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Karagun B, Altug S. Anabolic-androgenic steroids are linked to depression and anxiety in male bodybuilders: the hidden psychogenic side of anabolic androgenic steroids. Ann Med 2024; 56:2337717. [PMID: 38590148 PMCID: PMC11005876 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2337717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) use is on the rise among athletes and bodybuilders worldwide. In addition to the well-documented adverse effects on hepatic, renal, and reproductive functions, there is an increasing recognition of psychiatric complications associated with AAS use. This study aimed to investigate psychiatric morbidity among male bodybuilders who are AAS users. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 25 male bodybuilders using AAS (mean age 31.2 ± 8.9 years) were compared with a control group of 25 healthy male bodybuilders matched in age (31.3 ± 5.5 years). The demographic, hormonal, and biochemical parameters of the participants were recorded. The impact of AAS use on psychiatric morbidity was assessed using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) in both groups. RESULTS The BDI and BAI scores were significantly higher in male bodybuilders using anabolic-androgenic steroids (p < 0.0001). While the control group showed no instances of anxiety, seven individuals in the AAS user group reported mild anxiety. No participants in the control group exhibited depression, whereas seven AAS users displayed depressive symptoms (4 mild, 3 moderate). Correlations were observed between lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and BAI scores, creatinine levels and both BAI and BDI scores, as well as between estradiol levels and BDI. CONCLUSION The study concluded that AAS use among male bodybuilders is associated with elevated levels of depression and anxiety. Our findings suggest a potential correlation between anxiety and depression levels and the levels of creatinine, LDH, and estradiol in AAS users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Karagun
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toros State Hospital, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Selin Altug
- Division of Psychiatry, Toros State Hospital, Mersin, Turkey
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Mowaad NA, Elgohary R, ElShebiney S. Effect of Stanozolol and/or Cannabis Abuse on Hypertrophic Mechanism and Oxidative Stress of Male Albino Rat Cardiac Tissue in Relation to Exercise: A Sport Abuse Practice. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2024; 24:527-538. [PMID: 38720122 PMCID: PMC11102414 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-024-09859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Adolescents commonly co-abuse many drugs including anabolic androgenic steroids either they are athletes or non-athletes. Stanozolol is the major anabolic used in recent years and was reported grouped with cannabis. The current study aimed at evaluating the biochemical and histopathological changes related to the hypertrophic effects of stanozolol and/or cannabis whether in condition of exercise practice or sedentary conditions. Adult male Wistar albino rats received either stanozolol (5 mg/kg, s.c), cannabis (10 mg/kg, i.p.), and a combination of both once daily for two months. Swimming exercise protocol was applied as a training model. Relative heart weight, oxidative stress biomarkers, cardiac tissue fibrotic markers were evaluated. Left ventricular morphometric analysis and collagen quantification was done. The combined treatment exhibited serious detrimental effects on the heart tissues. It increased heart tissue fibrotic markers (Masson's trichrome stain (p < 0.001), cardiac COL3 (p < 0.0001), and VEGF-A (p < 0.05)), lowered heart glutathione levels (p < 0.05) and dramatically elevated oxidative stress (increased malondialdehyde (p < 0.0001) and 8-OHDG (p < 0.0001)). Training was not ameliorating for the observed effects. Misuse of cannabis and stanozolol resulted in more hypertrophic consequences of the heart than either drug alone, which were at least largely assigned to oxidative stress, heart tissue fibrotic indicators, histological alterations, and morphometric changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha A Mowaad
- Narcotics, Ergogenics and Poisons Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Rania Elgohary
- Narcotics, Ergogenics and Poisons Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa ElShebiney
- Narcotics, Ergogenics and Poisons Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, P.O. 12622, Giza, Egypt
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3
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Pfeffer S, Gmeiner G, Forsdahl G. Methylation of phase II metabolites of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids to improve analytical performance. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38643973 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The study of intact phase II metabolites of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (EAAS) gives important information about metabolism and has the potential to improve the detection of doping with testosterone. For analysis with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), chemical derivatization at the steroid moiety is a technique to improve the positive ionization efficiency of glucuronidated/sulfated EAAS under collision-induced dissociation (CID) conditions. However, regarding the chromatographic performance, there are still challenges to address, for example, poor peak shape, which is mainly caused by nondefined adsorption in the chromatographic system. Here, we show a novel derivatization technique for the analysis of selected phase II metabolites of EAAS, where the acidic moiety of the glucuronide/sulfate is methylated with different methylation reagents to reduce nondefined adsorption. The methylation reagent trimethylsilyl-diazomethane (TMSD) was preferred over the other tested reagents methyl iodide (MeI) and dimethyl sulfate (DMS). Glucuronidated and sulfated testosterone and epitestosterone were methylated, and their chromatographic performance and CID ion mass spectra obtained in positive ionization mode were investigated. The peak width and peak height were significantly improved for all substances. Methylated testosterone sulfate showed the best results with a 3.5 times narrower peak and 14 times increased intensity compared with underivatized testosterone sulfate. Furthermore, CID ion mass spectra obtained in positive ionization mode showed product ions characteristically for the steroidal backbone for all substances. This preliminary study shows the potential of methylation as a supplementary derivatization technique, which can assist in the development of more sensitive methods due to the improvements in method performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pfeffer
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Guenter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Guro Forsdahl
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
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Rajmil O, Moreno-Sepulveda J. Recovery of spermatogenesis after androgenic anabolic steroids abuse in men. A systematic review of the literature. Actas Urol Esp 2024; 48:116-124. [PMID: 37567343 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuroe.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This systematic review aims to evaluate the optimal treatment for male infertility resulting from Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) abuse. METHODS A systematic review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Studies that compared different protocols for the recovery of spermatogenesis in patients after AAS use were included. RESULTS 13 studies investigating different protocols to restore spermatogenesis in patients with AAS abuse met the inclusion criteria. The available agents that showed restoration of spermatogenesis include injectable gonadotropins, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and aromatase inhibitors, but their use is still poorly described in the literature. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians need to be aware of the detrimental effects of AAS on spermatogenesis. AAS-associated infertility may be reversible, but sperm production may take over a year to normalize. Both conservative and aggressive treatment can boost spermatogenesis with positive results. Further understanding of male reproductive endocrinology and high-quality data on the field of restoration of spermatogenesis after AAS abuse are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Rajmil
- Servicio de Andrología, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Moreno-Sepulveda
- Departmento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus Universitario UAB, Barcelona, Spain; Clínica de la Mujer y Medicina Reproductiva, Viña del Mar, Chile.
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5
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Hazell P, Balzer BWR, Garden F, Handelsman DJ, Paxton K, Hawke C, Ivers R, Skinner SR, Luscombe G, Steinbeck KS. Association of urinary sex hormones with mood and behavior changes in a community adolescent cohort. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293040. [PMID: 37844097 PMCID: PMC10578568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the contribution of variation in sex hormone excretion to mood and behavioral changes in adolescent females and males. DESIGN Prospective, longitudinal observational cohort study. METHODS Participants were 342 volunteers aged 10-12 years living in rural Australia. Urinary estradiol and testosterone levels measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were obtained at three-month intervals for three years. Integrated measures (area-under-curve) of urinary steroid excretion summarised as absolute and variability during each 12-month period of the study. Psychosocial data were gathered annually with the primary outcome of depressive symptomatology. Secondary outcomes were the other subscales of the Youth Self-Report, impulsive-aggression, sleep habits, and self-harm. RESULTS 277 (158 male) participants contributed data over the full duration of the study and could be included in the analyses. In females, analyses of absolute urine hormone levels found no relationship between estradiol and any outcome, but higher testosterone was significantly associated with depression and poorer sleep. Greater variability of both urine estradiol and testosterone was associated with lower total psychopathology, anxious/depressed and social problems scores. Greater variability in urine estradiol was associated with lower attention problems and impulsive aggression in females. In males, higher testosterone and estradiol levels were associated with rule-breaking, and poorer sleep, and no associations were found for gonadal hormone variability for males. CONCLUSIONS Longitudinal measurement of both iso-sexual and contra-sexual gonadal hormones contributes to a more nuanced view of the impact of sex steroids on mood and behavior in adolescents. These findings may enlighten the understanding of the impact of sex steroids during normal male and female puberty with implications for hormone replacement therapies as well as management of common mood and behavioral problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Hazell
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Ben W. R. Balzer
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- The University of New South Wales Faculty of Medicine, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Randwick, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Children’s Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Frances Garden
- Ingham Institute for Medical Research, The University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - David J. Handelsman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen Paxton
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine Hawke
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebecca Ivers
- The University of New South Wales Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - S. Rachel Skinner
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Georgina Luscombe
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Katharine S. Steinbeck
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Favretto D, Stocchero G, Pertile R, Stimamiglio R, Cirnelli A, Amico I, Galeazzi M. The importance of including anabolic steroids in systematic toxicological analysis: A case study. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1003-1009. [PMID: 36543583 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Donata Favretto
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Stocchero
- Toxicology Sector, Provincial Health Services Agency, Trento, Italy
| | - Roberto Pertile
- Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Antonello Cirnelli
- Specialist in Legal Medicine, Forensic Medical Center, Portogruaro, Italy
| | - Irene Amico
- School of Specialisation in Legal Medicine, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Maddalena Galeazzi
- School of Specialisation in Legal Medicine, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Mahmoudi E, Nakhostin-Ansari A, Ranjbar M, Memari AH. Are all types of empathy associated with lower aggression in athletes? A cross-sectional study on Iranian athletes. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:276. [PMID: 36419178 PMCID: PMC9682635 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00985-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the association between cognitive and affective empathy and aggression in a sample of Iranian athletes. METHODS We designed a cross-sectional study. The participants were selected by multistage random sampling among six colleges in Tehran, Iran's capital. We used the interpersonal reactivity index (IRI) to evaluate empathy, and Reactive Proactive Aggression Questionnaire, and the Buss-Perry aggression questionnaire to evaluate aggression. RESULTS In total, 492 athletes with a mean age of 27.42 years (SD = 7.72) participated in the study, of which 298 (60.6%) were male, and 194 (39.4%) were female. IRI's fantasy and personal distress subscales scores were positively associated with proactive and reactive aggression scores (p < 0.05). The score of the perspective-taking subscale of IRI was negatively associated with proactive and reactive aggression scores (p < 0.05). The score of the empathic concern subscale of IRI had a negative association with the proactive aggression score (p < 0.001). The score of the perspective-taking subscale of IRI had negative associations with all Buss-Perry aggression questionnaire subscales' scores (p < 0.05). The score of the personal distress subscale of IRI had positive associations with all Buss-Perry aggression questionnaire subscales' scores (p < 0.05), except with the verbal aggression subscale score. The score of the fantasy subscale of IRI was positively associated with the score of the hostility subscale of the Buss-Perry questionnaire (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION Perspective-taking is negatively associated with all kinds of aggression in athletes. Future studies can be conducted to determine the possible role of perspective-taking in preventive aggression, which can be a target for interventions. On the other hand, the score of the personal distress subscale of IRI is positively associated with all types of aggression scores, indicating that not all types of empathy inhibit aggression in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Mahmoudi
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Nakhostin-Ansari
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Neuromusculoskeletal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Ranjbar
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,grid.46072.370000 0004 0612 7950Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Memari
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Sports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Nassef HM, Bashal AH, Othman AM. Electrochemical determination of formic acid using Cu-TiO2-NAF nanocomposite grafted onto Pt electrode. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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9
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Petrovic A, Vukadin S, Sikora R, Bojanic K, Smolic R, Plavec D, Wu GY, Smolic M. Anabolic androgenic steroid-induced liver injury: An update. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:3071-3080. [PMID: 36051334 PMCID: PMC9331524 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i26.3071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) are a group of molecules including endogenous testosterone and synthetic derivatives that have both androgenic and anabolic effects. These properties make them therapeutically beneficial in medical conditions such as hypogonadism. However, they are commonly bought illegally and misused for their anabolic, skeletal muscle building, and performance-enhancing effects. Supraphysiologic and long-term use of AASs affects all organs, leading to cardiovascular, neurological, endocrine, gastrointestinal, renal, and hematologic disorders. Hepatotoxicity is one of the major concerns regarding AASs treatment and abuse. Testosterone and its derivatives have been most often shown to induce a specific form of cholestasis, peliosis hepatis, and hepatic benign and malignant tumors. It is currently believed that mechanisms of pathogenesis of these disorders include disturbance of antioxidative factors, upregulation of bile acid synthesis, and induction of hepatocyte hyperplasia. Most toxicity cases are treated with supportive measures and liver function normalizes with discontinuation of AAS. However, some long-term consequences are irreversible. AAS-induced liver injury should be taken in consideration in patients with liver disorders, especially with the increasing unintentional ingestion of supplements containing AAS. In this paper, we review the most current knowledge about AAS-associated adverse effects on the liver, and their clinical presentations, prevalence, and pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Petrovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Sonja Vukadin
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Renata Sikora
- Department of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
- Department of Dental Medicine, Health Center Osijek-Baranja County, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Kristina Bojanic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Neurosurgery and Radiology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
- Department of Biophysics and Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
- Department of Radiology, Health Center Osijek-Baranja County, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Robert Smolic
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Davor Plavec
- Research Department, Srebrnjak Children's Hospital, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - George Y Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastrenterology/Hepatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - Martina Smolic
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
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Current understanding of the diagnosis and management of the tendinopathy: An update from the lab to the clinical practice. Dis Mon 2022; 68:101314. [PMID: 34996610 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2021.101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tendinopathy is labeled by many authors as a troublesome, common pathology, present in up to 30% medical care consultations involving musculoskeletal conditions. Despite the lasting interest for addressing tendon pathology, current researchers agree that even the exact definition of the term tendinopathy is unclear. Tendinopathy is currently diagnosed as a clinical hypothesis based on the patient symptoms and physical context. One of the main goals of current clinical management is to personalize treatment approaches to adapt them to the many different needs of the population. Tendons are complex structures that unite muscles and bones with two main objectives: to transmit forces and storage and release energy. Regarding the tensile properties of the tendons, several authors argued that tendons have higher tensile strength compared with muscles, however, are considered less flexible. Tendinopathy is an accepted term which is used to indicated a variety of tissue conditions that appear in injured tendons and describes a non-rupture damage in the tendon or paratendon, which is intensified with mechanical loading Even when the pathoetiology of tendinopathy is unclear, there is a wide array of treatments available to treat and manage tendinopathy. Although tendinitis usually debuts with an inflammatory response, the majority of chronic tendinopathies do not present inflammation and so the choosing of treatment should vary depending on severity, compliance, pain and duration of symptoms. The purpose of this article is to review and provide an overview about the currently research of the tendon diagnosis, management and etiology.
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11
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Lau RP, Fishbein MC. Toxins and the heart. Cardiovasc Pathol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822224-9.00012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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12
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Jin P, Xu S, Li C, Yin W, Xu W, Hu X, Li P, Li L. Rapid screening of 16 illicit additives in herbal pharmaceuticals and health foods based on ion mobility spectrometry. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2021.2020816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application (Beijing Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application (Beijing Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application (Beijing Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Wenmin Yin
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Suzhou Weimu Intelligent System Co. Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application (Beijing Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Xin Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application (Beijing Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Suzhou Weimu Intelligent System Co. Ltd., Suzhou, China
| | - Lingfeng Li
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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13
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Griffin KM, Lorenz LM, Flurer RA. Identification of the designer steroid 17β-hydroxy 5α-androst-1-en-3-one cypionate in an injectable liquid. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:768-773. [PMID: 34791803 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the screening of an injectable liquid marketed for body building, a steroid resembling 1-testosterone was found. The compound of interest was isolated using HPLC-UV detection coupled to an analytical scale fraction collector and subsequently characterized using HRAM-MS, NMR spectrometry, and GC-MS. The designer steroid was identified as 17β-hydroxy 5α-androst-1-en-3-one cypionate, an analog of 1-testosterone that had not been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M Griffin
- Office of Regulatory Affairs, Office of Regulatory Science, Forensic Chemistry Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lisa M Lorenz
- Office of Regulatory Affairs, Office of Regulatory Science, Forensic Chemistry Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rick A Flurer
- Office of Regulatory Affairs, Office of Regulatory Science, Forensic Chemistry Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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14
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Gagnon LR, Sadasivan C, Perera K, Oudit GY. Cardiac Complications of Common Drugs of Abuse: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Management. Can J Cardiol 2021; 38:1331-1341. [PMID: 34737034 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications from drugs of abuse are becoming more apparent due to increased usage worldwide. Substance abuse can cause both acute and chronic cardiovascular complications and is increasing in prevalence especially in young adults. These substances contribute to the development of acute coronary syndrome, type II myocardial injury, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathies and have numerous other cardiovascular complications. Although no screening guidelines exist, clinical awareness of these potential complications and their prevention, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment are critically important. Management of cardiovascular disease should be coupled with appropriate social and mental health interventions to provide sustained clinical benefit. The higher the number of substances used recreationally, the greater the risk of premature heart disease. Epidemiological studies showed that 1 in 5 young adults misuse several substances and often start using at younger ages with a greater risk for adverse health outcomes over the long-term. The aim of this review is to highlight the basic epidemiology, cardiac complications, and disease-specific treatment options of commonly abused substances including methamphetamine, cocaine, alcohol, anabolic-androgenic steroids, cannabis, and tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Gagnon
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chandu Sadasivan
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin Perera
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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15
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Abbasnezhad A, Mahdavi M, Kianmehr M, Ghorbani M, Motaghy MR, Sohrabi M, Hajavi J. The effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids on DNA damage in bodybuilders' blood lymphocytes. Biomarkers 2021; 26:685-690. [PMID: 34472401 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2021.1976837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays bodybuilders use anabolic steroids frequently. Abuse of these substances can cause significant side effects; therefore, we aim to investigate the effect of anabolic steroids on DNA damage in bodybuilders' blood lymphocytes. METHODS AND MATERIALS This case-control study was performed on 36 male bodybuilders in Gonabad. The case group included bodybuilders with a history of taking anabolic-androgenic steroids (n = 18), and the control group composed of bodybuilders who did not use anabolic-androgenic steroids (n = 18). Intravenous blood samples were obtained and then the lymphocytes, cells and electrophoresis of blood were extracted. Afterward, the coloured slides and DNA damage were measured using a fluorescent microscope and CometScore software. The DNA damage was compared using t-tests . RESULTS Results showed that there was no significant difference between age, marital status, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the case and control group. However, parameters related to the DNA damage including tail length, percent tail DNA, and tail moment were significantly higher in the case group. CONCLUSION The use of anabolic-androgenic steroids increases DNA damage in the bodybuilders' blood lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbasali Abbasnezhad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Miad Mahdavi
- Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Kianmehr
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Mohamad Ghorbani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Motaghy
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Science, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sohrabi
- Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Jafar Hajavi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Science, Gonabad, Iran
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16
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Alourfi NM, Mohammed GI, Nassef HM, Alwael H, Bahaidarah EA, Bashammakh AS, Mujawar LH, El-Shahawi MS. A highly Sensitive Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode with Carboxylated Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes/Nafion Nano composite for Efficient and Cheap Voltammetric Sensing of Dianabol Steroid in Biological Fluid. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:1795-1802. [PMID: 34373387 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21p167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The extraordinary prerequisite for the analysis of an anabolic steroid, namely dianabol (DB), has inspired towards the development of a cost-effective and high-performance sensing probe. Thus, a simple and robust electrochemical sensor (c-MWCNTs-Nafion®lGCE) for dianabol (DB), a widely used steroid, was developed using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with functionalized carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (c-MWCNT) and Nafion®. At pH 7 - 8, differential pulse-cathodic stripping voltammetry (DP-CSV) displayed two cathodic peaks at -0.85 and -1.35 V that varied linearly over a wide range (9.0 × 10-9 (2.7 μg L-1) - 9.0 × 10-6 (2.7 × 103 μg L-1) mol L-1) and 2.9 × 10-6 (8.7 × 102 μg L-1) - 8.0 × 10-5 (2.4 × 104 μg L-1) mol L-1) of DB concentrations, respectively. The low limits of detection and quantification at peak I (-0.85 V) were 2.7 × 10-9 (8.1 × 10-1 ng mL-1) and 9.0 × 10-9 (2.7 ng mL-1) mol L-1, respectively. The repeatability and reproducibility displayed relative standard deviations lower than 5%. The method was applied for DB analysis in human urine and subsequently compared with the standard HPLC method. Interference of common metabolites in biological fluids samples to DB sensing was insignificant. This method has distinctive advantages e.g. precise, short analytical time, sensitive, economical, reproducible and miniaturized sample preparation for DB analysis in biological samples of human origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouf M Alourfi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University
| | - Gharam I Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm AL-Qura University
| | - Hossam M Nassef
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science at Yanbu, Taibah University.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Damietta University
| | - Hassan Alwael
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University
| | | | | | - Liyakat H Mujawar
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University
| | - Mohammad S El-Shahawi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Damietta University
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17
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Severe Cardiac and Metabolic Pathology Induced by Steroid Abuse in a Young Individual. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11081313. [PMID: 34441248 PMCID: PMC8394374 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgenic-Anabolic Steroids (AAS) abuse is known to play an important role in causing the systemic inflammatory response and multiple-organ dysfunction in healthy individuals. Although many of the undesirable effects of steroid abuse have been reported, at present, little is known about the effect of anabolic supplements and the correlation between cardiac and metabolic pathology. This paper presents a case of a 25 year old patient with a complex medical history after 6 months of steroid administration. Myocardial infraction, dyslipidemia, obesity, hyperuricemia, secondary diabetes, and chronic renal disease were identified after clinical and para-clinical examinations. The particularities of this case were interpreted in the context of a literature review, highlighting the effect of multi-organ damage as a result of the uncontrolled use of anabolic steroid supplements.
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18
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Whitaker DL, Geyer-Kim G, Kim ED. Anabolic steroid misuse and male infertility: management and strategies to improve patient awareness. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2021; 16:109-122. [PMID: 33973822 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2021.1921574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Anabolic androgenic steroid use is an uncommon but important cause of male infertility. As paternal age and anabolic steroid use increases, providers are more likely than ever to encounter men with infertility and prior or concurrent anabolic steroid use. In this review, we outline the background, epidemiology and pathophysiology of anabolic steroid induced male infertility and provide recommendations regarding the diagnosis, management, and future prevention of this condition.Areas covered: Male reproductive physiology is a tightly regulated process that can be influenced by exogenous sources such as anabolic steroids and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). Data suggest that a combination of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), aromatase inhibitors (AIs), and recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (rFSH) may lead to spermatogenesis recovery.Expert opinion: Anabolic steroid and SARM users continue to exhibit lack of understanding regarding the potential side effects of their use on male fertility. Current literature suggests that spermatogenesis can be safely recovered using a combination of SERMs, hCG, AIs and rFSH although additional studies are necessary. While anabolic steroid prevention strategies have largely been focused on the individual level, further investigation is necessary and should be approached in a socioecological manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin L Whitaker
- Department of Urology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Gabriella Geyer-Kim
- Department of Urology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Edward D Kim
- Department of Urology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States
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19
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Sharma CR, Balasinor NH, Inamdar Doddamani LS. High, not low-dose of stanozolol (Anabolic - androgenic steroid) impedes embryo implantation by attenuating endometrial receptivity in the mouse, Mus musculus. Steroids 2021; 165:108752. [PMID: 33098822 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation is aimed at evaluating the efficacy of one of the anabolic -androgenic steroids, stanozolol (ST), on establishment and maintenance of pregnancy in mice. A total of 40 female mice were assigned to three experimental groups. Stanozolol was dosed subcutaneously (low-dose, 0.5 mg/kg bwt; high-dose, 5.0 mg/kg bwt or 1% alcohol-baseline control) for 30 consecutive days. On the 31st day, treatment was withdrawn. The estrous cycle was disrupted in both treatment groups and its resumption was dose dependent. Following estrous resumption, mice were allowed to mate. Results reveal that the low-dose ST-treated mice maintained gestation until term with reduced litter size, while high-dose-treated mice divulged vaginal plug at frequent intervals, indicating conception failure. Because pregnancy failure was noticed in high-dose-treated mice, they were autopsied on GD1.5 and 4.5. Interestingly, neither dose of stanozolol affected early embryonic development or blastocyst hatching. A decrease in the number of corpora lutea in both treated groups suggests it affects either ovulation or recruitment of follicles that occurs in each cycle for maturation. In high-dose-treated mice, decreased serum levels of estradiol, progesterone and increased testosterone along with downregulated endometrial expression of ERα and PR suggest the deficiency of steroid hormones and their respective receptors. Decreased ovarian expression of ERα, hyperexpression of PRLR, AR and abated progesterone secretion led to luteal dysfunction, consequently attenuating endometrial receptivity. Therefore, in high-dose-treated mice, decreased maternal estradiol and progesterone levels and their receptors during implantation hindered signaling to LIF and Hoxa-10, resulting in pragmatic implantation failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitra R Sharma
- Molecular Endocrinology, Reproduction and Development Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India
| | - Nafisa H Balasinor
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Jehangir Merwanji Street, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Laxmi S Inamdar Doddamani
- Molecular Endocrinology, Reproduction and Development Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India.
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20
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Iqbal U, Choudhary MI, Yousuf S. Synthesis of co-crystals of anti-cancer nandrolone as a potential leads towards treatment of cancer. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Cattelan Souza L, de Brito MLO, Jesse CR, Boeira SP, de Gomes MG, Goes ATR, Fabbro LD, Machado FR, Prigol M, Nogueira CW. Involvement of kynurenine pathway in depressive-like behaviour induced by nandrolone decanoate in mice. Steroids 2020; 164:108727. [PMID: 32891681 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nandrolone decanoate (ND) belongs to the class II of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), which is composed of 19-nor-testosterone-derivatives. AAS represent a group of synthetic testosterone that is used in clinical treatment. However, these drugs are widely abused among individuals as a means of promoting muscle growth or enhancing athletic performance. AAS in general and ND in particular have been associated with several behavioral disturbances, such as anxiety, aggressiveness and depression. A factor that contributes to the development of depression is the brain activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the rate-limiting enzyme of kynurenine pathway (KP). In the present study, we examined the involvement of KP in depressive phenotype induced by a ND treatment (10 mg/kg/day/s.c., for 28 days) that mimics human abuse system (e.g. supraphysiological doses) in C57B/6J mice. Our results showed that ND caused depressive like-behavior in the tail suspension test and anhedonic-like state measured in the sucrose preference test. ND administration decreased the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 and reduced Na+,K+-ATPase activity in the hippocampus, striatum and prefrontal cortex. We also found that ND elicited KP activation, as reflected by the increase of IDO activity and kynurenine levels in these brain regions. Moreover, ND decreased serotonin levels and increased 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in the brain. Treatment with IDO inhibitor 1-methyl-dl-trypthophan (1 mg/kg/i.p.) reversed the behavioral and neurochemical alterations induced by ND. These results indicate for the first time that KP plays a key role in depressive-like behavior and neurotoxicity induced by supraphysiologicaldoses of ND in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Cattelan Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, Federal University of Pampa, CEP 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil; Laboratory of Synthesis, Reactivity, Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Organochalcogen Compounds, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Maicon Lenon Otenio de Brito
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, Federal University of Pampa, CEP 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Ricardo Jesse
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, Federal University of Pampa, CEP 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Silvana Peterini Boeira
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, Federal University of Pampa, CEP 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Gomes de Gomes
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, Federal University of Pampa, CEP 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - André Tiago Rossito Goes
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, Federal University of Pampa, CEP 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucian Del Fabbro
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, Federal University of Pampa, CEP 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Franciele Romero Machado
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, Federal University of Pampa, CEP 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Prigol
- Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluations Applied to Bioactive Molecules, Federal University of Pampa, CEP 97650-000, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina Wayne Nogueira
- Laboratory of Synthesis, Reactivity, Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Organochalcogen Compounds, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil
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22
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Sodhi P, Patel MR, Solsi A, Bellamkonda P. Decompensated Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy Induced by Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse. Cureus 2020; 12:e11476. [PMID: 33329972 PMCID: PMC7734701 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A 30-year-old male presented to the emergency department with dyspnea, fatigue, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea for the past three months. The patient admitted to anabolic steroid use for the past 11 years. Transthoracic echocardiography was significant for severely dilated left ventricle, diffuse hypokinesis, ejection fraction < 15%, and grade II diastolic dysfunction. The patient was diagnosed with decompensated, non-ischemic cardiomyopathy stage C, and New York Heart Classification (NYHA) class III > IV, likely from use of anabolic steroids, after a negative workup for other etiologies. On follow-up after continuation of guideline-directed medical therapy, the patient demonstrated improved heart failure status (NYHA class I > II). Cardiomyopathy is a rare but important adverse effect of anabolic steroids to consider.
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23
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Perry JC, Schuetz TM, Memon MD, Faiz S, Cancarevic I. Anabolic Steroids and Cardiovascular Outcomes: The Controversy. Cureus 2020; 12:e9333. [PMID: 32850208 PMCID: PMC7444848 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.9333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabolic steroids (AS) are synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone. The use of AS is not limited to bodybuilders and athletes, but non-athletes also use them. It is used to enhance athletic performance, induce muscle hypertrophy, and augment male sexual characteristics. AS use is associated with a wide range of side effects and potential cardiovascular complications. In this article, we have searched the available literature to investigate the association between AS use and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The results revealed that AS was linked to lipid metabolism derangements, hypertension, coagulation disorders, and cardiomyopathy. We concluded, based on the relevant data, that there was evidence that suggests an association with CVD, primarily myocardial infarction, fatal arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathy in AS users. The general population should be informed of the risk. Also, methods of primary and secondary prevention should be implemented to mitigate the risk of CVD secondary to AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal C Perry
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Tayná M Schuetz
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Mohammad D Memon
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Sadaf Faiz
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ivan Cancarevic
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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24
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Siddiqui M, Atia-tul-Wahab, Jabeen A, Wang Y, Wang W, Atta-ur-Rahman, Choudhary MI. Whole-cell fungal-mediated structural transformation of anabolic drug metenolone acetate into potent anti-inflammatory metabolites. J Adv Res 2020; 24:69-78. [PMID: 32195009 PMCID: PMC7076145 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven new derivatives, 6α-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5α-androst-1-en-17-yl acetate (2), 6α,17β-dihydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5α-androst-1-en (3), 7β-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5α-androst-1-en-17-yl acetate (4), 15β,20-dihydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5α-androst-1-en-17-yl acetate (5), 15β-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5α-androst-1-en-17-yl acetate (6), 12β,17β-dihydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-dien (11), and 7β,15β,17β-trihydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5α-androst-1-en (14), along with six known metabolites, 17β-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-dien (7), 17β-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5α-androst-1-en (8), 17β-hydroxy-1-methyl-3-oxo-5β-androst-1-en (9), 1-methyl-5β-androst-1-en-3,17-dione (10), 1-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-dien-3,17-dione (12), and 17β-hydroxy-1α-methyl-5α-androstan-3-one (13) of metenolone acetate (1), were synthesized through whole-cell biocatalysis with Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus alliaceous, Fusarium lini, and Cunninghamella elegans. Atamestane (12), an aromatase inhibitor, was synthesized for the first time via F. lini-mediated transformation of 1 as the major product. Hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and reduction were occurred during biocatalysis. Study indicated that F. lini was able to catalyze dehydrogenation reactions selectively. Structures of compounds 1-14 were determined through NMR, HRFAB-MS, and IR spectroscopic data. Compounds 1-14 were identified as non-cytotoxic against BJ human fibroblast cell line (ATCC CRL-2522). Metabolite 5 (81.0 ± 2.5%) showed a potent activity against TNF-α production, as compared to the substrate 1 (62.5 ± 4.4%). Metabolites 2 (73.4 ± 0.6%), 8 (69.7 ± 1.4%), 10 (73.2 ± 0.3%), 11 (60.1 ± 3.3%), and 12 (71.0 ± 7.2%), also showed a good inhibition of TNF-α production. Compounds 3 (IC50 = 4.4 ± 0.01 µg/mL), and 5 (IC50 = 10.2 ± 0.01 µg/mL) showed a significant activity against T-cell proliferation. Identification of selective inhibitors of TNF-α production, and T-cell proliferation is a step forward towards the development of anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahwish Siddiqui
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Atia-tul-Wahab
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Almas Jabeen
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Yan Wang
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, People’s Republic of China
| | - Atta-ur-Rahman
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - M. Iqbal Choudhary
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Campus C, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
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25
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Lee JH, Han JH, Min AY, Kim H, Shin D. Screening for twenty-eight target anabolic-androgenic steroids in protein supplements using QuEChERS extraction followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:1425-1436. [PMID: 32569530 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1773543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) are very potent muscle builders, and professional sportsmen often take protein supplements to improve their performance. Several studies have emphasised that protein supplements may contain undeclared AASs banned by the International Olympic Committee/World Anti-Doping Agency. The widespread occurrence and abuse of contaminated protein supplements is extremely dangerous because of their side effects. To minimise the chances of an unattended positive doping test or to avoid serious health problems, adequate screening methods for the detection of a wide range of steroids is essential. To address this requirement, a rapid and effective modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) method was developed and validated to screen and quantify the simultaneous analysis of twenty-eight AASs in protein supplements using LC-MS/MS. The validated method was applied to 198 protein supplements collected from on-line and, off-line markets, and direct purchase from overseas between 2019 and 2020. Of the 198 samples, two samples contained testosterone and stanozolol at concentrations of 0.27 μg/g and 0.023 μg/g, respectively. In addition, 5α-hydroxylaxogenin was detected for the first time in three products purchased in Korea from overseas. The modified QuEChERS method was established and successfully applied to screen and determine AASs as a measure of continuous control and supervision in protein supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Lee
- Division of Advanced Analysis, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Han
- Division of Advanced Analysis, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - A Young Min
- Division of Advanced Analysis, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungil Kim
- Division of Advanced Analysis, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwoo Shin
- Division of Advanced Analysis, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety , Osong-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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26
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Heinsvig PJ, Nielsen LS, Lindholst C. Development of a method using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for profiling of oil-based androgenic anabolic steroid products. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1620:460989. [PMID: 32151414 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A GC-MS based analytical method was developed for the profiling of oil-based AAS products using 15 organic constituents as target compounds. A total of 219 compounds were identified in 109 seized AAS products, among them 15 target compounds were selected. The selection was based on each compound's occurrence, reproducibility, and variance between products. The 15 target compounds did not include the active steroid itself, but only compounds found in the carrier oil. The subsequent method validation included assessment of specificity, linearity, precision, robustness and sample stability. The method was finally applied for the classification of a set of 27 seizures of AAS products supplied by the police. The classification was based on the Pearson correlation coefficient using pre-treated peak area data from the 15 target compounds. A successful classification was obtained, with only a small overlap between linked and unlinked samples. A 1% false-positive rate could be obtained at a threshold of 0.625 in terms of the Pearson distance. The present study thus demonstrates that it is possible to profile and classify AAS products with regard to a common origin. As the profiling method is not specific with regards to the steroid content, it may potentially be used to profile and compare other kinds of oil-based liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Johansson Heinsvig
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section for Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Louise Stride Nielsen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section for Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Christian Lindholst
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Section for Toxicology and Drug Analysis, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
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Hauger LE, Westlye LT, Bjørnebekk A. Anabolic androgenic steroid dependence is associated with executive dysfunction. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 208:107874. [PMID: 31972519 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) dependence is associated with a high prevalence of intra- and interpersonal problems, hence it is central to identify cognitive factors related to the development and maintenance of dependence. METHODS The study explores executive functions (EFs) in a sample of 174 male weightlifters, divided into three groups; 1) AAS dependents; n = 58, 2) AAS non-dependents; n = 38 and 3) AAS non-users; n = 78, using a targeted battery of neuropsychological (NP) tests, and self-report questionnaires assessing EFs in everyday life, ADHD symptoms and psychological distress. RESULTS Multivariate analysis of variance showed significant between-group differences on several EFs, including working memory [F (2, 169) = 13.79, p < .001, ηp² = 0.14], mental flexibility [F (2, 169) = 4.82, p = .009, ηp² = 0.05], problem-solving [F (2, 169) = 4.77 p = .010, ηp² = 0.05] and inhibition [F (2, 163) = 4.15, p = .017, ηp² = 0.05]. Additionally, significant between-group differences were seen for self-reported problems with EFs [F (2, 124) = 4.38 p = .015, ηp² = 0.07], ADHD symptoms [F (2, 124) = 7.02 p = .001, ηp² = 0.10], and psychological distress [F (2, 124) = 4.11 p = .019, ηp² = 0.06]. Post hoc tests showed that AAS dependents exhibited poorer EFs and reported more psychological distress compared to non-users. CONCLUSION AAS dependence is associated with executive dysfunction, which might be related to continued abuse despite adverse side-effects and social consequences. Increased awareness of executive dysfunction could have important implications for treatment and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E Hauger
- The Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Research Group, National Advisory Unit on Substance Use Disorder Treatment, the Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Postbox 4959, Nydalen, Norway.
| | - Lars T Westlye
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Postbox 1094, Blindern, Norway; NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Postbox 4956, Nydalen, Norway
| | - Astrid Bjørnebekk
- The Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Research Group, National Advisory Unit on Substance Use Disorder Treatment, the Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Postbox 4959, Nydalen, Norway
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Profiling of anabolic androgenic steroids and selective androgen receptor modulators for interference with adrenal steroidogenesis. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 172:113781. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hauger LE, Westlye LT, Fjell AM, Walhovd KB, Bjørnebekk A. Structural brain characteristics of anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence in men. Addiction 2019; 114:1405-1415. [PMID: 30955206 PMCID: PMC6767448 DOI: 10.1111/add.14629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify differences in brain morphology between dependent and non-dependent male anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) users. DESIGN This study used cross-sectional data from a longitudinal study on male weightlifters. PARTICIPANTS Oslo University Hospital, Norway. SETTING Eighty-one AAS users were divided into two groups; AAS-dependent (n = 43) and AAS-non-dependent (n = 38). MEASUREMENTS Neuroanatomical volumes and cerebral cortical thickness were estimated based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using FreeSurfer. Background and health information were obtained using a semi-structured interview. AAS-dependence was evaluated in a standardized clinical interview using a version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, adapted to apply to AAS-dependence. FINDINGS Compared with non-dependent users, dependent users had significantly thinner cortex in three clusters of the right hemisphere and in five clusters of the left hemisphere, including frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital regions. Profound differences were seen in frontal regions (left pars orbitalis, cluster-wise P < 0.001, right superior frontal, cluster-wise P < 0.001), as has been observed in other dependencies. Group differences were also seen when excluding participants with previous or current non-AAS drug abuse (left pre-central, cluster-wise P < 0.001, left pars orbitalis, cluster-wise P = 0.010). CONCLUSION Male dependent anabolic-androgenic steroid users appear to have thinner cortex in widespread regions, specifically in pre-frontal areas involved in inhibitory control and emotional regulation, compared with non-dependent anabolic-androgenic steroid users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa E. Hauger
- The Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Research Group, National Advisory Unit on Substance Use Disorder Treatment, the Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Lars T. Westlye
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloNorway,Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Anders M. Fjell
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway,Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Kristine B. Walhovd
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of PsychologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway,Department of Radiology and Nuclear MedicineOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Astrid Bjørnebekk
- The Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Research Group, National Advisory Unit on Substance Use Disorder Treatment, the Division of Mental Health and AddictionOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
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Karimooy FN, Bideskan AE, Pour AM, Hoseini SM. Neurotoxic Effects of Stanozolol on Male Rats‘ Hippocampi: Does Stanozolol cause apoptosis? Biomol Concepts 2019; 10:73-81. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2019-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractStanozolol is an anabolic-androgenic steroid which is commonly abused by athletes for improved energy, appearance, and physical size. It has been previously shown to cause changes in behaviour and has various physical effects. Studies have previously been conducted on its neurotoxic effect on the central nervous system (CNS), which are typically psychological in nature. This study was performed to investigate the apoptotic effect of stanozolol on different parts of the rat hippocampus. Sixteen male Wistar rats were divided randomly into two groups (experimental and control). The experimental group received subcutaneous injections of stanozolol (5mg/kg/day) for consecutive 28 days, whereas the control group received saline using the same dosing schedule and administration route. After routine procedures, coronal sections of rat brain were stained with Toluidine blue and TUNEL for pre-apoptotic and apoptotic cell detection, respectively. In order to compare groups, the mean number of TUNEL-positive and pre-apoptotic neurons per unit area were calculated and analysed. Histopathological examination revealed that the mean number of pre-apoptotic and apoptotic neurons in the CA1, CA2, CA3 and DG areas of the hippocampus were significantly increased in the stanozolol treated group. In conclusion, stanozolol abuse may induce pre-apoptotic and apoptotic cell formation in different regions of the hippocampus.
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Stillman MA, Glick ID, McDuff D, Reardon CL, Hitchcock ME, Fitch VM, Hainline B. Psychotherapy for mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes: a narrative review. Br J Sports Med 2019; 53:767-771. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundAthletes, like non-athletes, suffer from mental health symptoms and disorders that affect their lives and their performance. Psychotherapy, either as the sole treatment or combined with other non-pharmacological and pharmacological strategies, is a pivotal component of management of mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes. Psychotherapy takes the form of individual, couples/family or group therapy and should address athlete-specific issues while being embraced as normative by athletes and their core stakeholders.Main findingsThis narrative review summarises controlled and non-controlled research on psychotherapy for elite athletes with mental health symptoms and disorders. In summary, treatment is similar to that of non-athletes—although with attention to issues that are athlete-specific. Challenges associated with psychotherapy with elite athletes are discussed, including diagnostic issues, deterrents to help-seeking and expectations about services. We describe certain personality characteristics sometimes associated with elite athletes, including narcissism and aggression, which could make psychotherapy with this population more challenging. The literature regarding psychotherapeutic interventions in elite athletes is sparse and largely anecdotal.
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Park M, Sim J, Jeon Y, Yeon S, Lee J, In S. Determination of boldenone in postmortem specimens including blood and urine samples using LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 169:111-115. [PMID: 30851513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Boldenone (BOLD), one of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS), although banned in humans, is still available illegally. AAS abuse has previously been associated with various cardiovascular adverse events including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, and sudden death. In this study, the concentration of BOLD was determined in postmortem specimens from the corpse of a human male who intentionally injected BOLD undecylenate into his shoulder muscle. In addition, the endogenous levels of BOLD in the blood and urine samples of young human males have been reported. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method with solid-phase extraction (SPE) was developed and validated for the analysis of BOLD in blood, muscular tissue and urine samples. The validation parameters including linearity, accuracy, precision, matrix effect, and recovery were satisfactory. The concentrations of BOLD in the blood of 20 young human males who didn't take BOLD were under the limit of quantitation (LOQ, 0.5 ng/mL). Additionally, the mean level of BOLD in the urine samples was 3.19 ± 1.65 ng/mL (range: 0.37˜6.02 ng/mL). The concentrations of BOLD in the victim's blood from the femoral vein and heart were 140.44 and 25.74 ng/mL, respectively. On the other hand, those in the muscular tissue from the injection site and the urine sample were 142.3 ng/g and 3474 ng/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meejung Park
- Forensic Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26430, Republic of Korea.
| | - Juhyun Sim
- Forensic Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26430, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoon Jeon
- Forensic Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26430, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghoon Yeon
- Forensic Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26430, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesin Lee
- Forensic Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26430, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwhan In
- Forensic Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26430, Republic of Korea
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Shirpoor A, Heshmatian B, Tofighi A, Eliasabad SN, Kheradmand F, Zerehpoosh M. Nandrolone administration with or without strenuous exercise increases cardiac fatal genes overexpression, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinaseiiδ, and monoamine oxidase activities and enhances blood pressure in adult wistar rats. Gene 2019; 697:131-137. [PMID: 30802539 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Misuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) increases prevalence of cardiovascular abnormalities in athletes, and the underlying molecular mechanism involved in those abnormalities continues to be investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic nandrolone exposure on alpha and beta-myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms gene expression transition, blood pressure related parameters, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinaseIIδ (CaMKIIδ), and monoamine oxidase (MAO) activities in rats' hearts. It was also planned to evaluate the effect of strenuous exercise on cardiac abnormalities induced by nandrolone. Thirty-two male wistar rats were assigned into four groups, namely control, nandrolone, nandrolone with strenuous exercise, and strenuous exercise groups. Nandrolone consumption significantly increased systolic, diastolic, pulse and dicrotic pressure, mean arterial pressure, as well as the amplitude of first peak (H1). Moreover, exercise combined with nandrolone completely masked this effect. The mRNA expression of β-MHC and the ratio of β -MHC/α -MHC showed a significant increase in the nandrolone and nandrolone with strenuous exercise groups compared to those in the control group. The values of heart tissue calcium/calmoldulin-dependent protein kinase IIδ (CaMKIIδ), and monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the nandrolone, nandrolone with strenuous exercise and exercise groups were significantly higher than those values in the control group. These findings indicate that nandrolone-induced heart and hemodynamic abnormalities may in part be associated with MHC isoform changes and Ca2+ homeostasis changes mediated by increased CaMKIIδ and MAO activities and that these effects can be provoked via strenuous exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Shirpoor
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Nephrology and Kidney, Transplant Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Behnam Heshmatian
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Asghar Tofighi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Soheila Najafi Eliasabad
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kheradmand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mitra Zerehpoosh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Cheruiyot I, Olabu B, Kamau M, Ongeti K, Mandela P. Histomorphological changes in the common carotid artery of the male rat in induced hypogonadism. Anat Cell Biol 2018; 51:284-291. [PMID: 30637163 PMCID: PMC6318456 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2018.51.4.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of androgens in the development of cardiovascular diseases remains controversial. The current study therefore sought to determine the changes in the histomorphology of the common carotid artery of the male rat in orchidectomy-induced hypogonadism. Twenty-two Rattus norvegicus male rats aged 2 months were used. The rats were randomly assigned into baseline (n=4), experimental (n=9), and control (n=9) groups. Hypogonadism was surgically induced in the experimental group by bilateral orchiectomy under local anesthesia. At experiment weeks 3, 6, and 9, three rats from each group (experimental and control) were euthanized, their common carotid artery harvested, and routine processing was done for paraffin embedding, sectioning, and staining. The photomicrographs were taken using a digital photomicroscope for morphometric analysis. Orchidectomy resulted in the development of vascular fibrosis, with a significant increase in collagen fiber density and decrease in smooth muscle and elastic fiber density. Moreover, there was development of intimal hyperplasia, with fragmentation of medial elastic lamellae in the common carotid artery of the castrated rats. Orchidectomy induces adverse changes in structure of the common carotid artery of the male rat. These changes may impair vascular function, therefore constituting a possible structural basis for the higher incidences of cardiovascular diseases observed in hypogonadism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Cheruiyot
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Beda Olabu
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Martin Kamau
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kevin Ongeti
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Pamela Mandela
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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Mohd Mutalip SS, Shah AM, Mohamad M, Mani V, Hussin SN, Surindar Singh GK. Pubertal anabolic androgenic steroid exposure in male rats affects levels of gonadal steroids, mating frequency, and pregnancy outcome. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 30:29-36. [PMID: 30074896 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2017-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Testosterone, nandrolone, and stanozolol are among the highly consumed anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs). Although the desired effects of AAS are being achieved by the abusers, unfortunately, this leads to numerous physical and physiological side effects. The present study was designed to investigate and determine whether early pubertal exposure to AAS treatment had detrimental effects on blood testosterone and estradiol concentrations, mating behavior, and pregnancy outcome during the pubertal period in male rats. Materials Early pubertal rats (PND41) were given two doses (2.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) each of testosterone, nandrolone, and stanozolol subcutaneously for 6 weeks. Upon completion, three rats with the highest weight were chosen from each group for mating with the females, in a ratio of one male to two females for 10 days. After 10 days, all male rats were sacrificed to obtain the testes for weight recording, and blood samples were collected for testosterone and estradiol quantitation. Pregnant females were housed separately until birth, and the number of offsprings produced was counted. Results The results clearly show a reduction in reproductive hormonal and behavioral parameters between testosterone and nandrolone, and testosterone and stanozolol. Stanozolol administration exhibited suppressing effects in all parameters including testicular weight deterioration, serum testosterone and estradiol reduction, low mating preferences, and declined pregnancy outcome. Conclusions AAS exposure during the onset of puberty results in reproductive detrimental effects, which are postulated to affect the pregnancy rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Syairah Mohd Mutalip
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aishah Mohd Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital Tuanku Ja'afar, Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Mashani Mohamad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vasudevan Mani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah, Kingdom ofSaudi Arabia
| | - Siti Nooraishah Hussin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gurmeet Kaur Surindar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Life Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia, Phone: +60332584751, Fax: +60332584602
- Brain Degeneration and Therapeutics Group, Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Community of Research, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Chaudhari S, Cushen SC, Osikoya O, Jaini PA, Posey R, Mathis KW, Goulopoulou S. Mechanisms of Sex Disparities in Cardiovascular Function and Remodeling. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:375-411. [PMID: 30549017 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies demonstrate disparities between men and women in cardiovascular disease prevalence, clinical symptoms, treatments, and outcomes. Enrollment of women in clinical trials is lower than men, and experimental studies investigating molecular mechanisms and efficacy of certain therapeutics in cardiovascular disease have been primarily conducted in male animals. These practices bias data interpretation and limit the implication of research findings in female clinical populations. This review will focus on the biological origins of sex differences in cardiovascular physiology, health, and disease, with an emphasis on the sex hormones, estrogen and testosterone. First, we will briefly discuss epidemiological evidence of sex disparities in cardiovascular disease prevalence and clinical manifestation. Second, we will describe studies suggesting sexual dimorphism in normal cardiovascular function from fetal life to older age. Third, we will summarize and critically discuss the current literature regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of estrogens and androgens on cardiac and vascular physiology and the contribution of these hormones to sex differences in cardiovascular disease. Fourth, we will present cardiovascular disease risk factors that are positively associated with the female sex, and thus, contributing to increased cardiovascular risk in women. We conclude that inclusion of both men and women in the investigation of the role of estrogens and androgens in cardiovascular physiology will advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying sex differences in cardiovascular disease. In addition, investigating the role of sex-specific factors in the development of cardiovascular disease will reduce sex and gender disparities in the treatment and diagnosis of cardiovascular disease. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:375-411, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Chaudhari
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Spencer C Cushen
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Oluwatobiloba Osikoya
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Paresh A Jaini
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Rachel Posey
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Keisa W Mathis
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Styliani Goulopoulou
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
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Mudrak J, Slepicka P, Slepickova I. Sport motivation and doping in adolescent athletes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205222. [PMID: 30286200 PMCID: PMC6171920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although performance-enhancing drugs appear to be prevalent in adolescent sports, relatively little attention has been paid to why adolescent athletes decide to use these drugs. In this study, we examine doping among adolescents from a motivational perspective and explore how motivational variables, such as achievement goal orientations and the perceived self-determination of sports activities, may be related to moral attitudes, doping intentions and doping behavior in adolescents who participate in competitive sports. Methodology The study included 1035 adolescents participating in competitive sports from all regions of the Czech Republic (mean age = 16.3 years). The respondents completed a battery of questionnaires assessing their achievement goal orientations (task, ego), sports motivation at various levels of self-determination (intrinsic motivation, external regulation, amotivation), moral attitudes toward sport competition (acceptance of cheating, keeping winning in proportion, attitudes toward doping), doping intentions and doping behavior. A structural equation model was used to test the relations among motivational variables, attitudes, intentions and doping behavior. Principal results Our analyses indicated a good fit with the proposed model, which explained 59% of the variance in doping intentions and 17.6% of the variance in doping behavior. Within the model, task orientation was positively associated with intrinsic motivation and lower amotivation, whereas ego orientation was positively associated with extrinsic regulation and amotivation. Furthermore, intrinsic motivation was positively associated with keeping winning in proportion and negatively associated with acceptance of cheating and attitudes toward doping; the less self-determined forms of motivation showed opposite relationships. However, only the acceptance of cheating and attitudes toward doping were related to doping intention, which subsequently predicted doping behavior. Conclusions/Significance The results provide further evidence that sports motivation represents a psychological variable that should be considered in anti-doping policies, programs, and interventions aimed at the adolescent population because motivation was linked to the doping-related attitudinal variables and also partially mediated the effect of achievement goal orientations in this regard. On the basis of these results, we may argue that the focus on intrinsic enjoyment, self-referenced criteria of success and self-improvement may be related to more negative attitudes toward doping and cheating, lower doping intentions and less frequent doping behavior, whereas the emphasis on competition, comparison with others and external motivation appear to be related to the opposite outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Mudrak
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology and Didactics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Pavel Slepicka
- Department of Pedagogy, Psychology and Didactics, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Slepickova
- Department of Kinanthropology and Humanities, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Lu M, Wang P, Ge Y, Dworkin L, Brem A, Liu Z, Gong R. Activation of mineralocorticoid receptor by ecdysone, an adaptogenic and anabolic ecdysteroid, promotes glomerular injury and proteinuria involving overactive GSK3β pathway signaling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12225. [PMID: 30111886 PMCID: PMC6093907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29483-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecdysone is an arthropod molting hormone and has been marketed as a non-androgenic natural anabolic and adaptogen. However, the safety profile of ecdysone is largely undetermined. After ecdysone treatment for 2 weeks, mice developed albuminuria with histologic signs of glomerular injury, including hypertrophy, mesangial expansion, mild glomerulosclerosis and podocyte injury. A direct glomerulopathic activity of ecdysone seems to contribute, since addition of ecdysone to cultured glomerular cells induced cytopathic changes, including apoptosis, activation of mesangial cells, podocyte shape changes and a decreased expression of podocyte markers. To explore the molecular target responsible for the pathogenic actions, we employed an in silico modeling system of compound-protein interaction and identified mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) as one of the top-ranking proteins with putative interactions with ecdysone. The molecular structure of ecdysone was highly homologous to mineralocorticoids, like aldosterone. Moreover, ecdysone was capable of both inducing and activating MR, as evidenced by MR nuclear accumulation in glomerular cells both in vitro and in vivo following ecdysone treatment. Mechanistically, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β, which has been recently implicated in pathogenesis of glomerular injury and proteinuria, was hyperactivated in glomeruli in ecdysone-treated mice, concomitant with diverse glomerulopathic changes. In contrast, spironolactone, a selective blockade of MR, largely abolished the cytopathic effect of ecdysone in vitro and attenuated albuminuria and glomerular lesions in ecdysone treated mice, associated with a mitigated GSK3β overactivity in glomeruli. Altogether, ecdysone seems able to activate MR and thereby promote glomerular injury and proteinuria involving overactive GSK3β pathway signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglei Lu
- Institute of Nephrology, Blood Purification Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio, United States
| | - Pei Wang
- Institute of Nephrology, Blood Purification Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Yan Ge
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Lance Dworkin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio, United States
| | - Andrew Brem
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Zhangsuo Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Blood Purification Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Rujun Gong
- Institute of Nephrology, Blood Purification Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
- Division of Kidney Disease and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island, United States.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio, United States.
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Shalaby AM, Bahey NG. Reversal of the hepatic damage induced by the supraphysiological dose of nandrolone decanoate after its withdrawal in the adult male rat. Tissue Cell 2018; 53:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Garner O, Iardino A, Ramirez A, Yakoby M. Cardiomyopathy induced by anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2017-223891. [PMID: 30037963 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-223891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bodybuilders use anabolic-androgenic steroids to increase muscle mass, but abuse of these hormones has been related to cardiomyopathy in the past. A 60-year-old Caucasian male bodybuilder with medical history of male hypogonadism and on testosterone replacement therapy, allegedly preparing for a weightlifting competition and receiving stem cell infusions from his trainer, is transferred to the intensive care unit for worsening shortness of breath after failing treatment for community-acquired pneumonia. Chest X-ray on transfer was suggestive of pulmonary oedema, and transthoracic echocardiography showed an ejection fraction of 25%-30%. The patient was taken for cardiac catheterisation, which yielded non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy. His testosterone levels were supratherapeutic. Anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse can be a cause of cardiomyopathy in patients who have no other risk factor for such disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Garner
- Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center at the Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas, USA
| | - Alfredo Iardino
- Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center at the Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas, USA
| | - Ana Ramirez
- Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center at the Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas, USA
| | - Maty Yakoby
- Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center at the Permian Basin, Odessa, Texas, USA
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Kara M, Ozcagli E, Kotil T, Alpertunga B. Effects of stanozolol on apoptosis mechanisms and oxidative stress in rat cardiac tissue. Steroids 2018; 134:96-100. [PMID: 29477345 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stanozolol is a widely used 17α-alkylated anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) derivative. Despite stanozolol's adverse effects, its effect on oxidative stress parameters and mitochondrial apoptosis pathway is not clearly defined. In our study, thirty four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups as control (C), vehicle control (VC), steroid (ST), vehicle control-exercise (VCE), and steroid-exercise (STE). Animals were subcutaneously administered stanozolol 5 mg/kg in steroid groups and propylene glycol 1 ml/kg in the vehicle-control groups. On the 28th day-after sacrification, oxidative stress (MDA, GSH, PC, SOD, CAT) and apoptosis parameters (TUNEL, Cytochrome-c) in cardiac tissue were evaluated. Also, blood vessel morphology of cardiac tissue was evaluated with Verhoeff-van Giesen staining. It has been demonstrated that stanozolol administration triggers apoptosis by using TUNEL assay and cytochrome-c immunohistochemical staining intensity, while this effect is significantly reduced in the presence of exercise. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that stanozolol administration induces apoptosis with increasing PC and CAT levels, while GSH, MDA and SOD parameters do not reveal any significant change. Exercise has a protective role in stanozolol induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. According to Verhoeff-van Giesen staining results for blood vessel morphology assessment, it has been seen that exercise has a protective role on cardiac blood vessels. This mechanism needs further investigations with long term exposure studies for clarifying possible pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Kara
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Eren Ozcagli
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Kotil
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Buket Alpertunga
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Istanbul, Turkey
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42
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Avant RA, Charchenko CM, Alom M, Westerman ME, Maldonado F, Miest T, Trost L. Medication patterns and fertility rates in a cohort of anabolic steroid users. Transl Androl Urol 2018; 7:S198-S204. [PMID: 29928618 PMCID: PMC5989110 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2018.05.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To describe self-reported medication patterns and fertility rates in a population of anabolic steroid (AS) users. METHODS We reviewed data from an online survey of AS users and identified a sub-group who had attempted to achieve a pregnancy with their partners while using AS. The online survey consisted of questions addressing demographics, AS use, ancillary medications, and fertility outcomes. RESULTS A total of 97 men (of 231 total respondents) had attempted to achieve a pregnancy while taking AS and comprise the current cohort. The majority of men were 25-44 years old (63.9%), married (75.5%) and Caucasian (88.7%). Ancillary drug use was common with only 5.2% denying drug use other than ASs. The most common reported ancillary drugs were antiestrogens (89.7%) and sexual enhancement medications (SEMs) (68%). The fertility rate was 92.8%, with 82.4% achieving pregnancy within one year. Interestingly, only 13.5% sought fertility evaluation with treatment required in 8.3%. Age at initiation of AS use, maximum dosage utilized, yearly duration of supplementation, and number of years using steroids were not associated with a prolonged duration to pregnancy or decreased rate of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Despite continued use of ASs, this cohort's self-reported fertility rates are unexpectedly high. This is presumably related to cycling of therapy and concomitant use of fertility preserving medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A Avant
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Manaf Alom
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Tanner Miest
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Landon Trost
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Almaiman AA, Almaiman SH, Elagamy EI, Al Wutayd O, Almarzuqi M, Alzunaidi R, Alhatlani S, Eid EE. Side effects of anabolic steroids used by athletes at Unaizah Gyms, Saudi Arabia: a pilot study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:489-495. [PMID: 29687691 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08366-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of Saudi athletes are recently shown to use androgenic anabolic steroid (AAS) products to achieve rapid muscle growth without realizing the serious health risks of these drugs. Aim of this study was to elucidate the side effects encountered with prolonged use of AAS products by Saudi athletes. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted, in which 16 regular gym members, 12 of them used AAS, were asked to answer a questionnaire and provide blood samples following current AAS course completion. Hemoglobin, serum proteins, lipid profile and hematological parameters were measured. Meanwhile, the parameters of kidneys, liver, heart, and immune system function were monitored. RESULTS The subjects reported taking a 3-month course of an AAS comprising three compounds (testosterone enanthate, nandrolone decanoate and methandienone). A two-week gap separated every two courses, during which tamoxifen citrate (40 mg per day) and clomiphene citrate (10 mg per day) were taken to control serum testosterone levels. The intake of AAS one course had remarkable effects on some parameters related to kidney function. However, AAS three courses or more treatments showed abnormal liver and heart enzymes. Moreover, endogenous testosterone levels decreased dramatically with prolonged use of AAS (more than 10 courses). Alpha 2 protein increased by taking more than 10 courses, which might cause acute phase reactant of liver infection or inflammation. CONCLUSIONS AAS products must be controlled by Saudi ministry of health and should not be taken randomly without the supervision of the healthcare professional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer A Almaiman
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, College of Community (Unaizah), Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia -
| | - Sulaiman H Almaiman
- Laboratory at King Saud Hospital, Ministry of Health, Unaizah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elsayed I Elagamy
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, College of Community (Unaizah), Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Al Wutayd
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Unaizah College of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Almarzuqi
- Department of Applied Medical Sciences, College of Community (Unaizah), Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rayyan Alzunaidi
- Laboratory at King Saud Hospital, Ministry of Health, Unaizah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami Alhatlani
- Laboratory at King Saud Hospital, Ministry of Health, Unaizah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eltayeb E Eid
- Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
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Salerno M, Cascio O, Bertozzi G, Sessa F, Messina A, Monda V, Cipolloni L, Biondi A, Daniele A, Pomara C. Anabolic androgenic steroids and carcinogenicity focusing on Leydig cell: a literature review. Oncotarget 2018; 9:19415-19426. [PMID: 29721213 PMCID: PMC5922407 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are some of the most common drugs used among athletes, frequently in combination with resistance training, to improve physical performance or for aesthetic purpose. A great number of scientific reports showed the detrimental effects of anabolic androgenic steroids on different organs and tissues. In this literature review, we analyzed the AAS-mediated carcinogenicity, focusing on Leydig cell tumor. AAS-induced carcinogenicity can affect DNA transcription through two pathways. It can act directly via the androgen receptor, by means of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) produced by the action of 5-a-reductase. It can also work through the estrogen receptor, by means of estradiol produced by CYP19 aromatase. In addition, nandrolone and stanazolol can activate the PI3K/AKT and PLC/PKC pathways via IGF-1. This would result in cell proliferation in Leydig cell cancer, or magnify cyclin D1 concentration inducing breast cell proliferation. AAS abuse is becoming a serious public health concern in view of the severe health consequences secondary to AAS abuse. The negative role of AAS in supraphysiological dosage impairs the expression of enzymes involved in testosterone biosynthesis. Abnormal synthesis of testosterone plays has a negative effect on the hormonal changes/regulation, and might be involved in certain carcinogenic mechanisms. At the light of this review, it could become very interesting to perform an information campaign more strengthened in gyms and schools in order to prevent male fertility impairment and other tissues damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Salerno
- University of Foggia, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia, Italy
| | - Orazio Cascio
- University of Catania, Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies, "G.F. Ingrassia", Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bertozzi
- University of Foggia, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesco Sessa
- University of Foggia, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Department of Experimental Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Department of Experimental Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Cipolloni
- Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Department of Public Health, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Biondi
- University of Catania, Department of Surgery, Catania, Italy
| | - Aurora Daniele
- University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate S.C. a r.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Pomara
- University of Catania, Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies, "G.F. Ingrassia", Catania, Italy
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Mohapatra S, Chakraborty S. A Young Male with Bilateral Gynecomastia. Clin Chem 2018; 64:756. [PMID: 29592910 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.280412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Huang G, Basaria S. Do anabolic-androgenic steroids have performance-enhancing effects in female athletes? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 464:56-64. [PMID: 28711608 PMCID: PMC6371806 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Doping with anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) is common among both male and female athletes and is a growing public health problem. Review of historical data of systematic state-sponsored doping programs implemented by the German Democratic Republic in elite female athletes and from clinical trials of testosterone administration in non-athlete women suggests that AAS have ergogenic effects in women. The use of AAS in female athletes has been associated with adverse effects that include acne, hirsutism, deepening of the voice and menstrual disturbances; life-threatening adverse effects such as cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death have also been reported. Therefore, detection of AAS abuse in female athletes is important to ensure fairness in competition; at the same time, the athletes should be educated regarding the adverse consequences of AAS use. Although administration of exogenous androgens have been associated with ergogenic effects, it remains unclear whether endogenous hyperandrogenism seen in some medical conditions such as disorders of sexual development (DSD), congenital adrenal hyperplasia and polycystic ovary syndrome, confers any competitive advantage. Well-designed studies are needed to determine the effects of endogenous hyperandrogenism on athletic performance in female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Huang
- Section of Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Shehzad Basaria
- Section of Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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He G, Wu Y, Lu J. Doping control analysis of 13 steroids and structural-like analytes in human urine using Quadrupole-Orbitrap LC-MS/MS with parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mode. Steroids 2018; 131:1-6. [PMID: 29274404 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) and structural-like substances are commonly prohibited substances found in doping control studies that can be difficult to accurately detect. In the present study, 11 AASs and 2 structural-like substances that are commonly detected were examined. Currently, such analytes are detected using low resolution GC-MS/MS or LC-MS/MS, with detection not always possible. Herein, the high resolution Quadrupole-Orbitrap liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry LC-MS/MS system Q Exactive was utilized to increase the specificity. This approach was then combined for the first time with parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) during the screening procedure. The results confirmed high specificity, with the LODs of all 13 analytes being at least 25-fold lower than corresponding MRPLs as defined by WADA. Furthermore, the extraction recoveries were above 70% and the intra- and inter-day precisions were lower than 15%. This approach was successfully applied to analyze over 10,000 samples with no false-positive or false-negative results, thus suggesting that Quadrupole-Orbitrap LC-MS/MS when combined with PRM is an effective method for doping control analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genye He
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yun Wu
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jianghai Lu
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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Badawy AAB. Modulation of Tryptophan and Serotonin Metabolism as a Biochemical Basis of the Behavioral Effects of Use and Withdrawal of Androgenic-Anabolic Steroids and Other Image- and Performance-Enhancing Agents. Int J Tryptophan Res 2018; 11:1178646917753422. [PMID: 29487480 PMCID: PMC5821294 DOI: 10.1177/1178646917753422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of tryptophan (Trp) metabolism may underpin the behavioral effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS) and associated image and performance enhancers. Euphoria, arousal, and decreased anxiety observed with moderate use and exercise may involve enhanced cerebral serotonin synthesis and function by increased release of albumin-bound Trp and estrogen-mediated liver Trp 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) inhibition and enhancement of serotonin function. Aggression, anxiety, depression, personality disorders, and psychosis, observed on withdrawal of AAS or with use of large doses, can be caused by decreased serotonin synthesis due to TDO induction on withdrawal, excess Trp inhibiting the 2 enzymes of serotonin synthesis, and increased cerebral levels of neuroactive kynurenines. Exercise and excessive protein and branched-chain amino acid intakes may aggravate the effects of large AAS dosage. The hypothesis is testable in humans and experimental animals by measuring parameters of Trp metabolism and disposition and related metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulla A-B Badawy
- Cardiff School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Roman M, Roman DL, Ostafe V, Ciorsac A, Isvoran A. Computational Assessment of Pharmacokinetics and Biological Effects of Some Anabolic and Androgen Steroids. Pharm Res 2018; 35:41. [PMID: 29404794 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to use computational approaches to predict the ADME-Tox profiles, pharmacokinetics, molecular targets, biological activity spectra and side/toxic effects of 31 anabolic and androgen steroids in humans. METHODS The following computational tools are used: (i) FAFDrugs4, SwissADME and admetSARfor obtaining the ADME-Tox profiles and for predicting pharmacokinetics;(ii) SwissTargetPrediction and PASS online for predicting the molecular targets and biological activities; (iii) PASS online, Toxtree, admetSAR and Endocrine Disruptomefor envisaging the specific toxicities; (iv) SwissDock to assess the interactions of investigated steroids with cytochromes involved in drugs metabolism. RESULTS Investigated steroids usually reveal a high gastrointestinal absorption and a good oral bioavailability, may inhibit someof the human cytochromes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics (CYP2C9 being the most affected) and reflect a good capacity for skin penetration. There are predicted numerous side effects of investigated steroids in humans: genotoxic carcinogenicity, hepatotoxicity, cardiovascular, hematotoxic and genitourinary effects, dermal irritations, endocrine disruption and reproductive dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS These results are important to be known as an occupational exposure to anabolic and androgenic steroids at workplaces may occur and because there also is a deliberate human exposure to steroids for their performance enhancement and anti-aging properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Roman
- Department of Biology-Chemistry and Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi, 300115, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Diana Larisa Roman
- Department of Biology-Chemistry and Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi, 300115, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Vasile Ostafe
- Department of Biology-Chemistry and Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi, 300115, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alecu Ciorsac
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adriana Isvoran
- Department of Biology-Chemistry and Advanced Environmental Research Laboratories, West University of Timisoara, 16 Pestalozzi, 300115, Timisoara, Romania.
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Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) and other hormones such as growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) have been shown to increase muscle mass in patients suffering from various diseases related to muscle atrophy. Despite known side-effects associated with supraphysiologic doses of such drugs, their anabolic effects have led to their widespread use and abuse by bodybuilders and athletes such as strength athletes seeking to improve performance and muscle mass. On the other hand, resistance training (RT) has also been shown to induce significant endogenous hormonal (testosterone (T), GH, IGF-1) elevations. Therefore, some bodybuilders employ RT protocols designed to elevate hormonal levels in order to maximize anabolic responses. In this article, we reviewed current RT protocol outcomes with and without performance enhancing drug usage. Acute RT-induced hormonal elevations seem not to be directly correlated with muscle growth. On the other hand, supplementation with AAS and other hormones might lead to supraphysiological muscle hypertrophy, especially when different compounds are combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Fink
- a Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology , Juntendo University , Tokyo , Japan
| | | | - Koichi Nakazato
- c Graduate Schools of Health and Sport Science , Nippon Sport Science University , Tokyo , Japan
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