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Afsheen S, Rehman AS, Jamal A, Khan N, Parvez S. Understanding role of pesticides in development of Parkinson's disease: Insights from Drosophila and rodent models. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 98:102340. [PMID: 38759892 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative illness linked to ageing, marked by the gradual decline of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. The exact aetiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains uncertain, with genetic predisposition and environmental variables playing significant roles in the disease's frequency. Epidemiological data indicates a possible connection between pesticide exposure and brain degeneration. Specific pesticides have been associated with important characteristics of Parkinson's disease, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and α-synuclein aggregation, which are crucial for the advancement of the disease. Recently, many animal models have been developed for Parkinson's disease study. Although these models do not perfectly replicate the disease's pathology, they provide valuable insights that improve our understanding of the condition and the limitations of current treatment methods. Drosophila, in particular, has been useful in studying Parkinson's disease induced by toxins or genetic factors. The review thoroughly analyses many animal models utilised in Parkinson's research, with an emphasis on issues including pesticides, genetic and epigenetic changes, proteasome failure, oxidative damage, α-synuclein inoculation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The text highlights the important impact of pesticides on the onset of Parkinson's disease (PD) and stresses the need for more research on genetic and mechanistic alterations linked to the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Afsheen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ahmed Shaney Rehman
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Azfar Jamal
- Department of Biology, College of Science Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia; Health and Basic Science Research Centre, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazia Khan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Romer SH, Miller KM, Sonner MJ, Ethridge VT, Gargas NM, Rohan JG. Changes in motor behavior and lumbar motoneuron morphology following repeated chlorpyrifos exposure in rats. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305173. [PMID: 38875300 PMCID: PMC11178230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide associated with numerous health effects including motor performance decrements. While many studies have focused on the health effects following acute chlorpyrifos poisonings, almost no studies have examined the effects on motoneurons following occupational-like exposures. The main objective of this study was to examine the broad effects of repeated occupational-like chlorpyrifos exposures on spinal motoneuron soma size relative to motor activity. To execute our objective, adult rats were exposed to chlorpyrifos via oral gavage once a day, five days a week for two weeks. Chlorpyrifos exposure effects were assessed either three days or two months following the last exposure. Three days following the last repeated chlorpyrifos exposure, there were transient effects in open-field motor activity and plasma cholinesterase activity levels. Two months following the chlorpyrifos exposures, there were delayed effects in sensorimotor gating, pro-inflammatory cytokines and spinal lumbar motoneuron soma morphology. Overall, these results offer support that subacute repeated occupational-like chlorpyrifos exposures have both short-term and longer-term effects in motor activity, inflammation, and central nervous system mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon H Romer
- Environmental Health Effects Laboratory, Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States of America
- Leidos, Reston, VA, United States of America
| | - Kaitlyn M Miller
- Environmental Health Effects Laboratory, Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States of America
| | - Martha J Sonner
- Environmental Health Effects Laboratory, Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States of America
- Leidos, Reston, VA, United States of America
| | - Victoria T Ethridge
- Environmental Health Effects Laboratory, Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States of America
- Leidos, Reston, VA, United States of America
| | - Nathan M Gargas
- Environmental Health Effects Laboratory, Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States of America
| | - Joyce G Rohan
- Environmental Health Effects Laboratory, Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States of America
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Zhang Y, Gao Y, Liu QS, Zhou Q, Jiang G. Chemical contaminants in blood and their implications in chronic diseases. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133511. [PMID: 38262316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Artificial chemical products are widely used and ubiquitous worldwide and pose a threat to the environment and human health. Accumulating epidemiological and toxicological evidence has elucidated the contributions of environmental chemical contaminants to the incidence and development of chronic diseases that have a negative impact on quality of life or may be life-threatening. However, the pathways of exposure to these chemicals and their involvements in chronic diseases remain unclear. We comprehensively reviewed the research progress on the exposure risks of humans to environmental contaminants, their body burden as indicated by blood monitoring, and the correlation of blood chemical contaminants with chronic diseases. After entering the human body through various routes of exposure, environmental contaminants are transported to target organs through blood circulation. The application of the modern analytical techniques based on human plasma or serum specimens is promising for determining the body burden of environmental contaminants, including legacy persistent organic pollutants, emerging pollutants, and inorganic elements. Furthermore, their body burden, as indicated by blood monitoring correlates with the incidence and development of metabolic syndromes, cancers, chronic nervous system diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and reproductive disorders. On this basis, we highlight the urgent need for further research on environmental pollution causing health problems in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yurou Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Qian S Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China.
| | - Qunfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, PR China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, PR China
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Yadav B, Kaur S, Yadav A, Verma H, Kar S, Sahu BK, Pati KR, Sarkar B, Dhiman M, Mantha AK. Implications of organophosphate pesticides on brain cells and their contribution toward progression of Alzheimer's disease. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23660. [PMID: 38356323 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The most widespread neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is marked by severe behavioral abnormalities, cognitive and functional impairments. It is inextricably linked with the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and tau protein in the brain. Loss of white matter, neurons, synapses, and reactive microgliosis are also frequently observed in patients of AD. Although the causative mechanisms behind the neuropathological alterations in AD are not fully understood, they are likely influenced by hereditary and environmental factors. The etiology and pathogenesis of AD are significantly influenced by the cells of the central nervous system, namely, glial cells and neurons, which are directly engaged in the transmission of electrical signals and the processing of information. Emerging evidence suggests that exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) can trigger inflammatory responses in glial cells, leading to various cascades of events that contribute to neuroinflammation, neuronal damage, and ultimately, AD pathogenesis. Furthermore, there are striking similarities between the biomarkers associated with AD and OPPs, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, dysregulation of microRNA, and accumulation of toxic protein aggregates, such as amyloid β. These shared markers suggest a potential mechanistic link between OPP exposure and AD pathology. In this review, we attempt to address the role of OPPs on altered cell physiology of the brain cells leading to neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress linked with AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sharanjot Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anuradha Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Harkomal Verma
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Swastitapa Kar
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Binit Kumar Sahu
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Kumari Riya Pati
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Bibekanada Sarkar
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anil Kumar Mantha
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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Kaur S, Verma H, Kaur S, Gangwar P, Yadav A, Yadav B, Rao R, Dhiman M, Mantha AK. Understanding the multifaceted role of miRNAs in Alzheimer's disease pathology. Metab Brain Dis 2024; 39:217-237. [PMID: 37505443 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01265-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Small non-coding RNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression by binding to mRNA and mediating its degradation or inhibiting translation. Since miRNAs can regulate the expression of several genes, they have multiple roles to play in biological processes and human diseases. The majority of miRNAs are known to be expressed in the brain and are involved in synaptic functions, thus marking their presence and role in major neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD, amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are known to be the major hallmarks. The clearance of Aβ and tau is known to be associated with miRNA dysregulation. In addition, the β-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE 1), which cleaves APP to form Aβ, is also found to be regulated by miRNAs, thus directly affecting Aβ accumulation. Growing evidences suggest that neuroinflammation can be an initial event in AD pathology, and miRNAs have been linked with the regulation of neuroinflammation. Inflammatory disorders have also been associated with AD pathology, and exosomes associated with miRNAs are known to regulate brain inflammation, suggesting for the role of systemic miRNAs in AD pathology. Several miRNAs have been related in AD, years before the clinical symptoms appear, most of which are associated with regulating the cell cycle, immune system, stress responses, cellular senescence, nerve growth factor (NGF) signaling, and synaptic regulation. Phytochemicals, especially polyphenols, alter the expression of various miRNAs by binding to miRNAs or binding to the transcriptional activators of miRNAs, thus control/alter various metabolic pathways. Awing to the sundry biological processes being regulated by miRNAs in the brain and regulation of expression of miRNAs via phytochemicals, miRNAs and the regulatory bioactive phytochemicals can serve as therapeutic agents in the treatment and management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanjot Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Harkomal Verma
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO - Ghudda, Bathinda, 151 401, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhchain Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Prabhakar Gangwar
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO - Ghudda, Bathinda, 151 401, Punjab, India
| | - Anuradha Yadav
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO - Ghudda, Bathinda, 151 401, Punjab, India
| | - Bharti Yadav
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO - Ghudda, Bathinda, 151 401, Punjab, India
| | - Rashmi Rao
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO - Ghudda, Bathinda, 151 401, Punjab, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anil Kumar Mantha
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, VPO - Ghudda, Bathinda, 151 401, Punjab, India.
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Alarcón R, Giménez B, Hernández AF, López-Villén A, Parrón T, García-González J, Requena M. Occupational exposure to pesticides as a potential risk factor for epilepsy. Neurotoxicology 2023; 96:166-173. [PMID: 37121439 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures. In a previous study we found that environmental exposure to pesticides was associated with a greater risk of epilepsy. The present study examined possible occupational risk factors that may contribute to the occurrence of epilepsy in farmers and pesticide applicators (sprayers). A case-referent study was conducted on 19,704 individuals over a 17-year study period (2000-2016). Epilepsy cases (n = 5091) were collected from Hospital records and referents (non-epilepsy cases, n = 14.613) from the Centre for Prevention of Occupational Risks, both from Almería (South-Eastern Spain). A significant increased risk of having epilepsy was found in farmers working in intensive agriculture (high-yield greenhouse crops) compared to extensive agriculture (open-air crops). The risk was greater for farmers residing in rural areas with high pesticide use (intensive farming crops in plastic greenhouses) and for those not wearing protective gloves. As for sprayers, the greatest risk of epilepsy was observed in those not wearing face mask, and in those living in areas with high pesticide use (greenhouse intensive agriculture). Overall, this study supports previous findings on the association between epilepsy and pesticide exposure in the general population, and extends the risk to farmers occupationally exposed to pesticides, mainly those engaged in intensive agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Alarcón
- University of Almería School of Health Sciences, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Belén Giménez
- University of Almería School of Health Sciences, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Antonio F Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, 18016 Granada, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research, Granada (Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria) ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Center for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health Network (CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública), CIBERESP, Spain.
| | | | - Tesifón Parrón
- University of Almería School of Health Sciences, 04120 Almería, Spain; Andalusian Council of Health at Almería Province, 04009 Almería, Spain
| | | | - Mar Requena
- University of Almería School of Health Sciences, 04120 Almería, Spain
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Shi J, Liu D, Jin Q, Chen X, Zhang R, Shi T, Zhu S, Zhang Y, Zong X, Wang C, Li L. Whole-Transcriptome Analysis of Repeated Low-Level Sarin-Exposed Rat Hippocampus and Identification of Cerna Networks to Investigate the Mechanism of Sarin-Induced Cognitive Impairment. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040627. [PMID: 37106826 PMCID: PMC10136365 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Sarin is a potent organophosphorus nerve agent that causes cognitive dysfunction, but its underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, a rat model of repeated low-level sarin exposure was established using the subcutaneous injection of 0.4 × LD50 for 21 consecutive days. Sarin-exposed rats showed persistent learning and memory impairment and reduced hippocampal dendritic spine density. A whole-transcriptome analysis was applied to study the mechanism of sarin-induced cognitive impairment, and a total of 1035 differentially expressed mRNA (DEmRNA), including 44 DEmiRNA, 305 DElncRNA, and 412 DEcircRNA, were found in the hippocampus of sarin-treated rats. According to Gene Ontology (GO) annotation, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment, and Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) analysis, these DERNAs were mainly involved in neuronal synaptic plasticity and were related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. The circRNA/lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network was constructed, in which Circ_Fmn1, miR-741-3p, miR-764-3p, miR-871-3p, KIF1A, PTPN11, SYN1, and MT-CO3 formed one circuit, and Circ_Cacna1c, miR-10b-5p, miR-18a-5p, CACNA1C, PRKCD, and RASGRP1 constituted another circuit. The balance between the two circuits was crucial for maintaining synaptic plasticity and may be the regulatory mechanism by which sarin causes cognitive impairment. Our study reveals the ceRNA regulation mechanism of sarin exposure for the first time and provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of other organophosphorus toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Dongxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Qian Jin
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xuejun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Tong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Siqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Xingxing Zong
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China
| | - Liqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilians, Beijing 102205, China
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Göl E, Çok İ, Battal D, Şüküroğlu AA. Assessment of Preschool Children's Exposure Levels to Organophosphate and Pyrethroid Pesticide: A Human Biomonitoring Study in Two Turkish Provinces. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 84:318-331. [PMID: 36877224 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-00986-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are products developed to prevent, destroy, repel or control certain forms of plant or animal life that are considered to be pests. However, now they are one of the critical risk factors threatening the environment, and they create a significant threat to the health of children. Organophosphate (OP) and pyrethroid (PYR) pesticides are widely used in Turkey as well as all over the world. The main focus of this presented study was to analyze the OP and PYR exposure levels in urine samples obtained from 3- to 6-year-old Turkish preschool children who live in the Ankara (n:132) and Mersin (n:54) provinces. In order to measure the concentrations of three nonspecific metabolites of PYR insecticides and four nonspecific and one specific metabolite of OPs, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses were performed. The nonspecific PYR metabolite 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) found in 87.1% of samples (n = 162) and the specific OP metabolite 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY) found in 60.2% of samples (n = 112) were the most frequently detected metabolites in all urine samples. The mean concentrations of 3-PBA and TCPY were 0.38 ± 0.8 and 0.11 ± 0.43 ng/g creatinine, respectively. Although due to the large individual variation no statistically significant differences were found between 3-PBA (p = 0.9969) and TCPY (p = 0.6558) urine levels in the two provinces, significant exposure differences were determined both between provinces and within the province in terms of gender. Risk assessment strategies performed in light of our findings do not disclose any proof of a possible health problems related to analyzed pesticide exposure in Turkish children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersin Göl
- Ankara Toxicology Department of the Council of Forensic Medicine, 06300, Keçiören, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İsmet Çok
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Dilek Battal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Ayça Aktaş Şüküroğlu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Mersin University, Mersin, Turkey
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Elhaj R, Reynolds JM. Chemical exposures and suspected impact on Gulf War Veterans. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:11. [PMID: 36882803 PMCID: PMC9993698 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00449-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gulf War Illness (GWI) encompass a spectrum of maladies specific to troops deployed during the Persian Gulf War (1990-1991). There are several hypothesized factors believed to contribute to GWI, including (but not limited to) exposures to chemical agents and a foreign environment (e.g., dust, pollens, insects, and microbes). Moreover, the inherent stress associated with deployment and combat has been associated with GWI. While the etiology of GWI remains uncertain, several studies have provided strong evidence that chemical exposures, especially neurotoxicants, may be underlying factors for the development of GWI. This mini style perspective article will focus on some of the major evidence linking chemical exposures to GWI development and persistence decades after exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Elhaj
- Center for Cancer Biology, Immunology and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Joseph M Reynolds
- Center for Cancer Biology, Immunology and Infection, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
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Relationship between Butyrylcholinesterase Activity and Cognitive Ability in Workers Exposed to Chlorpyrifos. SAFETY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/safety9010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. The use of Chlorpyrifos leads to a public, environmental, and occupational health problem associated with adverse effects in the exposed population, generating alterations mainly in the central nervous system, such as cognitive function. This study aimed to estimate the association between butyrylcholinesterase activity (BChE) and cognitive ability in workers exposed to chlorpyrifos. Methods. We designed a cross-sectional study, where we measured BChE in serum samples as an indicator of exposure to chlorpyrifos. The cognitive ability was assessed by the mean score of the Peruvian version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). We also used a questionary to collect demographic and occupational information. Results. We evaluated 120 farmers with a predominance of males (92%) and a mean age of 32.1 ± 9.0 years. We found most of the workers in fumigation activities (84%). The mean BChE was 6144.7 ± 2355.0 U/L, and 46% presented inhibition enzyme (<5500 U/L). The median MMSE score was 28 (interquartile range: 26.5–31.5; 6% showed an alteration in cognitive ability (score < 24)). The MMSE test found a significant association between BChE inhibition and MMSE score (β: −0.071, 95%CI: −0.108 to −0.025). Conclusion. In this study, 45.8% of workers exposed to chlorpyriphos presented BChE inhibition. The BChE inhibition is significantly associated with the MMSE score in workers exposed to chlorpyrifos.
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Nabi M, Tabassum N. Role of Environmental Toxicants on Neurodegenerative Disorders. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:837579. [PMID: 35647576 PMCID: PMC9131020 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.837579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration leads to the loss of structural and functioning components of neurons over time. Various studies have related neurodegeneration to a number of degenerative disorders. Neurological repercussions of neurodegeneration can have severe impacts on the physical and mental health of patients. In the recent past, various neurodegenerative ailments such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s illnesses have received global consideration owing to their global occurrence. Environmental attributes have been regarded as the main contributors to neural dysfunction-related disorders. The majority of neurological diseases are mainly related to prenatal and postnatal exposure to industrially produced environmental toxins. Some neurotoxic metals, like lead (Pb), aluminium (Al), Mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As), and also pesticides and metal-based nanoparticles, have been implicated in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. The contaminants are known for their ability to produce senile or amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which are the key features of these neurological dysfunctions. Besides, solvent exposure is also a significant contributor to neurological diseases. This study recapitulates the role of environmental neurotoxins on neurodegeneration with special emphasis on major neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masarat Nabi
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
- *Correspondence: Masarat Nabi, , orcid.org/0000-0003-1677-6498; Nahida Tabassum,
| | - Nahida Tabassum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
- *Correspondence: Masarat Nabi, , orcid.org/0000-0003-1677-6498; Nahida Tabassum,
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Valencia-Quintana R, Bahena-Ocampo IU, González-Castañeda G, Bonilla E, Milić M, Bonassi S, Sánchez-Alarcón J. miRNAs: A potentially valuable tool in pesticide toxicology assessment-current experimental and epidemiological data review. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133792. [PMID: 35104543 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
miRNAs are responsible for the regulation of many cellular processes such as development, cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and tumor growth. Several studies showed that they can also serve as specific, stable, and sensitive markers of chemical exposure. In this review, current experimental and epidemiological data evidencing deregulation in miRNA expression in response to fungicides, insecticides or herbicides were analyzed. As shown by Venn's diagrams, miR-363 and miR-9 deregulation is associated with fungicide exposure in vitro and in vivo, while let-7, miR-155, miR-181 and miR-21 were found to be commonly deregulated by at least three different insecticides. Furthermore, let-7, miR-30, miR-126, miR-181 and miR-320 were commonly deregulated by 3 different herbicides. Notably, these 5 miRNAs were also found to be deregulated by one or more insecticides, suggesting their participation in the cellular response to pesticides, regardless of their chemical structure. All these miRNAs have been proposed as potential biomarkers for fungicide, insecticide, or herbicide exposure. These results allow us to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of toxicity upon pesticide exposure, although further studies are needed to confirm these miRNAs as definitive (not potential) biomarkers of pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Valencia-Quintana
- Laboratorio "Rafael Villalobos-Pietrini" de Toxicología Genómica y Química Ambiental, Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, CA Ambiente y Genética UATLX-CA-223 Red Temática de Toxicología de Plaguicidas, Tlaxcala, 90000, Mexico.
| | | | | | - Edmundo Bonilla
- Departamento de Ciencias de La Salud, UAM-Iztapalapa, Mexico.
| | - Mirta Milić
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, 10000, Croatia.
| | - Stefano Bonassi
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, Rome, 00166, Italy; Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, 00166, Italy.
| | - Juana Sánchez-Alarcón
- Laboratorio "Rafael Villalobos-Pietrini" de Toxicología Genómica y Química Ambiental, Facultad de Agrobiología, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, CA Ambiente y Genética UATLX-CA-223 Red Temática de Toxicología de Plaguicidas, Tlaxcala, 90000, Mexico.
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Ribeiro AC, Hawkins E, Jahr FM, McClay JL, Deshpande LS. Repeated exposure to chlorpyrifos is associated with a dose-dependent chronic neurobehavioral deficit in adult rats. Neurotoxicology 2022; 90:172-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Patterns of cardio-respiratory motor outputs during acute and subacute exposure to chlorpyrifos in an ex-vivo in situ preparation in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 436:115862. [PMID: 34998853 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.115862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
While a considerable body of literature has characterized the clinical features induced by organophosphate pesticides, the field lacks scrutiny into cardio-respiratory changes in different phases of poisoning. Herein, we evaluated the impact of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and its active metabolite chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPO) on the cardiorespiratory system during acute and subacute phases of poisoning using an in situ experimental rodent model. CPF (30 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to rats beforehand (24 h) whereas CPO (15 mg/kg) was added into the perfusate reservoir to evaluate the effects on the motor outputs throughout the three phases of the respiratory cycle: inspiration, post-inspiration and late expiration. Phrenic, recurrent laryngeal (RLN) and thoracic sympathetic nerve activity (tSNA) were recorded. Heart rate was derived from the electrocardiogram (ECG) and the baro- and chemo-reflexes tested. CPF and CPO led to a time-dependent change in cardiorespiratory motor outputs. In the acute phase, the CPO induced bradypnea, transiently reduced the inspiratory time (TI), and increased the amplitude of phrenic. Post-inspiratory (PI) discharge recorded from the RLN was progressively reduced while tSNA was increased. CPO significantly depressed the chemoreflex but had no effect on baroreflex. During subacute phase, CPF prolongated TI with no effect on respiratory rate. Both the RLN PI discharge, the chemoreflex and the baroreflex sympathetic gain were reduced. In addition, both CPF and CPO shifted the cardiac sympatho-vagal balance towards sympathetic dominance. Our data show that different phases of poisoning are associated with specific changes in the cardio-respiratory system and might therefore demand distinct approaches by health care providers.
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Yu G, Su Q, Chen Y, Wu L, Wu S, Li H. Epigenetics in neurodegenerative disorders induced by pesticides. Genes Environ 2021; 43:55. [PMID: 34893084 PMCID: PMC8662853 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are becoming major socio-economic burdens. However, most of them still have no effective treatment. Growing evidence indicates excess exposure to pesticides are involved in the development of various forms of neurodegenerative and neurological diseases through trigger epigenetic changes and inducing disruption of the epigenome. This review summaries studies on epigenetics alterations in nervous systems in relation to different kinds of pesticides, highlighting potential mechanism in the etiology, precision prevention and target therapy of various neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, the current gaps in research and future areas for study were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxia Yu
- Fujian Key Lab of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.,Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.,Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Qianqian Su
- Fujian Key Lab of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.,Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Fujian Key Lab of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.,Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Lingyan Wu
- Fujian Key Lab of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.,Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Siying Wu
- Fujian Key Lab of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China. .,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.
| | - Huangyuan Li
- Fujian Key Lab of Environmental Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China. .,Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China. .,Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.
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16
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Burgos M, Hurtado A, Jiménez R, Barrionuevo FJ. Non-Coding RNAs: lncRNAs, miRNAs, and piRNAs in Sexual Development. Sex Dev 2021; 15:335-350. [PMID: 34614501 DOI: 10.1159/000519237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a group of RNAs that do not encode functional proteins, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs). In the last 2 decades an effort has been made to uncover the role of ncRNAs during development and disease, and nowadays it is clear that these molecules have a regulatory function in many of the developmental and physiological processes where they have been studied. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of ncRNAs during gonad determination and development, focusing mainly on mammals, although we also provide information from other species, in particular when there is not much information on the function of particular types of ncRNAs during mammalian sexual development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Burgos
- Departamento de Genética e Instituto de Biotecnología, Lab. 127, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alicia Hurtado
- Epigenetics and Sex Development Group, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rafael Jiménez
- Departamento de Genética e Instituto de Biotecnología, Lab. 127, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Barrionuevo
- Departamento de Genética e Instituto de Biotecnología, Lab. 127, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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Pistollato F, Carpi D, Mendoza-de Gyves E, Paini A, Bopp SK, Worth A, Bal-Price A. Combining in vitro assays and mathematical modelling to study developmental neurotoxicity induced by chemical mixtures. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 105:101-119. [PMID: 34455033 PMCID: PMC8522961 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal and postnatal co-exposure to multiple chemicals at the same time may have deleterious effects on the developing nervous system. We previously showed that chemicals acting through similar mode of action (MoA) and grouped based on perturbation of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), induced greater neurotoxic effects on human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons and astrocytes compared to chemicals with dissimilar MoA. Here we assessed the effects of repeated dose (14 days) treatments with mixtures containing the six chemicals tested in our previous study (Bisphenol A, Chlorpyrifos, Lead(II) chloride, Methylmercury chloride, PCB138 and Valproic acid) along with 2,2'4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47), Ethanol, Vinclozolin and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)), on hiPSC-derived neural stem cells undergoing differentiation toward mixed neurons/astrocytes up to 21 days. Similar MoA chemicals in mixtures caused an increase of BDNF levels and neurite outgrowth, and a decrease of synapse formation, which led to inhibition of electrical activity. Perturbations of these endpoints are described as common key events in adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) specific for DNT. When compared with mixtures tested in our previous study, adding similarly acting chemicals (BDE47 and EtOH) to the mixture resulted in a stronger downregulation of synapses. A synergistic effect on some synaptogenesis-related features (PSD95 in particular) was hypothesized upon treatment with tested mixtures, as indicated by mathematical modelling. Our findings confirm that the use of human iPSC-derived mixed neuronal/glial models applied to a battery of in vitro assays anchored to key events in DNT AOP networks, combined with mathematical modelling, is a suitable testing strategy to assess in vitro DNT induced by chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donatella Carpi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Alicia Paini
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Andrew Worth
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Anna Bal-Price
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
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18
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Ibrahim KA, Abdelgaid HA, Eleyan M, Khwanes SA, Abdel-Daim MM. Ethoprophos induces rats' brain injury and neurobehavioral impairment via transcriptional activation of glial fibrillary acidic protein and tubulin-associated unit even at the threshold inhibition of acetylcholinesterase: A 90-days study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Sibomana I, Rohan JG, Mattie DR. 21-Day dermal exposure to aircraft engine oils: effects on esterase activities in brain and liver tissues, blood, plasma, and clinical chemistry parameters for Sprague Dawley rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:357-388. [PMID: 33380269 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1867680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This dermal study tested the potential toxicity of grade 3 (G3) and 4 (G4) organophosphate-containing aircraft engine oils in both new (G3-N, G4-N) and used states (G3-U, G4-U) to alter esterase activities in blood, brain and liver tissues, clinical chemistry parameters, and electrophysiology of hippocampal neurons. A 300 µl volume of undiluted oil was applied in Hill Top Chamber Systems®, then attached to fur-free test sites on backs of male and female Sprague Dawley rats for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 21 days. Recovery rats received similar treatments and kept for 14 days post-exposure to screen for reversibility, persistence, or delayed occurrence of toxicity. In brain, both versions of G3 and G4 significantly decreased (32-41%) female acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity while in males only G3-N and G4-N reduced (33%) AChE activity. Oils did not markedly affect AChE in liver, regardless of gender. In whole blood, G3-U decreased female AChE (29%) which persisted during recovery (32%). G4-N significantly lowered (29%) butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in male plasma, but this effect was resolved during recovery. For clinical chemistry indices, only globulin levels in female plasma significantly increased following G3-N or G4-N exposure. Preliminary electrophysiology data suggested that effects of both versions of G3 and G4 on hippocampal function may be gender dependent. Aircraft maintenance workers may be at risk if precautions are not taken to minimize long-term aircraft oil exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaie Sibomana
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
| | - Joyce G Rohan
- Environmental Health Effects Laboratory, Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton (NAMRU-D), Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
| | - David R Mattie
- Air Force Research Laboratory, 711 Human Performance Wing, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
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Abstract
Pollutant agents are exponentially increasing in modern society since industrialization processes and technology are being developed worldwide. Impact of pollution on public health is well known but little has been described on the association between environmental pollutants and mental health. A literature search on PubMed and EMBASE has been conducted and 134 articles published on the issue of pollution and mental health have been included, cited, reviewed, and summarized. Emerging evidences have been collected on association between major environmental pollutants (air pollutants, heavy metals, ionizing radiation [IR], organophosphate pesticides, light pollution, noise pollution, environmental catastrophes) and various mental health disorders including anxiety, mood, and psychotic syndromes. Underlying pathogenesis includes direct and indirect effects of these agents on brain, respectively, due to their biological effect on human Central Nervous System or related to some levels of stress generated by the exposure to the pollutant agents over the time. Most of emerging evidences are still nonconclusive. Further studies should clarify how industrial production, the exploitation of certain resources, the proximity to waste and energy residues, noise, and the change in lifestyles are connected with psychological distress and mental health problems for the affected populations.
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21
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Di Consiglio E, Pistollato F, Mendoza-De Gyves E, Bal-Price A, Testai E. Integrating biokinetics and in vitro studies to evaluate developmental neurotoxicity induced by chlorpyrifos in human iPSC-derived neural stem cells undergoing differentiation towards neuronal and glial cells. Reprod Toxicol 2020; 98:174-188. [PMID: 33011216 PMCID: PMC7772889 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human iPSC-derived NSCs undergoing differentiation possess some metabolic competence. CPF entered the cells and was biotrasformed into its two main metabolites (CPFO and TCP). After repeated exposure, very limited bioaccumulation of CPF was observed. Treatment with CPF decreased neurite outgrowth, synapse number and electrical activity. Treatment with CPF increased BDNF levels and the percentage of astrocytes.
For some complex toxicological endpoints, chemical safety assessment has conventionally relied on animal testing. Apart from the ethical issues, also scientific considerations have been raised concerning the traditional approach, highlighting the importance for considering real life exposure scenario. Implementation of flexible testing strategies, integrating multiple sources of information, including in vitro reliable test methods and in vitro biokinetics, would enhance the relevance of the obtained results. Such an approach could be pivotal in the evaluation of developmental neurotoxicity (DNT), especially when applied to human cell-based models, mimicking key neurodevelopmental processes, relevant to human brain development. Here, we integrated the kinetic behaviour with the toxicodynamic alterations of chlorpyrifos (CPF), such as in vitro endpoints specific for DNT evaluation, after repeated exposure during differentiation of human neural stem cells into a mixed culture of neurons and astrocytes. The upregulation of some cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase genes during neuronal differentiation and the formation of the two major CPF metabolites (due to bioactivation and detoxification) supported the metabolic competence of the used in vitro model. The alterations in the number of synapses, neurite outgrowth, brain derived neurotrophic factor, the proportion of neurons and astrocytes, as well as spontaneous electrical activity correlated well with the CPF ability to enter the cells and be bioactivated to CPF-oxon. Overall, our results confirm that combining in vitro biokinetics and assays to evaluate effects on neurodevelopmental endpoints in human cells should be regarded as a key strategy for a quantitative characterization of DNT effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Di Consiglio
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Environment and Health Department, Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Models Unit, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Anna Bal-Price
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Emanuela Testai
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Environment and Health Department, Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Models Unit, Rome, Italy
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22
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Perez-Fernandez C, Morales-Navas M, Guardia-Escote L, Colomina MT, Giménez E, Sánchez-Santed F. Postnatal exposure to low doses of Chlorpyrifos induces long-term effects on 5C-SRTT learning and performance, cholinergic and GABAergic systems and BDNF expression. Exp Neurol 2020; 330:113356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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23
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Miguel V, Lamas S, Espinosa-Diez C. Role of non-coding-RNAs in response to environmental stressors and consequences on human health. Redox Biol 2020; 37:101580. [PMID: 32723695 PMCID: PMC7767735 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental risk factors, including physicochemical agents, noise and mental stress, have a considerable impact on human health. This environmental exposure may lead to epigenetic reprogramming, including changes in non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) signatures, which can contribute to the pathophysiology state. Oxidative stress is one of the results of this environmental disturbance by modifying cellular processes such as apoptosis, signal transduction cascades, and DNA repair mechanisms. In this review, we delineate environmental risk factors and their influence on (ncRNAs) in connection to disease. We focus on well-studied miRNAs and analyze the novel roles of long-non-coding-RNAs (lncRNAs). We discuss commonly regulated lncRNAs after exposure to different stressors, such as UV, heavy metals and pesticides among others, and the potential role of these lncRNA as exposure biomarkers, epigenetic regulators and potential therapeutic targets to diminish the deleterious secondary response to environmental agents. Environmental stressors induce epigenetic changes that lead to long-lasting gene expression changes and pathology development. NcRNAs, miRNAs and lncRNAs, are epigenetic modifiers susceptible to changes in expression after environmental insults . LncRNAs influence cell function partnering with other biomolecules such as proteins, DNA, RNA or other ncRNAs. LncRNA dysregulation affects cell development, carcinogenesis, vascular disease and neurodegenerative disorders. ncRNA signatures can be potentially used as biomarkers to identify exposure to specific environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Miguel
- Programme of Physiological and Pathological Processes, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Lamas
- Programme of Physiological and Pathological Processes, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Espinosa-Diez
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Gonçalves ÍFS, Souza TM, Vieira LR, Marchi FC, Nascimento AP, Farias DF. Toxicity testing of pesticides in zebrafish-a systematic review on chemicals and associated toxicological endpoints. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:10185-10204. [PMID: 32062774 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07902-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of zebrafish (Danio rerio) has arisen as a promising biological platform for toxicity testing of pesticides such as herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides. Therefore, it is relevant to assess the use of zebrafish in models of exposure to investigate the diversity of pesticide-associated toxicity endpoints which have been reported. Thus, this review aimed to assess the recent literature on the use of zebrafish in pesticide toxicity studies to capture data on the types of pesticide used, classes of pesticides, and zebrafish life stages associated with toxicity endpoints and phenotypic observations. A total of 352 articles published between September 2012 and May 2019 were curated. The results show an increased trend in the use of zebrafish for testing the toxicity of pesticides, with a great diversity of pesticides (203) and chemical classes (58) with different applications (41) being used. Furthermore, experimental outcomes could be clustered in 13 toxicity endpoints, mainly developmental toxicity, oxidative stress, and neurotoxicity. Organophosphorus, pyrethroid, azole, and triazine were the most studied classes of pesticides and associated with various toxicity endpoints. Studies frequently opted for early life stages (embryos and larvae). Although there is an evident lack of standardization of nomenclatures and phenotypic alterations, the information gathered here highlights associations between (classes of) pesticides and endpoints, which can be used to relate mechanisms of action specific to certain classes of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Íris Flávia Sousa Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I, CEP, João Pessoa, 58051-900, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Ceara, Campus Pici, CEP, Fortaleza, 60440-900, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Maria Souza
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands.
| | - Leonardo Rogério Vieira
- Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Ceara, Campus Pici, CEP, Fortaleza, 60440-900, Brazil
| | - Filipi Calbaizer Marchi
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I, CEP, João Pessoa, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Adailton Pascoal Nascimento
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I, CEP, João Pessoa, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Davi Felipe Farias
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, Campus I, CEP, João Pessoa, 58051-900, Brazil.
- Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Ceara, Campus Pici, CEP, Fortaleza, 60440-900, Brazil.
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Pistollato F, de Gyves EM, Carpi D, Bopp SK, Nunes C, Worth A, Bal-Price A. Assessment of developmental neurotoxicity induced by chemical mixtures using an adverse outcome pathway concept. Environ Health 2020; 19:23. [PMID: 32093744 PMCID: PMC7038628 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In light of the vulnerability of the developing brain, mixture risk assessment (MRA) for the evaluation of developmental neurotoxicity (DNT) should be implemented, since infants and children are co-exposed to more than one chemical at a time. One possible approach to tackle MRA could be to cluster DNT chemicals in a mixture on the basis of their mode of action (MoA) into 'similar' and 'dissimilar', but still contributing to the same adverse outcome, and anchor DNT assays to common key events (CKEs) identified in DNT-specific adverse outcome pathways (AOPs). Moreover, the use of human in vitro models, such as induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neuronal and glial cultures would enable mechanistic understanding of chemically-induced adverse effects, avoiding species extrapolation. METHODS HiPSC-derived neural progenitors differentiated into mixed cultures of neurons and astrocytes were used to assess the effects of acute (3 days) and repeated dose (14 days) treatments with single chemicals and in mixtures belonging to different classes (i.e., lead(II) chloride and methylmercury chloride (heavy metals), chlorpyrifos (pesticide), bisphenol A (organic compound and endocrine disrupter), valproic acid (drug), and PCB138 (persistent organic pollutant and endocrine disrupter), which are associated with cognitive deficits, including learning and memory impairment in children. Selected chemicals were grouped based on their mode of action (MoA) into 'similar' and 'dissimilar' MoA compounds and their effects on synaptogenesis, neurite outgrowth, and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels, identified as CKEs in currently available AOPs relevant to DNT, were evaluated by immunocytochemistry and high content imaging analysis. RESULTS Chemicals working through similar MoA (i.e., alterations of BDNF levels), at non-cytotoxic (IC20/100), very low toxic (IC5), or moderately toxic (IC20) concentrations, induce DNT effects in mixtures, as shown by increased number of neurons, impairment of neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis (the most sensitive endpoint as confirmed by mathematical modelling) and increase of BDNF levels, to a certain extent reproducing autism-like cellular changes observed in the brain of autistic children. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the use of human iPSC-derived mixed neuronal/glial cultures applied to a battery of assays anchored to key events of an AOP network represents a valuable approach to identify mixtures of chemicals with potential to cause learning and memory impairment in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donatella Carpi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Carolina Nunes
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Andrew Worth
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Anna Bal-Price
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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Qiao J, Du Y, Yu J, Guo J. MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of Insecticide Exposure: A Review. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2169-2181. [PMID: 31625722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Insecticides are key weapons for the control of pests. Large scale use of insecticides is harmful to the ecosystem, which is made up of a wide range of species and environments. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous single-stranded noncoding small RNAs in length of 20-24 nucleotides (nt), which extensively regulate expression of genes at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. The current research on miRNA-induced insecticide resistance reveals that dysregulated miRNAs cause significant changes in detoxification genes, particularly cytochrome P450s. Meanwhile, insecticide-induced changes in miRNAs are related to the decline of honeybees and threatened the development of zebrafish and other animals. Additionally, miRNAs are involved in insecticide-induced cytotoxicity, and dysregulated miRNAs are associated with human occupational and environmental exposure to insecticides. Therefore, miRNAs are valuable novel biomarkers of insecticide exposure, and they are potential factors to explain the toxicological effects of insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakai Qiao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310018 , China
| | - Yuting Du
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310018 , China
| | - Junjie Yu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310018 , China
| | - Jiangfeng Guo
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310018 , China
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Czajka M, Matysiak-Kucharek M, Jodłowska-Jędrych B, Sawicki K, Fal B, Drop B, Kruszewski M, Kapka-Skrzypczak L. Organophosphorus pesticides can influence the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes with concomitant metabolic changes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 178:108685. [PMID: 31479978 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Widespread use and the bioaccumulation of pesticides in the environment lead to the contamination of air, water, soil and agricultural resources. A huge body of evidence points to the association between the pesticide exposure and increase in the incidence of chronic diseases, e.g. cancer, birth defects, reproductive disorders, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, developmental disorders, metabolic disorders, chronic renal disorders or autoimmune diseases. Organophosphorus compounds are among the most widely used pesticides. A growing body of evidence is suggesting the potential interdependence between the organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) exposure and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This article reviews the current literature to highlight the latest in vitro and in vivo evidences on the possible influence of OPs on obesity and T2DM development, as well as epidemiological evidence for the metabolic toxicity of OPs in humans. The article also draws attention to the influence of maternal OPs exposure on offspring. Summarized studies suggest that OPs exposure is associated with metabolic changes linked with obesity and T2DM indicated that such exposures may increase risk or vulnerability to other contributory components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Czajka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Matysiak-Kucharek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Barbara Jodłowska-Jędrych
- Department of Histology and Embryology with Experimental Cytology Unit, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Sawicki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Berta Fal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Drop
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics with E-learning Lab, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, 20-090, Lublin, Poland; Centre for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lucyna Kapka-Skrzypczak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, 20-090, Lublin, Poland.
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Liu Q, Yang J, Gong Y, Cai J, Zhang Z. Role of miR-731 and miR-2188-3p in mediating chlorpyrifos induced head kidney injury in common carp via targeting TLR and apoptosis pathways. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 215:105286. [PMID: 31479757 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an environmental pollutant with increasing importance due to its high toxicity to fish and aquatic animals. In the present study, we divided 120 common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) into two groups including control group and CPF group, CPF group was exposed to 14.5 μg/L CPF for 30 d. 17 miRNAs were differentially expressed in CPF group head kidney tissues according to the results of miRNAome analysis. In addition, histopathological examination and electron microscopy proved that CPF exposure could lead to damage of head kidney and obvious apoptosis characteristics. The possible target genes of miRNA were predicted using online target gene prediction websites, miRNAome sequencing, GO and KEGG enrichment. miRNAome results showed that expression of miR-731 and miR-2188-3p in CPF group was 0.48 time and 0.45 time as control group, respectively. qRT-PCR results proved the reality of miRNAome. During CPF exposure, mRNA expression of TLR pathway genes and its downstream genes involved in autophagy and apoptosis pathway including TLR1, TLR2, TLR7, TLR9, MyD88, IRAK1, IRAK4, IRF7, PI3K, AKT, mTOR, Caspase3, Caspase8 and Bax were differentially increased under CPF exposure, along with ATG13 and Bcl2 decreased at the same time. Western blot results indicated that apoptosis related protein Caspase3 and Caspase8 were differentially up-regulated in the CPF group. In summary, CPF exposure could induce apoptosis while inhibited autophagy in head kidney of common carp via the regulation of miR-2188-3p and miR-731 by targeting TLR pathway. These results provide new insights for unveiling the biological effects of CPF and miRNAs in common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yafan Gong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jingzeng Cai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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Mahajan G, Lee MY, Kothapalli C. Biophysical and biomechanical properties of neural progenitor cells as indicators of developmental neurotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2979-2992. [PMID: 31428840 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Conventional in vitro toxicity studies have focused on identifying IC50 and the underlying mechanisms, but how toxicants influence biophysical and biomechanical changes in human cells, especially during developmental stages, remain understudied. Here, using an atomic force microscope, we characterized changes in biophysical (cell area, actin organization) and biomechanical (Young's modulus, force of adhesion, tether force, membrane tension, tether radius) aspects of human fetal brain-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) induced by four classes of widely used toxic compounds, including rotenone, digoxin, N-arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA), and chlorpyrifos, under exposure up to 36 h. The sub-cellular mechanisms (apoptosis, mitochondria membrane potential, DNA damage, glutathione levels) by which these toxicants induced biochemical changes in NPCs were assessed. Results suggest a significant compromise in cell viability with increasing toxicant concentration (p < 0.01), and biophysical and biomechanical characteristics with increasing exposure time (p < 0.01) as well as toxicant concentration (p < 0.01). Impairment of mitochondrial membrane potential appears to be the most sensitive mechanism of neurotoxicity for rotenone, AEA and chlorpyrifos exposure, but compromise in plasma membrane integrity for digoxin exposure. The surviving NPCs remarkably retained stemness (SOX2 expression) even at high toxicant concentrations. A negative linear correlation (R2 = 0.92) exists between the elastic modulus of surviving cells and the number of living cells in that environment. We propose that even subtle compromise in cell mechanics could serve as a crucial marker of developmental neurotoxicity (mechanotoxicology) and therefore should be included as part of toxicology assessment repertoire to characterize as well as predict developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Mahajan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Washkewicz College of Engineering, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave, FH 460, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Washkewicz College of Engineering, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave, FH 460, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Chandrasekhar Kothapalli
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Washkewicz College of Engineering, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave, FH 460, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA.
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Essa SS, El-Saied EM, El-Tawil OS, Gamal IM, El-Rahman SSA. Nanoparticles of zinc oxide defeat chlorpyrifos-induced immunotoxic effects and histopathological alterations. Vet World 2019; 12:440-448. [PMID: 31089315 PMCID: PMC6487240 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.440-448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a widely used organophosphate insecticide. Nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO NPs) physically showed effective adsorbing property for some insecticides. The study was conducted to estimate the potential effect of ZnO NPs against CPF toxicity. Materials and Methods: Four groups of male rats were used; control group and three groups received drinking water contained 75 mg/L CPF, combined 75 mg/L CPF and 200 mg/L ZnO NPs, and 200 mg/L ZnO NPs, respectively. Results: CPF significantly decreased macrophage activity, serum lysozyme activity, and levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-6; increased the percentage of DNA degeneration on comet assay of lymphocytes and significantly elevated hepatic and splenic malondialdehyde contents; and decreased their glutathione contents. The liver and spleen showed marked histological alterations after exposure to CPF with decreased expression of acetylcholinesterase. The coadministration of ZnO NPs ameliorated most of the undesirable effects of CPF, through elevation of macrophage and serum lysozyme activities, increased the levels of IL-2 and IL-6, corrected the oxidative stress markers, and alleviated most of the adverse effect exerted by CPF in liver and spleen tissues. Conclusion: The addition of ZnO NPs to CPF-contaminated drinking water may be useful as a powerful antioxidant agent against toxic damage induced by CPF particularly in individuals who are on daily occupational exposure to low doses of CPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S Essa
- Immune Section, Research Institute for Animal Reproduction, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eiman M El-Saied
- Department of Toxicology, Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Regulations, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Osama S El-Tawil
- Department of Toxicology, Forensic Medicine and Veterinary Regulations, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Inas M Gamal
- Immune Section, Research Institute for Animal Reproduction, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sahar S Abd El-Rahman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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31
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Wang Y, Kim B, Walker A, Williams S, Meeks A, Lee YJ, Seo SS. Cytotoxic effects of parathion, paraoxon, and their methylated derivatives on a mouse neuroblastoma cell line NB41A3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2131/fts.6.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunbiao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Forensic Science, Albany State University, USA
| | - ByungHoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Albany State University, USA
| | - Ashley Walker
- Department of Chemistry and Forensic Science, Albany State University, USA
| | - Shayla Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Albany State University, USA
| | - Ashley Meeks
- Department of Chemistry and Forensic Science, Albany State University, USA
| | - Yong-Jin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Albany State University, USA
| | - Seong S. Seo
- Department of Chemistry and Forensic Science, Albany State University, USA
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32
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Occupational-like organophosphate exposure disrupts microglia and accelerates deficits in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2019; 5:3. [PMID: 30701080 PMCID: PMC6342990 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-018-0033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational exposure to organophosphate pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos (CPF), increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), though the mechanism is unclear. To investigate this, we subjected 4-month-old male and female wild-type (WT) and TgF344-AD rats, a transgenic AD model, to an occupational CPF exposure paradigm that recapitulates biomarkers and behavioral impairments experienced by agricultural workers. Subsequent cognition and neuropathology were analyzed over the next 20 months. CPF exposure caused chronic microglial dysregulation and accelerated neurodegeneration in both males and females. The effect on neurodegeneration was more severe in males, and was also associated with accelerated cognitive impairment. Females did not exhibit accelerated cognitive impairment after CPF exposure, and amyloid deposition and tauopathy were unchanged in both males and females. Microglial dysregulation may mediate the increased risk of AD associated with occupational organophosphate exposure, and future therapies to preserve or restore normal microglia might help prevent AD in genetically vulnerable individuals exposed to CPF or other disease-accelerating environmental agents.
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Shaffo FC, Grodzki AC, Fryer AD, Lein PJ. Mechanisms of organophosphorus pesticide toxicity in the context of airway hyperreactivity and asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L485-L501. [PMID: 29952220 PMCID: PMC6230874 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00211.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous epidemiologic studies have identified an association between occupational exposures to organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) and asthma or asthmatic symptoms in adults. Emerging epidemiologic data suggest that environmentally relevant levels of OPs may also be linked to respiratory dysfunction in the general population and that in utero and/or early life exposures to environmental OPs may increase risk for childhood asthma. In support of a causal link between OPs and asthma, experimental evidence demonstrates that occupationally and environmentally relevant OP exposures induce bronchospasm and airway hyperreactivity in preclinical models. Mechanistic studies have identified blockade of autoinhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors on parasympathetic nerves that innervate airway smooth muscle as one mechanism by which OPs induce airway hyperreactivity, but significant questions remain regarding the mechanism(s) by which OPs cause neuronal M2 receptor dysfunction and, more generally, how OPs cause persistent asthma, especially after developmental exposures. The goals of this review are to 1) summarize current understanding of OPs in asthma; 2) discuss mechanisms of OP neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity that warrant consideration in the context of OP-induced airway hyperreactivity and asthma, specifically, inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, neural plasticity, and neurogenic inflammation; and 3) identify critical data gaps that need to be addressed in order to better protect adults and children against the harmful respiratory effects of low-level OP exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances C Shaffo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Ana Cristina Grodzki
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Allison D Fryer
- Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California , Davis, California
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34
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Richendrfer H, Creton R. Cluster analysis profiling of behaviors in zebrafish larvae treated with antidepressants and pesticides. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2018; 69:54-62. [PMID: 29101052 PMCID: PMC5930167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Antidepressants are used by a substantial number of women in their childbearing years. Treatment may continue during pregnancy, since untreated depression poses a risk to the mother and child. However, many antidepressants readily pass through the placental barrier to reach the fetus or may be ingested by the newborn via breastmilk. Little is known about the effects of antidepressants on brain development and subsequent behavior in young children. In the current study, we used zebrafish as a model system to examine the neurodevelopmental effects of three commonly prescribed antidepressants, sertraline, duloxetine and bupropion. Zebrafish were exposed to these antidepressants during development and were examined for changes in larval avoidance behavior, activity, social behaviors, and anxiety-related behaviors. The results show that antidepressants commonly affect larval swim speeds and resting, and differentially affect other behaviors depending upon the exposure period. Using cluster analysis profiling, we compared the obtained results to previous reports on behavioral defects induced by organophosphate pesticides. We found that the behavioral profiles induced by antidepressants and pesticides overlap, indicating a common mechanism of action. We conclude that developmental antidepressant exposures lead to specific behavioral changes in zebrafish larvae. At present, it is not known if antidepressants have similar effects in human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Richendrfer
- Brown University, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Providence, RI 02912, United States.
| | - Robbert Creton
- Brown University, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Providence, RI 02912, United States
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35
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Naughton SX, Terry AV. Neurotoxicity in acute and repeated organophosphate exposure. Toxicology 2018; 408:101-112. [PMID: 30144465 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The term organophosphate (OP) refers to a diverse group of chemicals that are found in hundreds of products worldwide. As pesticides, their most common use, OPs are clearly beneficial for agricultural productivity and the control of deadly vector-borne illnesses. However, as a consequence of their widespread use, OPs are now among the most common synthetic chemicals detected in the environment as well as in animal and human tissues. This is an increasing environmental concern because many OPs are highly toxic and both accidental and intentional exposures to OPs resulting in deleterious health effects have been documented for decades. Some of these deleterious health effects include a variety of long-term neurological and psychiatric disturbances including impairments in attention, memory, and other domains of cognition. Moreover, some chronic illnesses that manifest these symptoms such as Gulf War Illness and Aerotoxic Syndrome have (at least in part) been attributed to OP exposure. In addition to acute acetylcholinesterase inhibition, OPs may affect a number of additional targets that lead to oxidative stress, axonal transport deficits, neuroinflammation, and autoimmunity. Some of these targets could be exploited for therapeutic purposes. The purpose of this review is thus to: 1) describe the important uses of organophosphate (OP)-based compounds worldwide, 2) provide an overview of the various risks and toxicology associated with OP exposure, particularly long-term neurologic and psychiatric symptoms, 3) discuss mechanisms of OP toxicity beyond cholinesterase inhibition, 4) review potential therapeutic strategies to reverse the acute toxicity and long term deleterious effects of OPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean X Naughton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, 30912, Georgia
| | - Alvin V Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, 30912, Georgia.
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36
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Etebari K, Afrad MH, Tang B, Silva R, Furlong MJ, Asgari S. Involvement of microRNA miR-2b-3p in regulation of metabolic resistance to insecticides in Plutella xylostella. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27:478-491. [PMID: 29573306 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, has developed extremely high levels of resistance to chlorantraniliprole and other classes of insecticides in the field. As microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in various biological processes through gene regulation, we examined the miRNA profile of P. xylostella in response to chlorantraniliprole exposure. RNA sequencing analysis showed that insecticide treatment caused significant changes in the abundance of some miRNAs. Increasing exposure time and insecticide concentration induced more dysregulated miRNAs in P. xylostella larvae. We also screened potential target genes for some of the differentially expressed miRNAs (such as miR-2b-3p, miR-14b-5p and let-7-5p), which may play important roles in insecticide resistance development. Exposure of P. xylostella larvae to chlorantraniliprole caused considerable overexpression in the transcript levels of potential target genes cytochrome P450 9f2 (CYP9F2) and 307a1 (CYP307a1). Application of miR-2b-3p and miR-14b-5p mimics significantly suppressed the relative transcript levels of CYP9F2 and CYP307a1, respectively, in a P. xylostella cell line. Furthermore, enrichment of P. xylostella diet with miR-2b-3p mimics significantly increased mortality in deltamethrin-resistant larvae when exposed to deltamethrin. The results suggest that miR-2b-3p may suppress CYP9F2 transcript levels in P. xylostella and consequently inhibit larval detoxification pathways. The findings provide an insight into possible role of miRNAs in regulation of metabolic resistance of insects to insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Etebari
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M H Afrad
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - B Tang
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, Department of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - R Silva
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M J Furlong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - S Asgari
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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37
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Mostafalou S, Abdollahi M. The link of organophosphorus pesticides with neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases based on evidence and mechanisms. Toxicology 2018; 409:44-52. [PMID: 30053494 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) compounds have been known as the most widely used pesticides during the past half century and there have been a huge body of literature regarding their association with human chronic diseases. Neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders including Alzheimer, Parkinson, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism are among the afflicting neurological diseases which overshadow human life and their higher risk in relation to OP exposures have been uncovered by epidemiological studies. In addition, experimental studies exploring the underlying mechanisms have provided some evidence for involvement of cholinergic deficit, oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, and epigenetic modifications as the processes which are common in the toxicity of the OP and pathophysiology of the mentioned diseases. In addition, genetic mutations and polymorphisms of different variants of some genes like paraoxonase have been shown to be implicated in both susceptibility to OPs toxicity and neurological diseases. In this article, we reviewed the epidemiological as well as experimental studies evidencing the association of exposure to OPs and incidence of neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mostafalou
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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38
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Özdemir S, Altun S, Özkaraca M, Ghosi A, Toraman E, Arslan H. Cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, and imidacloprid exposure up-regulates the mRNA and protein levels of bdnf and c-fos in the brain of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 203:318-326. [PMID: 29626809 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to investigate the toxicity effects of frequently used pesticides, involving cypermethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid, on the expression of bdnf and c-fos genes in zebrafish brain tissues. Therefore, brain tissues exposed to intoxication was primarily analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence assay. Afterwards, the mRNA transcription levels of BNDF and c-fos genes and the protein levels were measured by qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The data of the immunofluorescence assay revealed intensive immunopositivity for bdnf and c-fos genes in the tissues exposed to pesticide intoxication in comparison to the control group (p<0.05). Moreover, the transcription levels of BNDF and c-fos genes, and protein levels were elevated following the intoxication (p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.001, respectively). These results showed that the exposure to the acute cypermethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid intoxication disrupted the normal neuronal activity, resulting in neurotoxic effect, also DNA-binding Increasing c-fos activation, an oncoprotein from the family of the Nuclear Proteins, is also true of the knowledge that these chemicals are oncogenic in zebrafish brain tissues. Thus, the use of these pesticides poses a potential neuronal and oncogenic risk to the non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selçuk Özdemir
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Yakutiye, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey.
| | - Serdar Altun
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Yakutiye, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Özkaraca
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Yakutiye, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Atena Ghosi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Yakutiye, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Emine Toraman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, Yakutiye, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Harun Arslan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Atatürk University, Yakutiye, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
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Zurlinden TJ, Reisfeld B. A Novel Method for the Development of Environmental Public Health Indicators and Benchmark Dose Estimation Using a Health-Based End Point for Chlorpyrifos. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:047009. [PMID: 29681141 PMCID: PMC6071752 DOI: 10.1289/ehp1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are the most widely used group of insecticides in the world. Risk assessments for these chemicals have focused primarily on 10% inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in the brain as the critical metric of effect. Aside from cholinergic effects resulting from acute exposure, many studies suggest a linkage between cognitive deficits and long-term OP exposure. OBJECTIVE In this proof-of-concept study, we focused on one of the most widely used OP insecticides in the world, chlorpyrifos (CPF), and utilized an existing physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model and a novel pharmacodynamic (PD) dose-response model to develop a point of departure benchmark dose estimate for cognitive deficits following long-term, low-dose exposure to this chemical in rodents. METHODS Utilizing a validated PBPK/PD model for CPF, we generated a database of predicted biomarkers of exposure and internal dose metrics in both rat and human. Using simulated peak brain CPF concentrations, we developed a dose-response model to predict CPF-induced spatial memory deficits and correlated these changes to relevant biomarkers of exposure to derive a benchmark dose specific to neurobehavioral changes. We extended these cognitive deficit predictions to humans and simulated corresponding exposures using a model parameterized for humans. RESULTS Results from this study indicate that the human-equivalent benchmark dose (BMD) based on a 15% cognitive deficit as an end point is lower than that using the present threshold for 10% brain AChE inhibition. This predicted human-equivalent subchronic BMD threshold compares to occupational exposure levels determined from biomarkers of exposure and corresponds to similar exposure conditions where deficits in cognition are observed. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative PD models based on neurobehavioral testing in animals offer an important addition to the methodologies used for establishing useful environmental public health indicators and BMDs, and predictions from such models could help inform the human health risk assessment for chlorpyrifos. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP1743.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd J Zurlinden
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Brad Reisfeld
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Gómez-Ramos MDM, Gómez Ramos MJ, Martínez Galera M, Gil García MD, Fernández-Alba AR. Analysis and evaluation of (neuro)peptides in honey bees exposed to pesticides in field conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:750-760. [PMID: 29339344 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
During the last years, declines in honey bee colonies are being registered worldwide. Cholinergic pesticides and their extensive use have been correlated to the decline of pollinators and there is evidence that pesticides act as neuroendocrine disruptors affecting the metabolism of neuropeptides. However, there is a big absence of studies with quantitative results correlating the effect of pesticide exposure with changes on neuropeptides insects, and most of them are conducted under laboratory conditions, typically with individual active ingredients. In this study, we present an analytical workflow to evaluate pesticide effects on honey bees through the analysis of (neuro)peptides. The workflow consists of a rapid extraction method and liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole for preselected neuropeptides. For non-target analysis, high resolution mass spectrometry, multivariate analysis and automatic identification of discriminated peptides using a specific software and protein sequence databases. The analytical method was applied to the analysis of target and non-target (neuro)peptides in honey bees with low and high content of a wide range of pesticides to which have been exposed in field conditions. Our findings show that the identification frequency of target neuropeptides decreases significantly in honey bees with high concentration of pesticides (pesticide concentrations ≥ 500 μg kg-1) in comparison with the honey bees with low content of pesticides (pesticide concentrations ≤ 20 μg kg-1). Moreover, the principal component analysis in non-target search shows a clear distinction between peptide concentration in honey bees with high level of pesticides and honey bees with low level. The use of high resolution mass spectrometry has allowed the identification of 25 non-redundant peptides responsible for discrimination between the two groups, derived from 18 precursor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Gómez-Ramos
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - María José Gómez Ramos
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - María Martínez Galera
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - María Dolores Gil García
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Amadeo R Fernández-Alba
- Chemistry and Physics Department, University of Almeria, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), 04120 Almería, Spain
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41
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Miguel V, Cui JY, Daimiel L, Espinosa-Díez C, Fernández-Hernando C, Kavanagh TJ, Lamas S. The Role of MicroRNAs in Environmental Risk Factors, Noise-Induced Hearing Loss, and Mental Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:773-796. [PMID: 28562070 PMCID: PMC5911706 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and define part of the epigenetic signature. Their influence on every realm of biomedicine is established and progressively increasing. The impact of environment on human health is enormous. Among environmental risk factors impinging on quality of life are those of chemical nature (toxic chemicals, heavy metals, pollutants, and pesticides) as well as those related to everyday life such as exposure to noise or mental and psychosocial stress. Recent Advances: This review elaborates on the relationship between miRNAs and these environmental risk factors. CRITICAL ISSUES The most relevant facts underlying the role of miRNAs in the response to these environmental stressors, including redox regulatory changes and oxidative stress, are highlighted and discussed. In the cases wherein miRNA mutations are relevant for this response, the pertinent literature is also reviewed. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We conclude that, even though in some cases important advances have been made regarding close correlations between specific miRNAs and biological responses to environmental risk factors, a need for prospective large-cohort studies is likely necessary to establish causative roles. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 773-796.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Miguel
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Yue Cui
- 2 Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Lidia Daimiel
- 3 Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados-Alimentación (IMDEA-Food) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Espinosa-Díez
- 4 Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Terrance J Kavanagh
- 2 Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington
| | - Santiago Lamas
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM) , Madrid, Spain
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Evaluation of chlorpyrifos toxicity through a 28-day study: Cholinesterase activity, oxidative stress responses, parent compound/metabolite levels, and primary DNA damage in blood and brain tissue of adult male Wistar rats. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 279:51-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Pallotta MM, Ronca R, Carotenuto R, Porreca I, Turano M, Ambrosino C, Capriglione T. Specific Effects of Chronic Dietary Exposure to Chlorpyrifos on Brain Gene Expression-A Mouse Study. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112467. [PMID: 29156651 PMCID: PMC5713433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate insecticide used to control pests on a variety of food and feed crops. In mammals, maternal exposure to CPF has been reported to induce cerebral cortex thinning, alteration of long-term brain cognitive function, and Parkinson-like symptoms, but the mechanisms of these processes are not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the alterations induced in the brains of mice chronically exposed to CPF by dietary intake. For our purpose, we analysed F1 offspring (sacrificed at 3 and 8 months) of Mus musculus, treated in utero and postnatally with 3 different doses of CPF (0.1-1-10 mg/kg/day). Using RT2 Profiler PCR Arrays, we evaluated the alterations in the expression of 84 genes associated with neurodegenerative diseases. In the brains of exposed mice, we evidenced a clear dose–response relationship for AChE inhibition and alterations of gene expression. Some of the genes that were steadily down-regulated, such as Pink1, Park 2, Sv2b, Gabbr2, Sept5 and Atxn2, were directly related to Parkinson’s onset. Our experimental results shed light on the possibility that long-term CPF exposure may exert membrane signalling alterations which make brain cells more susceptible to develop neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Michela Pallotta
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Ronca
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Rosa Carotenuto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | | | - Mimmo Turano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Concetta Ambrosino
- IRGS, Biogem, Via Camporeale, Ariano Irpino, 83031 Avellino, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università del Sannio, Via Port'Arsa 11, 82100 Benevento, Italy.
| | - Teresa Capriglione
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy.
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Savy CY, Fitchett AE, Blain PG, Morris CM, Judge SJ. Gene expression analysis reveals chronic low level exposure to the pesticide diazinon affects psychological disorders gene sets in the adult rat. Toxicology 2017; 393:90-101. [PMID: 29108742 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic low level exposure to organophosphate (OPs) pesticides in adulthood has been linked to adverse neurobehavioural deficits and psychological disorder symptoms, although this remains a contentious issue. The OP-induced biological changes that could underlie these effects are unclear. We assessed gene expression changes following chronic low level exposure to diazinon, a pesticide with a high dietary exposure risk. Adult male rats were orally exposed to diazinon (0, 1, 2mg/kg, 5days a week for 12 weeks). After 4 weeks, marble burying behaviour was lower in diazinon exposed rats than vehicle exposed rats; this difference persisted for 8 weeks. Chronic diazinon exposure did not significantly inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, the primary mechanism of action of high level OPs. Affymetrix GeneChip® HT RG-230 PM Arrays were used for gene profiling followed by Ingenuity Pathway analysis. In the hippocampus, the most significant gene expression changes caused by OP exposure were associated with Psychological Disorders, and Cell-To-Cell Signalling and Interaction functions. Genes encoding the AMPA3 glutamate receptor, glutaminase, dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase were up-regulated, whereas the gene encoding the GABAB1 receptor was down-regulated. In the dorsal raphe nucleus, genes associated with development and the Psychological Disorders function were significantly affected, including the up-regulation of the gene encoding the α1b-adrenoceptor, the major driver of serotoninergic (5-HT) neuronal activity. These data indicate that chronic exposure to diazinon in adulthood, below the threshold to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, stimulates glutamatergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic synaptic transmission which may underlie adverse neurological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Y Savy
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Ann E Fitchett
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Peter G Blain
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Christopher M Morris
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Sarah J Judge
- Medical Toxicology Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AA, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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Burke RD, Todd SW, Lumsden E, Mullins RJ, Mamczarz J, Fawcett WP, Gullapalli RP, Randall WR, Pereira EFR, Albuquerque EX. Developmental neurotoxicity of the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos: from clinical findings to preclinical models and potential mechanisms. J Neurochem 2017; 142 Suppl 2:162-177. [PMID: 28791702 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) insecticides are pest-control agents heavily used worldwide. Unfortunately, they are also well known for the toxic effects that they can trigger in humans. Clinical manifestations of an acute exposure of humans to OP insecticides include a well-defined cholinergic crisis that develops as a result of the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh). Prolonged exposures to levels of OP insecticides that are insufficient to trigger signs of acute intoxication, which are hereafter referred to as subacute exposures, have also been associated with neurological deficits. In particular, epidemiological studies have reported statistically significant correlations between prenatal subacute exposures to OP insecticides, including chlorpyrifos, and neurological deficits that range from cognitive impairments to tremors in childhood. The primary objectives of this article are: (i) to address the short- and long-term neurological issues that have been associated with acute and subacute exposures of humans to OP insecticides, especially early in life (ii) to discuss the translational relevance of animal models of developmental exposure to OP insecticides, and (iii) to review mechanisms that are likely to contribute to the developmental neurotoxicity of OP insecticides. Most of the discussion will be focused on chlorpyrifos, the top-selling OP insecticide in the United States and throughout the world. These points are critical for the identification and development of safe and effective interventions to counter and/or prevent the neurotoxic effects of these chemicals in the developing brain. This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Burke
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Spencer W Todd
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric Lumsden
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Roger J Mullins
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jacek Mamczarz
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William P Fawcett
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rao P Gullapalli
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William R Randall
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edna F R Pereira
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Edson X Albuquerque
- Division of Translational Toxicology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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46
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Voorhees JR, Rohlman DS, Lein PJ, Pieper AA. Neurotoxicity in Preclinical Models of Occupational Exposure to Organophosphorus Compounds. Front Neurosci 2017; 10:590. [PMID: 28149268 PMCID: PMC5241311 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OPs) compounds are widely used as insecticides, plasticizers, and fuel additives. These compounds potently inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that inactivates acetylcholine at neuronal synapses, and acute exposure to high OP levels can cause cholinergic crisis in humans and animals. Evidence further suggests that repeated exposure to lower OP levels insufficient to cause cholinergic crisis, frequently encountered in the occupational setting, also pose serious risks to people. For example, multiple epidemiological studies have identified associations between occupational OP exposure and neurodegenerative disease, psychiatric illness, and sensorimotor deficits. Rigorous scientific investigation of the basic science mechanisms underlying these epidemiological findings requires valid preclinical models in which tightly-regulated exposure paradigms can be correlated with neurotoxicity. Here, we review the experimental models of occupational OP exposure currently used in the field. We found that animal studies simulating occupational OP exposures do indeed show evidence of neurotoxicity, and that utilization of these models is helping illuminate the mechanisms underlying OP-induced neurological sequelae. Still, further work is necessary to evaluate exposure levels, protection methods, and treatment strategies, which taken together could serve to modify guidelines for improving workplace conditions globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaymie R. Voorhees
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
| | - Diane S. Rohlman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa College of Public HealthIowa City, IA, USA
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Andrew A. Pieper
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Veteran Affairs, University of Iowa Carver College of MedicineIowa City, IA, USA
- Weill Cornell Autism Research Program, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NY, USA
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