1
|
Liu S, Zhou Y, Feng Y, Peng Q, Li Y, He C, Fang Z, Xiao Y, Fang W. A cost-saving, safe, and highly efficient natural mediator for laccase application on aflatoxin detoxification. Food Chem 2024; 455:139862. [PMID: 38833866 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Laccase mediators possess advantage of oxidizing substrates with high redox potentials, such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). High costs of chemically synthesized mediators limit laccase industrial application. In this study, thin stillage extract (TSE), a byproduct of corn-based ethanol fermentation was investigated as the potential natural mediator of laccases. Ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and vanillic acid were identified as the predominant phenolic compounds of TSE. With the assistance of 0.05 mM TSE, AFB1 degradation activity of novel laccase Glac1 increased by 17 times. The promoting efficiency of TSE was similar to ferulic acid, but superior to vanillic acid and p-coumaric acid, with 1.2- and 1.3-fold increases, respectively. After Glac1-TSE treatment, two oxidation products were identified. Ames test showed AFB1 degradation products lost mutagenicity. Meanwhile, TSE also showed 1.3-3.0 times promoting effect on laccase degradation activity in cereal flours. Collectively, a safe and highly efficient natural mediator was obtained for aflatoxin detoxification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shenglong Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Jianghuai Agricultural product Fine processing and resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang Road West, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yan Feng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Qixia Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Yurong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Cheng He
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Zemin Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Yazhong Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
| | - Wei Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China; Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Microorganisms and Biocatalysis, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhen H, Hu Y, Xiong K, Li M, Jin W. The occurrence and biological control of zearalenone in cereals and cereal-based feedstuffs: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024:1-16. [PMID: 39102376 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2385713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Zearalenone, a prominent mycotoxin produced by Fusarium spp., ubiquitously contaminates cereal grains and animal feedstuffs. The thermal stability of zearalenone creates serious obstacles for traditional removal methods, which may introduce new safety issues, or reducing nutritional quality. In contrast, biological technologies provide appealing benefits such as easy to apply and effective, with low toxicity byproducts. Thus, this review aims to describe the occurrence of zearalenone in cereals and cereal-based feedstuffs in the recent 5 years, outline the rules and regulations regarding zearalenone in the major countries, and discuss the recent developments of biological methods for controlling zearalenone in cereals and cereal-based feedstuffs. In addition, this article also reviews the application and the development trend of biological strategies for removal zearalenone in cereals and cereal-based feedstuffs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Zhen
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Yumeng Hu
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Ke Xiong
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
- Beijing Innovation Centre of Food Nutrition and Human, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Wen Jin
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu M, Zhang X, Luan H, Zhang Y, Xu W, Feng W, Song P. Bioenzymatic detoxification of mycotoxins. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1434987. [PMID: 39091297 PMCID: PMC11291262 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1434987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced during the growth, storage, and transportation of crops contaminated by fungi and are physiologically toxic to humans and animals. Aflatoxin, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin, patulin, and fumonisin are the most common mycotoxins and can cause liver and nervous system damage, immune system suppression, and produce carcinogenic effects in humans and animals that have consumed contaminated food. Physical, chemical, and biological methods are generally used to detoxify mycotoxins. Although physical methods, such as heat treatment, irradiation, and adsorption, are fast and simple, they have associated problems including incomplete detoxification, limited applicability, and cause changes in food characteristics (e.g., nutritive value, organoleptic properties, and palatability). Chemical detoxification methods, such as ammonification, ozonation, and peroxidation, pollute the environment and produce food safety risks. In contrast, bioenzymatic methods are advantageous as they achieve selective detoxification and are environmentally friendly and reusable; thus, these methods are the most promising options for the detoxification of mycotoxins. This paper reviews recent research progress on common mycotoxins and the enzymatic principles and mechanisms for their detoxification, analyzes the toxicity of the degradation products and describes the challenges faced by researchers in carrying out enzymatic detoxification. In addition, the application of enzymatic detoxification in food and feed is discussed and future directions for the development of enzymatic detoxification methods are proposed for future in-depth study of enzymatic detoxification methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Peng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu Y, Liu L, Huang Z, Guo Y, Tang Y, Wang Y, Ma Q, Zhao L. Combined Strategies for Improving Aflatoxin B 1 Degradation Ability and Yield of a Bacillus licheniformis CotA-Laccase. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6455. [PMID: 38928160 PMCID: PMC11203865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination is a serious threat to nutritional safety and public health. The CotA-laccase from Bacillus licheniformis ANSB821 previously reported by our laboratory showed great potential to degrade AFB1 without redox mediators. However, the use of this CotA-laccase to remove AFB1 in animal feed is limited because of its low catalytic efficiency and low expression level. In order to make better use of this excellent enzyme to effectively degrade AFB1, twelve mutants of CotA-laccase were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. Among these mutants, E186A and E186R showed the best degradation ability of AFB1, with degradation ratios of 82.2% and 91.8% within 12 h, which were 1.6- and 1.8-times higher than those of the wild-type CotA-laccase, respectively. The catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) of E186A and E186R were found to be 1.8- and 3.2-times higher, respectively, than those of the wild-type CotA-laccase. Then the expression vectors pPICZαA-N-E186A and pPICZαA-N-E186R with an optimized signal peptide were constructed and transformed into Pichia pastoris GS115. The optimized signal peptide improved the secretory expressions of E186A and E186R in P. pastoris GS115. Collectively, the current study provided ideal candidate CotA-laccase mutants for AFB1 detoxification in food and animal feed and a feasible protocol, which was desperately needed for the industrial production of CotA-laccases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (Q.M.)
| | - Limeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (Q.M.)
| | - Zhenqian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (Q.M.)
| | - Yongpeng Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
| | - Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (Q.M.)
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (Q.M.)
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (Q.M.)
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.L.); (L.L.); (Z.H.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (Q.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mwabulili F, Xie Y, Sun S, Ma W, Li Q, Yang Y, Jia H, Li X. Thermo-Alkali-Tolerant Recombinant Laccase from Bacillus swezeyi and Its Degradation Potential against Zearalenone and Aflatoxin B 1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:13371-13381. [PMID: 38809574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The enzymatic biodegradation of mycotoxins in food and feed has attracted the most interest in recent years. In this paper, the laccase gene from Bacillus swezeyi was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL 21(D3). The sequence analysis indicated that the gene consisted of 1533 bp. The purified B. swezeyi laccase was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis -12% with an estimated molecular weight of 56.7 kDa. The enzyme is thermo-alkali-tolerant, displaying the optimal degradation of zearalenone (ZEN) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) at pH 8 and 9, with incubation temperatures of 55 and 50 °C, respectively, within 24 h. The degradation potentials of the 50 μg of the enzyme against ZEN (5.0 μg/mL) and AFB1 (2.5 μg/mL) were 99.60 and 96.73%, respectively, within 24 h. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study revealing the recombinant production of laccase from B. swezeyi, its biochemical properties, and potential use in ZEN and AFB1 degradation in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fred Mwabulili
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Mbeya University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 131, Mbeya 53119, Tanzania
| | - Yanli Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Shumin Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Weibin Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hang Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety and Nutrition, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qiu Y, Yan J, Yue A, Lu Z, Tan J, Guo H, Ding Y, Lyu F, Fu Y. A comprehensive review of biodetoxification of trichothecenes: Mechanisms, limitations and novel strategies. Food Res Int 2024; 184:114275. [PMID: 38609252 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are Fusarium mycotoxins with sesquiterpenoid structure, which are widely occurred in grains. Due to high efficiency and environmental friendliness, biological detoxification methods have been of great interest to treat this global food and feed safety concern. This review summarized the biological detoxification methods of trichothecenes from three aspects, biosorption, biotransformation and biotherapy. The detoxification efficiency, characteristics, mechanisms and limitations of different strategies were discussed in detail. Computer-aided design will bring a new research paradigm for more efficient discovery of biodetoxifier. Integrating different detoxification approaches assisted with computational tools will become a promising research direction in the future, which will help to maximize the detoxification effect, or provide precise detoxification programs for the coexistence of various toxins at different levels in actual production. In addition, technical and regulatory issues in practical application were also discussed. These findings contribute to the exploration of efficient, applicable and sustainable methods for trichothecenes detoxification, ensuring the safety of food and feed to reduce the deleterious effects of trichothecenes on humans and animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qiu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Tech Bank Food Co Ltd, Yuyao City, Zhejiang 315400, China
| | - Jiaping Yan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Aodong Yue
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhongchao Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jianzhuang Tan
- Tech Bank Food Co Ltd, Yuyao City, Zhejiang 315400, China
| | - Hong Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Yuting Ding
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Fei Lyu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Yan Fu
- Tech Bank Food Co Ltd, Yuyao City, Zhejiang 315400, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sun Z, You Y, Xu H, You Y, He W, Wang Z, Li A, Xia Y. Food-Grade Expression of Two Laccases in Pichia pastoris and Study on Their Enzymatic Degradation Characteristics for Mycotoxins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38600054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination poses substantial health risks to humans and animals. In this study, the two laccases PpLac1 and AoLac2 from Pleurotus pulmonarius and Aspergillus oryzae were selected and heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris in a food-grade manner to detoxify aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEN), and deoxynivalenol (DON). Both laccases exhibited degradation activity toward these three mycotoxins, while the efficiency of these for DON was relatively low. Therefore, molecular docking between these laccases and DON was conducted to analyze their potential interaction mechanisms. Furthermore, the degradation conditions of AFB1 and ZEN by the two laccases were optimized, and the optimal degradation rates for AFB1 and ZEN by PpLac1 reached 78.51 and 78.90%, while those for AFB1 and ZEN by AoLac2 reached 72.27 and 80.60%, respectively. The laccases PpLac1 and AoLac2 successfully transformed AFB1 and ZEN into the compounds AFQ1 and 15-OH-ZEN, which were 90 and 98% less toxic than the original compounds, respectively. Moreover, the culture supernatants demonstrated effective mycotoxin degradation results for AFB1 and ZEN in contaminated feed samples. The residual levels of AFB1 and ZEN in all samples ranged from 6.61 to 8.72 μg/kg and 3.44 to 98.15 μg/kg, respectively, and these levels were below the limit set by the European Union standards. All of the results in this study indicated that the two laccases have excellent application potential in the feed industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yingxin You
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Huidong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yang You
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wenjing He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhouping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Aitao Li
- School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang X, Cui L, Liu M, Qi Z, Luo H, Huang H, Tu T, Qin X, Wang Y, Zhang J, Wang Y, Yao B, Bai Y, Su X. Theoretical insights into the mechanism underlying aflatoxin B 1 transformation by the BsCotA-methyl syringate system. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 272:116049. [PMID: 38301584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Global concern exists regarding the contamination of food and animal feed with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which poses a threat to the health of both humans and animals. Previously, we found that a laccase from Bacillus subtilis (BsCotA) effectively detoxified AFB1 in a reaction mediated by methyl syringate (MS), although the underlying mechanism has not been determined. Therefore, our primary objective of this study was to explore the detoxification mechanism employed by BsCotA. First, the enzyme and mediator dependence of AFB1 transformation were studied using the BsCotA-MS system, which revealed the importance of MS radical formation during the oxidation process. Aflatoxin Q1 (AFQ1) resulting from the direct oxidation of AFB1 by BsCotA, was identified using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The results of UPLC-MS/MS and density functional theory calculations indicated that the products included AFQ1, AFB1-, and AFD1-MS-coupled products in the BsCotA-MS system. The toxicity evaluations revealed that the substances derived from the transformation of AFB1 through the BsCotA-MS mechanism exhibited markedly reduced toxicity compared to AFB1. Finally, we proposed a set of different AFB1-transformation pathways generated by the BsCotA-MS system based on the identified products. These findings greatly enhance the understanding of the AFB1-transformation mechanism of the laccase-mediator system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zheng Qi
- Engineering Research Center for Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xing Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yingguo Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shi J, Mwabulili F, Xie Y, Yang Y, Sun S, Li Q, Ma W, Jia H. Characterization, Structural Analysis, and Thermal Stability Mutation of a New Zearalenone-Degrading Enzyme Mined from Bacillus subtilis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3025-3035. [PMID: 38300990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a widespread mycotoxin that causes serious damage to animal husbandry and poses a threat to human health. A screen of ZEN-degrading soil bacteria yielded Bacillus subtilis YT-4, which yielded 80% ZEN degradation after 6 h and 95% after 36 h. The gene sequence encoding the degradative enzyme ZENY was mined from the genome of YT-4 and expressed in yeast. ZENY is an α/β-hydrolase with an optimal enzyme activity at 37 °C and pH 8. By breaking the lactone ring of ZEN, it produces ZENY-C18H24O5 with a molecular weight of 320.16 g/mol. Sequence comparison and molecular docking analyses identified the catalytic ZENY triad 99S-245H-123E and the primary ZEN-binding mode within the hydrophobic pocket of the enzyme. To improve the thermal stability of the enzyme for industrial applications, we introduced a mutation at the N-terminus, specifically replacing the fifth residue N with V, and achieved a 25% improvement in stability at 45 °C. These findings aim to achieve ZEN biodegradation and provide insight into the structure and function of ZEN hydrolases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghao Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fred Mwabulili
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumin Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibin Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Jia
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001 , P. R. China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cereal and Oil Food Safety Inspection and Control, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Arimboor R. Metabolites and degradation pathways of microbial detoxification of aflatoxins: a review. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:71-83. [PMID: 38151634 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of aflatoxins using nonpathogenic microbes and their enzymes is emerging as a safe and economical alternative to chemical and physical methods for the detoxification of aflatoxins in food and feeds. Many bacteria and fungi have been identified as aflatoxin degraders. This review is focused on the chemical identification of microbial degradation products and their degradation pathways. The microbial degradations of aflatoxins are initiated by oxidation, hydroxylation, reduction, or elimination reactions mostly catalyzed by various enzymes belonging to the classes of laccase, reductases, and peroxidases. The resulting products with lesser chemical stability further undergo various reactions to form low molecular weight products. Studies on the chemical and biological nature of degraded products of aflatoxins are necessary to ensure the safety of the decontamination process. This review indicated the need for an integrated approach including decontamination studies using culture media and food matrices, proper identification and toxicity profiling of degraded products of aflatoxins, and interactions of microbes and the degradation products with food matrices for developing practical and effective microbial detoxification process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Arimboor
- Spices Board Quality Evaluation Laboratory, SIPCOT, Gummidipoondi, Chennai, 601201, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lou H, Li Y, Yang C, Li Y, Gao Y, Li Y, Zhao R. Optimizing the degradation of aflatoxin B 1 in corn by Trametes versicolor and improving the nutritional composition of corn. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:655-663. [PMID: 37654023 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corn, being an important grain, is prone to contamination by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ), and AFB1 -contaminated corn severely endangers the health of humans and livestock. Trametes versicolor, a fungus that can grow in corn, possesses the ability to directly degrade AFB1 through its laccase. This study aimed to optimize the fermentation conditions for T. versicolor to degrade AFB1 in corn and investigate the effect of T. versicolor fermentation on the nutritional composition of corn. AFB1 -contaminated corn was used as the culture substrate for T. versicolor. A combination of single-factor experiments and response surface methodology was employed to identify the optimal conditions of AFB1 degradation. RESULTS The optimal conditions of AFB1 degradation were as follows: 9 days of fermentation, a fermentation temperature of 26.7 °C, a moisture content of 70.5% and an inoculation amount of 4.9 mL (containing 51.99 mg of T. versicolor mycelia). With the optimal conditions, the degradation rate of AFB1 in corn could reach 93.01%, and the dry basis content of protein and dietary fiber in the fermented corn was significantly increased. More importantly, the lysine content in the fermented corn was also significantly increased. CONCLUSION This is the first report that direct fermentation of AFB1 -contaminated corn by T. versicolor not only efficiently degrades AFB1 but also improves the nutritional composition of corn. These findings suggest that the fermentation of corn by T. versicolor is a promising, environmentally friendly and efficient approach to degrade AFB1 and improve the nutritional value of corn. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Lou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA
| | - Yang Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chuangming Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yonghui Li
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, USA
| | - Yiyue Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yujin Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Renyong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li Z, Shi Q, Dong X, Sun Y. Co-Immobilization of Laccase and Mediator into Fe-Doped ZIF-8 Significantly Enhances the Degradation of Organic Pollutants. Molecules 2024; 29:307. [PMID: 38257220 PMCID: PMC10819759 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Co-immobilization of laccase and mediator 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) for wastewater treatment could simultaneously achieve the reusability of laccase and avoid secondary pollution caused by the toxic ABTS. Herein, Fe-induced mineralization was proposed to co-immobilize laccase and ABTS into a metal-organic framework (ZIF-8) within 30 min. Immobilized laccase (Lac@ZIF-8-Fe) prepared at a 1:1 mass ratio of Fe2+ to Zn2+ exhibited enhanced catalytic efficiency (2.6 times), thermal stability, acid tolerance, and reusability compared to free laccase. ABTS was then co-immobilized to form Lac+ABTS@ZIF-8-Fe (ABTS = 261.7 mg/g). Lac@ZIF-8-Fe exhibited significantly enhanced bisphenol A (BPA) removal performance over free laccase due to the local substrate enrichment effect and improved enzyme stability. Moreover, the Lac+ABTS@ZIF-8-Fe exhibited higher BPA removal efficiency than the free laccase+ABTS system, implying the presence of a proximity effect in Lac+ABTS@ZIF-8-Fe. In the successive malachite green (MG) removal, the MG degradation efficiency by Lac@ZIF-8-Fe was maintained at 96.6% at the fifth reuse with only an extra addition of 0.09 mM ABTS in each cycle. As for Lac+ABTS@ZIF-8-Fe, 58.5% of MG was degraded at the fifth cycle without an extra addition of ABTS. Taken together, this research has provided a novel strategy for the design of a co-immobilized laccase and ABTS system for the degradation of organic pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Li
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (Z.L.); (Q.S.); (X.D.)
| | - Qinghong Shi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (Z.L.); (Q.S.); (X.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (Z.L.); (Q.S.); (X.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (Z.L.); (Q.S.); (X.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fang J, Sheng L, Ye Y, Ji J, Sun J, Zhang Y, Sun X. Recent advances in biosynthesis of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes and their applications in food and feed. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-17. [PMID: 38108665 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2294166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi in food and feed, which can cause serious health problems. Bioenzymatic degradation is gaining increasing popularity due to its high specificity, gentle degradation conditions, and environmental friendliness. We reviewed recently reported biosynthetic mycotoxin-degrading enzymes, traditional and novel expression systems, enzyme optimization strategies, food and feed applications, safety evaluation of both degrading enzymes and degradation products, and commercialization potentials. Special emphasis is given to the novel expression systems, advanced optimization strategies, and safety considerations for industrial use. Over ten types of recombinases such as oxidoreductase and hydrolase have been studied in the enzymatic hydrolysis of mycotoxins. Besides traditional expression system of Escherichia coli and yeasts, these enzymes can also be expressed in novel systems such as Bacillus subtilis and lactic acid bacteria. To meet the requirements of industrial applications in terms of degradation efficacy and stability, genetic engineering and computational tools are used to optimize enzymatic expression. Currently, registration and technical difficulties have restricted commercial application of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes. To overcome these obstacles, systematic safety evaluation of both biosynthetic enzymes and their degradation products, in-depth understanding of degradation mechanisms and a comprehensive evaluation of their impact on food and feed quality are urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinpei Fang
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Lina Sheng
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Yongli Ye
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Jian Ji
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Jiadi Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Yinzhi Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| | - Xiulan Sun
- School of Food Science and Technology, International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Yixing Institute of Food and Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Yixing, Jiangsu, P.R China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sun H, He Z, Xiong D, Long M. Mechanisms by which microbial enzymes degrade four mycotoxins and application in animal production: A review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 15:256-274. [PMID: 38033608 PMCID: PMC10685049 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic compounds that pose a serious threat to animal health and food safety. Therefore, there is an urgent need for safe and efficient methods of detoxifying mycotoxins. As biotechnology has continued to develop, methods involving biological enzymes have shown great promise. Biological enzymatic methods, which can fundamentally destroy the structures of mycotoxins and produce degradation products whose toxicity is greatly reduced, are generally more specific, efficient, and environmentally friendly. Mycotoxin-degrading enzymes can thus facilitate the safe and effective detoxification of mycotoxins which gives them a huge advantage over other methods. This article summarizes the newly discovered degrading enzymes that can degrade four common mycotoxins (aflatoxins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, and ochratoxin A) in the past five years, and reveals the degradation mechanism of degrading enzymes on four mycotoxins, as well as their positive effects on animal production. This review will provide a theoretical basis for the safe treatment of mycotoxins by using biological enzyme technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ziqi He
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Dongwei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Miao Long
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Ruminant Infectious Disease Prevention and Control (East), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu Y, Guo Y, Liu L, Tang Y, Wang Y, Ma Q, Zhao L. Improvement of aflatoxin B 1 degradation ability by Bacillus licheniformis CotA-laccase Q441A mutant. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22388. [PMID: 38058637 PMCID: PMC10696099 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination seriously threatens nutritional safety and common health. Bacterial CotA-laccases have great potential to degrade AFB1 without redox mediators. However, CotA-laccases are limited because of the low catalytic activity as the spore-bound nature. The AFB1 degradation ability of CotA-laccase from Bacillus licheniformis ANSB821 has been reported by a previous study in our laboratory. In this study, a Q441A mutant was constructed to enhance the activity of CotA-laccase to degrade AFB1. After the site-directed mutation, the mutant Q441A showed a 1.73-fold higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) towards AFB1 than the wild-type CotA-laccase did. The degradation rate of AFB1 by Q441A mutant was higher than that by wild-type CotA-laccase in the pH range from 5.0 to 9.0. In addition, the thermostability was improved after mutation. Based on the structure analysis of CotA-laccase, the higher catalytic efficiency of Q441A for AFB1 may be due to the smaller steric hindrance of Ala441 than Gln441. This is the first research to enhance the degradation efficiency of AFB1 by CotA-laccase with site-directed mutagenesis. In summary, the mutant Q441A will be a suitable candidate for highly effective detoxification of AFB1 in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yongpeng Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, PR China
| | - Limeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Qiugang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Poultry Nutrition and Feed Technology Innovation Team, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Adegoke TV, Yang B, Tian X, Yang S, Gao Y, Ma J, Wang G, Si P, Li R, Xing F. Simultaneous degradation of aflatoxin B 1 and zearalenone by Porin and Peroxiredoxin enzymes cloned from Acinetobacter nosocomialis Y1. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132105. [PMID: 37494799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination can cause severe health issues for both humans and animals. This study examined the potential of enzymes derived from Acinetobacter nosocomialis Y1 to simultaneously degrade aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and zearalenone (ZEN), which could have significant implications in reducing mycotoxin contamination. Two enzymes, Porin and Peroxiredoxin, were identified with molecular weights of 27.8 and 20.8 kDa, respectively. Porin could completely degrade 2 µg/mL of AFB1 and ZEN within 24 h at 80 °C and 60 °C, respectively. Peroxiredoxin could completely degrade 2 µg/mL of AFB1 and reduce ZEN by 91.12% within 24 h. The addition of Na+, Cu2+, and K+ ions enhanced the degradation activities of both enzymes. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that the molar masses of the degradation products of AFB1 and ZEN were 286 g/mol and 322.06 g/mol, and the products were identified as AFD1 and α or β-ZAL, respectively. Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence assays further confirmed that the cytotoxicity of the two degradation products was significantly lower than that of AFB1 and ZEN. Based on these results, it can be inferred that the degradation product of ZEN is β-ZAL. These findings suggest that both enzymes have the potential to be utilized as detoxification enzymes in food and feed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tosin Victor Adegoke
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bolei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junning Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peidong Si
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Runyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gari J, Abdella R. Degradation of zearalenone by microorganisms and enzymes. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15808. [PMID: 37601268 PMCID: PMC10434127 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by fungi that may cause serious health problems in humans and animals. Zearalenone is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium, widely exists in animal feed and human food. One concern with the use of microbial strains and their enzyme derivatives for zearalenone degradation is the potential variability in the effectiveness of the degradation process. The efficiency of degradation may depend on various factors such as the type and concentration of zearalenone, the properties of the microbial strains and enzymes, and the environmental conditions. Therefore, it is important to carefully evaluate the efficacy of these methods under different conditions and ensure their reproducibility. Another important consideration is the safety and potential side effects of using microbial strains and enzymes for zearalenone degradation. It is necessary to evaluate the potential risks associated with the use of genetically modified microorganisms or recombinant enzymes, including their potential impact on the environment and non-target organisms. Additionally, it is important to ensure that the degradation products are indeed harmless and do not pose any health risks to humans or animals. Furthermore, while the use of microbial strains and enzymes may offer an environmentally friendly and cost-effective solution for zearalenone degradation, it is important to explore other methods such as physical or chemical treatments as well. These methods may offer complementary approaches for zearalenone detoxification, and their combination with microbial or enzyme-based methods may improve overall efficacy. Overall, the research on the biodegradation of zearalenone using microorganisms and enzyme derivatives is promising, but there are important considerations that need to be addressed to ensure the safety and effectiveness of these methods. Development of recombinant enzymes improves enzymatic detoxification of zearalenone to a non-toxic product without damaging the nutritional content. This review summarizes biodegradation of zearalenone using microorganisms and enzyme derivatives to nontoxic products. Further research is needed to fully evaluate the potential of these methods for mitigating the impact of mycotoxins in food and feed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiregna Gari
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, Ambo University, Ambo, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Rahma Abdella
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Statsyuk NV, Popletaeva SB, Shcherbakova LA. Post-Harvest Prevention of Fusariotoxin Contamination of Agricultural Products by Irreversible Microbial Biotransformation: Current Status and Prospects. BIOTECH 2023; 12:biotech12020032. [PMID: 37218749 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological degradation of mycotoxins is a promising environmentally-friendly alternative to chemical and physical detoxification methods. To date, a lot of microorganisms able to degrade them have been described; however, the number of studies determining degradation mechanisms and irreversibility of transformation, identifying resulting metabolites, and evaluating in vivo efficiency and safety of such biodegradation is significantly lower. At the same time, these data are crucial for the evaluation of the potential of the practical application of such microorganisms as mycotoxin-decontaminating agents or sources of mycotoxin-degrading enzymes. To date, there are no published reviews, which would be focused only on mycotoxin-degrading microorganisms with the proved irreversible transformation of these compounds into less toxic compounds. In this review, the existing information about microorganisms able to efficiently transform the three most common fusariotoxins (zearalenone, deoxinyvalenol, and fumonisin B1) is presented with allowance for the data on the corresponding irreversible transformation pathways, produced metabolites, and/or toxicity reduction. The recent data on the enzymes responsible for the irreversible transformation of these fusariotoxins are also presented, and the promising future trends in the studies in this area are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Statsyuk
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshie Vyazemy, Russia
| | - Sophya B Popletaeva
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshie Vyazemy, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yang X, Pan J, Xing B, Xie Z, Fu Y, Cheng K. Novel ZnO@NPC core-shell polyhedral heterostructures derived from ZIF-8 with enhanced photocatalytic performance for aflatoxin B1 degradation. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
|
20
|
Xu Y, Dong H, Liu C, Lou H, Zhao R. Efficient Aflatoxin B1 degradation by a novel isolate, Pseudomonas aeruginosa M-4. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
|
21
|
Adegoke TV, Yang B, Xing F, Tian X, Wang G, Tai B, Si P, Hussain S, Jahan I. Microbial Enzymes Involved in the Biotransformation of Major Mycotoxins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:35-51. [PMID: 36573671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins, the most researched biological toxins, can contaminate food and feed, resulting in severe health implications for humans and animals. Physical, chemical, and biological techniques are used to mitigate mycotoxin contamination. The biotransformation method using whole microbial cells or isolated enzymes is the best choice to mitigate mycotoxins. Using specific enzymes may avoid the disadvantages of utilizing a full microbe, such as accidental harm to the product's organoleptic characteristics and hazardous safety features. Moreover, the degradation rates of the isolated enzymes are higher than those of the whole-cell reactions, and they are substrate-specific. Their specificity is comprehensive and is shown at the positional and/or chiral center in many circumstances. Currently, only a few enzymes of microbial origin are commercially available. Therefore, there is a need to identify more novel enzymes of microbial origin that can mitigate mycotoxins. In this review, we conducted an in-depth summary of the microbial enzymes involved in the biotransformation of mycotoxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tosin Victor Adegoke
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bolei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bowen Tai
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peidong Si
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sarfaraz Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Israt Jahan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Guo Y, Wang Y, Tang Y, Ma Q, Ji C, Zhao L. Combined in silico investigation and in vitro characterization of the zearalenone detoxification potential of dye-decolorizing peroxidase from Bacillus subtilis 168. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
|
23
|
Hadibarata T, Kristanti RA, Bilal M, Al-Mohaimeed AM, Chen TW, Lam MK. Microbial degradation and transformation of benzo[a]pyrene by using a white-rot fungus Pleurotus eryngii F032. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:136014. [PMID: 35970216 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmentally recalcitrant contaminants formed from naturally or incomplete combustion of organic materials and some of them are difficult to degrade due to their hydrophobicity and persistency. Benzo [a]pyrene (BaP), is one of PAHs that having five fused benzene and reported as mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic compounds. Biodegradation is one of promising techniques due to its relatively low economic cost and microorganism is a natural capacity to consume hydrocarbons. In this investigation, Pleurotus eryngii F032 was grown in 20 mL of modified mineral salt broth (MSB) supplemented with BaP under static and agitated culture. Within 20 days, static culture removed 59% of BaP, whereas agitated culture removed the highest amount (73%). To expedite BaP elimination, the mechanism and behavior of BaP biosorption and biotransformation by Pleurotus eryngii F032 were additionally examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The optimal conditions for P. eryngii F032 to eliminate BaP were 25 °C, a C/N ratio of 8, pH 3 and 0.2% inoculum concentration. At an initial BaP content of 10 mg/L, more than 50% was effectively eliminated within 20 days under these conditions. Salinity, glucose, and rhamnolipids were the most important factors impacting BaP biodegradation. GC-MS found degradation products such as BaP-3,6-quinone, indicating plausible metabolic routes. Finally, it may be assumed that the primary mechanism by which white-rot fungi eliminate BaP is by the utilization of biotransformation enzymes such as laccase to mineralize the PAHs. Hence, Pleurotus eryngii F032 could be an ideal candidate to treat PAHs contaminated soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Hadibarata
- Environmental Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, CDT 250, Miri, Sarawak, 98009, Malaysia.
| | - Risky Ayu Kristanti
- Research Centre for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, Jalan Pasir Putih 1, Jakarta, 14430, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China
| | - Amal M Al-Mohaimeed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tse-Wei Chen
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Man Kee Lam
- Chemical Engineering Department, HICoE-Centre for Biofuels and Biochemical Research (CBBR), Institute of Self-Sustainable Building (ISB), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ji J, Yu J, Ye Y, Sheng L, Fang J, Yang Y, Sun X. Biodegradation methods and product analysis of zearalenone and its future development trend: A review. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
25
|
Yang P, Xiao W, Lu S, Jiang S, Jiang S, Chen J, Wu W, Zheng Z, Jiang S. Characterization of a Trametes versicolor aflatoxin B1-degrading enzyme (TV-AFB1D) and its application in the AFB1 degradation of contaminated rice in situ. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:960882. [PMID: 36187979 PMCID: PMC9515612 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.960882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminates rice during harvest or storage and causes a considerable risk to human and animal health. In this study, Trametes versicolor AFB1–degrading enzyme (TV–AFB1D) gene recombinantly expressed in engineered E. coli BL21 (DE3) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The TV–AFB1D enzymatic characteristics and AFB1 degradation efficiency in contaminated rice were investigated. Results showed that the size of recombinant TV-AFB1D expressing in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and S. cerevisiae was appropriately 77 KDa. The kinetic equation of TV-AFB1D was y = 0.01671x + 1.80756 (R2 = 0.994, Km = 9.24 mM, and Vmax = 553.23 mM/min). The Kcat and Kcat/Km values of TV-AFB1D were 0.07392 (s−1) and 8 M−1 s−1, respectively. The AFB1 concentration of contaminated rice decreased from 100 μg/ml to 32.6 μg/ml after treatment at 32°C for 5 h under the catabolism of TV-AFB1D. S. cerevisiae engineered strains carrying aldehyde oxidase 1 (AOX1) and Cauliflower mosaic virus 35 S (CaMV 35 S) promoters caused the residual AFB1 contents, respectively, decreased to 3.4 and 2.9 μg/g from the initial AFB1 content of 7.4 μg/g after 24 h of fermentation using AFB1-contaminated rice as substrate. The AFB1 degradation rates of S. cerevisiae engineered strains carrying AOX1 and CaMV promoters were 54 and 61%, respectively. Engineered S. cerevisiae strains integrated with TV-AFB1D expression cassettes were developed to simultaneously degrade AFB1 and produce ethanol using AFB1-contaminated rice as substrate. Thus, TV-AFB1D has significant application potential in the AFB1 decomposition from contaminated agricultural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Yang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Peizhou Yang, ,;
| | - Wei Xiao
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shuhua Lu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shuying Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Suwei Jiang
- Department of Biological, Food and Environment Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, China
| | - Jianchao Chen
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Zhi Zheng
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shaotong Jiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Intensive Processing of Agriculture Products, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Murtaza B, Li X, Dong L, Javed MT, Xu L, Saleemi MK, Li G, Jin B, Cui H, Ali A, Wang L, Xu Y. Microbial and enzymatic battle with food contaminant zearalenone (ZEN). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4353-4365. [PMID: 35705747 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) contamination of various foods and feeds is an important global problem. In some animals and humans, ZEN causes significant health issues in addition to massive economic losses, annually. Therefore, removal or degradation of the ZEN in foods and feeds is required to be done. The conventional physical and chemical methods have some serious issues including poor efficiency, decrease in nutritional value, palatability of feed, and use of costly equipment. Research examined microbes from diverse media for their ability to degrade zearalenone and other toxins, and the findings of several investigations revealed that enzymes produced from microbes play a significant role in the degradation of mycotoxins. In established bacterial hosts, genetically engineered technique was used to enhance heterologously produced degrading enzymes. Then, the bio-degradation of ZEN by the use of micro-organisms or their enzymes is much more advantageous and is close to nature and ecofriendly. Furthermore, an effort is made to put forward the work done by different scientists on the biodegradation of ZEN by the use of fungi, yeast, bacteria, and/or their enzymes to degrade the ZEN to non-toxic products. KEY POINTS: •Evolved microbial strains degraded ZEA more quickly •Different degrading properties were studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Murtaza
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.,Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Liming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | | | - Le Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | | | - Gen Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Bowen Jin
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Huijing Cui
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Ashiq Ali
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China.,Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, China. .,Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin, Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116600, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Guo Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Ma Q, Ji C, Zhao L. Detoxification of the mycoestrogen zearalenone by Bacillus licheniformis spore CotA laccase and application of immobilized laccase in contaminated corn meal. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
28
|
Zofair SFF, Ahmad S, Hashmi MA, Khan SH, Khan MA, Younus H. Catalytic roles, immobilization and management of recalcitrant environmental pollutants by laccases: Significance in sustainable green chemistry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 309:114676. [PMID: 35151142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We are facing a high risk of exposure to emerging contaminants and increasing environmental pollution with the concomitant growth of industries. Persistence of these pollutants is a major concern to the ecosystem. Laccases, also known as "green catalysts" are multi-copper oxidases which offers an eco-friendly solution for the degradation of these hazardous pollutants to less or non-toxic compounds. Although various other biological methods exist for the treatment of pollutants, the fact that laccases catalyze the oxidation of broad range of substrates in the presence of molecular oxygen without any additional cofactor and releases water as the by-product makes them exceptional. They have a good possibility of utilization in various industries, especially for the purpose of bioremediation. Besides this, they have also been used in medical/health care, food industry, bio-bleaching, wine stabilization, organic synthesis and biosensors. This review covers the catalytic behaviour of laccases, their immobilization strategies, potential applications in bioremediation of recalcitrant environmental pollutants and their engineering. It provides a comprehensive summary of most factors to consider while working with laccases in an industrial setting. It compares the benefits and drawbacks of the current techniques. Immobilization and mediators, two of the most significant aspects in working with laccases, have been meticulously discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syeda Fauzia Farheen Zofair
- Enzymology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Sumbul Ahmad
- Enzymology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Md Amiruddin Hashmi
- Enzymology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Shaheer Hasan Khan
- Enzymology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Masood Alam Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hina Younus
- Enzymology Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
The metabolism and biotransformation of AFB 1: Key enzymes and pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115005. [PMID: 35318037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) is a hepatoxic compound produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, seriously threatening food safety and the health of humans and animals. Understanding the metabolism of AFB1 is important for developing detoxification and intervention strategies. In this review, we summarize the AFB1 metabolic fates in humans and animals and the key enzymes that metabolize AFB1, including cytochrome P450s (CYP450s) for AFB1 bioactivation, glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) and aflatoxin-aldehyde reductases (AFARs) in detoxification. Furthermore, AFB1 metabolism in microbes is also summarized. Microorganisms specifically and efficiently transform AFB1 into less or non-toxic products in an environmental-friendly approach which could be the most desirable detoxification strategy in the future. This review provides a wholistic insight into the metabolism and biotransformation of AFB1 in various organisms, which also benefits the development of protective strategies in humans and animals.
Collapse
|
30
|
Kumar V, Bahuguna A, Ramalingam S, Dhakal G, Shim JJ, Kim M. Recent technological advances in mechanism, toxicity, and food perspectives of enzyme-mediated aflatoxin degradation. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5395-5412. [PMID: 34955062 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2010647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus section Flavi that contaminates a wide variety of food and feed products and is responsible for serious health and economic consequences. Fermented foods are prepared with a wide variety of substrates over a long fermentation time and are thus vulnerable to contamination by aflatoxin-producing fungi, leading to the production of aflatoxin B1. The mitigation and control of aflatoxin is currently a prime focus for developing safe aflatoxin-free food. This review summarizes the role of major aflatoxin-degrading enzymes such as laccase, peroxidase, and lactonase, and microorganisms in the context of their application in food. A putative mechanism of enzyme-mediated aflatoxin degradation and toxicity evaluation of the degraded products are also extensively discussed to evaluate the safety of degradation processes for food applications. The review also describes aflatoxin-degrading microorganisms isolated from fermented products and investigates their applicability in food as aflatoxin preventing agents. Furthermore, a summary of recent technological advancements in protein engineering, nanozymes, in silico and statistical optimization approaches are explored to improve the industrial applicability of aflatoxin-degrading enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashutosh Bahuguna
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Srinivasan Ramalingam
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganesh Dhakal
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Shim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Myunghee Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Qin X, Xin Y, Zou J, Su X, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhang J, Tu T, Yao B, Luo H, Huang H. Efficient Degradation of Aflatoxin B 1 and Zearalenone by Laccase-like Multicopper Oxidase from Streptomyces thermocarboxydus in the Presence of Mediators. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:754. [PMID: 34822538 PMCID: PMC8621583 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicopper oxidases (MCOs) are a diverse group of enzymes that could catalyze the oxidation of different xenobiotic compounds, with simultaneous reduction in oxygen to water. Aside from laccase, one member of the MCO superfamily has shown great potential in the biodegradation of mycotoxins; however, the mycotoxin degradation ability of other MCOs is uncertain. In this study, a novel MCO-encoding gene, StMCO, from Streptomyces thermocarboxydus, was identified, cloned, and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified recombinant StMCO exhibited the characteristic blue color and bivalent copper ion-dependent enzyme activity. It was capable of oxidizing the model substrate ABTS, phenolic compound DMP, and azo dye RB5. Notably, StMCO could directly degrade aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and zearalenone (ZEN) in the absence of mediators. Meanwhile, the presence of various lignin unit-derived natural mediators or ABTS could significantly accelerate the degradation of AFB1 and ZEN by StMCO. Furthermore, the biological toxicities of their corresponding degradation products, AFQ1 and 13-OH-ZEN-quinone, were remarkably decreased. Our findings suggested that efficient degradation of mycotoxins with mediators might be a common feature of the MCOs superfamily. In summary, the unique properties of MCOs make them good candidates for degrading multiple major mycotoxins in contaminated feed and food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Huiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.Q.); (Y.X.); (J.Z.); (X.S.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (T.T.); (B.Y.)
| | - Huoqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (X.Q.); (Y.X.); (J.Z.); (X.S.); (X.W.); (Y.W.); (J.Z.); (T.T.); (B.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|