Dietary Supplementation with sodium bentonite and coumarin alleviates the toxicity of aflatoxin B1 in rabbits

Physicochemical and microbiological evaluation of treated Gastrodia elata with combination of slightly acidic electrolyzed water and lithium magnesium silicate under certain temperatures and different storage periods

This study aimed to investigate the impact of slightly acidic electrolyzed water combined with lithium magnesium silicate hydrosol on the quality of fresh slices of Gastrodia elata under varying storage temperatures, including room temperature fresh slices of Gastrodia elata 25 °C and 37 °C. Fresh slices of Gastrodia elata 25 and 37 samples were stored for 13 days and extensively analyzed for color, weight loss, decay index, bacterial count, vitamin C, and polysaccharide contents during different storage periods. The findings revealed that the slightly acidic electrolyzed water + hydrosol treatment notably decreased weight loss and decay index compared to distilled water and slightly acidic electrolyzed water treatments. Moreover, fresh slices of Gastrodia elata treated with slightly acidic electrolyzed water  + hydrosol exhibited untraceable bacterial counts after 3 days, with counts starting to increase after 7 days of storage. The bacterial counts rose from 3.25 to 5.36 and from 4.13 to 5.79 log CFU/g under both storage conditions. The application of slightly acidic electrolyzed water + hydrosol resulted in reduced chromaticity values of L*, a*, and b* on the Gastrodia elata surface, along with a lower percentage loss of polysaccharide contents and vitamin C compared to distilled water and slightly acidic electrolyzed water treatments. These results suggested that Gastrodia elata treated with slightly acidic electrolyzed water + hydrosol maintained its quality characteristics and nutritional attributes, exhibiting greater stability during storage.

An overview of mycotoxicoses in rabbits

Mycotoxicoses are usually a consideration in large animal species but can affect companion animals as well. Due to increasing interest and the ease of using rabbits as laboratory models, a growing number of published experimental studies discuss the effects of various mycotoxins on this species. However, the available evidence is fragmented and heterogeneous, and has not recently been collated in a review, to my knowledge. Although mycotoxicoses in rabbits are typically subclinical, clinical signs can include weight loss, anorexia, gastrointestinal disorders, stunted growth, reproductive abnormalities, and susceptibility to infections. An antemortem diagnosis typically relies on a comprehensive clinical history, and assessment of clinical signs and relevant laboratory findings, with confirmation of exposure achieved through the measurement of mycotoxin concentrations in feed or target organs. My review focuses on the clinicopathologic and histopathologic effects of the mycotoxins most important in rabbits, including fumonisins, ochratoxins, aflatoxins, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. This review offers a thorough overview of the effects of mycotoxins in rabbits, serving as a one-stop resource for veterinary practitioners, diagnosticians, and researchers.

Dietary chamomile flowers extract improved performance and mitigated aflatoxin B1 toxicity in rabbits

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is among the poisonous mycotoxins that contaminate food and feed. Limited studies are available on the efficacy of chamomile (Cha) against oxidative stress, liver damage and pro-inflammatory response induced by AFB1. The present study aims to evaluate the effects of Cha on the performance and protective effects against AFB1 in growing rabbits. The experimental rabbits were divided into four different groups, including Cha (70 mg kg day-1), AFB1 (AF; 30 μg kg day-1), AFB1+Cha (AFLCha) and control (CON). The results indicated that the AFB1 treatment had lower values of performance, and carcass parameters compared to the Cha and AFLCha treatments. Furthermore, the Cha and AFLCha groups had lower values of liver and kidney function activities compared to the AFB1 treatment. The higher values of antioxidant enzymes were observed in Cha and AFLCha treatments than in the AFB1 treatment. AFB1 treatments had higher levels of malondialdehyde and liver functions with lower levels of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione and superoxide dismutase) compared to Cha and CON groups. In conclusion, dietary Cha could mitigate the oxidative stress of AFB1-induced liver deterioration.

Bactericidal efficacy of lithium magnesium silicate hydrosol incorporated with slightly acidic electrolyzed water in disinfection application against Escherichia coli

In food safety implementation, bacterial inactivation is an imperative aspect of hygiene and sanitation. Studies on lithium magnesium silicate (LMS) hydrosol incorporated with slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) for decontamination of pathogenic bacteria are limited. This present study aimed to investigate the bactericidal efficacy of LMS hydrosol incorporated with SAEW against Escherichia coli. Optimum combination conditions of SAEW, hydrosol concentration, and available chlorine concentration (ACC) were optimized by response surface methodology under the central composite design against the growth of E. coli. The optimum combination conditions of exposure time, hydrosol concentration, and ACC were 9.5 minutes, 1.7%, and 20.5 ppm, respectively. The results showed that the increase in ACC led to inactivation in the survival of E. coli compared with the control (p<0.05). It can be concluded that the best combination percentage between SAEW and hydrosol ranged from 1.5-1.7%, in which E. coli was reduced by 4.50 log10 CFU/mL at an ACC of 9.94 ppm. When increasing the ACC to 14.84 ppm, E. coli was reduced by 4.51 log10 CFU/mL compared with the initial number of bacteria (8.20 log10 CFU/mL) in the control group. The number of bacteria was undetected after increasing ACC to 19.93, 25.15, and 29.88 ppm at 10 min. This study suggests that LMS hydrosol incorporated with SAEW could potentially be used as an effective sanitizer.

Acute toxicity study of antibacterial organophilic bentonite incorporated with geranyl acetate in mice and geranyl acetate liberation in simulated gastric fluid

In the present study, the antibacterial property of the organophilic bentonite (Bent-ODA) and organophilic bentonite incorporated with geranyl acetate ester (Bent-ODA-GA) was evaluated against bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Oral acute toxicity of Bent-ODA-GA was evaluated in mice, by a single oral dose of 300 and 2000 mg kg^-1. Animals were observed for any toxicity clinical signs or mortality for 15 days according to OECD 423 guidelines. The release assay of GA presents in Bent-ODA in simulated gastric fluid, pH 3.5 and pH 6.5 was also performed. Bent-ODA-GA composite presented antibacterial activity against S. aureus and S. typhimurium bacteria with 10.7 ± 0.6 mm and 2.2 ± 0.1 mm inhibition halo, respectively, which make it possible to associate the composite antimicrobial feature due to the ester presence. The composite did not reveal any toxicity signs or mortality in any animal for acute toxicity treatment during the 15 days observation period. The LD50 of Bent-ODA-DA was estimated to be greater than 2000 mg kg^-1. It was also observed that geranyl acetate is released from Bent-ODA in concentrations lower than 0.03 mg kg^-1 for pH 3.5 and 0.004 mg kg^-1 for pH 6.5, which are lower than those that could cause some toxic effects in animals.

May phytophenolics alleviate aflatoxins-induced health challenges? A holistic insight on current landscape and future prospects

The future GCC-connected environmental risk factors expedited the progression of nCDs. Indeed, the emergence of AFs is becoming a global food security concern. AFs are lethal carcinogenic mycotoxins, causing damage to the liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal organs. Long-term exposure to AFs leads to liver cancer. Almost a variety of food commodities, crops, spices, herbaceous materials, nuts, and processed foods can be contaminated with AFs. In this regard, the primary sections of this review aim to cover influencing factors in the occurrence of AFs, the role of AFs in progression of nCDs, links between GCC/nCDs and exposure to AFs, frequency of AFs-based academic investigations, and world distribution of AFs. Next, the current trends in the application of PPs to alleviate AFs toxicity are discussed. Nearly, more than 20,000 published records indexed in scientific databases have been screened to find recent trends on AFs and application of PPs in AFs therapy. Accordingly, shifts in world climate, improper infrastructures for production/storage of food commodities, inconsistency of global polices on AFs permissible concentration in food/feed, and lack of the public awareness are accounting for a considerable proportion of AFs damages. AFs exhibited their toxic effects by triggering the progression of inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress, in turn, leading to the onset of nCDs. PPs could decrease AFs-associated oxidative stress, genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects by improving cellular antioxidant balance, regulation of signaling pathways, alleviating inflammatory responses, and modification of gene expression profile in a dose/time-reliant fashion. The administration of PPs alone displayed lower biological properties compared to co-treatment of these metabolites with AFs. This issue might highlight the therapeutic application of PPs than their preventative content. Flavonoids such as quercetin and oxidized tea phenolics, curcumin and resveratrol were the most studied anti-AFs PPs. Our literature review clearly disclosed that considering PPs in antioxidant therapies to alleviate complications of AFs requires improvement in their bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, tissue clearance, and off-target mode of action. Due to the emergencies in the elimination of AFs in food/feedstuffs, further large-scale clinical assessment of PPs to decrease the consequences of AFs is highly required.

Investigation of ochratoxin a in blood sausages in the Czech Republic: Comparison with data over Europe

Blood sausages consisting of groats, pork, porcine offal, fat, blood, and spices are very popular in the Czech Republic. All these ingredients are potential sources of dietary exposure to ochratoxin A (OTA). OTA has a strong affinity to serum proteins in porcine blood. Thus, the contamination of blood sausages with OTA can be expected. This study aims to evaluate OTA in 200 samples of porcine blood sausages purchased at the Czech market during 2020-2021. The analytical method high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection with pre-treatment using immunoaffinity columns was employed to determine OTA. The limit of detection was 0.03 ng/g and the limit of quantification 0.10 ng/g. Recovery was 71.6 %. All samples were positive at contents ranging from 0.15 to 5.68 ng/g with a mean of 1.47 ng/g, and a median of 1.26 ng/g. A total of 66% of these samples contained OTA content exceeding the maximum limit of 1 ng/g set in Italy. This study demonstrates that the Czech population is exposed to OTA from blood sausages. The proposed preliminary action limit for OTA in blood sausages should be set at 1 ng/g. No regulatory limits for OTA in blood sausages have been established yet in the European Union legislation. To protect human health, further monitoring of OTA in these products is necessary.

Application of new N- and S-doped amorphous carbon in D-μSPE and its combination with deep eutectic solvent-based DLLME for the extraction of some mycotoxins from soymilk

A new amorphous carbon-based dispersive micro solid-phase extraction method was developed for the extraction and preconcentration of several mycotoxins from soymilk samples. The extracted analytes were concentrated by a deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method, and then, quantified by a high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector. The sorbent was prepared from β-cyclodextrin and methionine under mild conditions. The sorbent was doped by N and S, which improved its physicochemical properties. The optimization and validation of the method were performed using the "one-variable-at-a-time" method and International Council Harmonization guideline, respectively. Under the optimal conditions, low limits of detection and quantifications in the ranges of 0.08-0.56 and 0.27-1.9 ng L-1 were obtained, respectively. Also, intra- (n = 6) and inter-day (n = 6) precisions showed an acceptable repeatability of the present work as they were in the ranges of 3.9-6.2 and 4.6-8.9% at a concentration of 3 ng L-1 of each analyte, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was performed on different soymilk samples marketed in Tabriz city, and aflatoxin B1 was found in all samples. One soymilk was contaminated by ochratoxin A.

Aflatoxin B1 Induced Structural and Conformational Changes in Bovine Serum Albumin: A Multispectroscopic and Circular Dichroism-Based Study

Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) is a mutagen that has been categorized as a group 1 human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. It is produced as a secondary metabolite by soil fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus . Here, in this study, the effect of AFB₁ on the structure and conformation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) using multispectroscopic tools like fluorescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, and circular dichroism spectropolarimetry has been ascertained. Ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy revealed hyperchromicity in the absorption spectra of BSA in the presence of AFB₁. The binding constant was calculated in the range of 10⁴ M^-1, by fluorescence spectroscopy suggesting moderate binding of the toxin to BSA. The study also confirms the static nature of fluorescence quenching. The stoichiometry of binding sites was found to be unity. The competing capability of warfarin for AFB₁ was higher than ibuprofen as calculated from site marker displacement assay. Förster resonance energy transfer confirmed the high efficiency of energy transfer from BSA to AFB₁. Circular dichroism spectropolarimetry showed a decrease in the α-helix in BSA in the presence of AFB₁. The melting temperature of BSA underwent an increment in the presence of a mycotoxin from 62.5 to 70.3 °C. Molecular docking confirmed the binding of AFB₁ to subdomain IIA in BSA.

Effect of Nanosilica and Bentonite as Mycotoxins Adsorbent Agent in Broiler Chickens' Diet on Growth Performance and Hepatic Histopathology

Simple Summary

Mycotoxins cause significant economic losses in feed ingredients, nutritional value, feed palatability, and the poultry industry. Thus, there is a need for ways to eradicate or inactivate mycotoxins in chicken feed. The present feeding trial aims to evaluate the use of nanosilica and bentonite to prevent the harmful effects of a mycotoxin-contaminated diet on broiler performance, histopathological, and carcass traits. The obtained results revealed significant improvements in broiler growth performance resulting from the addition of nanosilica at 0.20% and bentonite at 0.50%. Additionally, the hepatoprotective efficacy of nanosilica was evident at different dose levels. Consequentially, it could be used in broiler’s contaminated diets without negatively affecting birds’ health.

Abstract

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by different strains of fungi, such as aspergillus, fusarium, and penicillium that can contaminate feed ingredients or the entire feed of poultry and animals. Mycotoxins can cause many serious complications to both humans and animals due to carcinogenic, mutagenic, and immunosuppressive disorders. Therefore, the present experiment aims to investigate the effect of broiler chickens’ diets supplemented with different levels of nanosilica (NS) as an adsorbent agent of mycotoxins on their growth performance and hepatic histopathology. Detectable levels of toxins were present in the feed before feeding, and all levels of mycotoxins were above the normal limit. A total of 180 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broiler chickens were allocated randomly to six treatment groups with three replicates per group, including ten chickens per replicate. The experiment lasted for five weeks, and dietary treatments included control diet and diets with four levels of nanosilica as 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.15%, and 0.20% as well as 0.50% bentonite (fixfin^® Dry) diet. Bodyweight, body weight gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were measured weekly. At the end of the fifth week, six chickens per treatment were sacrificed to investigate the effects of NS and bentonite on carcass characteristics and hepatic histopathology. The results showed that providing broiler chickens’ diets with an adsorbent agent, such as NS or bentonite, can reduce the side effects of mycotoxins and enhance their growth performance. The best record was achieved with NS at 0.20%, compared with the control group and other dietary treatment groups. Accordingly, 0.20% of NS could be used in broiler chickens’ diets to minimize the harmful effects of mycotoxins.

Aflatoxins: History, Significant Milestones, Recent Data on Their Toxicity and Ways to Mitigation

In the early 1960s the discovery of aflatoxins began when a total of 100,000 turkey poults died by hitherto unknown turkey "X" disease in England. The disease was associated with Brazilian groundnut meal affected by Aspergillus flavus. The toxin was named Aspergillus flavus toxin-aflatoxin. From the point of view of agriculture, aflatoxins show the utmost importance. Until now, a total of 20 aflatoxins have been described, with B1, B2, G1, and G2 aflatoxins being the most significant. Contamination by aflatoxins is a global health problem. Aflatoxins pose acutely toxic, teratogenic, immunosuppressive, carcinogenic, and teratogenic effects. Besides food insecurity and human health, aflatoxins affect humanity at different levels, such as social, economical, and political. Great emphasis is placed on aflatoxin mitigation using biocontrol methods. Thus, this review is focused on aflatoxins in terms of historical development, the principal milestones of aflatoxin research, and recent data on their toxicity and different ways of mitigation.

Combination of solvent extraction with deep eutectic solvent based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the analysis of aflatoxin M1 in cheese samples using response surface methodology optimization

A new extraction procedure based on combination of a solvent extraction and deep eutectic solvent based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction has been introduced for the extraction of aflatoxin M₁ from cheese samples. In this method, acetonitrile, deionized water, and n-hexane are added onto the sample and vortexed. Owning to different affinities of the substances in cheese toward the mentioned solvents, an efficient and selective extraction of the analyte is done in the acetonitrile phase. After centrifugation, the acetonitrile phase is removed and mixed with a new hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent prepared from N,N-diethanol ammonium chloride and carvacrol as an extraction solvent. The mixture is injected into deionized water, and a cloudy solution is obtained. Eventually, an aliquot of the organic phase is injected into high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection. After optimizing the effective parameters with the response surface methodology and a quadratic model, limits of detection and quantification were 0.74 and 2.56 ng/kg, respectively. The obtained extraction recovery and enrichment factor were 94% and 94, respectively. Also, intra- (n = 6) and interday (n = 4) precisions were less than or equal to 8.6% at a concentration of 5 ng/kg. The suggested method was applied to determine aflatoxin M₁ in different cheese samples.

Oxidative stress, hemato-immunological, and intestinal morphometry changes induced by ochratoxin A in APRI rabbits and the protective role of probiotics

This work studied the protective effects of Aspergillus awamori against ochratoxin A (OTA)-induced toxicity in APRI maternal line rabbits. A total number of 48 APRI line weanling rabbits (5 weeks) were divided into 4 groups (12 rabbits each) and fed the basal diet, 30 ppb/kg diet of OTA, 1 g/kg diet of A. awamori, and a mixture of OTA and A. awamori for 8 weeks. OTA reduced the final body weight and weight gain as well as the intestinal villi length and thickness, whereas increased the feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Rabbits fed diets with OTA showed significantly reduced crude protein, lipids, and fibers apparent digestibility coefficients (P < 0.05). The red blood cells and hemoglobin were significantly decreased in the OTA group comparing with the other groups (P < 0.05). The blood total protein and albumin displayed significantly lower levels by OTA than the other groups. In contrast, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea, and creatinine levels were significantly increased by OTA (P < 0.05). Phagocytic activity (PA) and phagocytic index (PI) showed significantly (P < 0.05) decreased levels in OTA-contaminated group, while rabbits fed A. awamori significantly showed the highest PA and PI levels (P < 0.05). Dietary A. awamori kept the levels of PA and PI in rabbits fed OTA significantly higher than those fed without A. awamori (P < 0.05) and not significantly different from the control group (P > 0.05). Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) displayed significantly lower levels in the OTA group, while malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly higher than the other groups (P < 0.05). Rabbits fed OTA-contaminated diets displayed significantly lower CAT and SOD and higher MDA than rabbits fed OTA combined with A. awamori (P < 0.05). Our results indicated that dietary A. awamori ameliorated the damage in APRI rabbits fed OTA through alleviation of oxidative stress and immunity.

The role of polyphenols in poultry nutrition

In the last two decades, poultry and animal industries became increasingly interested in using plant-based feed supplements, herbs and their derivatives to retain or enhance their health and productivity. These health benefits for the host mainly attributed to the secondary plant metabolites, namely polyphenols. Polyphenols are renowned for their antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-mutagenic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, despite these advantages of polyphenols, they have been characterized by poor absorption in the gut and low concentration in target cells that compromise their role as effective antioxidants. The low bioavailability of polyphenols necessitates the need for further investigations to harness their full potential in poultry farms. This review is existing evidence about the bioavailability of polyphenols and their antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, detoxification properties and their impacts on poultry performance.

Mycotoxin toxicity and residue in animal products: Prevalence, consumer exposure and reduction strategies - A review

Mycotoxin residues are transferred from feed to animal products, yet, less attention has been paid to it in developing countries. There is a need to find alternative alleviation material for reducing the impact of mycotoxin. This review is meant to elucidate different additives that can reduce mycotoxin residue in animal products in the world, especially in developing countries. There is evidence of relationship between mycotoxin residue in breast milk of nursing mothers and mycotoxin exposure through crop and animal product (egg and milk) intake, especially in Asia, Africa, Middle East, Latin America, and some parts of Europe. Younger livestock tends to have more toxin residues in their tissue compared to older ones. Grazing animal are also exposed to mycotoxin intake which corresponds to high level of mycotoxins in their products including meat and milk. This review shows that phytogenic, probiotic, and prebiotic additives can decrease mycotoxin residues in milk, eggs, meat liver and other tissues of livestock. Specifically, bentonites, difructose anhydride III, yeast (Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans), Bacillus spp., or their biodegradable products can reduce mycotoxin residue in animal products. In addition, Ally isothiocyanates from mustard seed were able to mitigate mycotoxins in silo-simulated system. Evidence shows that there are now low-cost, accessible, and eco-friendly additives, which could alleviate the effect of mycotoxin in feed and food. In addition, there is need for aggressive public awareness and farmers' education on the prevalence, and danger caused by mycotoxins, as well as detoxification strategies that can reduce toxin absorption into animal products.