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Hua S, Shi F, Xie Z, Wu L, Dai M, Zhang Y, Xu X, Zhu Y, Jiang J. Di-n-butyl phthalate induces oversecretion of vascular endothelium-derived NAP-2 and promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition of urothelial cells in newborn hypospadias rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114892. [PMID: 37059017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) is a plasticizer commonly used in industrial production and is present in our daily life. It has been confirmed that DBP causes genitourinary malformations, especially hypospadias. However, the research of hypospadias mainly focusses on the genital tubercle in previous studies. In this study, we found DBP could affect the exocrine function of the vascular endothelium which disturb the development of genital nodules and induced hypospadias. We used cytokine array to find that vascular endothelium-derived NAP-2 may be a major abnormal secreted cytokine with biological functions. The transcriptomic sequencing analysis showed that abnormal activation of the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway was the main reason for increased NAP-2 secretion. The expression levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) biomarkers and NAP-2 in hypospadias animal models were detected with Immunohistochemistry, Western blot, Immunofluorescence, and ELISA methods. The expression levels of NAP-2, RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway related proteins, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in HUVEC cells, EMT biomarkers and migration capacity of urothelial cells cocultured with HUVEC were measured with ELISA, flow cytometry, Western blot or Transwell assay for further cell experiments. The results showed that DBP leaded to NAP-2 oversecretion from vascular endothelium mainly rely on the activation of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway and ROS accumulation. The RhoA/ROCK inhibitor fasudil could partially decrease ROS production, and both fasudil and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) could decrease NAP-2 secretion. Meanwhile, the oversecretion of NAP-2 from HUVEC in coculture system promoted EMT and migration capacity of urothelial cells, and TGF-β inhibitor LY219761 could block the aberrant activation of EMT process. Therefore, it could be concluded that DBP increase NAP-2 secretion from vascular endothelium by RhoA/ROCK/ROS pathway, and further promote EMT in urothelial cells through TGF-β pathway. This study provided a novel direction for studying the occurrence of hypospadias and may provide a hypospadias predictive marker in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Hua
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Fei Shi
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Zhiwen Xie
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Mengqiao Dai
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Nursing, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Xinyu Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yiping Zhu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China.
| | - Juntao Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China.
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Oldenburger MM, Doomen MJ, Lourens NJJ, Beekhuijzen M. Unnecessary use of additional animals for determination of sexual maturation in the EOGRTS. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 112:14-22. [PMID: 35714935 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The Extended-One-Generation Study [EOGRTS, OECD 443] is a study in which the toxic effects of test substances on reproduction (Cohort 1), neurodevelopment (Cohort 2), and development of the immune system (Cohort 3) in rats are evaluated. The latter two Cohorts are not always required according to the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) based on data from previously performed toxicity studies. Although the Cohorts for developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) and developmental immunotoxicity (DIT) are often omitted, the F1-animals normally required for these Cohorts are still maintained for evaluation of sexual maturation since three F1-animals/sex/litter/group are required according to OECD Guidance Document (GD) No. 151. This review investigates whether two F1-animals/sex/litter/group would suffice for this endpoint by investigating the rationale provided by the GD and by comparing results of eighteen EOGRTSs in which three versus two F1-animals/sex/litter/group were evaluated. After a comprehensive literature research, we concluded that the rationale in the GD does not substantiate the decision to use three F1-animals/sex/litter/group. The scientific papers provided as rationale focused on male observations and the observations discussed do not match the observations for sexual maturation mentioned by the guidelines. The investigation using data from eighteen EOGRTSs showed that the toxicological conclusions, whether the test substance affected sexual maturation or not, matched when comparing data of two F1-animals/sex/litter/group to three F1-animals/sex/litter/group. To conclude, two F1-animals/sex/litter/group would suffice for the evaluation of sexual maturation, which negates the requirement for a so called "Cohort 1 C" (i.e. 160 animals (80 males and 80 females)) per EOGRTS, as well as the number of regulated procedures that need to be performed.
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Xu S, Li H, Guo M, Wang L, Li X, Xue Q. Liquid-liquid interfacial self-assembled triangular Ag nanoplate-based high-density and ordered SERS-active arrays for the sensitive detection of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in edible oils. Analyst 2021; 146:4858-4864. [PMID: 34231571 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00713k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
DBP, one of the phthalic acid esters (PAEs), is known as an endocrine disruptor and is toxic to humans in abnormal concentrations. Here, a high-density and ordered SERS substrate based on the self-assembly of triangular Ag nanoplate (TAgNP) arrays is developed for DBP detection. Benefiting from the ordered arrangement and sharp corners of TAgNPS, the arrays can provide sufficient and uniform hotspots for reproducible and highly active SERS effects. Using Rhodamine 6G (R6G) as a reporter molecule, the SERS enhancement factor (EF) of the TAgNP arrays was found to be as high as 1.2 × 107 and the relative standard deviation was 6.56%. As a trial for practical applications, the TAgNP array substrates were used for the detection of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in edible oils. In this assay, edible oil samples were added to hexane as an organic phase for the formation of the TAgNP arrays, which caused DBP to be loaded at hotspots. DBP in edible oils could be identified at concentrations as low as 10-7 M. This SERS substrate based on the TAgNP arrays has great potential applications in the high sensitivity and reproducible detection of contaminants in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuling Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng Unviersity, Liaocheng, 252059, China.
| | - Hefu Li
- School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Meng Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng Unviersity, Liaocheng, 252059, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng Unviersity, Liaocheng, 252059, China.
| | - Xia Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng Unviersity, Liaocheng, 252059, China.
| | - Qingwang Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng Unviersity, Liaocheng, 252059, China.
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Choudhuri S, Kaur T, Jain S, Sharma C, Asthana S. A review on genotoxicity in connection to infertility and cancer. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 345:109531. [PMID: 34058178 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxicity has been identified as the main cause of infertility and a variety of cancers. The mechanisms affect the structure, quality of the information or the segregation of DNA and are not inherently correlated with mutagenicity. The concept of genotoxicity, the chemical classes that cause genetic damage and the associated mechanisms of action are discussed here. Hazardous effects of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agrochemicals, industrial compounds, food additives, natural toxins and nanomaterials are, in large part, identified by genotoxicity and mutagenicity tests. These are critical and early steps in industrial and regulatory health assessment. Though several in vitro experiments are commonly used and approval by regulatory agencies for commercial licensing of drugs, their accuracy in human predictions for genotoxic and mutagenic effects is frequently questioned. Treatment of real and functional genetic toxicity problems depends in detail on the knowledge of mechanisms of DNA damage in the molecular, subcellular, cellular and tissue or organ system levels. Current strategies for risk assessment of human health need revisions to achieve robust and reliable results for optimizing their effectiveness. Additionally, computerized methods, neo-biomarkers leveraging '-omics' approaches, all of which can provide a convincing genotoxicity evaluation to reduce infertility and cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Choudhuri
- Department of Biochemistry, R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Taruneet Kaur
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Sapna Jain
- Multidisciplinary Clinical Translational Research, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Chandresh Sharma
- Multidisciplinary Clinical Translational Research, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India.
| | - Shailendra Asthana
- Non-Communicable Disease, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India.
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Endocrine disrupting chemicals in the pathogenesis of hypospadias; developmental and toxicological perspectives. Curr Res Toxicol 2021; 2:179-191. [PMID: 34345859 PMCID: PMC8320613 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Penis development is regulated by a tight balance of androgens and estrogens. EDCs that impact androgen/estrogen balance during development cause hypospadias. Cross-disciplinary collaborations are needed to define a mechanistic link.
Hypospadias is a defect in penile urethral closure that occurs in approximately 1/150 live male births in developed nations, making it one of the most common congenital abnormalities worldwide. Alarmingly, the frequency of hypospadias has increased rapidly over recent decades and is continuing to rise. Recent research reviewed herein suggests that the rise in hypospadias rates can be directly linked to our increasing exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), especially those that affect estrogen and androgen signalling. Understanding the mechanistic links between endocrine disruptors and hypospadias requires toxicologists and developmental biologists to define exposures and biological impacts on penis development. In this review we examine recent insights from toxicological, developmental and epidemiological studies on the hormonal control of normal penis development and describe the rationale and evidence for EDC exposures that impact these pathways to cause hypospadias. Continued collaboration across these fields is imperative to understand the full impact of endocrine disrupting chemicals on the increasing rates of hypospadias.
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Key Words
- Androgen
- BBP, benzyl butyl phthalate
- BPA, bisphenol A
- DBP, Σdibutyl phthalate
- DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
- DEHP, Σdi-2(ethylhexyl)-phthalate
- DHT, dihydrotestosterone
- EDC, endocrine disrupting chemicals
- EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition
- ER, estrogen receptor
- Endocrine disruptors
- Estrogen
- GT, genital tubercle
- Hypospadias
- NOAEL, no observed adverse effect level
- PBB, polybrominated biphenyl
- PBDE, polybrominated diphenyl ether
- PCB, polychlorinated biphenyl
- PCE, tetrachloroethylene
- Penis
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Zhu YP, Zhao W, Sun WL, Zhao S, Chen M, Pan L, Zhou Z, Xia SJ, Jiang JT. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) reduces epithelial-mesenchymal transition via IP3R in hypospadias during maternal exposure. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110201. [PMID: 32028152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study focused on the oxidative stress effect of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) on development of the urinary system. METHODS We examined the mRNA expression of genital tubercle (GT) in control and DBP induced hypospadias group by Affymetrix Rat 230 2.0 Array. Real-time PCR and Western Blot were used to detect the protein and mRNA expression levels of inositol-1,4,5-triphate-receptor (IP3R) and epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT)-related molecular markers, such as E-cadherin, β-Catenin, Snail, N-cadherin, in the GT of hypospadiac male rats and controls. The results of array were further confirmed in vitro. The changes of intracellular calcium concentration in urethral epithelial cells were detected by Fluo-3-AM before and after DBP treatment. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in urethral epithelial cells were measured by DCFH-DA with different concentrations of DBP (0, 1, 10, 100 μmol/L) treatment. RESULTS The mRNA expression profiles of GT in control and DBP induced hypospadias group showed high expression of IP3R and the abnormalities of EMT. Compared to the control group, the expression levels of IP3R, E-cadherin and β-Catenin increased at both the protein and mRNA levels. However the expression levels of Snail and N-cadherin decreased. The intracellular calcium concentration increased significantly after DBP treatment. The effect of DBP on urethral epithelial cells was linked to the generation of oxidative stress. CONCLUSION DBP can influence the development of GT through its oxidative stress effect, which significantly increases the concentration of calcium and inhibits EMT in urethral epithelial cells, and block the fusion process of urethral groove, causing the occurrence of hypospadias. This study provides a new understanding of DBP's molecular mechanisms on hypospadias and may lead to new treatment strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Zhu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Wen-Lan Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Sheng Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Lei Pan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Shu-Jie Xia
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China.
| | - Jun-Tao Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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Mechanisms of Testicular Disruption from Exposure to Bisphenol A and Phtalates. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020471. [PMID: 32046352 PMCID: PMC7074154 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Great attention has been paid in recent years to the harmful effects of various chemicals that interfere with our natural hormone balance, collectively known as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) or endocrine disruptors. The effects on the reproductive system of bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates have received particular attention: while they have a short half-life, they are so widespread that human exposure can be considered as continuous. Evidence is often limited to the animal model, disregarding the likelihood of human exposure to a mixture of contaminants. Data from animal models show that maternal exposure probably has harmful effects on the male fetus, with an increased risk of urogenital developmental abnormalities. After birth, exposure is associated with changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, hindering the development and function of the male genital pathways through the mediation of inflammatory mechanisms and oxidative stress. The epidemiological and clinical evidence, while generally confirming the association between reproductive abnormalities and some phthalate esters and BPA, is more contradictory, with wildly different findings. The aim of this review is therefore to provide an update of the potential mechanisms of the damage caused by BPA and phthalates to reproductive function and a review of the clinical evidence currently available in the literature.
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Di-n-butyl phthalate induced autophagy of uroepithelial cells via inhibition of hedgehog signaling in newborn male hypospadias rats. Toxicology 2019; 428:152300. [PMID: 31568847 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.152300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Maternal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) induces hypospadias via regulation of autophagy in uroepithelial cells. Here, we use gene express analysis to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. Pregnant rats received DBP orally at a dose of 750 mg/kg/day during gestational days 14-18. Gene expression analysis showed an increased expression of the hedgehog interacting protein (HhIP) gene. In DBP-induced hypospadiac male offspring, immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining and Western blot analysis confirmed increased expression of the HhIP protein and inhibited hedgehog signaling. in vitro experiments suggest the involvement of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-HhIP-Gli1-autophagy axis in DBP-treated primary rat urethral epithelial cells. Taken together, our findings show that prenatal exposure to DBP induces abnormal hedgehog signaling and autophagy in uroepithelial cells that may play important roles in the development of hypospadias.
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Baken KA, Lambrechts N, Remy S, Mustieles V, Rodríguez-Carrillo A, Neophytou CM, Olea N, Schoeters G. A strategy to validate a selection of human effect biomarkers using adverse outcome pathways: Proof of concept for phthalates and reproductive effects. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 175:235-256. [PMID: 31146096 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring measures the concentrations of environmental chemicals or their metabolites in body fluids or tissues. Complementing exposure biomarkers with mechanistically based effect biomarkers may further elucidate causal pathways between chemical exposure and adverse health outcomes. We combined information on effect biomarkers previously implemented in human observational studies with mechanisms of action reported in experimental studies and with information from published Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs), focusing on adverse reproductive effects of phthalate exposure. Phthalates constitute a group of chemicals that are ubiquitous in consumer products and have been related to a wide range of adverse health effects. As a result of a comprehensive literature search, we present an overview of effect biomarkers for reproductive toxicity that are substantiated by mechanistic information. The activation of several receptors, such as PPARα, PPARγ, and GR, may initiate events leading to impaired male and female fertility as well as other adverse effects of phthalate exposure. Therefore, these receptors appear as promising targets for the development of novel effect biomarkers. The proposed strategy connects the fields of epidemiology and toxicology and may strengthen the weight of evidence in observational studies that link chemical exposures to health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten A Baken
- Unit Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Mol, Belgium.
| | - Nathalie Lambrechts
- Unit Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Mol, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Remy
- Unit Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Mol, Belgium; Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vicente Mustieles
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada, Granada, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | | | - Christiana M Neophytou
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nicolas Olea
- Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), University Hospitals of Granada, Granada, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Unit Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO NV), Mol, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Ashworth MJ, Chappell A, Ashmore E, Fowles J. Analysis and Assessment of Exposure to Selected Phthalates Found in Children's Toys in Christchurch, New Zealand. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E200. [PMID: 29370098 PMCID: PMC5858269 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Internationally several phthalates are subject to regulatory control regarding maximum allowable concentrations in children's toys. Such regulation is not in place in New Zealand. Phthalates have been associated with developmental toxicity and endocrine disruption. We determined the concentration of seven phthalates in children's toys purchased in Christchurch, New Zealand. These results provided data for an exposure assessment deriving Hazard Indices (HI) for oral and dermal exposure routes in children, based on the concentration of mixtures of phthalates shown by the EU to produce either reproductive/developmental or hepatotoxic effects. Of the 49 toys analyzed, 65% contained at least one phthalate at a concentration of >0.1% by mass; and 35% contained multiple-phthalates at individual concentrations of >0.1%. A HI of 3.4 was derived for the combined exposures to the four phthalates associated with reproductive and developmental effects. A HI of 0.3 was derived for the group of phthalates associated with hepatotoxic effects. Five phthalates were detected at levels exceeding the EU regulatory limit of 0.1% by mass. Risk assessment calculations indicate that, using realistic exposure scenarios, the worst-case combined exposure to phthalates associated with developmental toxicity exceeded a HI of 1 so may cause adverse developmental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew James Ashworth
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR) Ltd., Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Andrew Chappell
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR) Ltd., Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Ellen Ashmore
- Institute of Environmental Science and Research (ESR) Ltd., Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
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Jeong H, Kim J, Kim Y. Identification of Linkages between EDCs in Personal Care Products and Breast Cancer through Data Integration Combined with Gene Network Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14101158. [PMID: 28973975 PMCID: PMC5664659 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 1000 chemicals have been reported to possibly have endocrine disrupting effects, some of which are used in consumer products, such as personal care products (PCPs) and cosmetics. We conducted data integration combined with gene network analysis to: (i) identify causal molecular mechanisms between endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) used in PCPs and breast cancer; and (ii) screen candidate EDCs associated with breast cancer. Among EDCs used in PCPs, four EDCs having correlation with breast cancer were selected, and we curated 27 common interacting genes between those EDCs and breast cancer to perform the gene network analysis. Based on the gene network analysis, ESR1, TP53, NCOA1, AKT1, and BCL6 were found to be key genes to demonstrate the molecular mechanisms of EDCs in the development of breast cancer. Using GeneMANIA, we additionally predicted 20 genes which could interact with the 27 common genes. In total, 47 genes combining the common and predicted genes were functionally grouped with the gene ontology and KEGG pathway terms. With those genes, we finally screened candidate EDCs for their potential to increase breast cancer risk. This study highlights that our approach can provide insights to understand mechanisms of breast cancer and identify potential EDCs which are in association with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeri Jeong
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Campus E 7.1, Saarbruecken D-66123, Germany.
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seoul 02792, Korea.
| | - Jongwoon Kim
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Campus E 7.1, Saarbruecken D-66123, Germany.
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seoul 02792, Korea.
| | - Youngjun Kim
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Campus E 7.1, Saarbruecken D-66123, Germany.
- Division of Energy and Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seoul 02792, Korea.
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12
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Ungewitter E, Rotgers E, Bantukul T, Kawakami Y, Kissling GE, Yao HHC. From the Cover: Teratogenic Effects of in Utero Exposure to Di-(2-Ethylhexyl)-Phthalate (DEHP) in B6:129S4 Mice. Toxicol Sci 2017; 157:8-19. [PMID: 28123099 PMCID: PMC6074946 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine exposure to phthalates is known to cause disorders of male reproductive function including androgen insufficiency, decreased fertility, and germ cell defects in rodents. In this study, we set out to investigate the effects of intrauterine exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) on fetal development of the B6:129S4 mouse strain. Time-mated pregnant C57BL/6 dams were exposed to 0, 5, 250, or 500 mg/kg DEHP with corn oil as the vehicle via oral gavage from embryonic days (E)7 to 16. Survival and gross morphology of the pups were analyzed one day after the last treatment. Anogenital distance (AGD) and testicular cell functions were examined in male embryos to confirm the known effects of phthalate exposure. DEHP exposure significantly reduced the survival rate of fetuses in the 250 and 500 mg/kg dosage groups compared with the control and 5 mg/kg groups. Exposure to 250 and 500 mg/kg DEHP was teratogenic and induced exencephaly and limb malformations such as polydactyly in the B6:126S4 embryos. No gross malformations were observed in control or 5 mg/kg DEHP groups. In male embryos, exposure to both 5 and 250 mg/kg DEHP in utero was sufficient to induce the formation of multinucleated germ cells in the testes and widespread changes in mRNA expression of germ cell, interstitium and Sertoli cell-associated genes. These findings reveal that intrauterine DEHP exposure has a strong teratogenic, and lethal impact on the fetuses of B6:129S4 mouse strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Gennetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Grace E. Kissling
- Biostatistics & Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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Flutamide-induced hypospadias in rats: A critical assessment. Differentiation 2017; 94:37-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Li X, Li J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y. Di-n-butyl phthalate induced hypospadias relates to autophagy in genital tubercle via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. J Occup Health 2017; 59:8-16. [PMID: 27885243 PMCID: PMC5388616 DOI: 10.1539/joh.16-0089-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanisms of hypospadias induced by in utero exposure to din-butyl phthalate (DBP). METHODS Timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 750 mg/kg of DBP by gavage from GD (gestation days) 13 to GD 18, whereas control group received corn oil. Genital tubercles (GTs) and blood samples were collected from male fetuses on GD 19. The serum testosterone concentration, apoptosis activity, autophagosomes and their related proteins (light chain 3 (LC3-I, LC3-II) ), and sequestosomes (SQSTM1/p62) in the GTs were then measured. Protein expression of protein kinase B (Akt), Beclin 1, phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), p-S6, and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) in the GTs were analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS The incidence of hypospadias induced by DBP was 43.64% in male fetuses. The GT volume and GT volume/body weight of fetuses were significantly reduced in the hypospadias and the non-hypospadias groups. Apoptotic cell number was significantly decreased in the GTs of the hypospadias group, but unchanged in the non-hyposadias group. The ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I was higher in the GTs from DBP exposed fetuses compared to the control group. The ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I in the GTs was higher in the hypospadias group than in the non-hypospadias group. The number of autophagosomes was increased in the GTs of the hypospadias group. Protein expression of p-S6, p-mTOR, and p-Akt were significantly decreased in the GTs of hypospadiac rats. CONCLUSIONS DBP-induced hypospadias might be associated with apoptosis and autophagy mediated by the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in the GT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Central Laboratory of Pediatric Research Institute, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Soochow University
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15
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Wang L, Sun X, Chang Q, Tao Y, Wang L, Dong J, Lin Y, Zhang Y. Effect of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) on the fruit quality of cucumber and the health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:24298-24304. [PMID: 27655612 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) widely used as plastic films' plasticizer, can cause agricultural pollution which is of increasing concern because of the food safety issues. Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus Linn.), commonly cultured in greenhouse, was exposed to DBP stress to gain more information about the ecological risk of DBP in this study. Changes of DBP residues and fruit quality of cucumber at different DBP concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg of dry soil) were investigated in pot experiments using an agricultural soil under greenhouse condition, respectively. DBP residue in cucumber fruits ranged from 0.5326 to 1.8938 mg/kg, and the quality of cucumber fruits (organic acids, vitamin C, soluble protein, and soluble sugar) were influenced by DBP stress. Moreover, the health risk assessment was evaluated by estimate daily intakes (EDI) and the target hazard quotient (THQ) was analyzed. Under 40 mg/kg DBP condition, the highest value of EDI was 2.49 μg/kg bw/day and the THQ ranged from 0.000700 to 0.0249. Although the risk of DBP in cucumber fruits was lower than the threshold limit value of risk, the potential health risk was not a negligible issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Sun
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Chang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Tao
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Wang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Junwei Dong
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Lin
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
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Sant KE, Jacobs HM, Xu J, Borofski KA, Moss LG, Moss JB, Timme-Laragy AR. Assessment of Toxicological Perturbations and Variants of Pancreatic Islet Development in the Zebrafish Model. TOXICS 2016; 4. [PMID: 28393070 PMCID: PMC5380372 DOI: 10.3390/toxics4030020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The pancreatic islets, largely comprised of insulin-producing beta cells, play a critical role in endocrine signaling and glucose homeostasis. Because they have low levels of antioxidant defenses and a high perfusion rate, the endocrine islets may be a highly susceptible target tissue of chemical exposures. However, this endpoint, as well as the integrity of the surrounding exocrine pancreas, is often overlooked in studies of developmental toxicology. Disruption of development by toxicants can alter cell fate and migration, resulting in structural alterations that are difficult to detect in mammalian embryo systems, but that are easily observed in the zebrafish embryo model (Danio rerio). Using endogenously expressed fluorescent protein markers for developing zebrafish beta cells and exocrine pancreas tissue, we documented differences in islet area and incidence rates of islet morphological variants in zebrafish embryos between 48 and 96 h post fertilization (hpf), raised under control conditions commonly used in embryotoxicity assays. We identified critical windows for chemical exposures during which increased incidences of endocrine pancreas abnormalities were observed following exposure to cyclopamine (2–12 hpf), Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) (3–48 hpf), and Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (3–48 hpf). Both islet area and length of the exocrine pancreas were sensitive to oxidative stress from exposure to the oxidant tert-butyl hydroperoxide during a highly proliferative critical window (72 hpf). Finally, pancreatic dysmorphogenesis following developmental exposures is discussed with respect to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karilyn E. Sant
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (K.E.S.); (H.M.J.); (J.X.); (K.A.B.)
| | - Haydee M. Jacobs
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (K.E.S.); (H.M.J.); (J.X.); (K.A.B.)
| | - Jiali Xu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (K.E.S.); (H.M.J.); (J.X.); (K.A.B.)
| | - Katrina A. Borofski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (K.E.S.); (H.M.J.); (J.X.); (K.A.B.)
| | - Larry G. Moss
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Endocrine Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA; (L.G.M.); (J.B.M.)
| | - Jennifer B. Moss
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Endocrine Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA; (L.G.M.); (J.B.M.)
| | - Alicia R. Timme-Laragy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (K.E.S.); (H.M.J.); (J.X.); (K.A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-413-545-7423
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Farzanehfar V, Naderi N, Kobarfard F, Faizi M. Determination of dibutyl phthalate neurobehavioral toxicity in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 94:221-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Zhu YP, Li EH, Sun WL, Xu DL, Liu ZH, Zhao W, Wood K, Xia SJ, Jiang JT. Maternal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) induces combined anorectal and urogenital malformations in male rat offspring. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 61:169-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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19
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Jiang JT, Zhong C, Zhu YP, Xu DL, Wood K, Sun WL, Li EH, Liu ZH, Zhao W, Ruan Y, Xia SJ. Prenatal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) differentially alters androgen cascade in undeformed versus hypospadiac male rat offspring. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 61:75-81. [PMID: 26948521 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study was to compare the alterations of androgen cascades in di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP)-exposed male offspring without hypospadias (undeformed) versus those with hypospadias. To induce hypospadias in male offspring, pregnant rats received DBP via oral gavage at a dose of 750mg/kg BW/day during gestational days 14-18. The mRNA expression levels of genes downstream of the androgen signaling pathway, such as androgen receptor (AR) and Srd5a2, in testes of undeformed rat pups were similar to those in controls; in hypospadiac rat pups these levels were significantly lower than those of control pups. In contrast, both undeformed and hypospadiac rats had decreased serum testosterone levels, reduced mRNA expression of key enzymes in the androgen synthetic pathway in the testes, and ablated genes of developmental pathways, such as Shh, Bmp4, Fgf8, Fgf10 and Fgfr2, in the genital tubercle (GT) as compared to those in DBP-unexposed controls, albeit hypospadiac rats had a more severe decrement than those of undeformed rats. Although other possibilities cannot be excluded, our findings suggest that the relatively normal levels of testosterone-AR-Srd5a2 may contribute to the resistance to DBP toxicity in undeformed rats. In conclusion, our results showed a potential correlation between decreased testosterone levels, reduced mRNA expression of AR and Srd5a2 and the occurrence of hypospadias in male rat offspring prenatally exposed to DBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Tao Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Chen Zhong
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yi-Ping Zhu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Dong-Liang Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Kristofer Wood
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, 350 W Thomas Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85013, United States
| | - Wen-Lan Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - En-Hui Li
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, 158 Shangtang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Liu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Yuan Ruan
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Shu-Jie Xia
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai 200080, China.
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Liu ZH, Li EH, Xu DL, Sun WL, Hong Y, Zhao W, Xia SJ, Jiang JT. Genetic research and structural dysplasia assessment of anorectal malformations in neonatal male rats induced by di(n-butyl) phthalate. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:261-268. [PMID: 25213187 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was the first to investigate the genetic abnormalities and structural dysplasia of anorectal malformations (ARMs) in male rats induced by di(n-butyl) phthalate (DBP). DBP was administered to timed-pregnant rats to establish the ARM rat model. The incidence of ARMs in male offspring was 39.5%. In neonatal period, decreased body weight and anogenital distance were observed. The general image and histological analysis of male offspring confirmed the presence of ARMs. Anatomical examination of the ARM male rats revealed the dysplasia in solid organs (heart-lung, liver, spleen, and kidney). The decreases of serum testosterone concentration and androgen receptor expression in terminal rectum were indicative of the antiandrogenic effects of DBP. Moreover, significant decreased mRNA expressions of these androgen-related genes such as sonic hedgehog, Gli2, Gli3, bone morphogenetic protein 4, Wnt5a, Hoxa13, Hoxd13, fibroblast growth factor 10, and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 were found in terminal rectum of the ARM male pubs. These results demonstrated that development of ARM rats was impaired by maternal exposure to DBP. The antiandrogenic effects of DBP disturbing the androgen-related signaling networks might play an important role in the occurrence of ARMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Liu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - En-Hui Li
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Dong-Liang Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Wen-Lan Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yan Hong
- Department of Central Laboratory, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Shu-Jie Xia
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Jun-Tao Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 100 Haining Road, Shanghai, 200080, China
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21
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Yong W, Jiao C, Jianhui W, Yan Z, Qi P, Xiu W, Zuyue S, Yunhui Z. Mono-2-ethyhexyl phthalate advancing the progression of prostate cancer through activating the hedgehog pathway in LNCaP cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 32:86-91. [PMID: 26710974 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays a critical role in the progression of prostate cancer (PCa), the most commonly diagnosed non-cutaneous cancer in male adults. Studies showed that di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) could interference with the Hh pathway. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), the congener of DBP, is the major plasticizer used in plastic materials that are inevitably exposed by patients with PCa. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate whether mono-2-ethyhexyl phthalate (MEHP, the active metabolite of DEHP) could activate the Hh pathway of LNCaP cells. Results showed that the expression of the critical gene of Hh pathway PTCH and androgen-regulated gene KLK3 was significantly decreased on 3, 6 and 9 days with Hh pathway inhibitor cyclopamine's treatment. MEHP notably up-regulated the expression of PTCH with a dose-response relationship in the presence of cyclopamine, which indicate that MEHP might target on the downstream components of Hh pathway and advance the progression of PCa through activating the Hh pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yong
- WHO Collaborating Center for Research in Human Reproduction, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Chen Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wu Jianhui
- WHO Collaborating Center for Research in Human Reproduction, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pan Qi
- WHO Collaborating Center for Research in Human Reproduction, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Wang Xiu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sun Zuyue
- WHO Collaborating Center for Research in Human Reproduction, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Zhang Yunhui
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Reduced Fgf10/Fgfr2 and androgen receptor (AR) in anorectal malformations male rats induced by di- n -butyl phthalate (DBP): A study on the local and systemic toxicology of DBP. Toxicology 2015; 338:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Wang C, Zhan Y, Wang F, Li H, Xie L, Liu B, Li Y, Mu D, Zheng H, Zhou K, Hua Y. Parental occupational exposures to endocrine disruptors and the risk of simple isolated congenital heart defects. Pediatr Cardiol 2015; 36:1024-37. [PMID: 25628158 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-015-1116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the associations between parental occupational exposures to endocrine disruptors (EDs) and simple isolated congenital heart defects (CHDs). A case-control study with standardized data collection involving 761 children with isolated CHDs and 609 children without any congenital malformations was conducted in Sichuan Province of China from March in 2012 to August in 2013. An adjusted job exposure matrix was used for occupational EDs exposure assessment. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the associations between parental occupational EDs exposures and CHDs. Maternal age at births, maternal education level, gravity, parity, induced abortion, folic acid use, medication use, drinking capacity and area of residence periconceptionally were selected as confounding factors for mothers. For fathers, we selected the following confounding factors: paternal education level, smoking, drinking frequencies and drinking capacity periconceptionally. Maternal occupational exposures to phthalates are associated with perimembranous ventricular septal defect (PmVSD) (P = 0.001, adjusted OR 3.7, 95 % CI 1.7-8.0), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) (P = 0.002, adjusted OR 3.8, 95 % CI 1.6-8.9), secundum atrial septal defect (s-ASD) (P = 0.008, adjusted OR 3.5, 95 % CI 1.4-8.7) and pulmonary valve stenosis (PS) (P = 0.035, adjusted OR 4.2, 95 % CI 1.1-16.0), to alkylphenolic compounds and PmVSD (P = 0.003, adjusted OR 2.2, 95 % CI 1.3-3.6), PDA (P = 0.005, adjusted OR 2.0, 95 % CI 1.1-3.5) and PS (P = 0.004, adjusted OR 3.8, 95 % CI 1.5-9.4), to heavy metals with PmVSD (P = 0.003, adjusted OR 7.3, 95 % CI 2.0-27.6) and s-ASD (P = 0.034, adjusted OR 6.5, 95 % CI 1.1-36.7). Paternal occupational exposures to phthalates are associated with PmVSD (P = 0.035, adjusted OR 1.6, 95 % CI 1.0-2.4) and PS (P = 0.026, adjusted OR 2.4, 95 % CI 1.1-5.2), to alkylphenolic compounds (P = 0.027, adjusted OR 1.5, 95 % CI 1.0-2.2) with PmVSD. In conclusion, parental occupational exposures to some specific EDs, in particular phthalates and alkylphenolic compounds, are associated with an increased risk of some CHD phenotypes. However, the findings need to be considered more circumspectly regarding a crude measure of exposure probabilities and small numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Sahin E, Ilgaz C, Erdoğan D, Take G, Göktas G. Protective effects of resveratrol against di-n buthyl phthalate induced toxicity in ductus epididymis and ductus deferens in rats. Indian J Pharmacol 2014; 46:51-6. [PMID: 24550585 PMCID: PMC3912808 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.125167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to observe the possible protective effects of resveratrol (RSV) against damage induced by di-n-butylphthalate (DBP), on the ductus epididymis and deferens in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six groups of rats were used in the experiment: Group 1: Control group; Group 2: Solvent (carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), 10 ml/kg); Group 3: 500 mg/kg/day DBP; Group 4: 500 mg/kg/day DBP+20 mg/kg/day RSV; Group 5: 1000 mg/kg/day DBP; Group 6: 1000 mg/kg/day DBP + 20 mg/kg/day RSV. Groups were treated by gavage for 30 days. Immunohistochemical, electronmicroscopic and histomorphometric examinations were carried out in the epididymis and deferens. RESULTS In the ductus epididymis and deferens mitochondrial crystolysis, exfoliation of the stereocilia and openings in lateral surface increased with DBP dosage, but these structures were recovered with RSV. DBP reduced the epithelial height of epididymis and vas deferens. Lumen dilatation was observed in both tissues. These disorders may lead to dysfunction of epithelial absorption. In the TUNEL examinations in both tissues, there were no apoptotic cells or apoptotic bodies. CONCLUSION In conclusion, DBP administration caused structural degeneration in the epididymis and deferens, parallel to dose evaluation and RSV can reverse these changes with its protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhan Sahin
- Histology and Embryology Department, Eskisehir Osmangazi Universty, Medicine School, Turkey
| | - Celal Ilgaz
- Histology and Embryology Department, Gazi Universty Medicine School, Turkey
| | - Deniz Erdoğan
- Histology and Embryology Department, Gazi Universty Medicine School, Turkey
| | - Gülnur Take
- Histology and Embryology Department, Gazi Universty Medicine School, Turkey
| | - Güleser Göktas
- Histology and Embryology Department, Gazi Universty Medicine School, Turkey
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Li EH, Han BM, Sun WL, Liang SJ, Xia SJ, Jiang JT. Expression of Wnt5a during development of anorectal malformations in a rat model of prenatal exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate. Toxicol Mech Methods 2014; 24:455-60. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2014.932037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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26
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Xu Z, Cheng L, Shi J, Lu J, Zhang W, Zhao Y, Li F, Chen M. Kinetic study of the removal of dimethyl phthalate from an aqueous solution using an anion exchange resin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:6571-6577. [PMID: 24510529 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2556-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate acid esters are becoming an important class of pollutants in wastewaters. This study addresses the kinetics of removal of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) using the anion exchange resin D201-OH from an aqueous solution. The effects of various factors on the removal rate and efficiency were investigated. An overall initial removal rate (OIRR) law and a pseudo first-order kinetic (PFOK) model were also developed. The internal diffusion of DMP within the resin phase of D201-OH is the rate-controlling step. Optimization of the particle size and pore structure of the resin D201-OH, the DMP concentration, and the reaction temperature can improve the DMP removal rate. The hydrolysis reaction of DMP catalyzed by D201-OH indicates an overall reaction order of 1.76, a value that is between the first order and the second order. The apparent activation energy of the reaction is 34.6 kJ/mol, which is below the homogeneous alkaline hydrolysis activation energy of 44.3 kJ/mol. The OIRR law can quantify the initial removal rate under different conditions. The results also show that the theoretical DMP removal efficiency predicted by the PFOK model agrees well with the experimentally determined values. Our research provides valuable insights into the primary parameters influencing the kinetic process, which enables a focused improvement in the removal or hydrolysis rate for similar processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwen Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, People's Republic of China,
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Ng RCL, Matsumaru D, Ho ASH, Garcia-Barceló MM, Yuan ZW, Smith D, Kodjabachian L, Tam PKH, Yamada G, Lui VCH. Dysregulation of Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (Wif1) expression resulted in aberrant Wnt-β-catenin signaling and cell death of the cloaca endoderm, and anorectal malformations. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:978-89. [PMID: 24632949 PMCID: PMC4013516 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammalian urorectal development, the urorectal septum (urs) descends from the ventral body wall to the cloaca membrane (cm) to partition the cloaca into urogenital sinus and rectum. Defective urs growth results in human congenital anorectal malformations (ARMs), and their pathogenic mechanisms are unclear. Recent studies only focused on the importance of urs mesenchyme proliferation, which is induced by endoderm-derived Sonic Hedgehog (Shh). Here, we showed that the programmed cell death of the apical urs and proximal cm endoderm is particularly crucial for the growth of urs during septation. The apoptotic endoderm was closely associated with the tempo-spatial expression of Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (Wif1), which is an inhibitor of Wnt-β-catenin signaling. In Wif1lacZ/lacZ mutant mice and cultured urorectum with exogenous Wif1, cloaca septation was defective with undescended urs and hypospadias-like phenotypes, and such septation defects were also observed in Shh−/− mutants and in endodermal β-catenin gain-of-function (GOF) mutants. In addition, Wif1 and Shh were expressed in a complementary manner in the cloaca endoderm, and Wif1 was ectopically expressed in the urs and cm associated with excessive endodermal apoptosis and septation defects in Shh−/− mutants. Furthermore, apoptotic cells were markedly reduced in the endodermal β-catenin GOF mutant embryos, which counteracted the inhibitory effects of Wif1. Taken altogether, these data suggest that regulated expression of Wif1 is critical for the growth of the urs during cloaca septation. Hence, Wif1 governs cell apoptosis of urs endoderm by repressing β-catenin signal, which may facilitate the protrusion of the underlying proliferating mesenchymal cells towards the cm for cloaca septation. Dysregulation of this endodermal Shh-Wif1-β-catenin signaling axis contributes to ARM pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C-L Ng
- 1] Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China [2] Centre of Reproduction, Development and Growth, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - D Matsumaru
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - A S-H Ho
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - M-M Garcia-Barceló
- 1] Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China [2] Centre of Reproduction, Development and Growth, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Z-W Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shengyang, China
| | - D Smith
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - L Kodjabachian
- Aix-Marseille Université CNRS UMR 7288, Institut de Biologie du Dévelopment de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - P K-H Tam
- 1] Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China [2] Centre of Reproduction, Development and Growth, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - G Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - V C-H Lui
- 1] Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China [2] Centre of Reproduction, Development and Growth, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Ahmad R, Gautam AK, Verma Y, Sedha S, Kumar S. Effects of in utero di-butyl phthalate and butyl benzyl phthalate exposure on offspring development and male reproduction of rat. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:3156-3165. [PMID: 24213843 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The study was conducted to assess the effects of in utero di-butyl phthalate (DBP) and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) exposure during late gestation on offspring's development and reproductive system of male rats. Pregnant rats were treated orally with DBP (2, 10, 50 mg/kg), BBP (4, 20, 100 mg/kg), and diethylstilbestrol (DES) 6 μg/kg (positive control) from GD14 to parturition. A significant reduction in dams' body weight on GD21 in DBP-, BBP-, and DES-treated groups was observed. The gestation length was considerably elevated in the treated groups. Decline in male pups' body weight was significant at PND75 in DBP- (50 mg/kg), BBP- (20,100 mg/kg), and DES-treated groups. The weight of most of the reproductive organs and sperm quality parameters was impaired significantly in DBP- (50 mg/kg) and BBP- (100 mg/kg) treated groups. Further, a non-significant decline in testicular spermatid count and daily sperm production was also monitored in treated groups. A significant reduction in serum testosterone level in BBP (100 mg/kg), whereas the testicular activity of 17β-HSD was declined non-significantly in the treated groups with respect to control. The data suggests that DBP and BBP exposure during late gestation period might have adverse effects on offspring's development, spermatogenesis, and steroidogenesis in adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahish Ahmad
- Division of Reproductive and Cytotoxicology, National Institute of Occupational Health (ICMR), Meghaninagar, 380016, Ahmedabad, India
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Liu SB, Ma Z, Sun WL, Sun XW, Hong Y, Ma L, Qin C, Stratton HJ, Liu Q, Jiang JT. The role of androgen-induced growth factor (FGF8) on genital tubercle development in a hypospadiac male rat model of prenatal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate. Toxicology 2012; 293:53-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Bao Y, Sun X, Sun X, Hu J. Mechanism of OH-initiated atmospheric oxidation of diethyl phthalate. CAN J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1139/v11-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diethyl phthalate (1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester, DEP) is one of a group of widely used plasticizers, which can lead to serious environmental problems. Because of manufacturing and application, DEP can be released into the atmosphere where it can undergo transport and chemical transformation. To assess the atmospheric behavior of pollutants, it is critical to know their atmospheric reactions. In this paper, the reaction mechanism and possible oxidation products for the OH-initiated atmospheric reaction of DEP were theoretically investigated by using the density functional theory (DFT) method. The geometries and frequencies of the reactants, intermediates, transition states, and products were calculated at the MPWB1K/6–31+G(d,p) level, and the energetic parameters were further refined by the MPWB1K/6–311+G(3df,2p) method. The present study shows that H abstractions from the CH3 and CH2 groups, as well as OH addition to the benzene ring, are energetically favorable reaction pathways for the reaction of DEP with OH radicals. Detailed degradation products are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Bao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy Of Science, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jingtian Hu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
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Jiang JT, Sun WL, Jing YF, Liu SB, Ma Z, Hong Y, Ma L, Qin C, Liu Q, Stratton HJ, Xia SJ. Prenatal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate induces anorectal malformations in male rat offspring. Toxicology 2011; 290:322-6. [PMID: 22027561 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the dysplasia, histological malformations, and genetic abnormalities in male rats induced by maternal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP). Here we report novel findings concerning developmental abnormalities resulting from prenatal exposure to DBP, which leads to significant anorectal malformations (ARMs) in male rat offspring. The incidence of ARMs was 39.5% in male offspring and all abnormal pups were complicated with secondary megacolon. General images, histological analysis and anatomy examination confirmed the malformation. The development abnormalities such as decreased bodyweight (BW) and anogenital distance (AGD), shortened body lengths (with tail removed), as well as increased abdominal circumference were observed at different developmental stages of ARMs in male rat. The developmental abnormalities in both solid organs (brain, heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney) and reproductive organs (testes and epididymis) of abnormal pubs on PND35 were also investigated. In addition, the serum testosterone (T) level of ARMs in male rats on PND1 was significantly lower than that of controls with accompanying reduced expression of androgen receptor (AR), sonic hedgehog (Shh) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4) mRNA from tissues of the terminal rectum. These results conclusively demonstrate for the first time that in utero exposure to DBP leads to an increased likelihood for the development of ARMs and subsequent complicating megacolon in male rat offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Tao Jiang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai First People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, 85 Wujin Road, Shanghai 200080, China
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Zhang LF, Qin C, Wei YF, Wang Y, Chang JK, Mi YY, Ma L, Jiang JT, Feng NH, Wang ZJ, Zhang W. Differential expression of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the genital tubercle (GT) of fetal male rat following maternal exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP). Syst Biol Reprod Med 2011; 57:244-50. [DOI: 10.3109/19396368.2011.577509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Xu Z, Zhang W, Lv L, Pan B, Lan P, Zhang Q. A new approach to catalytic degradation of dimethyl phthalate by a macroporous OH-type strongly basic anion exchange resin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:3130-3135. [PMID: 20230023 DOI: 10.1021/es100058j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a novel approach was developed to remove dimethyl phthalate (DMP), a representative phthalic acid ester (PAE) pollutant, from an aqueous solution using a macroporous OH-type strong base anion exchange resin D201-OH. As compared to the traditional catalyst aqueous NaOH, D201-OH displayed much higher catalytic efficiency for DMP hydrolytic degradation. Almost 100% of DMP was hydrolyzed to far less toxic phthalic acid (PA) in the presence of D201-OH, while only about 29% of DMP was converted to PA in the presence of NaOH under the identical amount of hydroxyl anions in the reaction system. More attractively, the hydrolysis product PA also can be simultaneously removed by the solid basic polymer D201-OH through a preferable anion exchange process, while NaOH induced hydrolysis products were still left in solution. The underlying mechanism for the hydrolytic degradation and simultaneous ion exchange removal process was proposed. Fixed-bed column hydrolytic degradation and ion exchange removal tests indicate that DMP can be completely converted to PA and subsequently removed from water without any further process, with pH values of the effluent being around 6 constantly. The exhausted D201-OH was amenable to an efficient regeneration by 3 bed volumes (BV) of NaOH solution (2 mol/L) for repeated use without any efficiency loss. The results reported herein indicated that D201-OH-induced catalytic degradation and removal is a promising approach for PAEs treatment in waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
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How dangerous are phthalate plasticizers? Integrated approach to toxicity based on metabolism, electron transfer, reactive oxygen species and cell signaling. Med Hypotheses 2010; 74:626-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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35
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Scarano WR, Toledo FC, Guerra MT, Pinheiro PFF, Domeniconi RF, Felisbino SL, Campos SGP, Taboga SR, Kempinas WG. Functional and morphological reproductive aspects in male rats exposed to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) in utero and during lactation. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:972-984. [PMID: 20563931 DOI: 10.1080/15287391003751760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The potential adverse reproductive effects, with emphasis on the epididymis, of in utero and lactational exposure to 100 mg/kg/d di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) in adult male rat offspring were investigated. The fetal testis histopathology was also determined. The selected endpoints included reproductive organ weights, sperm motility and morphology, sperm epididymal transit time, sperm quantity in the testis and epididymis, hormonal status, fetal testis and epididymal histopathology and stereology, and androgen receptor (AR), aquaporin 9 (AQP9), and Ki-67 immunoreactivities. Pregnant females were divided into two groups: control (C) and treated (T). The treated females received DBP (100 mg/kg/d, by gavage) from gestation day (GD) 12 to postnatal day (PND) 21, while control dams received the vehicle. Some pregnant dams were killed by decapitation on GD20, and testes from male fetuses were collected for histopathogy. Male rats from other dams were killed at PND 90. Fetal testes from treated group showed Leydig-cell clusters, presence of multinucleated germinative cells, and increase of the interstitial component. Testosterone levels and reproductive organ weights were similar between the treated and control adult groups. DBP treatment did not markedly affect relative proportions of epithelial, stromal, or luminal compartments in the epididymis; sperm counts in the testis and epididymis; sperm transit time; or sperm morphology and motility in adult rats. The AR and AQP9 immunoreactivities and proliferation index were similar for the two groups. These results showed that fetal testes were affected by DBP as evidenced by testicular histopathologic alterations, but reproductive parameters and epididymal structure/function were not significantly altered in the adult animals exposed to 100 mg/kg DBP in utero and during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellerson R Scarano
- Institute of Biosciences, UNESP-University Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Sao Paulo State, Brazil.
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