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Vig S, Buitinga M, Rondas D, Crèvecoeur I, van Zandvoort M, Waelkens E, Eizirik DL, Gysemans C, Baatsen P, Mathieu C, Overbergh L. Cytokine-induced translocation of GRP78 to the plasma membrane triggers a pro-apoptotic feedback loop in pancreatic beta cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:309. [PMID: 30952835 PMCID: PMC6450900 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1518-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is an ubiquitously expressed endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, with a central role in maintaining protein homeostasis. Recently, an alternative role for GRP78 under stress conditions has been proposed, with stress-induced extracellular secretion and translocation of GRP78 to the cell surface where it acts as a multifunctional signaling receptor. Here we demonstrate translocation of GRP78 to the surface of human EndoC-βH1 cells and primary human islets upon cytokine exposure, in analogy to observations in rodent INS-1E and MIN6 beta cell lines. We show that GRP78 is shuttled via the anterograde secretory pathway, through the Golgi complex and secretory granules, and identify the DNAJ homolog subfamily C member 3 (DNAJC3) as a GRP78-interacting protein that facilitates its membrane translocation. Evaluation of downstream signaling pathways, using N- and C-terminal anti-GRP78 blocking antibodies, demonstrates that both GRP78 signaling domains initiate pro-apoptotic signaling cascades in beta cells. Extracellular GRP78 itself is identified as a ligand for cell surface GRP78 (sGRP78), increasing caspase 3/7 activity and cell death upon binding, which is accompanied by enhanced Chop and Bax mRNA expression. These results suggest that inflammatory cytokines induce a self-destructive pro-apoptotic feedback loop through the secretion and membrane translocation of GRP78. This proapoptotic function distinguishes the role of sGRP78 in beta cells from its reported anti-apoptotic and proliferative role in cancer cells, opening the road for the use of compounds that block sGRP78 as potential beta cell-preserving therapies in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Vig
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mijke Buitinga
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dieter Rondas
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inne Crèvecoeur
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc van Zandvoort
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Etienne Waelkens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,SyBioMa, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Conny Gysemans
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Baatsen
- Electron Microscopy Platform of VIB Bio Imaging Core at KU Leuven and VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Buitinga M, Callebaut A, Marques Câmara Sodré F, Crèvecoeur I, Blahnik-Fagan G, Yang ML, Bugliani M, Arribas-Layton D, Marré M, Cook DP, Waelkens E, Mallone R, Piganelli JD, Marchetti P, Mamula MJ, Derua R, James EA, Mathieu C, Overbergh L. Inflammation-Induced Citrullinated Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 Elicits Immune Responses in Human Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2018; 67:2337-2348. [PMID: 30348823 PMCID: PMC6973547 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The β-cell has become recognized as a central player in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes with the generation of neoantigens as potential triggers for breaking immune tolerance. We report that posttranslationally modified glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is a novel autoantigen in human type 1 diabetes. When human islets were exposed to inflammatory stress induced by interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ, arginine residue R510 within GRP78 was converted into citrulline, as evidenced by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This conversion, known as citrullination, led to the generation of neoepitopes, which effectively could be presented by HLA-DRB1*04:01 molecules. With the use of HLA-DRB1*04:01 tetramers and ELISA techniques, we demonstrate enhanced antigenicity of citrullinated GRP78 with significantly increased CD4+ T-cell responses and autoantibody titers in patients with type 1 diabetes compared with healthy control subjects. Of note, patients with type 1 diabetes had a predominantly higher percentage of central memory cells and a lower percentage of effector memory cells directed against citrullinated GRP78 compared with the native epitope. These results strongly suggest that citrullination of β-cell proteins, exemplified here by the citrullination of GRP78, contributes to loss of self-tolerance toward β-cells in human type 1 diabetes, indicating that β-cells actively participate in their own demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijke Buitinga
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aïsha Callebaut
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Inne Crèvecoeur
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Meghan Marré
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Dana P Cook
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Etienne Waelkens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- SyBioMa, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roberto Mallone
- INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jon D Piganelli
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | - Rita Derua
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- SyBioMa, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
- Inne Crèvecoeur
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Saurabh Vig
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Crèvecoeur I, Gudmundsdottir V, Vig S, Marques Câmara Sodré F, D'Hertog W, Fierro AC, Van Lommel L, Gysemans C, Marchal K, Waelkens E, Schuit F, Brunak S, Overbergh L, Mathieu C. Early differences in islets from prediabetic NOD mice: combined microarray and proteomic analysis. Diabetologia 2017; 60:475-489. [PMID: 28078386 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Type 1 diabetes is an endocrine disease where a long preclinical phase, characterised by immune cell infiltration in the islets of Langerhans, precedes elevated blood glucose levels and disease onset. Although several studies have investigated the role of the immune system in this process of insulitis, the importance of the beta cells themselves in the initiation of type 1 diabetes is less well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate intrinsic differences present in the islets from diabetes-prone NOD mice before the onset of insulitis. METHODS The islet transcriptome and proteome of 2-3-week-old mice was investigated by microarray and 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), respectively. Subsequent analyses using sophisticated pathway analysis and ranking of differentially expressed genes and proteins based on their relevance in type 1 diabetes were performed. RESULTS In the preinsulitic period, alterations in general pathways related to metabolism and cell communication were already present. Additionally, our analyses pointed to an important role for post-translational modifications (PTMs), especially citrullination by PAD2 and protein misfolding due to low expression levels of protein disulphide isomerases (PDIA3, 4 and 6), as causative mechanisms that induce beta cell stress and potential auto-antigen generation. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We conclude that the pancreatic islets, irrespective of immune differences, may contribute to the initiation of the autoimmune process. DATA AVAILABILITY All microarray data are available in the ArrayExpress database ( www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress ) under accession number E-MTAB-5264.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inne Crèvecoeur
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 902, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valborg Gudmundsdottir
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Saurabh Vig
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 902, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Wannes D'Hertog
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 902, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana Carolina Fierro
- Department of Information Technology, IMinds, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leentje Van Lommel
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Conny Gysemans
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 902, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Marchal
- Department of Information Technology, IMinds, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Etienne Waelkens
- SyBioMa, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frans Schuit
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Søren Brunak
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 902, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 902, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Babon JAB, DeNicola ME, Blodgett DM, Crèvecoeur I, Buttrick TS, Maehr R, Bottino R, Naji A, Kaddis J, Elyaman W, James EA, Haliyur R, Brissova M, Overbergh L, Mathieu C, Delong T, Haskins K, Pugliese A, Campbell-Thompson M, Mathews C, Atkinson MA, Powers AC, Harlan DM, Kent SC. Corrigendum: Analysis of self-antigen specificity of islet-infiltrating T cells from human donors with type 1 diabetes. Nat Med 2017; 23:264. [PMID: 28170374 DOI: 10.1038/nm0217-264a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rondas D, Gudmundsdottir V, D'Hertog W, Crèvecoeur I, Waelkens E, Brunak S, Mathieu C, Overbergh L. A proteomic study of the regulatory role for STAT-1 in cytokine-induced beta-cell death. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:938-52. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Rondas
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology; KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Valborg Gudmundsdottir
- Department of Systems Biology; Center for Biological Sequence Analysis; Technical University of Denmark; Lyngby Denmark
| | - Wannes D'Hertog
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology; KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Inne Crèvecoeur
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology; KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Etienne Waelkens
- Laboratory of Protein Phosphorylation and Proteomics; KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- SyBioMa; KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Soren Brunak
- Department of Systems Biology; Center for Biological Sequence Analysis; Technical University of Denmark; Lyngby Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology; KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology; KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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Crèvecoeur I, Rondas D, Mathieu C, Overbergh L. The beta-cell in type 1 diabetes: What have we learned from proteomic studies? Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:755-66. [PMID: 25641783 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic beta-cells have a crucial role in the regulation of blood glucose homeostasis by the production and secretion of insulin. In type 1 diabetes (T1D), an autoimmune reaction against the beta-cells together with the presence of inflammatory cytokines and ROS in the islets leads to beta-cell dysfunction and death. This review gives an overview of proteomic studies that lead to better understanding of beta-cell functioning in T1D. Protein profiling of isolated islets and beta-cell lines in health and T1D contributed to the unraveling of pathways involved in cytokine-induced cell death. In addition, by studying the serological proteome of T1D patients, new biomarkers and beta-cell autoantigens were discovered, which may improve screening tests and follow-up of T1D development. Interestingly, an important role for PTMs was demonstrated in the generation of beta-cell autoantigens. To conclude, proteomic techniques are of indispensable value to improve the knowledge on beta-cell function in T1D and the search toward therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inne Crèvecoeur
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dieter Rondas
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Rondas D, Crèvecoeur I, D'Hertog W, Ferreira GB, Staes A, Garg AD, Eizirik DL, Agostinis P, Gevaert K, Overbergh L, Mathieu C. Citrullinated glucose-regulated protein 78 is an autoantigen in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2015; 64:573-86. [PMID: 25204978 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of self-proteins play a substantial role in the initiation or propagation of the autoimmune attack in several autoimmune diseases, but their contribution to type 1 diabetes is only recently emerging. In the current study, we demonstrate that inflammatory stress, induced by the cytokines interleukin-1β and interferon-γ, leads to citrullination of GRP78 in β-cells. This is coupled with translocation of this endoplasmic reticulum chaperone to the β-cell plasma membrane and subsequent secretion. Importantly, expression and activity of peptidylarginine deiminase 2, one of the five enzymes responsible for citrullination and a candidate gene for type 1 diabetes in mice, is increased in islets from diabetes-prone nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Finally, (pre)diabetic NOD mice have autoantibodies and effector T cells that react against citrullinated GRP78, indicating that inflammation-induced citrullination of GRP78 in β-cells generates a novel autoantigen in type 1 diabetes, opening new avenues for biomarker development and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Rondas
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inne Crèvecoeur
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wannes D'Hertog
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - An Staes
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Abhishek D Garg
- Laboratory for Cell Death Research and Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Université Libre de Bruxelles Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Laboratory for Cell Death Research and Therapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Vangoitsenhoven R, Rondas D, Crèvecoeur I, D'Hertog W, Baatsen P, Masini M, Andjelkovic M, Van Loco J, Matthys C, Mathieu C, Overbergh L, Van der Schueren B. Foodborne cereulide causes beta-cell dysfunction and apoptosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104866. [PMID: 25119564 PMCID: PMC4132018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims/Hypothesis To study the effects of cereulide, a food toxin often found at low concentrations in take-away meals, on beta-cell survival and function. Methods Cell death was quantified by Hoechst/Propidium Iodide in mouse (MIN6) and rat (INS-1E) beta-cell lines, whole mouse islets and control cell lines (HepG2 and COS-1). Beta-cell function was studied by glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Mechanisms of toxicity were evaluated in MIN6 cells by mRNA profiling, electron microscopy and mitochondrial function tests. Results 24 h exposure to 5 ng/ml cereulide rendered almost all MIN6, INS-1E and pancreatic islets apoptotic, whereas cell death did not increase in the control cell lines. In MIN6 cells and murine islets, GSIS capacity was lost following 24 h exposure to 0.5 ng/ml cereulide (P<0.05). Cereulide exposure induced markers of mitochondrial stress including Puma (p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis, P<0.05) and general pro-apoptotic signals as Chop (CCAAT/-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein). Mitochondria appeared swollen upon transmission electron microscopy, basal respiration rate was reduced by 52% (P<0.05) and reactive oxygen species increased by more than twofold (P<0.05) following 24 h exposure to 0.25 and 0.50 ng/ml cereulide, respectively. Conclusions/Interpretation Cereulide causes apoptotic beta-cell death at low concentrations and impairs beta-cell function at even lower concentrations, with mitochondrial dysfunction underlying these defects. Thus, exposure to cereulide even at concentrations too low to cause systemic effects appears deleterious to the beta-cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Vangoitsenhoven
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dieter Rondas
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inne Crèvecoeur
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wannes D'Hertog
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Baatsen
- EM Facility, VIB Bio Imaging Core and VIB department for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matilde Masini
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mirjana Andjelkovic
- Food, Medicines, and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Loco
- Food, Medicines, and Consumer Safety, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe Matthys
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chantal Mathieu
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lut Overbergh
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart Van der Schueren
- Laboratory for Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Vangoitsenhoven R, Rondas D, Crèvecoeur I, D'Hertog W, Masini M, Andjelkovic M, Van Loco J, Matthys C, Mathieu C, Overbergh L, Van der Schueren B. Foodborne cereulide causes beta cell dysfunction and apoptosis. Arch Public Health 2014. [PMCID: PMC4092290 DOI: 10.1186/2049-3258-72-s1-o8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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