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Group, Professorial Medicine Unit, The Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Science, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Zoltan H Endre
- Department of Nephrology, Prince Of Wales Hospital and Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Buckley
- South Asian Clinical Toxicology Research Collaboration, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.,Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Group, Professorial Medicine Unit, The Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia.,Pharmacology, SOMS, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Rifaioglu MM, Sefil F, Gokce H, Nacar A, Dorum BA, Davarci M. Protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on the dose-dependent acute nephrotoxicity with paraquat in a rat model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:375-381. [PMID: 24265188 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ), which is used extensively as a potent herbicide throughout the world, is highly toxic in humans. We aimed to determine PQ-induced biochemical and histologic changes in the kidneys, and to evaluate the ability of the protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) against PQ-induced injury in rats. Forty-eight rats were divided into eight groups of six: Group 1: Control; Group 2: 10 μmol/kg CAPE; Group 3: 15 mg/kg PQ; Group 4: 30 mg/kg PQ; Group 5: 45 mg/kg PQ; Group 6: 15 mg/kg PQ+CAPE; Group 7: 30 mg/kg PQ+CAPE; Group 8: 45 mg/kg PQ+CAPE. PQ and CAPE were injected intraperitoneally. The levels of the total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) were determined in the supernatants of the excised left kidney. Right kidney tissue of each rat was removed to obtain a histologic score. When PQ-administrated (15, 30, 45) groups compared with other groups, TOS values were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.01). PQ (15, 30, 45) groups had significantly diminished values of TAS than the other groups (p < 0.001). Of histologic score evaluation, only the PQ45 group had a significantly higher value than the sham, and CAPE groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, in CAPE+PQ45 group, the level of histologic score was decreased compared to PQ45 group (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the evaluation of the data suggests that CAPE can be used to prevent the acute effects of PQ nephrotoxicity.
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Janda E, Parafati M, Aprigliano S, Carresi C, Visalli V, Sacco I, Ventrice D, Mega T, Vadalá N, Rinaldi S, Musolino V, Palma E, Gratteri S, Rotiroti D, Mollace V. The antidote effect of quinone oxidoreductase 2 inhibitor against paraquat-induced toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 168:46-59. [PMID: 22289031 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The mechanisms of paraquat (PQ)-induced toxicity are poorly understood and PQ poisoning is often fatal due to a lack of effective antidotes. In this study we report the effects of N-[2-(2-methoxy-6H-dipyrido{2,3-a:3,2-e}pyrrolizin-11-yl)ethyl]-2-furamide (NMDPEF), a melatonin-related inhibitor of quinone oxidoreductase2 (QR2) on the toxicity of PQ in vitro & in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Prevention of PQ-induced toxicity was tested in different cells, including primary pneumocytes and astroglial U373 cells. Cell death and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were analysed by flow cytometry and fluorescent probes. QR2 silencing was achieved by lentiviral shRNAs. PQ (30 mg·kg(-1)) and NMDPEF were administered i.p. to Wistar rats and animals were monitored for 28 days. PQ toxicity in the substantia nigra (SN) was tested by a localized microinfusion and electrocorticography. QR2 activity was measured by fluorimetry of N-benzyldihydronicotinamide oxidation. KEY RESULTS NMDPEF potently antagonized non-apoptotic PQ-induced cell death, ROS generation and inhibited cellular QR2 activity. In contrast, the cytoprotective effect of melatonin and apocynin was limited and transient compared with NMDPEF. Silencing of QR2 attenuated PQ-induced cell death and reduced the efficacy of NMDPEF. Significantly, NMDPEF (4.5 mg·kg(-1)) potently antagonized PQ-induced systemic toxicity and animal mortality. Microinfusion of NMDPEF into SN prevented severe behavioural and electrocortical effects of PQ which correlated with inhibition of malondialdehyde accumulation in cells and tissues. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS NMDPEF protected against PQ-induced toxicity in vitro and in vivo, suggesting a key role for QR2 in the regulation of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Janda
- Department of Health Sciences, University 'Magna Graecia', Catanzaro, Italy
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Baltazar T, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Duarte JA, de Lourdes Bastos M, Carvalho F. Paraquat research: do recent advances in limiting its toxicity make its use safer? Br J Pharmacol 2014; 168:44-5. [PMID: 22563778 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of the herbicide paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridylium dichloride; PQ) has been fiercely challenged due to its severe acute toxicity, putative neurotoxicity after long-term exposure and lack of antidotes. Breakthrough research on PQ is therefore required for an effective risk control and to allow a safer use of PQ in the future. The silencing or inhibition of quinone oxidoreductase 2, a NAD(P)H-independent flavoenzyme, was shown to significantly attenuate PQ toxicity in vitro, in primary pneumocytes and astroglial U373 cells, and to strongly antagonize PQ-induced systemic toxicity and animal mortality. The novel results reported in this issue of BJP, added to recent findings using sodium salicylate and lysine acetylsalicylate, in which full survival of PQ-intoxicated rats was also achieved, open the door for new preventative and therapeutic strategies that may lead to safer use of this effective pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Baltazar
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Portugal
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Baltazar MT, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Martins A, Bastos MDL, Duarte JA, Guilhermino L, Carvalho F. Lysine acetylsalicylate increases the safety of a paraquat formulation to freshwater primary producers: a case study with the microalga Chlorella vulgaris. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 146:137-143. [PMID: 24296111 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of herbicides are presently used in the industrialized nations worldwide, with an inexorable burden to the environment, especially to aquatic ecosystems. Primary producers such as microalgae are of especial concern because they are vital for the input of energy into the ecosystem and for the maintenance of oxygen in water on which most of other marine life forms depend on. The herbicide paraquat (PQ) is known to cause inhibition of photosynthesis and irreversible damage to photosynthetic organisms through generation of reactive oxygen species in a light-dependent manner. Previous studies have led to the development of a new formulation of PQ containing lysine acetylsalicylate (LAS) as an antidote, which was shown to prevent the mammalian toxicity of PQ, while maintaining the herbicidal effect. However, the safety of this formulation to primary producers in relation to commercially available PQ formulations has hitherto not been established. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of the PQ+LAS formulation in comparison with the PQ, using Chlorella vulgaris as a test organism. Effect criterion was the inhibition of microalgal population growth. Following a 96 h exposure to increasing concentrations of PQ, C. vulgaris growth was almost completely inhibited, an effect that was significantly prevented by LAS at the proportion used in the formulation (PQ+LAS) 1:2 (mol/mol), while the highest protection was achieved at the proportion of 1:8. In conclusion, the present work demonstrated that the new formulation with PQ+LAS has a reduced toxicity to C. vulgaris when compared to Gramoxone(®).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Baltazar
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; IINFACTS-Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, Advanced Institute of Health Sciences-North, CESPU, CRL, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal.
| | - Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; IINFACTS-Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies, Department of Sciences, Advanced Institute of Health Sciences-North, CESPU, CRL, Rua Central de Gandra, 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; Department of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal; CENCIFOR-Forensic Sciences Center, Largo da Sé Nova, 3000-213, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Martins
- CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Ecology, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Department of Populations Studies, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Alberto Duarte
- CIAFEL, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91-4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcia Guilhermino
- CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Ecology, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS-Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Department of Populations Studies, Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Baltazar MT, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Bastos MDL, Duarte JA, Carvalho F. Lysine acetylsalicylate improves the safety of paraquat formulation in rats by increasing its elimination and preventing lung and kidney injury. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2014; 3:266. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tx50102g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
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Dong XS, Xu XY, Sun YQ, Wei-Liu, Jiang ZH, Liu Z. Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in myocardial damage following paraquat poisoning in mice. Toxicology 2013; 312:115-22. [PMID: 23969119 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ingestion of the herbicide paraquat (PQ) can cause multiple organ injury including cardiac lesions. However, the underlying mechanism of myocardial damage is not known. Toll-like receptor 4 (TRL4) is a pattern-recognition receptor in the innate immune response to microbial pathogens. TLR4 is involved in heart dysfunction such as septic shock or myocardial ischemia. We investigated whether TLR4 would be linked to the pathogenesis of heart disease due to PQ exposure. Wild type mice (WT) and TLR4-deficient mice were injected intraperitoneally with 75mg/kg of PQ to induce myocardial damage and tested for echocardiographic assessment, histopathology, pro-inflammatory cytokine and TLR4 expression. WT mice after PQ exposure displayed deteriorate cardiac function, pathological damages, increased TLR4 mRNA and protein levels as well as myocardial TNF-α and IL-1β levels. Compared with WT mice, TLR4-deficient mice were significantly resistant to the PQ-induced injury. We concluded that the TLR4 was required as a mediator and played an important role in myocardial damage due to PQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Song Dong
- Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
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Wunnapuk K, Liu X, Peake P, Gobe G, Endre Z, Grice JE, Roberts MS, Buckley NA. Renal biomarkers predict nephrotoxicity after paraquat. Toxicol Lett 2013; 222:280-8. [PMID: 23954200 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat is a widely used herbicide which has been involved in many accidental and intentional deaths. Nephrotoxicity is common in severe acute paraquat poisoning. We examined seven renal injury biomarkers, including cystatin-C, kidney injury molecule-1, β2-microglobulin, clusterin, albumin, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and osteopontin, to develop a non-invasive method to detect early renal damage and dysfunction and to compare with the conventional endogenous marker creatinine. Male Wistar rats were dosed orally with four different doses of paraquat, and the biomarker patterns in urine and plasma were investigated at 8, 24 and 48h after paraquat exposure. By Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis, urinary kidney injury molecule-1 was the best marker at predicting histological changes, with areas under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve of 0.81 and 0.98 at 8 and 24h (best cut-off value>0.000326μg/ml), respectively. Urinary kidney injury molecule-1, urinary albumin and urinary Cystatin-C elevations correlated with the degree of renal damage and injury development. Further study is required to compare biomarkers changes in rats with those seen in human poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klintean Wunnapuk
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Baltazar MT, Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Guilhermino L, Bastos MDL, Duarte JA, Carvalho F. New formulation of paraquat with lysine acetylsalicylate with low mammalian toxicity and effective herbicidal activity. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2013; 69:553-558. [PMID: 23109273 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, the commercial formulations of the herbicide paraquat are highly toxic to humans, and no effective antidote is available for paraquat poisoning. The aim of the present study was to develop a safe formulation, combining paraquat and the known antidote lysine acetylsalicylate. The toxicity of a mixture of Gramoxone® (20% paraquat) and lysine acetylsalicylate in adult Wistar male rats and the herbicidal efficacy against grass lawn (50% of Poa pratensis and 50% of Festuca arundinacea) were evaluated. This new formulation was administered to Wistar rats by gavage at 125 mg kg(-1) of paraquat ion and lysine acetylsalicylate at 79, 158 or 316 mg kg(-1) body weight, and the survival rate was observed for 30 days. RESULTS The survival rate of the paraquat group was only 40%, while lysine acetylsalicylate provided effective protection, with full survival observed in the groups that received 125 mg kg(-1) of paraquat ion and 316 mg kg(-1) of lysine acetylsalicylate. Both formulations of paraquat, either in the absence or in the presence of lysine acetylsalicylate, provided the same herbicidal activity against the tested herbal species. CONCLUSIONS The present formulation of paraquat containing lysine acetylsalicylate, significantly decreases mammalian toxicity while maintaining effective herbicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Baltazar
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Chang IY, Yoon SP. The changes of calretinin immunoreactivity in paraquat-induced nephrotoxic rats. Acta Histochem 2012; 114:836-41. [PMID: 22464403 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-binding proteins are present in the kidneys: calbindin D-28k in the distal tubules and calretinin in the proximal tubules. Since paraquat causes degeneration in the brush border-bearing proximal tubule cells in rat kidneys, we investigated the changes of calretinin immunoreactivity in the proximal tubule cells of paraquat-induced nephrotoxicity in experimental male Sprague-Dawley rats following chitosan oligosaccharide pretreatment to investigate its protective properties. Paraquat (60 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally with or without chitosan oligosaccharide (500 mg/kg, p.o.) pretreatment. The changes on calretinin were compared with those of calbindin D-28k by immunohistochemistry and Western Blot analysis. Calretinin was immunolocalized on the apical surface of proximal tubule cells in the deeper cortex of normal kidney, and disappeared after paraquat administration with minor changes of calbindin D-28k immunoreactivity in the distal tubules and collecting ducts. Chitosan oligosaccharide pretreatment caused increased expression of calretinin and calbindin D-28k before paraquat injection and helped preserve proximal tubules after paraquat treatment. However, Western blot analysis on calretinin and calbindin D-28k could not explain the degeneration of the proximal tubule cells in paraquat-induced nephrotoxicity. These findings suggested that calretinin is a possible and more useful histopathological marker for proximal tubule cells in paraquat-induced nephrotoxic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Youb Chang
- Korean DNA Repair Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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28
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Huang CM, Chen LC, Yang HC, Li MH, Pan TC. Preparation of acrylic acid-modified chitin improved by an experimental design and its application in absorbing toxic organic compounds. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 241-242:190-196. [PMID: 23040661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Chitin grafted poly (acrylic acid) (chi-g-PAA) is synthesized and characterized as an adsorbent of toxic organic compounds. Chi-g-PAA copolymers are prepared using of ammonium cerium (IV) nitrate (Ce(4+)) as the initiator. The highest grafting percentage of AA in chitin obtained using the traditional technique is 163.1%. A maximum grafting percentage of 230.6% is obtained using central composite design (CCD). Experimental results are consistent with theoretical calculations. The grafted copolymer is characterized by Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy and solid state (13)C NMR. A representative chi-g-AA copolymer is hydrolyzed to a type of sodium salt (chi-g-PANa) and used in the adsorption of malachite green (MG), methyl violet (MV), and paraquat (PQ) in aqueous. The monolayer adsorption capacities of these substances are 285.7, 357.1, and 322.6 mg/g-adsorbent, respectively. Thermodynamic calculations show that the adsorption of MG, MV, and PQ are more favored at diluted solutions. The high adsorption capacity of chi-g-PANa for toxic matter indicates its potential in the treatment of wastewater and emergency treatment of PQ-poisoned patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ming Huang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Kun Shan University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Yu G, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Han C, Mao Z, Gao C, Huang F. Pillar[6]arene/Paraquat Molecular Recognition in Water: High Binding Strength, pH-Responsiveness, and Application in Controllable Self-Assembly, Controlled Release, and Treatment of Paraquat Poisoning. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:19489-97. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3099905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guocan Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyan Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou
310027, P. R. China
| | - Zibin Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Chengyou Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zhengwei Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou
310027, P. R. China
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou
310027, P. R. China
| | - Feihe Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular
Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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Yoon SP, Han MS, Kim JW, Chang IY, Kim HL, Chung JH, Shin BC. Protective effects of chitosan oligosaccharide on paraquat-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:1828-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Zou Y, Shi Y, Bai Y, Tang J, Chen Y, Wang L. An improved approach for extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of paraquat in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1809-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Wang GF, Ren XL, Zhao M, Qiu XL, Qi AD. Paraquat detoxification with p-sulfonatocalix-[4]arene by a pharmacokinetic study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:4294-4299. [PMID: 21410236 DOI: 10.1021/jf104571q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The p-sulfonatocalix[n]arenes are supposed to show potential application in the clinical treatment of viologen poisoning. In the present study, p-sulfonatocalix[4]arene (C4AS), the most common derivative of p-sulfonatocalix[n]arenes, is used to study the antidotic mechanism for paraquat (PQ) by pharmacokinetics in vivo. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was established to determine the concentration of PQ in rat plasma. The results showed that the peak plasma concentration (C(max)) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-t)) were significantly lower after C4AS intervention than in the PQ intoxication group. It was considered that C4AS has great effective detoxication to PQ poisoning, and the results of in vitro intestinal absorption studies showed that C4AS can inhibit the absorption of PQ via oral administration by forming a stable inclusion constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Fang Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TianJin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, TianJin, China
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Sun S, Wang H, Zhao G, An Y, Guo Y, Du L, Song H, Qiao F, Yu H, Wu X, Atkinson C, Jiang S, Tomlinson S, Zhou Y. Complement inhibition alleviates paraquat-induced acute lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:834-42. [PMID: 21421909 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0444oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely used herbicide, paraquat (PQ), is highly toxic and claims thousands of lives from both accidental and voluntary ingestion. The pathological mechanisms of PQ poisoning-induced acute lung injury (ALI) are not well understood, and the role of complement in PQ-induced ALI has not been elucidated. We developed and characterized a mouse model of PQ-induced ALI and studied the role of complement in the pathogenesis of PQ poisoning. Intraperitoneal administration of PQ caused dose- and time-dependent lung damage and mortality, with associated inflammatory response. Within 24 hours of PQ-induced ALI, there was significantly increased expression of the complement proteins, C1q and C3, in the lung. Expression of the anaphylatoxin receptors, C3aR and C5aR, was also increased. Compared with wild-type mice, C3-deficient mice survived significantly longer and displayed significantly reduced lung inflammation and pathology after PQ treatment. Similar reductions in PQ-induced inflammation, pathology, and mortality were recorded in mice treated with the C3 inhibitors, CR2-Crry, and alternative pathway specific CR2-fH. A similar therapeutic effect was also observed by treatment with either C3a receptor antagonist or a blocking C5a receptor monoclonal antibody. Together, these studies indicate that PQ-induced ALI is mediated through receptor signaling by the C3a and C5a complement activation products that are generated via the alternative complement pathway, and that complement inhibition may be an effective clinical intervention for postexposure treatment of PQ-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
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Dinis-Oliveira RJ, Carvalho F, Duarte JA, Remião F, Marques A, Santos A, Magalhães T. Collection of biological samples in forensic toxicology. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 20:363-414. [PMID: 20615091 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2010.497976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Forensic toxicology is the study and practice of the application of toxicology to the purposes of the law. The relevance of any finding is determined, in the first instance, by the nature and integrity of the specimen(s) submitted for analysis. This means that there are several specific challenges to select and collect specimens for ante-mortem and post-mortem toxicology investigation. Post-mortem specimens may be numerous and can endow some special difficulties compared to clinical specimens, namely those resulting from autolytic and putrefactive changes. Storage stability is also an important issue to be considered during the pre-analytic phase, since its consideration should facilitate the assessment of sample quality and the analytical result obtained from that sample. The knowledge on degradation mechanisms and methods to increase storage stability may enable the forensic toxicologist to circumvent possible difficulties. Therefore, advantages and limitations of specimen preservation procedures are thoroughfully discussed in this review. Presently, harmonized protocols for sampling in suspected intoxications would have obvious utility. In the present article an overview is given on sampling procedures for routinely collected specimens as well as on alternative specimens that may provide additional information on the route and timing of exposure to a specific xenobiotic. Last, but not least, a discussion on possible bias that can influence the interpretation of toxicological results is provided. This comprehensive review article is intented as a significant help for forensic toxicologists to accomplish their frequently overwhelming mission.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Dinis-Oliveira
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Dinis-Oliveira RJ, de Pinho PG, Santos L, Teixeira H, Magalhães T, Santos A, de Lourdes Bastos M, Remião F, Duarte JA, Carvalho F. Postmortem analyses unveil the poor efficacy of decontamination, anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive therapies in paraquat human intoxications. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7149. [PMID: 19779613 PMCID: PMC2745573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fatalities resulting from paraquat (PQ) self-poisonings represent a major burden of this herbicide. Specific therapeutic approaches have been followed to interrupt its toxic pathway, namely decontamination measures to prevent PQ absorption and to increase its excretion from organism, as well as the administration of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs. Until now, none of the postmortem studies resulting from human PQ poisonings have assessed the relationship of these therapeutic measures with PQ toxicokinetics and related histopathological lesions, these being the aims of the present study. Methodology/Principal Findings For that purpose, during 2008, we collected human fluids and tissues from five forensic autopsies following fatal PQ poisonings. PQ levels were measured by gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry. Structural inflammatory lesions were evaluated by histological and immunohistochemistry analysis. The samples of cardiac blood, urine, gastric and duodenal wall, liver, lung, kidney, heart and diaphragm, showed quantifiable levels of PQ even at 6 days post-intoxication. Structural analysis showed diffused necrotic areas, intense macrophage activation and leukocyte infiltration in all analyzed tissues. By immunohistochemistry it was possible to observe a strong nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activation and excessive collagen deposition. Conclusions/Significance Considering the observed PQ levels in all analyzed tissues and the expressive inflammatory reaction that ultimately leads to fibrosis, we conclude that the therapeutic protocol usually performed needs to be reviewed, in order to increase the efficacy of PQ elimination from the body as well as to diminish the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Public Health, Center of Research in Health Technologies (CITS)-IPSN-CESPU, CRL, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
- REQUIMTE, Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (RD); (FC)
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- REQUIMTE, Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Santos
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Biomedical Sciences Institute Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Teixeira
- National Institute of Legal Medicine I.P., Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Magalhães
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center of Forensic Sciences, Foundation for Science and Technology, Lisbon, Portugal
- Biomedical Sciences Institute Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- National Institute of Legal Medicine I.P., Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Santos
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center of Forensic Sciences, Foundation for Science and Technology, Lisbon, Portugal
- National Institute of Legal Medicine I.P., Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- REQUIMTE, Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remião
- REQUIMTE, Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Félix Carvalho
- REQUIMTE, Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- * E-mail: (RD); (FC)
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36
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Wang K, Guo DS, Zhang HQ, Li D, Zheng XL, Liu Y. Highly Effective Binding of Viologens by p-Sulfonatocalixarenes for the Treatment of Viologen Poisoning. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6402-12. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900811z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Sheng Guo
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Qing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Dong Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
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