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Koike H, Kanda M, Monma C, Yoshikawa S, Hayashi H, Matsushima Y, Ohba Y, Hayashi M, Furuta N, Okada W, Nagano C, Yokoyama K, Yokoyama T, Sasamoto T. Development of a simple screening method for analyzing cereulide toxin in fried rice using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Toxicol 2024; 42:163-171. [PMID: 38519777 PMCID: PMC11269499 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-024-00683-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The presence of cereulide, an emetic toxin produced by Bacillus cereus, in fried rice samples is critical evidence of food poisoning even in situations where B. cereus could not be detected. This study aims to develop a screening method for analyzing cereulide in fried rice using the QuEChERS procedure and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). METHODS Cereulide was identified and quantified in fried rice samples using the QuEChERS extraction method and LC-MS/MS. The accuracies of the methods were determined by analyzing fortified blank samples at two concentrations (10 and 50 µg/kg) conducted on three samples daily for five days. RESULTS The QuEChERS procedure removed matrix compounds from fried rice. Characteristic MS/MS spectra enabled the identification of cereulide. As the matrix effects in seven fried rice samples were within ± 6%, an external solvent calibration curve could be used for quantification. This method exhibited good accuracy ranging from 88 to 89%. The relative standard deviations for both repeatability and intra-laboratory reproducibility were < 4%. These standard deviations satisfied the criteria of the Japanese validation guidelines for residues (MHLW 2010, Director Notice, Syoku-An No. 1224-1). The limit of quantification was 2 μg/kg. The applicability of this method was confirmed using the analysis of cereulide in fried rice samples incubated with emetic Bacillus cereus. CONCLUSIONS The QuEChERS extraction procedure described herein showed substantial promise as a reliable screening tool for cereulide in fried rice sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Koike
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Maki Kanda
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chie Monma
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Souichi Yoshikawa
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hayashi
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsushima
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Ohba
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momoka Hayashi
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsumi Furuta
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Wakaba Okada
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Chieko Nagano
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Yokoyama
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 3-24-1, Hyakunin-Cho, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 169-0073, Japan
| | - Tomoko Yokoyama
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Sasamoto
- Department of Food Safety, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
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Jenull S, Bauer T, Silbermayr K, Dreer M, Stark TD, Ehling-Schulz M. The toxicological spectrum of the Bacillus cereus toxin cereulide points towards niche-specific specialisation. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:2231-2249. [PMID: 37354053 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Most microbes share their environmental niches with very different forms of life thereby engaging in specialised relationships to enable their persistence. The bacterium Bacillus cereus occurs ubiquitously in the environment with certain strain backgrounds causing foodborne and opportunistic infections in humans. The emetic lineage of B. cereus is capable of producing the toxin cereulide, which evokes emetic illnesses. Although food products favouring the accumulation of cereulide are known, the ecological role of cereulide and the environmental niche of emetic B. cereus remain elusive. To better understand the ecology of cereulide-producing B. cereus, we systematically assayed the toxicological spectrum of cereulide on a variety of organisms belonging to different kingdoms. As cereulide is a potassium ionophore, we further tested the effect of environmental potassium levels on the action of cereulide. We found that adverse effects of cereulide exposure are species-specific, which can be exacerbated with increased environmental potassium. Additionally, we demonstrate that cereulide is produced within an insect cadaver indicating its potential ecological function for a saprophytic lifestyle. Collectively, distinct cereulide susceptibilities of other organisms may reflect its role in enabling competitive niche specialization of emetic B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Jenull
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Bauer
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katja Silbermayr
- Institute of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Dreer
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Archaea Biology and Ecogenomics Unit, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Timo D Stark
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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3
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Cheng LW, Rao S, Poudyal S, Wang PC, Chen SC. Genotype and virulence gene analyses of Bacillus cereus group clinical isolates from the Chinese softshell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1515-1529. [PMID: 34125451 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chinese softshell turtles (Pelodiscus sinensis) (CST) are susceptible to infections by bacteria belonging to the Bacillus cereus group (Bcg). Bcg includes several closely related species, two of which, B. cereus and B. thuringiensis, are pathogens of aquatic animals or insects. In the present study, we collected 57 Bcg isolates obtained from diseased CST from 2016 to 2019 in Kaohsiung and Pingtung, the areas with the most CST farms in Taiwan. All isolates were divided into four genotypes with two restriction enzymes, SmaI and NotI, by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR). Representative isolates from each genotype were subjected to phylogenetic tree analysis using 16S rDNA and pyruvate carboxylase genes as phylogenetic markers, and these CST isolates appeared in different clades. PCR was performed targeting six selected virulence genes, four of which were detected in CST isolates, including cytotoxin K (1/57), hblC of the haemolysin BL complex (46/57), nheA of the non-haemolytic enterotoxin complex (52/57) and enterotoxin FM (57/57), whereas cereulide synthetase and cereulide peptide synthase-like genes were not detected in any isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wu Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shreesha Rao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Sayuj Poudyal
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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4
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Yang Y, Foster JT, Yi M, Zhan L, Zhang Y, Zhou B, Jiang J, Mei L. Phenotypic homogeneity of emetic Bacillus cereus isolates in China. Lett Appl Microbiol 2021; 73:646-651. [PMID: 34173253 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Emetic Bacillus cereus strains produce a potent cereulide cytotoxin, which can cause acute and fatal cases of food poisoning. We isolated 18 emetic B. cereus strains from a food poisoning event, and from clinical and non-random food surveillance in China and phenotypic characteristics of haemolysis, starch hydrolysis, salicin fermentation, gelatin liquefaction, cytotoxicity, and susceptibility to antibiotics were assessed. All isolates were positive for haemolysis and gelatin liquefaction, and negative for starch hydrolysis and salicin fermentation. Their haemolytic potentials were intermediate to Bacillus anthracis and B. cereus ATCC 14579 (a non-emetic strain). All isolates were cytotoxic to CHO, Hep-2, and Vero cells, and were sensitive to ampicillin. The homogeneous phenotypes of emetic isolates from China are similar to the corresponding traits of European and Japanese isolates that have been characterized, suggesting highly similar phenotypes of emetic B. cereus worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - J T Foster
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - M Yi
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - L Zhan
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - B Zhou
- Department of Science Technology and Information, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - J Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - L Mei
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
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Abstract
Foodborne diseases have been witnessing a constant rising trend worldwide, mainly caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as Bacillus spp., posing a direct threat to public health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biological risk of foodborne and probiotic Bacillus spp. in Beijing markets. A total of 55 Bacillus isolates, including 29 B. cereus, 9 B. licheniformis and 7 B. subtilis, mostly found in dairy products (32.7%), were recovered from 106 samples and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and polymerase chain reaction methods. The susceptibility towards 16 antibiotics was determined using a broth microdilution method. Bacillus showed a high level of resistance to florfenicol (100%), lincomycin (100%), tiamulin (78.2%) and ampicillin (67.3%), while they were all susceptible or intermediate to vancomycin and rifampin. Additionally, we obtained the whole genome of 19 Bacillus strains using high-throughput sequencing, and the rates of resistance genes van, fosB, erm and tet were 57.9%, 57.9%, 21.1% and 26.3%, respectively. Moreover, 100%, 9.1%, 45.5% and 100% of these isolates carried virulence genes nhe, hbl, cytK and entFM, respectively. Lastly, 60% Bacillus strains were positive in hemolysis tests, and 3 B. licheniformis strains displayed an inhibitory activity on the growth of S. aureus ATCC 29213 using agar overlay technique. Our study outlines the characteristics of foodborne Bacillus spp. and provides information for the monitoring of food safety.
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Kong L, Yu S, Yuan X, Li C, Yu P, Wang J, Guo H, Wu S, Ye Q, Lei T, Yang X, Zhang Y, Wei X, Zeng H, Zhang J, Wu Q, Ding Y. An Investigation on the Occurrence and Molecular Characterization of Bacillus cereus in Meat and Meat Products in China. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:306-314. [PMID: 33769083 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a common foodborne pathogen that can cause both gastrointestinal and nongastrointestinal diseases. In this study, we collected 603 meat and meat products from 39 major cities in China. The positive contamination rate of B. cereus in the collected samples was 26.37% (159/603), and the contamination level in 5.03% (8/159) positive samples exceeded 1100 most probable number/g. The detection rates of virulence genes were 89.7% for the nheABC gene group, 37.1% for the hblACD gene cluster, 82.3% for cytK-2, and 2.9% for cesB. Notably, all isolates presented with multiple antibiotic resistance, and 99.43% of isolates were resistant to five classes of antibiotics. In addition, the multilocus sequence typing results indicated that all isolates were rich in genetic diversity. Collectively, we conducted a systematic investigation on the prevalence and characterization of B. cereus in meat and meat products in China, providing crucial information for assessing the risk of B. cereus occurrence in meat and meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shubo Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pengfei Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youxiong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianhu Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Jessberger N, Dietrich R, Granum PE, Märtlbauer E. The Bacillus cereus Food Infection as Multifactorial Process. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E701. [PMID: 33167492 PMCID: PMC7694497 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous soil bacterium Bacillus cereus presents major challenges to food safety. It is responsible for two types of food poisoning, the emetic form due to food intoxication and the diarrheal form emerging from food infections with enteropathogenic strains, also known as toxico-infections, which are the subject of this review. The diarrheal type of food poisoning emerges after production of enterotoxins by viable bacteria in the human intestine. Basically, the manifestation of the disease is, however, the result of a multifactorial process, including B. cereus prevalence and survival in different foods, survival of the stomach passage, spore germination, motility, adhesion, and finally enterotoxin production in the intestine. Moreover, all of these processes are influenced by the consumed foodstuffs as well as the intestinal microbiota which have, therefore, to be considered for a reliable prediction of the hazardous potential of contaminated foods. Current knowledge regarding these single aspects is summarized in this review aiming for risk-oriented diagnostics for enteropathogenic B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Jessberger
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Richard Dietrich
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Per Einar Granum
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003 NMBU, 1432 Ås, Norway;
| | - Erwin Märtlbauer
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.D.); (E.M.)
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8
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Liu XY, Hu Q, Xu F, Ding SY, Zhu K. Characterization of Bacillus cereus in Dairy Products in China. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E454. [PMID: 32674390 PMCID: PMC7405013 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a common and ubiquitous foodborne pathogen with an increasing prevalence rate in dairy products in China. High and unmet demands for such products, particularly milk, raise the risk of B. cereus associated contamination. The presence of B. cereus and its virulence factors in dairy products may cause food poisoning and other illnesses. Thus, this review first summarizes the epidemiological characteristics and analytical assays of B. cereus from dairy products in China, providing insights into the implementation of intervention strategies. In addition, the recent achievements on the cytotoxicity and mechanisms of B. cereus are also presented to shed light on the therapeutic options for B. cereus associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ye Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.-Y.L.); (Q.H.)
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Emerging Technology, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiao Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.-Y.L.); (Q.H.)
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Fei Xu
- National Feed Drug Reference Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Shuang-Yang Ding
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Kui Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (X.-Y.L.); (Q.H.)
- National Center for Veterinary Drug Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
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9
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Rajkovic A, Jovanovic J, Monteiro S, Decleer M, Andjelkovic M, Foubert A, Beloglazova N, Tsilla V, Sas B, Madder A, De Saeger S, Uyttendaele M. Detection of toxins involved in foodborne diseases caused by Gram‐positive bacteria. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1605-1657. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Rajkovic
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Jelena Jovanovic
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Silvia Monteiro
- Laboratorio Analises, Instituto Superior TecnicoUniversidade de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal
| | - Marlies Decleer
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Mirjana Andjelkovic
- Operational Directorate Food, Medicines and Consumer SafetyService for Chemical Residues and Contaminants Brussels Belgium
| | - Astrid Foubert
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Natalia Beloglazova
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
- Nanotechnology Education and Research CenterSouth Ural State University Chelyabinsk Russia
| | - Varvara Tsilla
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Benedikt Sas
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Laboratorium for Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry, Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Department of Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesGhent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Mieke Uyttendaele
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University Ghent Belgium
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Naka T, Takaki Y, Hattori Y, Takenaka H, Ohta Y, Kirihata M, Tanimori S. Chemical structure of hydrolysates of cereulide and their time course profile. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127050. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Zhao G, Wang YF, Chen J, Yao Y. Predominant Mycotoxins, Pathogenesis, Control Measures, and Detection Methods in Fermented Pastes. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E78. [PMID: 31979410 PMCID: PMC7076863 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermented pastes are some of the most popular traditional products in China. Many studies reported a strong possibility that fermented pastes promote exposure to mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and cereulide, which were proven to be carcinogenic and neurotoxic to humans. The primary mechanism of pathogenicity is by inhibiting protein synthesis and inducing oxidative stress using cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. The level of mycotoxin production is dependent on the pre-harvest or post-harvest stage. It is possible to implement methods to control mycotoxins by using appropriate antagonistic microorganisms, such as Aspergillus niger, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from ordinary foods. Also, drying products as soon as possible to avoid condensation or moisture absorption in order to reduce the water activity to lower than 0.82 during storage is also effective. Furthermore, organic acid treatment during the soaking process reduces toxins by more than 90%. Some novel detection technologies based on magnetic adsorption, aptamer probes, and molecular-based methods were applied to rapidly and accurately detect mycotoxins in fermented pastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, China; (G.Z.); (Y.-F.W.)
| | - Yi-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, China; (G.Z.); (Y.-F.W.)
| | - Junling Chen
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 471023 Luoyang, China;
| | - Yunping Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, 300457 Tianjin, China; (G.Z.); (Y.-F.W.)
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Rouzeau-Szynalski K, Stollewerk K, Messelhäusser U, Ehling-Schulz M. Why be serious about emetic Bacillus cereus: Cereulide production and industrial challenges. Food Microbiol 2019; 85:103279. [PMID: 31500702 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cereulide, a potent toxin produced by Bacillus cereus, is a small, highly heat- and acid-resistant depsipeptide toxin, which confronts food industry with several challenges. Due to the ubiquitous presence of B. cereus in the environment, this opportunistic pathogen can enter food production and processing at almost any stage. Although the bacteria itself might be removed during food processing, the cereulide toxin will most likely not be destroyed or inactivated by these processes. Because of the high toxicity of cereulide and the high incidence rates often observed in connection with foodborne outbreaks, the understanding of the mechanisms of toxin production as well as accurate data on contamination sources and factors promoting toxin formation are urgently needed to prevent contamination and toxin production in food production processes. Over the last decade, considerable progress had been made on the understanding of cereulide toxin biosynthesis in emetic B. cereus, but an overview of current knowledge on this toxin with regards to food industry perspective is lacking. Thus, we aim in this work to summarize data available on extrinsic parameters acting on cereulide toxin synthesis in emetic B. cereus and to discuss the food industry specific challenges related to this toxin. Furthermore, we emphasize how identification of the cardinals in food production processes can lead to novel effective strategies for prevention of toxin formation in the food processing chain and could contribute to the improvement of existing HACCP studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharina Stollewerk
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Ute Messelhäusser
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Veterinaerstr. 2, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria.
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Contaminated feed-borne Bacillus cereus aggravates respiratory distress post avian influenza virus H9N2 infection by inducing pneumonia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7231. [PMID: 31076729 PMCID: PMC6510747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43660-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 is identified in chickens with respiratory disease while Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) has been frequently isolated from chicken feed in China. However, the roles of co-infection with these two pathogens remain unclear. In the present study, SPF chicks were intragastrically administered with 108 CFU/mL of B. cereus for 7 days and then inoculated intranasally with 100 EID50 of H9N2 three days later. Alternatively, chickens were initially inoculated with H9N2 and then with B. cereus for one week. Post administration, typical respiratory distress persisted for 5 days in both co-infection groups. Gizzard erosions developed in the groups B. cereus/H9N2 and B. cereus group on 7th day while in group H9N2/B. cereus on 14th day. More importantly, both air-sac lesions and lung damage increased significantly in the co-infection group. Significant inflammatory changes were observed in the B. cereus group from day 7 to day 21. Moreover, higher loads of H9N2 virus were found in the co-infected groups than in the H9N2 group. Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) specific antibodies were decreased significantly in the H9N2/B. cereus group compared to the B. cereus and the B. cereus/H9N2 groups. Nonspecific IgA titers were reduced significantly in the B. cereus group and the H9N2/B. cereus group compared to the control group. In addition to this, lower lymphocyte proliferation was found in the con-infection groups and the H9N2 group. Hence, feed-borne B. cereus contamination potentially exacerbates gizzard ulceration and aggravates H9N2-induced respiratory distress by inhibiting antibody-mediated immunity and pathogen clearance. Thus controlling the B. cereus contamination in poultry feed is immediately needed.
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Removal of B. cereus cereulide toxin from monoclonal antibody bioprocess feed via two-step Protein A affinity and multimodal chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1118-1119:194-202. [PMID: 31059926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay was developed and used to quantify emetic cereulide peptide exotoxin, which can be related to possible Bacillus cereus contamination in monoclonal antibody (mAb) bioprocess feeds. The assay limit of detection was 0.05 ng/mL (~1 fmol injected) and limit of quantification 0.16 ng/mL (~3 fmol injected) over a standard curve with >3 orders of magnitude linear dynamic range. The assay allowed quantification of toxin removal in an established two-step mAb purification process consisting of Protein A affinity chromatography followed by multi-modal anion exchange chromatography. Toxin content was ascertained in process stream sample fractions as well as on the Protein A affinity column. An optimized analytical method allowed separation of cereulide toxin from other mAb cell culture components within 6 min. Spiking experiments showed that samples should be collected in high (80% v/v) content acetonitrile to reduce nonspecific losses of the cereulide. The majority of mAb purification process-associated cereulide was detected in the Protein A flow through fraction, whereas only residual amounts were found in wash, strip, and elution fractions. Column cleaning-in-place (CIP) procedures were evaluated to prevent carryover between affinity capture cycles. No carryover was detected between cycles, however trace amounts of cereulide were extracted from the Protein A resin. Increasing the CIP NaOH concentration from 0.1 M to 0.5 M, and contact time from 15 min to 1 h, improved removal of residual cereulide from the resin. Applicability of CIP clearance of cereulide during Protein A chromatography was confirmed with three different mAb feeds. Post Protein A polishing, via target flow through on a multi-modal anion exchange chromatography column, resulted in a product pool with no detectable cereulide. Approximately 5 logs of reduction in cereulide concentration was obtained over the two-step chromatography process. Cereulide contamination is well known and of concern in food processing, however this research may be the first LC-MS quantification of cereulide contamination, and its clearance, in biopharmaceutical mAb processing. The analytical method may also be used to rapidly screen for cereulide contamination in upstream cell culture process streams, prior to downstream product purification. This will allow appropriate measures to be taken to reduce toxin exposure to downstream bioprocess raw materials, consumables and equipment.
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Koike H, Kanda M, Hayashi H, Matsushima Y, Ohba Y, Nakagawa Y, Nagano C, Sekimura K, Hirai A, Shindo T, Kamiie J, Sasamoto T, Hashimoto T. Identification and quantification of cereulide in cow’s milk using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2424-2433. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1544722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Koike
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Kanda
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Yumi Ohba
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Chieko Nagano
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Akihiko Hirai
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Shindo
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Kamiie
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Takeo Sasamoto
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan
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Bauer T, Sipos W, Stark TD, Käser T, Knecht C, Brunthaler R, Saalmüller A, Hofmann T, Ehling-Schulz M. First Insights Into Within Host Translocation of the Bacillus cereus Toxin Cereulide Using a Porcine Model. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2652. [PMID: 30464760 PMCID: PMC6234764 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a gram-positive pathogen mainly known to evoke two types of foodborne poisonings. The diarrheal syndrome is caused by enterotoxins produced during growth in the intestine. In contrast, the emetic type is caused by the dodecadepsipeptide cereulide pre-formed in food. Usually, both diseases are self-limiting but occasionally more severe forms, including fatal ones, are reported. Since the mechanisms of cereulide toxin uptake and translocation within the body as well as the mechanism of its toxic action are still unknown, we used a porcine model to investigate the uptake, routes of excretion and distribution of cereulide within the host. Pigs were orally challenged with cereulide using single doses of 10-150 μg cereulide kg-1 body weight to study acute effects or using daily doses of 10 μg cereulide kg-1 body weight administered for 7 days to investigate effects of longtime, chronic exposure. Our study showed that part of cereulide ingested with food is rapidly excreted with feces while part of the cereulide toxin is absorbed, passes through membranes and is distributed within the body. Results from the chronic trial indicate bioaccumulation of cereulide in certain tissues and organs, such as kidney, liver, muscles and fat tissues. Beside its detection in various tissues and organs, our study also demonstrated that cereulide is able to cross the blood-brain-barrier, which may partially explain the cerebral effects reported from human intoxication cases. The neurobehavioral symptoms, such as seizures and lethargy, observed in our porcine model resemble those reported from human food borne intoxications. The rapid onset of these symptoms indicates direct effects of cereulide on the central nervous system (CNS), which warrant further research. The porcine model presented here might be useful to study the specific neurobiological effect in detail. Furthermore, our study revealed that typical diagnostic specimens used in human medicine, such as blood samples and urine, are not suitable for diagnostics of food borne cereulide intoxications. Instead, screening of fecal samples by SIDA-LC-MS may represent a simple and non-invasive method for detection of cereulide intoxications in clinical settings as well as in foodborne outbreak situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bauer
- Department of Pathobiology, Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sipos
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Timo D Stark
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Tobias Käser
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Christian Knecht
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rene Brunthaler
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Department of Pathobiology, Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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García‐Calvo J, Ibeas S, Antón‐García E, Torroba T, González‐Aguilar G, Antunes W, González‐Lavado E, Fanarraga ML. Potassium-Ion-Selective Fluorescent Sensors To Detect Cereulide, the Emetic Toxin of B. cereus, in Food Samples and HeLa Cells. ChemistryOpen 2017; 6:562-570. [PMID: 28794952 PMCID: PMC5542764 DOI: 10.1002/open.201700057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the development of new chemical probes for cereulide, a toxic metabolite produced by specific strains of Bacillus cereus, through displacement of potassium cations from a preformed specific complex and a subsequent change in the fluorescence emission. For this purpose, we designed fluorescent probes for potassium cations that were suitable for displacement assays with cereulide from organic extracts. The fluorescence detection of natural cereulide in rice samples was achieved by using synthetic cereulide as a reference and a potassium fluorescent reporter, and this was found to be useful as a portable and fast method for the in situ detection of cereulide in food extracts. To study the fate of cereulide in live cells, we designed a procedure that was suitable for live-cell microscopy imaging of HeLa cells by comparing the cellular location of the potassium fluorogenic probe, which stained intracellular endolysosomes, in the absence and presence of cereulide; we concluded that in the presence of cereulide, the fluorescence of the probe was decreased because of complexation of the potassium ions by cereulide.
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Affiliation(s)
- José García‐Calvo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Burgos09001BurgosSpain
| | - Saturnino Ibeas
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Burgos09001BurgosSpain
| | | | - Tomás Torroba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Burgos09001BurgosSpain
| | | | - Wilson Antunes
- Laboratório de Bromatologia e de Defesa Biológica (LBDB) do ExércitoAv. Dr. Alfredo Bensaúde1849-012LisboaPortugal
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Fernandes Silva E, Varela AS, Cardoso TF, Stefanello FM, Kalb AC, Martínez PE, Corcini CD. Reproductive toxicology of 2,4 dinitrophenol in boar sperm. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 35:31-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bamnia M, Kaul G. Cereulide and diarrheal toxin contamination in milk and milk products: a systematic review. TOXIN REV 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2015.1063070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Vangoitsenhoven R, Maris M, Overbergh L, Van Loco J, Mathieu C, Van der Schueren B. Cereulide food toxin, beta cell function and diabetes: Facts and hypotheses. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2015; 109:1-5. [PMID: 25998918 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2015.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes is increasing and although environmental pollutants are believed to be potential culprits, the extent to which they can be held responsible remains uncertain. Some bacterial strains of the Bacillus cereus produce a toxin, cereulide, which is frequently found in starchy meals and which is difficult to eradicate from the food chain as it is highly resistant to heat, acidity and proteolysis. While cereulide is well known to cause acute emetic toxicity when ingested at high doses, several in vitro studies have shown that also extremely low doses of cereulide can be toxic, with beta cells being particularly sensitive. Mechanistically, such low doses impair the mitochondrial activity of the beta cells thereby leading to hampered insulin secretion and cell death, both key traits in the pathophysiology of diabetes. In vivo studies of chronic or repeated low dose exposure to cereulide are currently lacking, but should be performed to further clarify the true relevance of cereulide as a potential environmental contributor to the ongoing diabetes epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Maris
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Loco
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Zuberovic Muratovic A, Tröger R, Granelli K, Hellenäs KE. Quantitative analysis of cereulide toxin from Bacillus cereus in rice and pasta using synthetic cereulide standard and 13C6-cereulide standard - a short validation study. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:3326-35. [PMID: 25514093 PMCID: PMC4280537 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6123326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A single laboratory validation study of a rapid and sensitive quantitative method for the analysis of cereulide toxin produced by Bacillus cereus using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry is presented. The analysis of this cyclic peptide toxin was validated for pasta and rice samples using a newly presented synthetic cereulide peptide standard, together with 13C6-cereulide that previously have not been commercially available. The use of cereulide standard was also compared to the most frequently used surrogate standard, the antibiotic valinomycin. The performance of the method was evaluated by analyzing spiked sample pools from different types of rice and pasta, as well as 21 individual rice and pasta samples from differently prepared meals. Inoculation of samples with three cereulide toxin-producing strains of Bacillus cereus was finally used to mimic naturally contaminated foods. The quantification range of the method was 1–500 ng/g (R2 = 0.999) and the limits of detection and quantification were 0.1 and 1 ng/g, respectively. The precision varied from 3% to 7% relative standard deviation and the trueness from −2% to +6% relative bias at different concentration levels in cooked rice and pasta.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rikard Tröger
- Science Department, National Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Kristina Granelli
- Science Department, National Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Karl-Erik Hellenäs
- Science Department, National Food Agency, Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Vangoitsenhoven R, Rondas D, Crèvecoeur I, D'Hertog W, Baatsen P, Masini M, Andjelkovic M, Van Loco J, Matthys C, Mathieu C, Overbergh L, Van der Schueren B. Foodborne cereulide causes beta-cell dysfunction and apoptosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104866. [PMID: 25119564 PMCID: PMC4132018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims/Hypothesis To study the effects of cereulide, a food toxin often found at low concentrations in take-away meals, on beta-cell survival and function. Methods Cell death was quantified by Hoechst/Propidium Iodide in mouse (MIN6) and rat (INS-1E) beta-cell lines, whole mouse islets and control cell lines (HepG2 and COS-1). Beta-cell function was studied by glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Mechanisms of toxicity were evaluated in MIN6 cells by mRNA profiling, electron microscopy and mitochondrial function tests. Results 24 h exposure to 5 ng/ml cereulide rendered almost all MIN6, INS-1E and pancreatic islets apoptotic, whereas cell death did not increase in the control cell lines. In MIN6 cells and murine islets, GSIS capacity was lost following 24 h exposure to 0.5 ng/ml cereulide (P<0.05). Cereulide exposure induced markers of mitochondrial stress including Puma (p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis, P<0.05) and general pro-apoptotic signals as Chop (CCAAT/-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein). Mitochondria appeared swollen upon transmission electron microscopy, basal respiration rate was reduced by 52% (P<0.05) and reactive oxygen species increased by more than twofold (P<0.05) following 24 h exposure to 0.25 and 0.50 ng/ml cereulide, respectively. Conclusions/Interpretation Cereulide causes apoptotic beta-cell death at low concentrations and impairs beta-cell function at even lower concentrations, with mitochondrial dysfunction underlying these defects. Thus, exposure to cereulide even at concentrations too low to cause systemic effects appears deleterious to the beta-cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Vangoitsenhoven
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dieter Rondas
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inne Crèvecoeur
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wannes D'Hertog
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Baatsen
- EM Facility, VIB Bio Imaging Core and VIB department for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matilde Masini
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mirjana Andjelkovic
- Food, Medicines, and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Loco
- Food, Medicines, and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe Matthys
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Van der Schueren
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Rajkovic A, Grootaert C, Butorac A, Cucu T, Meulenaer BD, van Camp J, Bracke M, Uyttendaele M, Bačun-Družina V, Cindrić M. Sub-emetic toxicity of Bacillus cereus toxin cereulide on cultured human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2270-90. [PMID: 25093386 PMCID: PMC4147582 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6082270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cereulide (CER) intoxication occurs at relatively high doses of 8 µg/kg body weight. Recent research demonstrated a wide prevalence of low concentrations of CER in rice and pasta dishes. However, the impact of exposure to low doses of CER has not been studied before. In this research, we investigated the effect of low concentrations of CER on the behavior of intestinal cells using the Caco-2 cell line. The MTT (mitochondrial 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and the SRB (sulforhodamine B) reactions were used to measure the mitochondrial activity and cellular protein content, respectively. Both assays showed that differentiated Caco-2 cells were sensitive to low concentrations of CER (in a MTT reaction of 1 ng/mL after three days of treatment; in an SRB reaction of 0.125 ng/mL after three days of treatment). Cell counts revealed that cells were released from the differentiated monolayer at 0.5 ng/mL of CER. Additionally, 0.5 and 2 ng/mL of CER increased the lactate presence in the cell culture medium. Proteomic data showed that CER at a concentration of 1 ng/mL led to a significant decrease in energy managing and H2O2 detoxification proteins and to an increase in cell death markers. This is amongst the first reports to describe the influence of sub-emetic concentrations of CER on a differentiated intestinal monolayer model showing that low doses may induce an altered enterocyte metabolism and membrane integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Rajkovic
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium; E-Mail:
| | - Charlotte Grootaert
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium; E-Mails: (C.G.); (T.C.); (B.D.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Ana Butorac
- Laboratory for Biology and Microbial Genetics, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb University, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia; E-Mails: (A.B.); (V.B.-D.)
| | - Tatiana Cucu
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium; E-Mails: (C.G.); (T.C.); (B.D.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Bruno De Meulenaer
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium; E-Mails: (C.G.); (T.C.); (B.D.M.); (J.C.)
| | - John van Camp
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium; E-Mails: (C.G.); (T.C.); (B.D.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Marc Bracke
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent B-9000, Belgium; E-Mail:
| | - Mieke Uyttendaele
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Ghent University, Ghent B-9000, Belgium; E-Mail:
| | - Višnja Bačun-Družina
- Laboratory for Biology and Microbial Genetics, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Zagreb University, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia; E-Mails: (A.B.); (V.B.-D.)
| | - Mario Cindrić
- Laboratory for System Biomedicine and Centre for Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, “Ruđer Bošković” Institute, Zagreb HR-10000, Croatia; E-Mail:
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24
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Guidance on the assessment of the toxigenic potential of Bacillus species used in animal nutrition. EFSA J 2014. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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25
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Potato crop as a source of emetic Bacillus cereus and cereulide-induced mammalian cell toxicity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:3534-43. [PMID: 23524678 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00201-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus, aseptically isolated from potato tubers, were screened for cereulide production and for toxicity on human and other mammalian cells. The cereulide-producing isolates grew slowly, the colonies remained small (~1 mm), tested negative for starch hydrolysis, and varied in productivity from 1 to 100 ng of cereulide mg (wet weight)(-1) (~0.01 to 1 ng per 10(5) CFU). By DNA-fingerprint analysis, the isolates matched B. cereus F5881/94, connected to human food-borne illness, but were distinct from cereulide-producing endophytes of spruce tree (Picea abies). Exposure to cell extracts (1 to 10 μg of bacterial biomass ml(-1)) and to purified cereulide (0.4 to 7 ng ml(-1)) from the potato isolates caused mitochondrial depolarization (loss of ΔΨm) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and keratinocytes (HaCaT), porcine spermatozoa and kidney tubular epithelial cells (PK-15), murine fibroblasts (L-929), and pancreatic insulin-producing cells (MIN-6). Cereulide (10 to 20 ng ml(-1)) exposed pancreatic islets (MIN-6) disintegrated into small pyknotic cells, followed by necrotic death. Necrotic death in other test cells was observed only after a 2-log-higher exposure. Exposure to 30 to 60 ng of cereulide ml(-1) induced K(+) translocation in intact, live PBMC, keratinocytes, and sperm cells within seconds of exposure, depleting 2 to 10% of the cellular K(+) stores within 10 min. The ability of cereulide to transfer K(+) ions across biological membranes may benefit the producer bacterium in K(+)-deficient environments such as extracellular spaces inside plant tissue but is a pathogenic trait when in contact with mammalian cells.
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Frenzel E, Doll V, Pauthner M, Lücking G, Scherer S, Ehling-Schulz M. CodY orchestrates the expression of virulence determinants in emetic Bacillus cereus by impacting key regulatory circuits. Mol Microbiol 2012; 85:67-88. [PMID: 22571587 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus cereus causes gastrointestinal diseases and local and systemic infections elicited by the depsipeptide cereulide, enterotoxins, phospholipases, cytolysins and proteases. The PlcR-PapR quorum sensing system activates the expression of several virulence factors, whereas the Spo0A-AbrB regulatory circuit partially controls the plasmid-borne cereulide synthetase (ces) operon. Here, we show that CodY, a nutrient-responsive regulator of Gram-positive bacteria, has a profound effect on both regulatory systems, which have been assumed to operate independently of each other. Deletion of codY resulted in downregulation of virulence genes belonging to the PlcR regulon and a concomitant upregulation of the ces genes. CodY was found to be a repressor of the ces operon, but did not interact with the promoter regions of PlcR-dependent virulence genes in vitro, suggesting an indirect regulation of the latter. Furthermore, CodY binds to the promoter of the immune inhibitor metalloprotease InhA1, demonstrating that CodY directly links B. cereus metabolism to virulence. In vivo studies using a Galleria mellonella infection model, showed that the codY mutant was substantially attenuated, highlighting the importance of CodY as a key regulator of pathogenicity. Our results demonstrate that CodY profoundly modulates the virulence of B. cereus, possibly controlling the development of pathogenic traits in suitable host environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elrike Frenzel
- Institute of Functional Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Ekman JV, Kruglov A, Andersson MA, Mikkola R, Raulio M, Salkinoja-Salonen M. Cereulide produced by Bacillus cereus increases the fitness of the producer organism in low-potassium environments. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2012; 158:1106-1116. [PMID: 22241046 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.053520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cereulide, produced by certain Bacillus cereus strains, is a lipophilic cyclic peptide of 1152 Da that binds K(+) ions with high specificity and affinity. It is toxic to humans, but its role for the producer organism is not known. We report here that cereulide operates for B. cereus to scavenge potassium when the environment is growth limiting for this ion. Cereulide-producing B. cereus showed higher maximal growth rates (µ(max)) than cereulide non-producing B. cereus in K(+)-deficient medium (K(+) concentration ~1 mM). The cereulide-producing strains grew faster in K(+)-deficient than in K(+)-rich medium with or without added cereulide. Cereulide non-producing B. cereus neither increased µ(max) in K(+)-deficient medium compared with K(+)-rich medium, nor benefited from added cereulide. Cereulide-producing strains outcompeted GFP-labelled Bacillus thuringiensis in potassium-deficient (K(+) concentration ~1 mM) but not in potassium-rich (K(+) concentration ~30 mM) medium. Exposure to 2 µM cereulide in potassium-free medium lacking an energy source caused, within seconds, a major efflux of cellular K(+) from B. cereus not producing cereulide as well as from Bacillus subtilis. Cereulide depleted the cereulide non-producing B. cereus and B. subtilis cells of a major part of their K(+) stores, but did not affect cereulide-producing B. cereus strains. Externally added 6-10 µM cereulide triggered the generation of biofilms and pellicles by B. cereus. The results indicate that both endogenous and externally accessible cereulide supports the fitness of cereulide-producing B. cereus in environments where the potassium concentration is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko V Ekman
- Department of Food and Environmental Science, PO Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alexey Kruglov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290 Russia
| | - Maria A Andersson
- Department of Food and Environmental Science, PO Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raimo Mikkola
- Department of Food and Environmental Science, PO Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Raulio
- Department of Food and Environmental Science, PO Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mirja Salkinoja-Salonen
- Department of Food and Environmental Science, PO Box 56, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Delbrassinne L, Andjelkovic M, Rajkovic A, Dubois P, Nguessan E, Mahillon J, Van Loco J. Determination of Bacillus cereus Emetic Toxin in Food Products by Means of LC–MS². FOOD ANAL METHOD 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-011-9340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Technical Guidance on the assessment of the toxigenic potential ofBacillusspecies used in animal nutrition. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Popoff MR. Multifaceted interactions of bacterial toxins with the gastrointestinal mucosa. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:763-97. [PMID: 21797691 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The digestive tract is one of the ecosystems that harbors the largest number and greatest variety of bacteria. Among them, certain bacteria have developed various strategies, including the synthesis of virulence factors such as toxins, to interact with the intestinal mucosa, and are responsible for various pathologies. A large variety of bacterial toxins of different sizes, structures and modes of action are able to interact with the gastrointestinal mucosa. Some toxins, termed enterotoxins, directly stimulate fluid secretion in enterocytes or cause their death, whereas other toxins pass through the intestinal barrier and disseminate by the general circulation to remote organs or tissues, where they are active. After recognition of a membrane receptor on target cells, toxins can act at the cell membrane by transducing a signal across the membrane in a hormone-like manner, by pore formation or by damaging membrane compounds. Other toxins can enter the cells and modify an intracellular target leading to a disregulation of certain physiological processes or disorganization of some structural architectures and cell death. Toxins are fascinating molecules, which mimic or interfere with eukaryotic physiological processes. Thereby, they have permitted the identification and characterization of new natural hormones or regulatory pathways. Besides use as protective antigens in vaccines, toxins offer multiple possibilities in pharmacology, such as immune modulation or specific delivery of a protein of interest into target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Popoff
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries anaérobies et Toxines, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 757245 Paris cedex 15, France.
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Delbrassinne L, Andjelkovic M, Rajkovic A, Bottledoorn N, Mahillon J, Van Loco J. Follow-up of the Bacillus cereus emetic toxin production in penne pasta under household conditions using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Food Microbiol 2011; 28:1105-9. [PMID: 21569959 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2011.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two outbreak-related Bacillus cereus emetic strains were investigated for their growth and cereulide production potential in penne pasta at 4, 8 and 25 °C during 7-day storage. Cereulide production was detected and quantified by LC-MS method (LOD of 1 ng/ml, LOQ of 5 ng/ml) and growth was determined by culture-based enumeration. Inoculated B. cereus strains (10(5) CFU/g) were able to reach counts of more than 10(8) CFU/g and cereulide production of about 500 ng/g already after 3 days of storage at 25 °C. Interestingly, a constant increase of the toxin was noticed during incubation at ambient temperature storage: the cereulide was continuously produced during the bacterial stationary growth phase reaching maximal amounts at the end of the experiment (7 days, concentration of about 1000 ng/g). Strictly respected cold chain temperature as 4 °C did not allow any detectable cereulide production for any of the two tested strains. At the limited temperature abuse of 8 °C, a detectable amount of cereulide was observed after two days for one of the strain (TIAC303) (<LOQ). These results confirm that cereulide production is controlled by multiple factors (from type of strain to temperature) and that prolonged storage time plays a crucial role for consumer safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Delbrassinne
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, 14 rue Juliette Wytsman, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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Frenzel E, Letzel T, Scherer S, Ehling-Schulz M. Inhibition of cereulide toxin synthesis by emetic Bacillus cereus via long-chain polyphosphates. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:1475-82. [PMID: 21169440 PMCID: PMC3067231 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02259-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe intoxications caused by the Bacillus cereus emetic toxin cereulide can hardly be prevented due to the ubiquitous distribution and heat resistance of spores and the extreme thermal and chemical stability of cereulide. It would therefore be desirable to inhibit cereulide synthesis during food manufacturing processes or in prepared foods, which are stored under time-temperature abuse conditions. Toward this end, the impacts of three long-chain polyphosphate (polyP) formulations on growth and cereulide production were examined. The inhibition was dependent on the concentration and the type of the polyP blend, indicating that polyPs and not the orthophosphates were effective. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) monitoring at sublethal concentrations revealed that polyPs reduced the transcription of ces nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) genes by 3- to 4-fold along with a significantly reduced toxin production level. At lower concentrations, toxin synthesis was decreased, although the growth rate was not affected. These data indicate a differential effect on toxin synthesis independent of growth inhibition. The inhibition of toxin synthesis in food was also observed. Despite the growth of B. cereus, toxin synthesis was reduced by 70 to 100% in two model food systems (reconstituted infant food and oat milk), which were analyzed with HEp-2 cell culture assays and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/electrospray ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS). Accordingly, ces promoter activity was strongly downregulated, as visualized by using a lux-based reporter strain. These data illustrate the potential of polyphosphate formulations to reduce the risk of cereulide synthesis in food and may contribute to targeted hurdle concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elrike Frenzel
- Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising, Germany, Competence Pool Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany, Microbiology Unit, Nutrition and Food Research Center ZIEL, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising, Germany, Food Microbiology Unit, Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Letzel
- Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising, Germany, Competence Pool Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany, Microbiology Unit, Nutrition and Food Research Center ZIEL, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising, Germany, Food Microbiology Unit, Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Scherer
- Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising, Germany, Competence Pool Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany, Microbiology Unit, Nutrition and Food Research Center ZIEL, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising, Germany, Food Microbiology Unit, Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Ehling-Schulz
- Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising, Germany, Competence Pool Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, D-85354 Freising, Germany, Microbiology Unit, Nutrition and Food Research Center ZIEL, Technische Universität München, D-85350 Freising, Germany, Food Microbiology Unit, Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Antifungal activity displayed by cereulide, the emetic toxin produced by Bacillus cereus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:2555-8. [PMID: 21278263 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02519-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the fungistatic activity of Bacillus cereus cereulide-producing strains was demonstrated against nine fungal species. The role of cereulide was confirmed using plasmid-cured derivatives and ces knockout mutants. The fungistatic spectra of cereulide and valinomycin, a chemically related cyclododecadepsipeptide, were also compared and found to be similar but distinct.
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Ichikawa K, Gakumazawa M, Inaba A, Shiga K, Takeshita S, Mori M, Kikuchi N. Acute encephalopathy of Bacillus cereus mimicking Reye syndrome. Brain Dev 2010; 32:688-90. [PMID: 19796886 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We present an 11-year-old boy diagnosed as having acute encephalopathy and liver failure with the underlying condition of a metabolic dysfunction. He developed convulsions and severe consciousness disturbance following gastroenteritis after the ingestion of some fried rice. He showed excessive elevation of transaminases, non-ketotic hypoglycemia and hyperammonemia, which were presumed to reflect a metabolic dysfunction of the mitochondrial beta-oxidation, and he exhibited severe brain edema throughout the 5th hospital day. He was subjected to mild hypothermia therapy for encephalopathy, and treated with high-dose methylprednisolone, cyclosporine and continuous hemodiafiltration for liver failure, systemic organ damage and hyperammonemia. The patient recovered with the sequela of just mild intelligence impairment. In this case, Bacillus cereus, producing emetic toxin cereulide, was detected in a gastric fluid specimen, a stool specimen and the fried rice. It was suggested that the cereulide had toxicity to mitochondria and induced a dysfunction of the beta-oxidation process. The patient was considered as having an acute encephalopathy mimicking Reye syndrome due to food poisoning caused by cereulide produced by B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazushi Ichikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Minami-ku, Yokohama, Japan.
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Boar spermatozoa as a biosensor for detecting toxic substances in indoor dust and aerosols. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:2041-52. [PMID: 20732404 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The presence, quantity and origins of potentially toxic airborne substances were searched in moisture damaged indoor environments, where building related ill health symptoms were suspected and reference sites with no health complaints. Boar spermatozoa were used as the toxicity sensor. Indoor aerosols and dusts were collected from kindergartens, schools, offices and residences (n=25) by electrostatic filtering, vacuuming, wiping from elevated surfaces and from the interior of personal computers. Toxicity was measured from the ethanol or methanol extracts of the dusts and aerosols. EC(50) was expressed as the lowest concentration of the airborne substance that inhibited motility of >50% of the exposed sperm cells compared to vehicle control, within 30 min, 1 day or 3-4 days of exposure. Remarkably toxic aerosols (EC(50) <or=6 μg ml(-1)) were found from 11 sites, all of these were sites with known or suspected for building related ill health. Toxic microbial cultures were obtained from subsamples of the toxic aerosols/dusts. From these cereulide, amylosin, valinomycin and a novel indoor toxin, stephacidin B were identified and toxicities measured. Airborn dispersal of valinomycin from Streptomyces griseus cultures was evaluated using a flow-through chamber. Significant amounts of valinomycin (LC-MS assay) and toxicity (boar sperm motility assay) were carried by air and were after 14 days mainly recovered from the interior surfaces of the flow chamber.
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Popoff MR, Poulain B. Bacterial toxins and the nervous system: neurotoxins and multipotential toxins interacting with neuronal cells. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:683-737. [PMID: 22069606 PMCID: PMC3153206 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2040683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxins are potent molecules used by various bacteria to interact with a host organism. Some of them specifically act on neuronal cells (clostridial neurotoxins) leading to characteristics neurological affections. But many other toxins are multifunctional and recognize a wider range of cell types including neuronal cells. Various enterotoxins interact with the enteric nervous system, for example by stimulating afferent neurons or inducing neurotransmitter release from enterochromaffin cells which result either in vomiting, in amplification of the diarrhea, or in intestinal inflammation process. Other toxins can pass the blood brain barrier and directly act on specific neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel R. Popoff
- Neurotransmission et Sécrétion Neuroendocrine, CNRS UPR 2356 IFR 37 - Neurosciences, Centre de Neurochimie, 5, rue Blaise Pascal, F-67084 STRASBOURG cedex, France;
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed;
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In vitro toxicity of cereulide on porcine pancreatic Langerhans islets. Toxicon 2008; 51:1029-37. [PMID: 18374382 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2008.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Revised: 12/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cereulide is a K(+) ionophore cytotoxic and mitochondriotoxic to primary cells and cell lines of human and other mammalian origins. It is a heat-stable, highly lipophilic (logK(ow) 5.96) peptide (1152 g mol(-1)) produced by certain strains of Bacillus cereus, a bacterium connected to emetic food poisonings. In this study the pancreatic toxicity of purified cereulide, and cereulide-containing bacterial extracts, was studied using fetal porcine Langerhans islets in culture. Exposure to 1ngml(-1) of purified cereulide caused necrotic cell death of the islet cells impairing their insulin content within 2 days. Cell extracts of cereulide-positive B. cereus strains connected to food poisoning or isolated from foodstuffs were toxic, corresponding to their measured cereulide content. Extracts of B. cereus strains producing or not producing the B. cereus diarrheal toxin, but no cereulide, were tolerated by the porcine islet cultures up to concentrations 1000-fold higher compared to extracts from strains containing cereulide, and up to exposure times of 7d. Cereulide thus was identified as the B. cereus-produced substance toxic towards porcine fetal Langerhans islets and beta cells.
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Nieminen T, Rintaluoma N, Andersson M, Taimisto AM, Ali-Vehmas T, Seppälä A, Priha O, Salkinoja-Salonen M. Toxinogenic Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus licheniformis from mastitic milk. Vet Microbiol 2007; 124:329-39. [PMID: 17611049 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the occurrence of heat-stable toxin-producing strains among mastitic Bacillus isolates, 100 milk samples of mastitic cows from different parts of Finland were screened. Bacillus was identified as the major organism in 23 samples. Toxinogenic Bacillus isolates identified by sperm cell motility inhibition assay were isolated from six samples. Four isolates belonged to the species Bacillus pumilus and two to Bacillus licheniformis. The toxic substances were heat-stable and soluble to methanol thus being of non-protein nature. The methanol extracted substances disrupted the sperm cell plasma membrane permeability barrier at exposure concentrations of 1-15 microg ml(-1) (B. pumilus) or 20-30 microg ml(-1) (B. licheniformis). The toxic properties of the two mastitic B. licheniformis strains were similar to those of B. licheniformis strains known to produce the lipopeptide lichenysin A and the synthetase genes lchAA, lchAB and lchAC for lichenysin were found in the mastitic strains by PCR. Toxin synthetase genes for the syntheses of lichenysin or surfactin were searched but not found in the toxic B. pumilus strains. The ribopatterns of the mastitic B. pumilus and B. licheniformis isolates were similar to those of the toxinogenic strains described earlier from food poisoning incidents and contaminated indoor air. B. licheniformis and B. pumilus survive pasteurization and other heat treatments as spores. Toxin-producing strains of these species in the dairy production chain may thus be of food safety concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nieminen
- Department of Process and Environmental Engineering, POB 4300, FI 90014 University of Oulu, Finland
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