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Ossola R, Farmer D. The Chemical Landscape of Leaf Surfaces and Its Interaction with the Atmosphere. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5764-5794. [PMID: 38652704 PMCID: PMC11082906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric chemists have historically treated leaves as inert surfaces that merely emit volatile hydrocarbons. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that leaves are ubiquitous substrates for multiphase reactions-implying the presence of chemicals on their surfaces. This Review provides an overview of the chemistry and reactivity of the leaf surface's "chemical landscape", the dynamic ensemble of compounds covering plant leaves. We classified chemicals as endogenous (originating from the plant and its biome) or exogenous (delivered from the environment), highlighting the biological, geographical, and meteorological factors driving their contributions. Based on available data, we predicted ≫2 μg cm-2 of organics on a typical leaf, leading to a global estimate of ≫3 Tg for multiphase reactions. Our work also highlighted three major knowledge gaps: (i) the overlooked role of ambient water in enabling the leaching of endogenous substances and mediating aqueous chemistry; (ii) the importance of phyllosphere biofilms in shaping leaf surface chemistry and reactivity; (iii) the paucity of studies on the multiphase reactivity of atmospheric oxidants with leaf-adsorbed chemicals. Although biased toward available data, we hope this Review will spark a renewed interest in the leaf surface's chemical landscape and encourage multidisciplinary collaborations to move the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Ossola
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado
State University, 80523 Fort Collins, Colorado (United States)
| | - Delphine Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado
State University, 80523 Fort Collins, Colorado (United States)
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2
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Pollution of the Environment and Pollen: A Review. STRESSES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/stresses2040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bioindication of the environment is one of the actively developing directions of ecology. Information about pollutants and the level of environmental pollution can be obtained as a result of studying the biological reaction of plants to pollution. Ecological palynology is a new direction, when pollen of various woody and herbaceous species is used for bioindication of the level of environmental pollution and the presence of mutagens. The review considers the morphological variability of pollen, its fertility and viability under the influence of pollutants, the possibility of its use as a bioindicator of pollution of urban areas by emissions of vehicle transport and industry.
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Nachtnebel M, Führer B, Ettenberger-Bornberg G, Mertl J, Kaufmann L, Schroettner H, Rattenberger J. Determination of ragweed allergen Amb a 1 distribution in aerosols using ELISA and immunogold scanning electron microscopy. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. GLOBAL 2022; 1:265-272. [PMID: 37779543 PMCID: PMC10509994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacig.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Ragweed as an invasive species in Europe has become more important for allergy sufferers in the last decade. Because pollen fractions can be found in the respirable fraction of aerosols, they can generate severe disease progressions. Objective To obtain information about the concentration and distribution of 1 of the main ragweed allergens Ambrosia artemisiifolia 1 in the air of Vienna, PM10 and PM2.5 fine dust filters were analyzed. Methods Standard fine dust filters used for air quality monitoring were analyzed via ELISA and immunogold scanning electron microscopy. Results Via ELISA it was possible to show that already at pollen season start in August a recognizably high A artemisiifolia 1 concentration can be found. In addition, the allergen concentration in the air stays comparatively high after the peak season has ended even when the pollen concentration drops to a moderate level. The immunogold electron microscopy investigation directly applied on filters shows that the allergen can be found on organic as well as on mixtures of organic and inorganic particles. A first semistatistical analysis of the labeled particle sizes indicates that a large number of the allergen carriers can be found within the smallest particle size range. Nevertheless, further investigations are needed to obtain enough particle counts for a significant statistical analysis. Conclusions It was possible to show that reliable results can be obtained from ELISA and immunogold scanning electron microscopy directly applied on filters that are used in air quality monitoring sites. By adaptation of the used protocols, it should be possible to obtain respective information about further allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernadette Führer
- Österreichisches Forschungsinstitut für Chemie und Technik (OFI), Franz-Grill-Straße 5/Objekt 213, Wien, Austria
| | | | - Johannes Mertl
- Österreichisches Forschungsinstitut für Chemie und Technik (OFI), Franz-Grill-Straße 5/Objekt 213, Wien, Austria
| | - Lilian Kaufmann
- Österreichisches Forschungsinstitut für Chemie und Technik (OFI), Franz-Grill-Straße 5/Objekt 213, Wien, Austria
| | - Hartmuth Schroettner
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy (ZFE), Steyrergasse, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Rattenberger
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy (ZFE), Steyrergasse, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis (FELMI), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, Graz, Austria
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Cabrera M, Subiza J, Fernández-Caldas E, Garzón García B, Moreno-Grau S, Subiza JL. Influence of environmental drivers on allergy to pollen grains in a case study in Spain (Madrid): meteorological factors, pollutants, and airborne concentration of aeroallergens. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:53614-53628. [PMID: 34032952 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare airborne levels of Phl p 1 and Phl p 5, with Poaceae pollen concentrations inside and outside of the pollen season, and to evaluate their association with symptoms in grass allergic patients and the influence of climate and pollution. The Hirst and the Burkard Cyclone samplers were used for pollen and allergen quantification, respectively. The sampling period ran from 23 March 2009 to 27 July 2010. Twenty-three patients with seasonal allergic asthma and rhinitis used an electronic symptom card. The aerosol was extracted and quantified for Phl p 1 and Phl p 5 content. Descriptive statistics, non-parametric paired contrast of Wilcoxon, Spearman's correlations, and a categorical principal component analysis (CatPCA) were carried out. Significant variations in pollen, aeroallergen levels, pollen allergen potency, and symptoms score were observed in this study. Phl p 5 pollen allergen potency was higher at the beginning of the 2010 grass pollen season. Presence of Phl p 1 outside the pollen season with positive O3 correlation was clinically relevant. 45.5% of the variance was explained by two dimensions in the CatPCA analysis, showing the symptom relationships dissociated in two dimensions. In the first one, the more important relationship was with grass pollen grains concentration and Phl p 5 and to a lesser extent with Phl p 1 and levels of NO2 and O3, and in the second dimension, symptoms were associated with humidity and SO2. Clinically relevant out-season Phl p 1 was found with a positive O3 correlation. The effect of climate and pollution may have contributed to the higher seasonal allergic rhinitis symptom score recorded in 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Cabrera
- Servicio de Alergia, Hospital Los Madroños, Brunete, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Enrique Fernández-Caldas
- Inmunotek S.L., Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Belén Garzón García
- Unidad de Estadística, Secretaría Adjunta de Informática, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stella Moreno-Grau
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
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Ravindra K, Goyal A, Mor S. Does airborne pollen influence COVID-19 outbreak? SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY 2021; 70:102887. [PMID: 33816082 PMCID: PMC7999829 DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2021.102887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The fast spread of SARS-CoV-2 presented a worldwide challenge to public health, economy, and educational system, affecting wellbeing of human society. With high transmission rates, there are increasing evidences of COVID-19 spread via bioaerosols from an infected person. The current review was conducted to examine airborne pollen impact on COVID-19 transmission and to identify the major gaps for post-pandemic research. The study used all key terms to identify revenant literature and observation were collated for the current research. Based on existing literature, there is a potential association between pollen bioaerosols and COVID-19. There are few studies focusing the impact of airborne pollen on SARS-CoV-2, which could be useful to advance future research. Allergic rhinitis and asthma patients were found to have pre-modified immune activation, which could help to provide protection against COVID-19. However, does airborne pollen acts as a potent carrier for SARS-CoV-2 transport, dispersal and its proliferation still require multidisciplinary research. Further, a clear conclusion cannot be drawn due to limited evidence and hence more research is needed to show how pollen bioaerosols could affect virus survivals. The small but growing literature review focuses on searching for every possible answer to provide additional security layers to overcome near future corona-like infectious diseases.
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Key Words
- AAAAI, American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
- ACE-2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- Airborne pollen
- Allergic rhinitis
- Asthma
- Bioaerosols
- CCDC, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention
- CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- CESM, Community Earth System Model
- CMAQ, Community Multiscale Air Quality
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
- COVID-19
- ERS, European Respiratory Society
- FLI, flu-like illnesses
- GINA, Global Initiative for Asthma
- H1N1, Influenza A virus subtype H1N1
- H5N1, avian influenza virus
- IgE, Immunoglobulin E
- LDT, long-distance transport
- MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome
- NHC, National Health Commission
- RSV, Respiratory Syncytial Virus infection
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2
- STaMPS, Simulator of Timing and Magnitude of Pollen Season
- Virus
- WAO, World Allergy Organisation
- WHO, World Health Organization
- WRF, Weather Research Forecasting
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaiwal Ravindra
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Akshi Goyal
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Suman Mor
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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Mohammadi T, Sadatsafavi M, Carlsten C. The economics of precision health: preventing air pollution-induced exacerbation in asthma. ERJ Open Res 2021; 7:00790-2020. [PMID: 33778052 PMCID: PMC7983226 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00790-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The demonstrable value of precision medicine, in the context of common environmental exposures, has scarcely been explored. This study evaluated the cost effectiveness of a preventive personalised intervention to reduce the adverse effect of air pollution in the context of asthma. A decision–analytic model was used to conduct a cost-utility analysis of prevention interventions in case of acute exposure to air pollution in mild asthma. Three different strategies, as follows, were compared: no preventive intervention; precision health strategy based on information from genotype testing, followed with treating high-risk patients; and prescribing additional medication to all mild asthmatics as a preventive intervention. The costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) in the base case and alternative scenarios were obtained through probabilistic analysis. The results showed that the precision prevention intervention (anticipatory intervention for asthmatics, guided by relevant genetic abnormality, in the face of acute air pollution) is a cost-effective strategy compared with no such intervention, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of CAD 49 555 per QALY. Furthermore, this strategy is a dominant strategy compared with an intervention that prescribes medication indiscriminately to all asthmatics. The incorporation of genomic testing to stratify risk of asthmatics to pollution-driven exacerbations, and then tailoring a preventive intervention accordingly, may be cost effective relative to untailored methods. These results lend plausibility to the use of precision medicine for limiting asthma exacerbation in the context of air pollution and, potentially, other exposures. Glutathione-S-transferase genotyping to determine the use of preventive asthma medication in the face of air pollution is cost effective in this model. Precision prevention in the setting of common environmental exposures may be used in other contexts.https://bit.ly/35Lab4b
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Affiliation(s)
- Tima Mohammadi
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mohsen Sadatsafavi
- Collaboration for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chris Carlsten
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Dept of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Mechanistic Implications of Biomass-Derived Particulate Matter for Immunity and Immune Disorders. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9020018. [PMID: 33498426 PMCID: PMC7909393 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a major and the most harmful component of urban air pollution, which may adversely affect human health. PM exposure has been associated with several human diseases, notably respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. In particular, recent evidence suggests that exposure to biomass-derived PM associates with airway inflammation and can aggravate asthma and other allergic diseases. Defective or excess responsiveness in the immune system regulates distinct pathologies, such as infections, hypersensitivity, and malignancies. Therefore, PM-induced modulation of the immune system is crucial for understanding how it causes these diseases and highlighting key molecular mechanisms that can mitigate the underlying pathologies. Emerging evidence has revealed that immune responses to biomass-derived PM exposure are closely associated with the risk of diverse hypersensitivity disorders, including asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and allergen sensitization. Moreover, immunological alteration by PM accounts for increased susceptibility to infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Evidence-based understanding of the immunological effects of PM and the molecular machinery would provide novel insights into clinical interventions or prevention against acute and chronic environmental disorders induced by biomass-derived PM.
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8
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Plaza MP, Alcázar P, Oteros J, Galán C. Atmospheric pollutants and their association with olive and grass aeroallergen concentrations in Córdoba (Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:45447-45459. [PMID: 32789634 PMCID: PMC8197725 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cumulative data indicate that pollen grains and air pollution reciprocally interact. Climate changes seem also to influence pollen allergenicity. Depending on the plant species and on the pollutant type and concentration, this interaction may modify the features and metabolism of the pollen grain. Previous results revealed a significant positive correlation between pollen and aeroallergen, even using two different samplers. However, some discrepancy days have been also detected with low pollen but high aeroallergen concentrations. The main aim of the present paper is to find how the environmental factors, and specially pollutants, could affect the amount of allergens from olive and grass airborne pollen. Pollen grains were collected by a Hirst-type volumetric spore trap. Aeroallergen was simultaneously sampled by a low-volume Cyclone Burkard sampler. Phl p 5 and Ole e 1 aeroallergen were quantified by double-sandwich ELISA test. The data related to air pollutants, pollen grains, and aeroallergens were analyzed with descriptive statistic. Spearman's correlation test was used to identify potential correlations between these variables. There is a significant positive correlation between aeroallergens and airborne pollen concentrations, in both studied pollen types, so allergen concentrations could be explained with the pollen concentration. The days with unlinked events coincide between olive and grass allergens. Nevertheless, concerning to our results, pollutants do not affect the amount of allergens per pollen. Even if diverse pollutants show an unclear relationship with the allergen concentration, this association seems to be a casual effect of the leading role of some meteorological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pilar Plaza
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine, UNIKA-T, University of Augsburg - Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neusässer Str. 47, 86156, Augsburg, Germany.
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Purificación Alcázar
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Oteros
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Carmen Galán
- Department of Botany, Ecology and Plant Physiology, University of Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
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Joubert AI, Geppert M, Johnson L, Mills-Goodlet R, Michelini S, Korotchenko E, Duschl A, Weiss R, Horejs-Höck J, Himly M. Mechanisms of Particles in Sensitization, Effector Function and Therapy of Allergic Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1334. [PMID: 32714326 PMCID: PMC7344151 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have always been in contact with natural airborne particles from many sources including biologic particulate matter (PM) which can exhibit allergenic properties. With industrialization, anthropogenic and combustion-derived particles have become a major fraction. Currently, an ever-growing number of diverse and innovative materials containing engineered nanoparticles (NPs) are being developed with great expectations in technology and medicine. Nanomaterials have entered everyday products including cosmetics, textiles, electronics, sports equipment, as well as food, and food packaging. As part of natural evolution humans have adapted to the exposure to particulate matter, aiming to protect the individual's integrity and health. At the respiratory barrier, complications can arise, when allergic sensitization and pulmonary diseases occur in response to particle exposure. Particulate matter in the form of plant pollen, dust mites feces, animal dander, but also aerosols arising from industrial processes in occupational settings including diverse mixtures thereof can exert such effects. This review article gives an overview of the allergic immune response and addresses specifically the mechanisms of particulates in the context of allergic sensitization, effector function and therapy. In regard of the first theme (i), an overview on exposure to particulates and the functionalities of the relevant immune cells involved in allergic sensitization as well as their interactions in innate and adaptive responses are described. As relevant for human disease, we aim to outline (ii) the potential effector mechanisms that lead to the aggravation of an ongoing immune deviation (such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, etc.) by inhaled particulates, including NPs. Even though adverse effects can be exerted by (nano)particles, leading to allergic sensitization, and the exacerbation of allergic symptoms, promising potential has been shown for their use in (iii) therapeutic approaches of allergic disease, for example as adjuvants. Hence, allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is introduced and the role of adjuvants such as alum as well as the current understanding of their mechanisms of action is reviewed. Finally, future prospects of nanomedicines in allergy treatment are described, which involve modern platform technologies combining immunomodulatory effects at several (immuno-)functional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I Joubert
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mark Geppert
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Litty Johnson
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Robert Mills-Goodlet
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sara Michelini
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Evgeniia Korotchenko
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Albert Duschl
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Weiss
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jutta Horejs-Höck
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Himly
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Pałczyński C, Kupryś-Lipinska I, Wittczak T, Jassem E, Breborowicz A, Kuna P. The position paper of the Polish Society of Allergology on climate changes, natural disasters and allergy and asthma. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2018; 35:552-562. [PMID: 30618521 PMCID: PMC6320485 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2017.71273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The observed global climate change is an indisputable cause of the increased frequency of extreme weather events and related natural disasters. This phenomenon is observed all over the world including Poland. Moreover, Polish citizens as tourists are also exposed to climate phenomena that do not occur in our climate zone. Extreme weather events and related disasters can have a significant impact on people with allergic diseases, including asthma. These effects may be associated with the exposure to air pollution, allergens, and specific microclimate conditions. Under the auspices of the Polish Society of Allergology, experts in the field of environmental allergy prepared a statement on climate changes, natural disasters and allergy and asthma to reduce the risk of adverse health events provoked by climate and weather factors. The guidelines contain the description of the factors related to climate changes and natural disasters affecting the course of allergic diseases, the specific microclimate conditions and the recommendations of the Polish Society of Allergology for vulnerable population, patients suffering from asthma and allergy diseases, allergologists and authorities in the event of climate and weather hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Pałczyński
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Izabela Kupryś-Lipinska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Jassem
- Department of Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Breborowicz
- Department of Pediatric Pneumonolgy, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Kuna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma and Allergy, Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Shiraiwa M, Ueda K, Pozzer A, Lammel G, Kampf CJ, Fushimi A, Enami S, Arangio AM, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Fujitani Y, Furuyama A, Lakey PSJ, Lelieveld J, Lucas K, Morino Y, Pöschl U, Takahama S, Takami A, Tong H, Weber B, Yoshino A, Sato K. Aerosol Health Effects from Molecular to Global Scales. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13545-13567. [PMID: 29111690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Poor air quality is globally the largest environmental health risk. Epidemiological studies have uncovered clear relationships of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter (PM) with adverse health outcomes, including mortality by cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Studies of health impacts by aerosols are highly multidisciplinary with a broad range of scales in space and time. We assess recent advances and future challenges regarding aerosol effects on health from molecular to global scales through epidemiological studies, field measurements, health-related properties of PM, and multiphase interactions of oxidants and PM upon respiratory deposition. Global modeling combined with epidemiological exposure-response functions indicates that ambient air pollution causes more than four million premature deaths per year. Epidemiological studies usually refer to PM mass concentrations, but some health effects may relate to specific constituents such as bioaerosols, polycyclic aromatic compounds, and transition metals. Various analytical techniques and cellular and molecular assays are applied to assess the redox activity of PM and the formation of reactive oxygen species. Multiphase chemical interactions of lung antioxidants with atmospheric pollutants are crucial to the mechanistic and molecular understanding of oxidative stress upon respiratory deposition. The role of distinct PM components in health impacts and mortality needs to be clarified by integrated research on various spatiotemporal scales for better evaluation and mitigation of aerosol effects on public health in the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Kayo Ueda
- Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | | | - Gerhard Lammel
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University , 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Christopher J Kampf
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University , 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Akihiro Fushimi
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Andrea M Arangio
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | | | - Yuji Fujitani
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Akiko Furuyama
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Pascale S J Lakey
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | | | | | - Yu Morino
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | | | - Satoshi Takahama
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) , Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Akinori Takami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | | | | | - Ayako Yoshino
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
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12
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Alcock I, White M, Cherrie M, Wheeler B, Taylor J, McInnes R, Otte Im Kampe E, Vardoulakis S, Sarran C, Soyiri I, Fleming L. Land cover and air pollution are associated with asthma hospitalisations: A cross-sectional study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 109:29-41. [PMID: 28926750 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing policy interest in the potential for vegetation in urban areas to mitigate harmful effects of air pollution on respiratory health. We aimed to quantify relationships between tree and green space density and asthma-related hospitalisations, and explore how these varied with exposure to background air pollution concentrations. METHODS Population standardised asthma hospitalisation rates (1997-2012) for 26,455 urban residential areas of England were merged with area-level data on vegetation and background air pollutant concentrations. We fitted negative binomial regression models using maximum likelihood estimation to obtain estimates of asthma-vegetation relationships at different levels of pollutant exposure. RESULTS Green space and gardens were associated with reductions in asthma hospitalisation when pollutant exposures were lower but had no significant association when pollutant exposures were higher. In contrast, tree density was associated with reduced asthma hospitalisation when pollutant exposures were higher but had no significant association when pollutant exposures were lower. CONCLUSIONS We found differential effects of natural environments at high and low background pollutant concentrations. These findings can provide evidence for urban planning decisions which aim to leverage health co-benefits from environmental improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Cherrie
- University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Rachel McInnes
- MetOffice, United Kingdom; University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sotiris Vardoulakis
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, United Kingdom; Public Health England, United Kingdom; University of Exeter, United Kingdom
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13
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Reinmuth-Selzle K, Kampf CJ, Lucas K, Lang-Yona N, Fröhlich-Nowoisky J, Shiraiwa M, Lakey PSJ, Lai S, Liu F, Kunert AT, Ziegler K, Shen F, Sgarbanti R, Weber B, Bellinghausen I, Saloga J, Weller MG, Duschl A, Schuppan D, Pöschl U. Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Allergies in the Anthropocene: Abundance, Interaction, and Modification of Allergens and Adjuvants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4119-4141. [PMID: 28326768 PMCID: PMC5453620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution and climate change are potential drivers for the increasing burden of allergic diseases. The molecular mechanisms by which air pollutants and climate parameters may influence allergic diseases, however, are complex and elusive. This article provides an overview of physical, chemical and biological interactions between air pollution, climate change, allergens, adjuvants and the immune system, addressing how these interactions may promote the development of allergies. We reviewed and synthesized key findings from atmospheric, climate, and biomedical research. The current state of knowledge, open questions, and future research perspectives are outlined and discussed. The Anthropocene, as the present era of globally pervasive anthropogenic influence on planet Earth and, thus, on the human environment, is characterized by a strong increase of carbon dioxide, ozone, nitrogen oxides, and combustion- or traffic-related particulate matter in the atmosphere. These environmental factors can enhance the abundance and induce chemical modifications of allergens, increase oxidative stress in the human body, and skew the immune system toward allergic reactions. In particular, air pollutants can act as adjuvants and alter the immunogenicity of allergenic proteins, while climate change affects the atmospheric abundance and human exposure to bioaerosols and aeroallergens. To fully understand and effectively mitigate the adverse effects of air pollution and climate change on allergic diseases, several challenges remain to be resolved. Among these are the identification and quantification of immunochemical reaction pathways involving allergens and adjuvants under relevant environmental and physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher J. Kampf
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Johannes
Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Kurt Lucas
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Naama Lang-Yona
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | | | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Pascale S. J. Lakey
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Senchao Lai
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
- South
China University of Technology, School of
Environment and Energy, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fobang Liu
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Anna T. Kunert
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Kira Ziegler
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Fangxia Shen
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Rossella Sgarbanti
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Bettina Weber
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Iris Bellinghausen
- Department
of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55131, Germany
| | - Joachim Saloga
- Department
of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55131, Germany
| | - Michael G. Weller
- Division
1.5 Protein Analysis, Federal Institute
for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, 12489, Germany
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department
of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute
of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy,
Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, 55131 Germany
- Division
of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess
Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
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14
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Connellan SJ. Lung diseases associated with hydrocarbon exposure. Respir Med 2017; 126:46-51. [PMID: 28427549 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2017.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The human race has been exposed to the potential toxicity of hydrocarbons, whether by the inhaled or ingested route, for thousands of years and the consequent inflammatory reaction in the lungs depends on the degree of exposure, volatility and viscosity of the particular hydrocarbon in question. Heating, lighting, transportation, industry and nature all provide the potential for both inhalation and/or ingestion of hydrocarbons. Some forms, such as those related to petroleum products, e.g. diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have been shown to cause both malignant and non-malignant respiratory diseases. Accidental ingestion represents another significant exposure risk and we now have increasing evidence that pollutant particles may adsorb allergens to their surface and potentially enhance the allergic response. It seems unlikely that this potential will significantly decrease in the near future and depending on individual socio-economic circumstances, work environment and habitation, the risks of significant lung disease will vary. This review outlines the domestic, outdoor, occupational and natural sources of hydrocarbon exposure and considers the evidence relating to radiological and pathological lung changes in both animals and man. The acute effects of hydrocarbon toxicity are well recognised but the effects of longer term, lower exposure, and the mechanisms of their toxicity, require further research.
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15
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Süring K, Bach S, Höflich C, Straff W. Flow Cytometric Analysis of Particle-bound Bet v 1 Allergen in PM10. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27911374 PMCID: PMC5226252 DOI: 10.3791/54721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry is a method widely used to quantify suspended solids such as cells or bacteria in a size range from 0.5 to several tens of micrometers in diameter. In addition to a characterization of forward and sideward scatter properties, it enables the use of fluorescent labeled markers like antibodies to detect respective structures. Using indirect antibody staining, flow cytometry is employed here to quantify birch pollen allergen (precisely Bet v 1)-loaded particles of 0.5 to 10 µm in diameter in inhalable particulate matter (PM10, particle size ≤10 µm in diameter). PM10 particles may act as carriers of adsorbed allergens possibly transporting them to the lower respiratory tract, where they could trigger allergic reactions. So far the allergen content of PM10 has been studied by means of enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and scanning electron microscopy. ELISA measures the dissolved and not the particle-bound allergen. Compared to scanning electron microscopy, which can visualize allergen-loaded particles, flow cytometry may additionally quantify them. As allergen content of ambient air can deviate from birch pollen count, allergic symptoms might perhaps correlate better with allergen exposure than with pollen count. In conjunction with clinical data, the presented method offers the opportunity to test in future experiments whether allergic reactions to birch pollen antigens are associated with the Bet v 1 allergen content of PM10 particles >0.5 µm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Süring
- Environmental Medicine and Health Effects Assessment, Federal Environment Agency;
| | - Sabine Bach
- Environmental Medicine and Health Effects Assessment, Federal Environment Agency
| | - Conny Höflich
- Environmental Medicine and Health Effects Assessment, Federal Environment Agency
| | - Wolfgang Straff
- Environmental Medicine and Health Effects Assessment, Federal Environment Agency
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16
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Zhang X, Hirota JA, Yang C, Carlsten C. Effect of GST variants on lung function following diesel exhaust and allergen co-exposure in a controlled human crossover study. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 96:385-91. [PMID: 27151508 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isolated exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) or allergen can cause decrements in lung function that are impacted by the presence of genetic variants in the glutathione-S-transferase (GST) family but the effect of GST interactions with DE-allergen co-exposure on lung function is unknown. We aimed to assess the impact of DE and allergen co-exposure on lung function and the influence of GSTM1 or GSTT1 variation METHODS We used a blinded crossover study design with 17 atopic subjects exposed to filtered air (FA; the control for DE) or DE for 2h. One hour following each exposure to DE or FA, bronchoscopy was performed to deliver a diluent-controlled segmental allergen challenge (SAC). Methacholine challenge and forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) was performed pre-exposure (baseline airway responsiveness) and 24h post-exposure (effect of co-exposure). Additionally, FEV1 was performed hourly after DE/FA exposure and protein carbonyl content was measured in plasma as an oxidative stress marker. RESULTS Changes in FEV1 from baseline were dependent on time following allergen exposure. DE, as opposed to FA, led to a significant change in FEV1 at 2h post-allergen exposure in GSTT1 variants only (24.5±19.6% reduction in GSTT1 null individuals vs. 9.2±7.3% reduction in GSTT1 present individuals). Moreover, plasma protein carbonyl level 4h after co-exposure was higher in the individuals who have the GSTT1 null genotype. CONCLUSIONS This suggests a gene-environment interaction that endangers susceptible populations co-exposed to DE and allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China; Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Chan-Yeung Centre for Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Disease, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jeremy A Hirota
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Chan-Yeung Centre for Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Disease, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Institute for Heart and Lung Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Chenxi Yang
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Chris Carlsten
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Chan-Yeung Centre for Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Disease, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Institute for Heart and Lung Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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17
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Gold MJ, Hiebert PR, Park HY, Stefanowicz D, Le A, Starkey MR, Deane A, Brown AC, Liu G, Horvat JC, Ibrahim ZA, Sukkar MB, Hansbro PM, Carlsten C, VanEeden S, Sin DD, McNagny KM, Knight DA, Hirota JA. Mucosal production of uric acid by airway epithelial cells contributes to particulate matter-induced allergic sensitization. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:809-20. [PMID: 26509876 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM), a major component of air pollution, contributes to increased morbidity and mortality worldwide. PM induces innate immune responses and contributes to allergic sensitization, although the mechanisms governing this process remain unclear. Lung mucosal uric acid has also been linked to allergic sensitization. The links among PM exposure, uric acid, and allergic sensitization remain unexplored. We therefore investigated the mechanisms behind PM-induced allergic sensitization in the context of lung mucosal uric acid. PM10 and house dust mite exposure selectively induced lung mucosal uric acid production and secretion in vivo, which did not occur with other challenges (lipopolysaccharide, virus, bacteria, or inflammatory/fibrotic stimuli). PM10-induced uric acid mediates allergic sensitization and augments antigen-specific T-cell proliferation, which is inhibited by uricase. We then demonstrate that human airway epithelial cells secrete uric acid basally and after stimulation through a previously unidentified mucosal secretion system. Our work discovers a previously unknown mechanism of air pollution-induced, uric acid-mediated, allergic sensitization that may be important in the pathogenesis of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Gold
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - P R Hiebert
- James Hogg Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - H Y Park
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - D Stefanowicz
- James Hogg Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - A Le
- James Hogg Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M R Starkey
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - A Deane
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - A C Brown
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - G Liu
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - J C Horvat
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Z A Ibrahim
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - M B Sukkar
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - P M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - C Carlsten
- James Hogg Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - S VanEeden
- James Hogg Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - D D Sin
- James Hogg Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - K M McNagny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - D A Knight
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J A Hirota
- James Hogg Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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18
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Sénéchal H, Visez N, Charpin D, Shahali Y, Peltre G, Biolley JP, Lhuissier F, Couderc R, Yamada O, Malrat-Domenge A, Pham-Thi N, Poncet P, Sutra JP. A Review of the Effects of Major Atmospheric Pollutants on Pollen Grains, Pollen Content, and Allergenicity. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:940243. [PMID: 26819967 PMCID: PMC4706970 DOI: 10.1155/2015/940243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the available data related to the effects of air pollution on pollen grains from different plant species. Several studies carried out either on in situ harvested pollen or on pollen exposed in different places more or less polluted are presented and discussed. The different experimental procedures used to monitor the impact of pollution on pollen grains and on various produced external or internal subparticles are listed. Physicochemical and biological effects of artificial pollution (gaseous and particulate) on pollen from different plants, in different laboratory conditions, are considered. The effects of polluted pollen grains, subparticles, and derived aeroallergens in animal models, in in vitro cell culture, on healthy human and allergic patients are described. Combined effects of atmospheric pollutants and pollen grains-derived biological material on allergic population are specifically discussed. Within the notion of "polluen," some methodological biases are underlined and research tracks in this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Sénéchal
- Allergy & Environment Team, Biochemistry Department, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital (AP-HP), 26 avenue du Dr. Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Visez
- Physical Chemistry of Combustion and Atmosphere Processes (PC2A), UMR CNRS 8522, University of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Denis Charpin
- Pneumo-Allergology Department, North Hospital, 265 chemin des Bourrely, 13915 Marseille 20, France
| | - Youcef Shahali
- Allergy & Environment Team, Biochemistry Department, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital (AP-HP), 26 avenue du Dr. Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris, France
- Persiflore, 18 avenue du Parc, 91220 Le Plessis-Pâté, France
| | | | - Jean-Philippe Biolley
- SEVE Team, Ecology and Biology of Interactions (EBI), UMR-CNRS-UP 7267, University of Poitiers, 3 rue Jacques Fort, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | | | - Rémy Couderc
- Biochemistry Department, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital (AP-HP), 26 avenue du Dr. Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris 12, France
| | - Ohri Yamada
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Audrey Malrat-Domenge
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nhân Pham-Thi
- Allergology Department, Pasteur Institute, 25-28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris 15, France
| | - Pascal Poncet
- Allergy & Environment Team, Biochemistry Department, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital (AP-HP), 26 avenue du Dr. Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris, France
- Infections & Epidemiology Department, Pasteur Institute, 25-28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris 15, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Sutra
- Allergy & Environment Team, Biochemistry Department, Armand Trousseau Children Hospital (AP-HP), 26 avenue du Dr. Arnold Netter, 75571 Paris, France
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19
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Ozkaya E, Sogut A, Küçükkoç M, Eres M, Acemoglu H, Yuksel H, Murat N. Sensitization pattern of inhalant allergens in children with asthma who are living different altitudes in Turkey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2015; 59:1685-1690. [PMID: 25732843 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-015-0975-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Variability in children's allergic sensitization has been detected not only among different countries but also among cities within the same nation but yet different climatic areas. The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitization pattern of asthmatic children who lived in different altitude areas: the two largest Turkish cities, Istanbul (sea level) and Erzurum (high altitude). Five hundred and twelve asthmatic children (6-15 years old) from Istanbul (western Turkey, at sea level) and 609 from Erzurum (eastern Turkey, at an altitude of 1800 m) were included in the study. All participants underwent skin testing with common inhalant allergens, spirometry, total IgE level, and clinical examination. The positive sensitization ratio to aeroallergens in children with asthma living at sea level was statistically higher than that in children living in the high altitude group [p = 0.001, OR (odds ratio) 4.9 (confidence interval (CI) 3.67-6.459)]. However, pollen sensitization in asthmatic children living in high altitudes was significantly higher than that in children living at sea level [p = 0.00, OR 2.6 (CI 1.79-3.87)]. Children with asthma who live at high altitudes are characterized by higher pollen but lower mite sensitization rates than those living at sea level in Turkey. Different climatic conditions and altitudes may affect aeroallergen sensitization in children with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emin Ozkaya
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Bezmialem Vakif University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ayhan Sogut
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Erzurum Regional Education and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Küçükkoç
- Department of Pediatrics, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Eres
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Erzurum Regional Education and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hamit Acemoglu
- Department of Medical Education, Atatürk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hasan Yuksel
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology Unit, Celal Bayar University School of Medicine, Maniza, Turkey
| | - Naci Murat
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Industry of Engineering, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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20
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Hirota JA, Marchant DJ, Singhera GK, Moheimani F, Dorscheid DR, Carlsten C, Sin D, Knight D. Urban particulate matter increases human airway epithelial cell IL-1β secretion following scratch wounding and H1N1 influenza A exposurein vitro. Exp Lung Res 2015; 41:353-62. [DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2015.1040528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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21
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Caballero ML, Quirce S. Identification and practical management of latex allergy in occupational settings. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:977-92. [PMID: 26099284 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1059754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Allergy to natural rubber latex (NRL) from Hevea brasiliensis is a relevant occupational health hazard. The use of gloves and products manufactured with latex and environmental allergen exposure in the work environment are risks factors for the development of occupational allergy among different job categories. Healthcare workers have been the most commonly affected, but other professions with exposure to latex products such as hairdressers, cleaners, food handlers and those making natural rubber latex (NRL) products are also at risk of developing occupational allergy. Clinical manifestations of IgE-mediated latex allergy can range from troublesome skin disorders to life-threatening systemic reactions. It is very important to identify the occupational allergic diseases in their early stages in order to implement avoidance strategies. For this purpose, the interventions for prevention should emphasize the importance of latex allergy awareness and surveillance among exposed workforces.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Caballero
- Department of Allergy, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
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22
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Hirota JA, Gold MJ, Hiebert PR, Parkinson LG, Wee T, Smith D, Hansbro PM, Carlsten C, VanEeden S, Sin DD, McNagny KM, Knight DA. The Nucleotide-Binding Domain, Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein 3 Inflammasome/IL-1 Receptor I Axis Mediates Innate, but Not Adaptive, Immune Responses after Exposure to Particulate Matter under 10 μm. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:96-105. [DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0158oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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23
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Hirota JA, Alexis NE, Pui M, Wong S, Fung E, Hansbro P, Knight DA, Sin DD, Carlsten C. PM10-stimulated airway epithelial cells activate primary human dendritic cells independent of uric acid: application of an in vitro model system exposing dendritic cells to airway epithelial cell-conditioned media. Respirology 2014; 19:881-90. [PMID: 24831767 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Airway epithelial cells represent the first line of defence against inhaled insults, including air pollution. Air pollution can activate innate immune signalling in airway epithelial cells leading to the production of soluble mediators that can influence downstream inflammatory cells. Our objective was to develop and validate a model of dendritic cell exposure to airway epithelial cell-conditioned media. After establishing the model, we explored how soluble mediators released from airway epithelial cells in response to air pollution influenced the phenotype of dendritic cells. METHODS Human airway epithelial cells were cultured under control and urban particulate matter (PM10) exposure conditions with or without pharmacological inhibitors of the uric acid pathway. Culture supernatants were collected for conditioned media experiments with peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived dendritic cells analysed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Monocytes derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured in interleukin-4 and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor differentiated into immature dendritic cells that phenotypically differentiated into mature dendritic cells in response to conditioned media from phorbol myristate acetate-activated THP-1 monocytes. Exposure of immature dendritic cells to conditioned media from airway epithelial cells exposed to PM10 resulted in dendritic cell maturation that was independent of uric acid. CONCLUSIONS We present a conditioned media model useful for interrogating the contribution of soluble mediators produced by airway epithelial cells to dendritic cell phenotype and function. Furthermore, we demonstrate that PM10 exposure induces airway epithelial cell production of soluble mediators that induce maturation of dendritic cells independent of uric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Hirota
- James Hogg Research Centre, University of British Columbia; Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Pietrodangelo A, Pareti S, Perrino C. Improved identification of transition metals in airborne aerosols by SEM-EDX combined backscattered and secondary electron microanalysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:4023-4031. [PMID: 24194417 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The SEM EDX backscattered electron (BSE) atomic number contrast has been largely used in this work, in combination with conventional secondary electron microanalysis, to investigate the presence of metal particles in airborne particulate collected at three sites (industrial, residential, and rural background) in the Po Valley (Italy). Individual particle x-ray microanalysis was used for this aim. In many cases, the presence of metal particles was not evident by secondary electron imaging and it was instead revealed by BSE detection. Metal particles were observed either as isolated (not clustered to other particles), or gathered together (homogeneous clusters). In addition, the BSE microanalysis put on evidence two main types of association of metals to other particulate components: heterogeneous clusters and metals embedded or enclosed in other materials. In this study, the first association (heterogeneous clusters) was observed mostly between Fe-bearing metallic particles and soot aggregates (or other carbonaceous particles) and it was found in the particulate matter (PM) of all studied sites. The second association, conversely, seems to be characterized by more selective relationships between composition/size of metal particles and type of other particulate components. These associations could be evidenced only when using the BSE Z-contrast and mainly concern three cases: (1) unusual silicate-carbonate mixed aggregates were observed at the industrial site only. In these aggregates, embedded Mn, Cr, Co, Bi, W, and Zr fine particles were selectively observed. (2) Ni and V rich ultrafine particles were only observed as embedded particles in the surface structure of carbon cenospheres. (3) Pb or Pb-Zn bearing fine and ultrafine particles were largely detected only in oxygenated organic aerosols in the ultrafine PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pietrodangelo
- C.N.R. Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, Via Salaria, Km 29, 300, Monterotondo, Rome, 00015, Italy,
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Shahali Y, Poncet P, Sénéchal H. Pollinose aux Cupressacées et pollution atmosphérique. REVUE FRANCAISE D ALLERGOLOGIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reval.2013.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kim JH, Oh JW, Lee HB, Kim SW, Kang IJ, Kook MH, Kim BS, Park KS, Baek HS, Kim KR, Choi YJ. Changes in sensitization rate to weed allergens in children with increased weeds pollen counts in Seoul metropolitan area. J Korean Med Sci 2012; 27:350-5. [PMID: 22468096 PMCID: PMC3314845 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2012.27.4.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of allergic diseases in children has increased for several decades. We evaluated the correlation between pollen count of weeds and their sensitization rate in Seoul, 1997-2009. Airborne particles carrying allergens were collected daily from 3 stations around Seoul. Skin prick tests to pollen were performed on children with allergic diseases. Ragweed pollen gradually increased between 1999 and 2005, decreased after 2005 and plateaued until 2009 (peak counts, 67 in 2003, 145 in 2005 and 83 grains/m(3)/day in 2007). Japanese hop pollen increased between 2002 and 2009 (peak counts, 212 in 2006 and 492 grains/m(3)/day in 2009). Sensitization rates to weed pollen, especially ragweed and Japanese hop in children with allergic diseases, increased annually (ragweed, 2.2% in 2000 and 2.8% in 2002; Japanese hop, 1.4% in 2000 and 1.9% in 2002). The age for sensitization to pollen gradually became younger since 2000 (4 to 6 yr of age, 3.5% in 1997 and 6.2% in 2009; 7 to 9 yr of age, 4.2% in 1997 and 6.4% in 2009). In conclusion, sensitization rates for weed pollens increase in Korean children given increasing pollen counts of ragweed and Japanese hop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hwa Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha-Baik Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Won Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Busan St. Maria Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Im-Joo Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Myung-Hee Kook
- Department of Pediatrics, Gwangju Veteran's Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Bong-Seong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea
| | - Kang-Seo Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Jeonju Jesus Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Hey-Sung Baek
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu-Rang Kim
- Applied Meteorology Research Laboratory, National Institute of Meteorological Research, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Jean Choi
- Applied Meteorology Research Laboratory, National Institute of Meteorological Research, Seoul, Korea
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Ziska LH, Beggs PJ. Anthropogenic climate change and allergen exposure: The role of plant biology. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Neveu WA, Bernardo E, Allard JL, Nagaleekar V, Wargo MJ, Davis RJ, Iwakura Y, Whittaker LA, Rincon M. Fungal allergen β-glucans trigger p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated IL-6 translation in lung epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:1133-41. [PMID: 21642586 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0054oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to immune cells, airway epithelial cells can contribute to and shape the immune response in the lung by secreting specific cytokines. IL-6 is a key factor in determining the effector fate of CD4(+) T cells. Here we show that under basal conditions, the IL-6 gene is already highly expressed in lung epithelial cells, but not in immune cells resident in the lung. However, upon exposure of the lungs to fungal allergens, the direct contact of β-glucans present in the fungus cell wall with lung epithelial cells is sufficient to trigger the rapid synthesis and secretion of IL-6 protein. This posttranscriptional regulation of IL-6 in response to fungal extracts is mediated by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. The inhalation of β-glucans with a nonallergenic antigen is sufficient to provide an adjuvant effect that leads to mucous hyperplasia in the airways. Thus, β-glucans may constitute a common determinant of the fungal and plant-derived allergens responsible for some of the pathological features in allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A Neveu
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Medicine, Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, USA
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Cecchi L, D'Amato G, Ayres JG, Galan C, Forastiere F, Forsberg B, Gerritsen J, Nunes C, Behrendt H, Akdis C, Dahl R, Annesi-Maesano I. Projections of the effects of climate change on allergic asthma: the contribution of aerobiology. Allergy 2010; 65:1073-81. [PMID: 20560904 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is unequivocal and represents a possible threat for patients affected by allergic conditions. It has already had an impact on living organisms, including plants and fungi with current scenarios projecting further effects by the end of the century. Over the last three decades, studies have shown changes in production, dispersion and allergen content of pollen and spores, which may be region- and species-specific. In addition, these changes may have been influenced by urban air pollutants interacting directly with pollen. Data suggest an increasing effect of aeroallergens on allergic patients over this period, which may also imply a greater likelihood of the development of an allergic respiratory disease in sensitized subjects and exacerbation of symptomatic patients. There are a number of limitations that make predictions uncertain, and further and specifically designed studies are needed to clarify current effects and future scenarios. We recommend: More stress on pollen/spore exposure in the diagnosis and treatment guidelines of respiratory and allergic diseases; collection of aerobiological data in a structured way at the European level; creation, promotion and support of multidisciplinary research teams in this area; lobbying the European Union and other funders to finance this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cecchi
- Interdepartmental Centre of Bioclimatology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Siddique S, Ray MR, Lahiri T. Effects of air pollution on the respiratory health of children: a study in the capital city of India. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2010; 4:95-102. [PMID: 32215114 PMCID: PMC7089414 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-010-0079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Urban air pollutants cause a wide range of acute and chronic effects on the respiratory system of children that can be devastating. In this study, the respiratory health of children was assessed in the capital city of India where the level of air pollution is much above the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The study was carried out in Delhi, and the findings were compared with those of rural West Bengal and Uttaranchal. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms was determined through a structured respiratory symptomlogy questionnaire and personal interviews. Air quality data were collected from Central and State Pollution Control Boards and also obtained by direct measurements using a portable aerosol monitor. Based on the data collected on the cohort of children participating in this study, 32.1% of children in Delhi suffered from respiratory problems in contrast to 18.2% of rural children (control). The respiratory symptoms were more prevalent in girls than in boys. A strong, statistically significant positive association was observed between PM10 level in Delhi's air and the prevalence of lower respiratory tract symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabana Siddique
- Air Contaminants Lab, Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health, Science & Research Bureau, Health Canada (AL-0800C), B-36, 50 Columbine Driveway, Tunneys Pasture, Ottawa, K1A 0K9 ON Canada
| | - Manas R. Ray
- Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Twisha Lahiri
- Nature, Environment & Wildlife Society (NEWS), Kolkata, India
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Buters JTM, Weichenmeier I, Ochs S, Pusch G, Kreyling W, Boere AJF, Schober W, Behrendt H. The allergen Bet v 1 in fractions of ambient air deviates from birch pollen counts. Allergy 2010; 65:850-8. [PMID: 20132158 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proof is lacking that pollen count is representative for allergen exposure, also because allergens were found in nonpollen-bearing fractions of ambient air. OBJECTIVE We monitored simultaneously birch pollen and the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 in different size fractions of ambient air from 2004 till 2007 in Munich, Germany. METHODS Air was sampled with a ChemVol high-volume cascade impactor equipped with stages for particulate matter (PM)>10 microm, 10 microm>PM>2.5 microm, and 2.5 microm>PM>0.12 microm. Allergen was determined with a Bet v 1-specific ELISA. Pollen count was assessed with a Burkard pollen trap. We also measured the development of allergen in pollen during ripening. RESULTS About 93 +/- 3% of Bet v 1 was found in the PM > 10 microm fraction, the fraction containing birch pollen. We did not measure any Bet v 1 in 2.5 microm > PM > 0.12 microm. Either in Munich no allergen was in this fraction or the allergen was absorbed to diesel soot particles that also deposit in this fraction. Pollen released 115% more Bet v 1 in 2007 than in 2004. Also within 1 year, the release of allergen from the same amount of pollen varied more than 10-fold between different days. This difference was explained by a rapidly increasing expression of Bet v 1 in pollen in the week just before pollination. Depending on the day the pollen is released during ripening, its potency varies. CONCLUSION In general, pollen count and allergen in ambient air follow the same temporal trends. However, because a 10-fold difference can exist in allergen potency of birch pollen, symptoms might be difficult to correlate with pollen counts, but perhaps better with allergen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T M Buters
- Division of Environmental Dermatology and Allergy, Helmholtz Zentrum München/TUM, ZAUM - Center for Allergy and Environment, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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Shahali Y, Pourpak Z, Moin M, Mari A, Majd A. Instability of the structure and allergenic protein content in Arizona cypress pollen. Allergy 2009; 64:1773-9. [PMID: 19624556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The allergenic characteristics of pollen and their levels of expression may vary depending on the plant species, the degree of maturation and the influence of environmental factors such as climate and atmospheric pollution. The objective of this survey was the comparison of the structure and allergenic protein content in Arizona cypress (Cupressus arizonica, CA) pollen collected just after microsporangia dehiscence and 2 weeks later in urban areas. METHODS The morphology and structure of pollen were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Pollen protein content was quantitatively and qualitatively investigated by Bradford protein assay, SDS-PAGE and densitometric analysis respectively. Fifteen allergic subjects, according to their clinical history of seasonal rhino-conjunctivitis and bronchial asthma have been selected for skin prick testing and ImmunoCap using CA standard allergen and for immunoblotting using extracts of CA mature pollen collected from Tehran. RESULTS After 2 weeks, numerous cracks and collapses appeared in pollen surfaces. Western blotting performed by using extracts of pollen collected from Tehran, revealed that sera-specific immunoglobulin E of all allergic subjects reacted to a 35 kDa protein. The presence of this new major allergen and the decrease of Cup a 1 provide reliable explications about the low efficiency of standard commercial allergens in the diagnosis of the CA pollen allergy in Tehran. CONCLUSION The instability of the pollen structure and protein content affects CA pollen allergenic properties. This study also suggests that to optimize CA standard allergen preparations, the eventual variability of pollen allergenic components have to be considered for each region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shahali
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Shahali Y, Pourpak Z, Moin M, Zare A, Majd A. Impacts of air pollution exposure on the allergenic properties of Arizona cypress pollens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/151/1/012027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Characterization of pollen dispersion in the neighborhood of Tokyo, Japan in the spring of 2005 and 2006. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2008; 5:76-85. [PMID: 18441408 PMCID: PMC3684406 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph5020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The behavior of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) and Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) pollens in an urban area was examined through the measurements of the dispersion characteristics at the various sampling locations in both outdoor and indoor environments. Airborne pollens were counted continuously for three months during the Japanese cedar pollen and Japanese cypress seasons in 2005 and 2006 by the use of Durham's pollen trap method in and around Tokyo, Japan. The dispersion of pollens at the rooftop of Kyoritsu Women's University was observed to be at extremely high levels in 2005 compared with previously reported results during the past two decades. As for Japanese cedar pollen, the maximum level was observed as 440 counts cm(-2) day(-1) on 18 March 2005. Japanese cypress pollen dispersed in that area in the latter period was compared with the Japanese cedar pollen dispersions. The maximum dispersion level was observed to be 351 counts cm(-2) day(-1) on 7 April 2005. Total accumulated dispersions of Japanese cedar and Japanese cypress pollens were 5,552 and 1,552 counts cm(-2) for the three months (Feb., Mar. and Apr.) in 2005, respectively. However, the dispersion of both pollens in 2006 was very low. The total accumulated dispersions of Japanese cedar and Japanese cypress pollens were 421 and 98 counts cm(-2) for three months (Feb., Mar. and Apr.) in 2006, respectively. Moreover, the pollen deposition on a walking person in an urban area showed that the pollen counts on feet were observed to be extremely high compared with the ones on the shoulder, back and legs. These findings suggested that pollen fell on the surface of the paved road at first, rebounded to the ambient air and was deposited on the residents again. Furthermore, the regional distribution of the total pollen dispersion in the South Kanto area was characterized on 15-16 March 2005 and on 14-15 March 2006. Although the pollen levels in 2005 were much higher than in 2006, it was commonly observed that higher pollen counts existed in the outlying areas. That is, the pollen counts in an urban area were confirmed to be at a lower level. As for the indoor dispersion of pollens, two cases were evaluated. At the lobby of the main building of Kyoritsu Women's University, the averaged ratio of the indoor to the outdoor pollen count is 4.1%. Another case was at the hospital building of a medical school. The pollen dispersion in the indoor environment was also observed to be low. It was concluded that the indoor pollen would be mainly carried from the outer environment by the movement of air.
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van Beilen JB, Poirier Y. Guayule and Russian dandelion as alternative sources of natural rubber. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2008; 27:217-31. [PMID: 18085463 DOI: 10.1080/07388550701775927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural rubber, obtained almost exclusively from the Para rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), is a unique biopolymer of strategic importance that, in many of its most significant applications, cannot be replaced by synthetic rubber alternatives. Several pressing motives lead to the search for alternative sources of natural rubber. These include increased evidence of allergenic reactions to Hevea rubber, the danger that the fungal pathogen Microcyclus ulei, causative agent of South American Leaf Blight (SALB), might spread to Southeast Asia, which would severely disrupt rubber production, potential shortages of supply due to increasing demand and changes in land use, and a general trend towards the replacement of petroleum-derived chemicals with renewables. Two plant species have received considerable attention as potential alternative sources of natural rubber: the Mexican shrub Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) and the Russian dandelion (Taraxacum koksaghyz). This review will summarize the current production methods and applications of natural rubber (dry rubber and latex), the threats to the production of natural rubber from the rubber tree, and describe the current knowledge of the production of natural rubber from guayule and Russian dandelion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan B van Beilen
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire Végétale, Biophore, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Buters JTM, Kasche A, Weichenmeier I, Schober W, Klaus S, Traidl-Hoffmann C, Menzel A, Huss-Marp J, Kramer U, Behrendt H. Year-to-Year Variation in Release of Bet v 1 Allergen from Birch Pollen: Evidence for Geographical Differences between West and South Germany. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2007; 145:122-30. [PMID: 17848805 DOI: 10.1159/000108137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The release of the aeroallergen Bet v 1 from pollen is a major determinant in the etiology of allergic airway disease due to birch pollen. OBJECTIVE We determined the release of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 from pollen of birch trees growing in 2 different geographic regions in Germany for 2 consecutive years. METHODS Catkins were collected during pollination in 2002 and 2003 from 82 healthy trees in South (Munich) and West Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia). The release of Bet v 1 from pollen samples was determined by a Bet v 1-specific ELISA. RESULTS Pollen from South Germany released about 3 times more Bet v 1 than those from West Germany in both 2002 and 2003 (p = 0.034 and p = 0.007, respectively). This was independent of the number of pollen during the pollen flight season. In 2003, the release of Bet v 1 from pollen was more than 5 times higher than in 2002 in both regions (South Germany 6.1 times, p < 0.001; West Germany 5.4 times, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Despite large individual differences, there seem to be regional and year-to-year variations in Bet v 1 release from birch pollen. Therefore, the combination of pollen count and release of Bet v 1 from this pollen must be assessed to estimate Bet v 1 exposure reliably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen T M Buters
- Division of Environmental Dermatology and Allergy GSF/TUM, ZAUM-Center for Allergy and Environment, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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