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Baby SM, May WJ, Young AP, Wilson CG, Getsy PM, Coffee GA, Lewis THJ, Hsieh YH, Bates JN, Lewis SJ. L-cysteine ethylester reverses the adverse effects of morphine on breathing and arterial blood-gas chemistry while minimally affecting antinociception in unanesthetized rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116081. [PMID: 38219385 PMCID: PMC10922989 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.116081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
L-cysteine ethylester (L-CYSee) is a membrane-permeable analogue of L-cysteine with a variety of pharmacological effects. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of L-CYSee on morphine-induced changes in ventilation, arterial-blood gas (ABG) chemistry, Alveolar-arterial (A-a) gradient (i.e., a measure of the index of alveolar gas-exchange), antinociception and sedation in male Sprague Dawley rats. An injection of morphine (10 mg/kg, IV) produced adverse effects on breathing, including sustained decreases in minute ventilation. L-CYSee (500 μmol/kg, IV) given 15 min later immediately reversed the actions of morphine. Another injection of L-CYSee (500 μmol/kg, IV) after 15 min elicited more pronounced excitatory ventilatory responses. L-CYSee (250 or 500 μmol/kg, IV) elicited a rapid and prolonged reversal of the actions of morphine (10 mg/kg, IV) on ABG chemistry (pH, pCO2, pO2, sO2) and A-a gradient. L-serine ethylester (an oxygen atom replaces the sulfur; 500 μmol/kg, IV), was ineffective in all studies. L-CYSee (500 μmol/kg, IV) did not alter morphine (10 mg/kg, IV)-induced sedation, but slightly reduced the overall duration of morphine (5 or 10 mg/kg, IV)-induced analgesia. In summary, L-CYSee rapidly overcame the effects of morphine on breathing and alveolar gas-exchange, while not affecting morphine sedation or early-stage analgesia. The mechanisms by which L-CYSee modulates morphine depression of breathing are unknown, but appear to require thiol-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh M Baby
- Department of Drug Discovery, Galleon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Horsham, PA, USA
| | - Walter J May
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alex P Young
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Christopher G Wilson
- Basic Sciences, Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, USA
| | - Paulina M Getsy
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gregory A Coffee
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Yee-Hee Hsieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James N Bates
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Stephen J Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Chamoun K, Chevillard L, Hajj A, Callebert J, Mégarbane B. Mechanisms of Neurorespiratory Toxicity Induced by Fentanyl Analogs—Lessons from Animal Studies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030382. [PMID: 36986482 PMCID: PMC10051837 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2020, fentanyl and its analogs contributed to ~65% of drug-attributed fatalities in the USA, with a threatening increasing trend during the last ten years. These synthetic opioids used as potent analgesics in human and veterinary medicine have been diverted to recreational aims, illegally produced and sold. Like all opioids, central nervous system depression resulting from overdose or misuse of fentanyl analogs is characterized clinically by the onset of consciousness impairment, pinpoint miosis and bradypnea. However, contrasting with what observed with most opioids, thoracic rigidity may occur rapidly with fentanyl analogs, contributing to increasing the risk of death in the absence of immediate life support. Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain this particularity associated with fentanyl analogs, including the activation of noradrenergic and glutamatergic coerulospinal neurons and dopaminergic basal ganglia neurons. Due to the high affinities to the mu-opioid receptor, the need for more elevated naloxone doses than usually required in morphine overdose to reverse the neurorespiratory depression induced by fentanyl analogs has been questioned. This review on the neurorespiratory toxicity of fentanyl and analogs highlights the need for specific research focused on these agents to better understand the involved mechanisms of toxicity and develop dedicated strategies to limit the resulting fatalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam Chamoun
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris Cité University, 75006 Paris, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1100, Lebanon
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacy, and Medicine Quality Control, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1100, Lebanon
| | | | - Aline Hajj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1100, Lebanon
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacy, and Medicine Quality Control, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1100, Lebanon
- Research Center, Quebec University Hospital, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jacques Callebert
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris Cité University, 75006 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, AP-HP, Lariboisière Hospital, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris Cité University, 75006 Paris, France
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisière Hospital, Federation of Toxicology APHP, 75010 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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Getsy PM, Baby SM, May WJ, Bates JN, Ellis CR, Feasel MG, Wilson CG, Lewis THJ, Gaston B, Hsieh YH, Lewis SJ. L-cysteine methyl ester overcomes the deleterious effects of morphine on ventilatory parameters and arterial blood-gas chemistry in unanesthetized rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:968378. [PMID: 36249760 PMCID: PMC9554613 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.968378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We are developing a series of thiolesters that produce an immediate and sustained reversal of the deleterious effects of opioids, such as morphine and fentanyl, on ventilation without diminishing the antinociceptive effects of these opioids. We report here the effects of systemic injections of L-cysteine methyl ester (L-CYSme) on morphine-induced changes in ventilatory parameters, arterial-blood gas (ABG) chemistry (pH, pCO2, pO2, sO2), Alveolar-arterial (A-a) gradient (i.e., the index of alveolar gas-exchange within the lungs), and antinociception in unanesthetized Sprague Dawley rats. The administration of morphine (10 mg/kg, IV) produced a series of deleterious effects on ventilatory parameters, including sustained decreases in tidal volume, minute ventilation, inspiratory drive and peak inspiratory flow that were accompanied by a sustained increase in end inspiratory pause. A single injection of L-CYSme (500 μmol/kg, IV) produced a rapid and long-lasting reversal of the deleterious effects of morphine on ventilatory parameters, and a second injection of L-CYSme (500 μmol/kg, IV) elicited pronounced increases in ventilatory parameters, such as minute ventilation, to values well above pre-morphine levels. L-CYSme (250 or 500 μmol/kg, IV) also produced an immediate and sustained reversal of the deleterious effects of morphine (10 mg/kg, IV) on arterial blood pH, pCO2, pO2, sO2 and A-a gradient, whereas L-cysteine (500 μmol/kg, IV) itself was inactive. L-CYSme (500 μmol/kg, IV) did not appear to modulate the sedative effects of morphine as measured by righting reflex times, but did diminish the duration, however, not the magnitude of the antinociceptive actions of morphine (5 or 10 mg/kg, IV) as determined in tail-flick latency and hindpaw-withdrawal latency assays. These findings provide evidence that L-CYSme can powerfully overcome the deleterious effects of morphine on breathing and gas-exchange in Sprague Dawley rats while not affecting the sedative or early stage antinociceptive effects of the opioid. The mechanisms by which L-CYSme interferes with the OR-induced signaling pathways that mediate the deleterious effects of morphine on ventilatory performance, and by which L-CYSme diminishes the late stage antinociceptive action of morphine remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina M. Getsy
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Paulina M. Getsy,
| | | | - Walter J. May
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - James N. Bates
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Christopher R. Ellis
- United States Army CCDC Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
| | - Michael G. Feasel
- United States Army CCDC Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
| | - Christopher G. Wilson
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Tristan H. J. Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Benjamin Gaston
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Yee-Hsee Hsieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Stephen J. Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Getsy PM, Baby SM, May WJ, Young AP, Gaston B, Hodges MR, Forster HV, Bates JN, Wilson CG, Lewis THJ, Hsieh YH, Lewis SJ. D-Cysteine Ethyl Ester Reverses the Deleterious Effects of Morphine on Breathing and Arterial Blood-Gas Chemistry in Freely-Moving Rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:883329. [PMID: 35814208 PMCID: PMC9260251 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.883329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrant thiol esters including the disulfides, D-cystine diethyl ester and D-cystine dimethyl ester, and the monosulfide, L-glutathione ethyl ester, prevent and/or reverse the deleterious effects of opioids, such as morphine and fentanyl, on breathing and gas exchange within the lungs of unanesthetized/unrestrained rats without diminishing the antinociceptive or sedative effects of opioids. We describe here the effects of the monosulfide thiol ester, D-cysteine ethyl ester (D-CYSee), on intravenous morphine-induced changes in ventilatory parameters, arterial blood-gas chemistry, alveolar-arterial (A-a) gradient (i.e., index of gas exchange in the lungs), and sedation and antinociception in freely-moving rats. The bolus injection of morphine (10 mg/kg, IV) elicited deleterious effects on breathing, including depression of tidal volume, minute ventilation, peak inspiratory flow, and inspiratory drive. Subsequent injections of D-CYSee (2 × 500 μmol/kg, IV, given 15 min apart) elicited an immediate and sustained reversal of these effects of morphine. Morphine (10 mg/kg, IV) also A-a gradient, which caused a mismatch in ventilation perfusion within the lungs, and elicited pronounced changes in arterial blood-gas chemistry, including pronounced decreases in arterial blood pH, pO2 and sO2, and equally pronounced increases in pCO2 (all responses indicative of decreased ventilatory drive). These deleterious effects of morphine were immediately reversed by the injection of a single dose of D-CYSee (500 μmol/kg, IV). Importantly, the sedation and antinociception elicited by morphine (10 mg/kg, IV) were minimally affected by D-CYSee (500 μmol/kg, IV). In contrast, none of the effects of morphine were affected by administration of the parent thiol, D-cysteine (1 or 2 doses of 500 μmol/kg, IV). Taken together, these data suggest that D-CYSee may exert its beneficial effects via entry into cells that mediate the deleterious effects of opioids on breathing and gas exchange. Whether D-CYSee acts as a respiratory stimulant or counteracts the inhibitory actions of µ-opioid receptor activation remains to be determined. In conclusion, D-CYSee and related thiol esters may have clinical potential for the reversal of the adverse effects of opioids on breathing and gas exchange, while largely sparing antinociception and sedation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina M. Getsy
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Santhosh M. Baby
- Department of Drug Discovery, Galleon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Horsham, PA, United States
| | - Walter J. May
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Alex P. Young
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Benjamin Gaston
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Matthew R. Hodges
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Hubert V. Forster
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - James N. Bates
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Christopher G. Wilson
- Basic Sciences, Division of Physiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Tristan H. J. Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Yee-Hee Hsieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Stephen J. Lewis
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Vodovar D, Chevillard L, Caillé F, Risède P, Pottier G, Auvity S, Mégarbane B, Tournier N. Mechanisms of respiratory depression induced by the combination of buprenorphine and diazepam in rats. Br J Anaesth 2022; 128:584-595. [PMID: 34872716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The safety profile of buprenorphine has encouraged its widespread use. However, fatalities have been attributed to benzodiazepine/buprenorphine combinations, by poorly understood mechanisms of toxicity. Mechanistic hypotheses include (i) benzodiazepine-mediated increase in brain buprenorphine (pharmacokinetic hypothesis); (ii) benzodiazepine-mediated potentiation of buprenorphine interaction with opioid receptors (receptor hypothesis); and (iii) combined effects of buprenorphine and benzodiazepine on respiratory parameters (pharmacodynamic hypothesis). METHODS We studied the neuro-respiratory effects of buprenorphine (30 mg kg-1, i.p.), diazepam (20 mg kg-1, s.c.), and diazepam/buprenorphine combination in rats using arterial blood gas analysis, plethysmography, and diaphragm electromyography. Pretreatments with various opioid and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor antagonists were tested. Diazepam impact on brain 11C-buprenorphine kinetics and binding to opioid receptors was studied using positron emission tomography imaging. RESULTS In contrast to diazepam and buprenorphine alone, diazepam/buprenorphine induced early-onset sedation (P<0.05) and respiratory depression (P<0.001). Diazepam did not alter 11C-buprenorphine brain kinetics or binding to opioid receptors. Diazepam/buprenorphine-induced effects on inspiratory time were additive, driven by buprenorphine (P<0.0001) and were blocked by naloxonazine (P<0.01). Diazepam/buprenorphine-induced effects on expiratory time were non-additive (P<0.001), different from buprenorphine-induced effects (P<0.05) and were blocked by flumazenil (P<0.01). Diazepam/buprenorphine-induced effects on tidal volume were non-additive (P<0.01), different from diazepam- (P<0.05) and buprenorphine-induced effects (P<0.0001) and were blocked by naloxonazine (P<0.05) and flumazenil (P<0.05). Compared with buprenorphine, diazepam/buprenorphine decreased diaphragm contraction amplitude (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Pharmacodynamic parameters and antagonist pretreatments indicate that diazepam/buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression results from a pharmacodynamic interaction between both drugs on ventilatory parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Vodovar
- Inserm UMRS-1144, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Paris, France; Université Paris-Saclay - CEA - CNRS - Inserm - BioMaps, Orsay, France; Paris Poison Center, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Chevillard
- Inserm UMRS-1144, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Caillé
- Université Paris-Saclay - CEA - CNRS - Inserm - BioMaps, Orsay, France
| | | | - Géraldine Pottier
- Université Paris-Saclay - CEA - CNRS - Inserm - BioMaps, Orsay, France
| | - Sylvain Auvity
- Université Paris-Saclay - CEA - CNRS - Inserm - BioMaps, Orsay, France
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Inserm UMRS-1144, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Nicolas Tournier
- Université Paris-Saclay - CEA - CNRS - Inserm - BioMaps, Orsay, France
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Fentanyl causes naloxone-resistant vocal cord closure: A platform for testing opioid overdose treatments. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 227:108974. [PMID: 34492557 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High doses of the synthetic opioid fentanyl cause rapid and sustained vocal cord closure (VCC) leading to airway obstruction that prevents overdose victims from breathing. This airway effect is not caused by morphine-derived opiates (e.g. heroin), is distinct from respiratory depression, resistant to naloxone, and can be lethal. However, VCC has not been previously included in animal models of opioid overdose. METHODS Video laryngoscopy was used to monitor vocal cord movement in anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were administered saline, fentanyl (5, 25, or 50 μg/kg) or morphine (5 mg/kg) in an intravenous (IV) bolus delivered over a 10 s period. The mu opioid receptor (MOR) antagonist naloxone was administered as a pre-treatment (1 mg/kg, IV) 5 min prior to fentanyl (25 μg/kg) or a post-treatment (1 and 2 mg/kg) 1 min after fentanyl (25 μg/kg). RESULTS Fentanyl (25 and 50 μg/kg) caused sustained and lethal VCC within 10 s. Morphine (5 mg/kg) and fentanyl (5 μg/kg) caused only brief laryngospasm with full recovery. Pre-treatment with naloxone (1 mg/kg) prevented fentanyl-induced VCC, but naloxone (1 and 2 mg/kg) was unable to reverse VCC when administered after fentanyl. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate sustained VCC is a lethal physiological reaction, specific to fentanyl and resistant to naloxone treatment. While pre-treatment with naloxone prevented fentanyl-induced VCC, naloxone was unable to reverse the effect, suggesting a non-opioid receptor-mediated mechanism. These findings demonstrate the necessity of VCC inclusion in animal models of synthetic opioid overdose and the urgent need for more effective treatments for fentanyl-related overdoses.
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Sunshine MD, Fuller DD. Automated Classification of Whole Body Plethysmography Waveforms to Quantify Breathing Patterns. Front Physiol 2021; 12:690265. [PMID: 34489719 PMCID: PMC8417563 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.690265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole body plethysmography (WBP) monitors respiratory rate and depth but conventional analysis fails to capture the diversity of waveforms. Our first purpose was to develop a waveform cluster analysis method for quantifying dynamic changes in respiratory waveforms. WBP data, from adult Sprague-Dawley rats, were sorted into time domains and principle component analysis was used for hierarchical clustering. The clustering method effectively sorted waveforms into categories including sniffing, tidal breaths of varying duration, and augmented breaths (sighs). We next used this clustering method to quantify breathing after opioid (fentanyl) overdose and treatment with ampakine CX1942, an allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors. Fentanyl caused the expected decrease in breathing, but our cluster analysis revealed changes in the temporal appearance of inspiratory efforts. Ampakine CX1942 treatment shifted respiratory waveforms toward baseline values. We conclude that this method allows for rapid assessment of breathing patterns across extended data recordings. Expanding analyses to include larger portions of recorded WBP data may provide insight on how breathing is affected by disease or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Sunshine
- Rehabilitation Science Ph.D. Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - David D Fuller
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,Breathing Research and Therapeutics Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Pharmacokinetic neuroimaging to study the dose-related brain kinetics and target engagement of buprenorphine in vivo. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:1220-1228. [PMID: 33603137 PMCID: PMC8115308 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-00976-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of buprenorphine doses are used for either pain management or maintenance therapy in opioid addiction. The complex in vitro profile of buprenorphine, with affinity for µ-, δ-, and κ-opioid receptors (OR), makes it difficult to predict its dose-related neuropharmacology in vivo. In rats, microPET imaging and pretreatment by OR antagonists were performed to assess the binding of radiolabeled buprenorphine (microdose 11C-buprenorphine) to OR subtypes in vivo (n = 4 per condition). The µ-selective antagonist naloxonazine (10 mg/kg) and the non-selective OR antagonist naloxone (1 mg/kg) blocked the binding of 11C-buprenorphine, while pretreatment by the δ-selective (naltrindole, 3 mg/kg) or the κ-selective antagonist (norbinaltorphimine, 10 mg/kg) did not. In four macaques, PET imaging and kinetic modeling enabled description of the regional brain kinetics of 11C-buprenorphine, co-injected with increasing doses of unlabeled buprenorphine. No saturation of the brain penetration of buprenorphine was observed for doses up to 0.11 mg/kg. Regional differences in buprenorphine-associated receptor occupancy were observed. Analgesic doses of buprenorphine (0.003 and 0.006 mg/kg), respectively, occupied 20% and 49% of receptors in the thalamus while saturating the low but significant binding observed in cerebellum and occipital cortex. Occupancy >90% was achieved in most brain regions with plasma concentrations >7 µg/L. PET data obtained after co-injection of an analgesic dose of buprenorphine (0.003 mg/kg) predicted the binding potential of microdose 11C-buprenorphine. This strategy could be further combined with pharmacodynamic exploration or pharmacological MRI to investigate the neuropharmacokinetics and neuroreceptor correlate, at least at µ-OR, of the acute effects of buprenorphine in humans.
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9
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Jimenez VM, Castaneda G, France CP. Methocinnamox Reverses and Prevents Fentanyl-Induced Ventilatory Depression in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 377:29-38. [PMID: 33431611 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorder affects over 2 million Americans with an increasing number of deaths due to overdose from the synthetic opioid fentanyl and its analogs. The Food and Drug Administration-approved opioid receptor antagonist naloxone (e.g., Narcan) is used currently to treat overdose; however, a short duration of action limits its clinical utility. Methocinnamox (MCAM) is a long-lasting opioid receptor antagonist that may reverse and prevent the ventilatory-depressant effects of fentanyl. This study compared the ability of naloxone (0.0001-10 mg/kg) and MCAM (0.0001-10 mg/kg) to reverse and prevent ventilatory depression by fentanyl and compared the duration of action of MCAM intravenously and subcutaneously in two procedures: ventilation and warm-water tail withdrawal. In male Sprague-Dawley rats (N = 8), fentanyl (0.0032-0.178 mg/kg, i.v.) decreased minute volume in a dose- and time-dependent manner with a dose of 0.178 mg/kg decreasing VE to less than 40% of control. MCAM and naloxone reversed the ventilatory-depressant effects of 0.178 mg/kg fentanyl in a dose-related manner. The day after antagonist administration, MCAM but not naloxone attenuated the ventilatory-depressant effects of fentanyl. The duration of action of MCAM lasted up to 3 days and at least 2 weeks after intravenous and subcutaneous administration, respectively. MCAM attenuated the antinociceptive effects of fentanyl, with antagonism lasting up to 5 days and more than 2 weeks after intravenous and subcutaneous administration, respectively. Reversal and prolonged antagonism by MCAM might provide an effective treatment option for the opioid crisis, particularly toxicity from fentanyl and related highly potent analogs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study demonstrates that like naloxone, methocinnamox (MCAM) reverses the ventilatory-depressant effects of fentanyl in a time- and dose-related manner. However, unlike naloxone, the duration of action of MCAM was greater than 2 weeks when administered subcutaneously and up to 5 days when administered intravenously. These data suggest that MCAM might be particularly useful for rescuing individuals from opioid overdose, including fentanyl overdose, as well as protecting against the reemergence of ventilatory depression (renarconization).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Jimenez
- Departments of Pharmacology (V.M.J., G.C., C.P.F.), Psychiatry (C.P.F.), and Addiction Research, Treatment and Training Center of Excellence (V.M.J., G.C., C.P.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Gabriel Castaneda
- Departments of Pharmacology (V.M.J., G.C., C.P.F.), Psychiatry (C.P.F.), and Addiction Research, Treatment and Training Center of Excellence (V.M.J., G.C., C.P.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Charles P France
- Departments of Pharmacology (V.M.J., G.C., C.P.F.), Psychiatry (C.P.F.), and Addiction Research, Treatment and Training Center of Excellence (V.M.J., G.C., C.P.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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Ahmad-Molaei L, Pourhamzeh M, Ahadi R, Khodagholi F, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Haghparast A. Time-Dependent Changes in the Serum Levels of Neurobiochemical Factors After Acute Methadone Overdose in Adolescent Male Rat. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:1635-1649. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00931-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Gillis A, Sreenivasan V, Christie MJ. Intrinsic Efficacy of Opioid Ligands and Its Importance for Apparent Bias, Operational Analysis, and Therapeutic Window. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:410-424. [PMID: 32665252 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.119214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from several novel opioid agonists and knockout animals suggests that improved opioid therapeutic window, notably for analgesia versus respiratory depression, is a result of ligand bias downstream of activation of the µ-opioid receptor (MOR) toward G protein signaling and away from other pathways, such as arrestin recruitment. Here, we argue that published claims of opioid bias based on application of the operational model of agonism are frequently confounded by failure to consider the assumptions of the model. These include failure to account for intrinsic efficacy and ceiling effects in different pathways, distortions introduced by analysis of amplified (G protein) versus linear (arrestin) signaling mechanisms, and nonequilibrium effects in a dynamic signaling cascade. We show on both theoretical and experimental grounds that reduced intrinsic efficacy that is unbiased across different downstream pathways, when analyzed without due considerations, does produce apparent but erroneous MOR ligand bias toward G protein signaling, and the weaker the G protein partial agonism is the greater the apparent bias. Experimentally, such apparently G protein-biased opioids have been shown to exhibit low intrinsic efficacy for G protein signaling when ceiling effects are properly accounted for. Nevertheless, such agonists do display an improved therapeutic window for analgesia versus respiratory depression. Reduced intrinsic efficacy for G proteins rather than any supposed G protein bias provides a more plausible, sufficient explanation for the improved safety. Moreover, genetic models of G protein-biased opioid receptors and replication of previous knockout experiments suggest that reduced or abolished arrestin recruitment does not improve therapeutic window for MOR-induced analgesia versus respiratory depression. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Efforts to improve safety of µ-opioid analgesics have focused on agonists that show signaling bias for the G protein pathway versus other signaling pathways. This review provides theoretical and experimental evidence showing that failure to consider the assumptions of the operational model can lead to large distortions and overestimation of actual bias. We show that low intrinsic efficacy is a major determinant of these distortions, and pursuit of appropriately reduced intrinsic efficacy should guide development of safer opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gillis
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (A.G., M.J.C.) and EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia (V.S.)
| | - Varun Sreenivasan
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (A.G., M.J.C.) and EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia (V.S.)
| | - Macdonald J Christie
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (A.G., M.J.C.) and EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia (V.S.)
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12
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Xu L, Chockalingam A, Stewart S, Shea K, Matta MK, Narayanasamy S, Pilli NR, Volpe DA, Weaver J, Zhu H, Davis MC, Rouse R. Developing an animal model to detect drug-drug interactions impacting drug-induced respiratory depression. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:188-197. [PMID: 32021808 PMCID: PMC6994827 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids and benzodiazepines were frequently co-prescribed to patients with pain and psychiatric or neurological disorders; however, co-prescription of these drugs increased the risk for severe respiratory depression and death. Consequently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration added boxed label warnings describing this risk for all opioids and benzodiazepines. Sedating psychotropic drugs with differing mechanisms of action (e.g., antipsychotics, antidepressants, non-benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics, etc.) may be increasingly prescribed in place of benzodiazepines. Despite being marketed for years, many sedating psychotropic drugs have neither human nor animal data that quantify or qualify the potential for causing respiratory depression, either alone or in combination with an opioid. In this study, diazepam was selected as the benzodiazepine to detect any additive or synergistic effects on respiratory depression caused by the opioid, oxycodone. Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted at three doses with oxycodone (6.75, 60, 150 mg/kg) and with diazepam (2, 20, 200 mg/kg). Dose dependent decrease in arterial partial pressure of oxygen and increase in arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide were observed with oxycodone. Diazepam caused similar partial pressure changes only at the highest dose. Further decreases in arterial partial pressure of oxygen and increases in arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide consistent with exacerbated respiratory depression were observed in rats co-administered oxycodone 150 mg/kg and diazepam 20 mg/kg. These findings confirm previous literature reports of exacerbated opioid-induced respiratory depression with benzodiazepine and opioid co-administration and support the utility of this animal model for assessing opioid-induced respiratory depression and its potential exacerbation by co-administered drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xu
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashok Chockalingam
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharron Stewart
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine Shea
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Murali K. Matta
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Suresh Narayanasamy
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Nageswara R. Pilli
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Donna A. Volpe
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - James Weaver
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Hao Zhu
- Division of Pharmacometrics, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael C. Davis
- Division of Psychiatry Products, Office of Drug Evaluation I, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Rodney Rouse
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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13
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Cohier C, Salle S, Fontova A, Mégarbane B, Roussel O. Determination of buprenorphine, naloxone and phase I and phase II metabolites in rat whole blood by LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 180:113042. [PMID: 31865207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.113042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone combination are maintenance treatments used worldwide. However, since their marketing, despite ceiling respiratory effects, poisonings and fatalities have been attributed to buprenorphine misuse and overdose. Therefore, to better understand the mechanisms of buprenorphine-related toxicity in vivo, experimental investigations have been conducted, mainly in the rat. We developed a liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method with electrospray ionization for the simultaneous quantification of buprenorphine, naloxone and their metabolites (norbuprenorphine, buprenorphine glucuronide, norbuprenorphine glucuronide and naloxone glucuronide) in rat whole blood. Compounds were extracted from whole blood by protein precipitation and chromatographically separated using gradient elution of aqueous ammonium formate and methanol in a Raptor Biphenyl core-shell column (100 mm x 3,0 mm x 2,7 μm). Following electrospray ionization, quantification was carried out in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode by the tandem mass spectrometer API 3200 system. The LC-MS/MS method was validated according to the currently accepted criteria for bioanalytical method validation. The method required small sample volumes (50 μL) and was sensitive with limits of quantification of 6.9, 6.2, 3.6, 3.3, 1.3 and 57.7 ng/mL for buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, buprenorphine glucuronide, norbuprenorphine glucuronide, naloxone and naloxone glucuronide respectively. The upper limit of quantification was 4000 ng/ml for all the studied compounds. Trueness (88-115 %), repeatability and intermediate precision (both <15%) were in accordance with the international recommendations. The procedure was successfully used to quantify these compounds in the whole blood sample from one rat 24 h after the intravenous administration of buprenorphine/naloxone (30.0/7.5 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Cohier
- Inserm, U1144, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France; Paris-Diderot University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France; Forensic Toxicology Unit, Forensic Sciences Institute of the French Gendarmerie, Pontoise, France
| | - Sophie Salle
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, Forensic Sciences Institute of the French Gendarmerie, Pontoise, France
| | - Anne Fontova
- Forensic Toxicology Unit, Forensic Sciences Institute of the French Gendarmerie, Pontoise, France
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Inserm, U1144, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France; Paris-Diderot University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France; Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisière Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Olivier Roussel
- Inserm, U1144, Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France; Paris-Diderot University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France; Forensic Toxicology Unit, Forensic Sciences Institute of the French Gendarmerie, Pontoise, France
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Ahmad-Molaei L, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Farnaghi F, Tomaz C, Haghparast A. Delay-Dependent Impairments in Memory and Motor Functions After Acute Methadone Overdose in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1023. [PMID: 30250433 PMCID: PMC6139438 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methadone is used as a substitution drug for the treatment of opioid dependence and chronic pain. Despite its widespread use and availability, there is a serious concern with respect to the relative safety of methadone. The purpose of this study was to characterize how acute methadone overdose affects the cognitive and motor performance of naïve healthy rats. The methadone overdose was induced by administering an acute toxic dose of methadone (15 mg/kg; ip; the equivalent dose of 80% of LD50) to adolescent rats. Resuscitation using a ventilator pump along with a single dose of naloxone (2 mg/kg; ip) was administered following the occurrence of apnea. The animals which were successfully resuscitated divided randomly into three apnea groups that evaluated either on day 1, 5, or 10 post-resuscitation (M/N-Day 1, M/N-Day 5, and M/N-Day 10 groups) in the Y-maze and novel object memory recognition tasks as well as pole and rotarod tests. The data revealed that a single toxic dose of methadone had an adverse effect on spontaneous behavior. In addition, Recognition memory impairment was observed in the M/N-Day 1, 5, and 10 groups after methadone-induced apnea. Further, descending time in the M/N-Day 5 group increased significantly in comparison with its respective Saline control group. The overall results indicate that acute methadone-overdose-induced apnea produced delay-dependent cognitive and motor impairment. We suggest that methadone poisoning should be considered as a possible cause of delayed neurological disorders, which might be transient, in some types of memory or motor performance in naïve healthy rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Ahmad-Molaei
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam
- Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Farnaghi
- Department of Pediatric Clinical Toxicology, Loghman-Hakim Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Carlos Tomaz
- Neuroscience Research Program, CEUMA University, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Yadav SK, Kumar D, Kumar P, Gupta PK, Bhattacharya R. Biochemical, Oxidative, and Physiological Changes Caused by Acute Exposure of Fentanyl and Its 3 Analogs in Rodents. Int J Toxicol 2018; 37:28-37. [PMID: 29356587 DOI: 10.1177/1091581817750560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and bioefficacy of fentanyl and its 8 new 1-substituted analogs (1-8) were earlier reported by us. Of these 8 compounds, N-(1-(2-phenoxyethyl)-4-piperidinyl)propionanilide (2), N-isopropyl-3-(4-( N-phenylpropionamido)piperidin-1-yl)propanamide (5), and N- t-butyl-3-(4-( N-phenylpropionamido)piperidin-1-yl) propanamide (6) were found to be more effective and less toxic compared to fentanyl. The present study reports the acute effect of fentanyl (0.50 Median Lethal Dose (LD50); intraperitoneal) and its 3 analogs (2, 5, and 6) on various biochemical and oxidative parameters in mice and various physiological parameters in rats. Blood alkaline phosphatase (1 hour and 7 days) and urea levels (1 hour) were significantly elevated by fentanyl, while alanine aminotransferase levels (1 hour) were increased by both fentanyl and analog 2 compared to the corresponding control. Increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide and decrease in partial pressure of oxygen were also caused by fentanyl and analog 2 (1 hour). Analog 6 alone elevated malondialdehyde levels in the brain, liver, and kidney tissues (7 days). The LD50 of fentanyl and analogs 2, 5, and 6 were found to be 0.879, 87.88, 69.80, and 55.44 mg/kg, respectively, in rats. Significant decrease in heart rate, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate (RR), and neuromuscular transmission was produced by fentanyl and analog 2, while analog 5 decreased the RR alone. The changes, particularly the respiratory depression, were found to be reversed by naloxone, a μ-receptor antagonist. Thereby, indicating involvement of μ-receptor mediated effects of the compounds. To conclude, all the analogs were found to be less toxic compared to fentanyl, suggesting their possible role in pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Kumar Yadav
- 1 Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Deo Kumar
- 1 Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pravin Kumar
- 1 Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Gupta
- 2 Synthetic Chemistry Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Bhattacharya
- 1 Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
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16
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Subcutaneous Implants of a Cholesterol-Triglyceride-Buprenorphine Suspension in Rats. J Vet Med 2017; 2017:3102567. [PMID: 28492060 PMCID: PMC5401735 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3102567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Target Animal Safety protocol was used to examine adverse events in male and female Fischer F344/NTac rats treated with increasing doses of a subcutaneous implant of a lipid suspension of buprenorphine. A single injection of 0.65 mg/kg afforded clinically significant blood levels of drug for 3 days. Chemistry, hematology, coagulation, and urinalysis values with 2- to 10-fold excess doses of the drug-lipid suspension were within normal limits. Histopathology findings were unremarkable. The skin and underlying tissue surrounding the drug injection were unremarkable. Approximately 25% of a cohort of rats given the excess doses of 1.3, 3.9, and 6.5 mg/kg displayed nausea-related behavior consisting of intermittent and limited excess grooming and self-gnawing. These results confirm the safety of cholesterol-triglyceride carrier systems for subcutaneous drug delivery of buprenorphine in laboratory animals and further demonstrate the utility of lipid-based carriers as scaffolds for subcutaneous, long-acting drug therapy.
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17
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Cohier C, Chevillard L, Salle S, Risède P, Roussel O, Mégarbane B. Editor’s Highlight: Neurorespiratory Effects of Buprenorphine and Ethanol in Combination: A Mechanistic Study of Drug–Drug Interactions in the Rat. Toxicol Sci 2016; 155:389-399. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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18
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Guillemyn K, Starnowska J, Lagard C, Dyniewicz J, Rojewska E, Mika J, Chung NN, Utard V, Kosson P, Lipkowski AW, Chevillard L, Arranz-Gibert P, Teixidó M, Megarbane B, Tourwé D, Simonin F, Przewlocka B, Schiller PW, Ballet S. Bifunctional Peptide-Based Opioid Agonist-Nociceptin Antagonist Ligands for Dual Treatment of Acute and Neuropathic Pain. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3777-92. [PMID: 27035422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the opioid pharmacophore H-Dmt-d-Arg-Aba-β-Ala-NH2 (7) was linked to peptide ligands for the nociceptin receptor. Combination of 7 and NOP ligands (e.g., H-Arg-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-Ile-Lys-NH2) led to binding affinities in the low nanomolar domain. In vitro, the hybrids behaved as agonists at the opioid receptors and antagonists at the nociceptin receptor. Intravenous administration of hybrid 13a (H-Dmt-d-Arg-Aba-β-Ala-Arg-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-Ile-Lys-NH2) to mice resulted in potent and long lasting antinociception in the tail-flick test, indicating that 13a was able to permeate the BBB. This was further supported by a cell-based BBB model. All hybrids alleviated allodynia and hyperalgesia in neuropathic pain models. Especially with respect to hyperalgesia, they showed to be more effective than the parent compounds. Hybrid 13a did not result in significant respiratory depression, in contrast to an equipotent analgesic dose of morphine. These hybrids hence represent a promising avenue toward analgesics for the dual treatment of acute and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Guillemyn
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joanna Starnowska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences , Smetna 12, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Camille Lagard
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière, Réanimation Médicale et Toxicologique, Inserm U1144, Université Paris Descartes UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Didero, UMR-S 1144 , Paris, France
| | - Jolanta Dyniewicz
- Neuropeptide Laboratory, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences , 5 Pawinskiego Street, PL 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewelina Rojewska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences , Smetna 12, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences , Smetna 12, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Nga N Chung
- Department of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute , 110 Avenue Des Pins Ouest, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Valérie Utard
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR7242, ESBS , 67412 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Piotr Kosson
- Neuropeptide Laboratory, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences , 5 Pawinskiego Street, PL 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej W Lipkowski
- Neuropeptide Laboratory, Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences , 5 Pawinskiego Street, PL 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lucie Chevillard
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière, Réanimation Médicale et Toxicologique, Inserm U1144, Université Paris Descartes UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Didero, UMR-S 1144 , Paris, France
| | - Pol Arranz-Gibert
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Teixidó
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bruno Megarbane
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière, Réanimation Médicale et Toxicologique, Inserm U1144, Université Paris Descartes UMR-S 1144, Université Paris Didero, UMR-S 1144 , Paris, France
| | - Dirk Tourwé
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Simonin
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR7242, ESBS , 67412 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Barbara Przewlocka
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences , Smetna 12, PL 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Peter W Schiller
- Department of Chemical Biology and Peptide Research, Clinical Research Institute , 110 Avenue Des Pins Ouest, Montreal, Quebec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Whiteside GT, Hummel M, Boulet J, Beyenhof JD, Strenkowski B, John JD, Knappenberger T, Maselli H, Koetzner L. Robustness of arterial blood gas analysis for assessment of respiratory safety pharmacology in rats. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2015; 78:32-41. [PMID: 26589431 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Whole body plethysmography using unrestrained animals is a common technique for assessing the respiratory risk of new drugs in safety pharmacology studies in rats. However, wide variations in experimental technique make cross laboratory comparison of data difficult and raise concerns that non-appropriate conditions may mask the deleterious effects of test compounds - in particular with suspected respiratory depressants. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the robustness of arterial blood gas analysis as an alternative to plethysmography in rats. We sought to do this by assessing the effect of different vehicles and times post-surgical catheterization on blood gas measurements, in addition to determining sensitivity to multiple opioids. Furthermore, we determined intra-lab variability from multiple datasets utilizing morphine and generated within a single lab and lastly, inter-lab variability was measured by comparing datasets generated in two separate labs. Overall, our data show that arterial blood gas analysis is a measure that is both flexible in terms of experimental conditions and highly sensitive to respiratory depressants, two key limitations when using plethysmography. As such, our data strongly advocate the adoption of arterial blood gas analysis as an investigative approach to reliably examine the respiratory depressant effects of opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth T Whiteside
- Discovery Research, Purdue Pharma L.P., 6 Cedar Brook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA.
| | - Michele Hummel
- Discovery Research, Purdue Pharma L.P., 6 Cedar Brook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA.
| | - Jamie Boulet
- Product Safety Laboratories, 2394 Highway 130, Dayton, NJ 08810, USA.
| | | | - Bryan Strenkowski
- Discovery Research, Purdue Pharma L.P., 6 Cedar Brook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA; Product Safety Laboratories, 2394 Highway 130, Dayton, NJ 08810, USA.
| | - Janet Dell John
- Product Safety Laboratories, 2394 Highway 130, Dayton, NJ 08810, USA.
| | - Terri Knappenberger
- Discovery Research, Purdue Pharma L.P., 6 Cedar Brook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA.
| | - Harry Maselli
- Product Safety Laboratories, 2394 Highway 130, Dayton, NJ 08810, USA.
| | - Lee Koetzner
- Product Safety Laboratories, 2394 Highway 130, Dayton, NJ 08810, USA.
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20
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Golder FJ, Dax S, Baby SM, Gruber R, Hoshi T, Ideo C, Kennedy A, Peng S, Puskovic V, Ritchie D, Woodward R, Wardle RL, Van Scott MR, Mannion JC, MacIntyre DE. Identification and Characterization of GAL-021 as a Novel Breathing Control Modulator. Anesthesiology 2015; 123:1093-104. [PMID: 26352381 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors describe the preclinical pharmacological properties of GAL-021, a novel peripheral chemoreceptor modulator. METHODS The ventilatory effects of GAL-021 were characterized using tracheal pneumotachometry (n = 4 to 6), plethysmography (n = 5 to 6), arterial blood gas analyses (n = 6 to 11), and nasal capnography (n = 3 to 4) in naive animals and those subjected to morphine-induced respiratory depression. Morphine analgesia in rats was evaluated by tail-flick test (n = 6). Carotid body involvement in GAL-021 ventilatory effects was assessed by comparing responses in intact and carotid sinus nerve-transected rats. Hemodynamic effects of GAL-021 were evaluated in urethane-anesthetized rats (n = 7). The pharmacological profile of GAL-021 in vitro was investigated using radioligand binding, enzyme inhibition, and cellular electrophysiology assays. RESULTS GAL-021 given intravenously stimulated ventilation and/or attenuated opiate-induced respiratory depression in rats, mice, and nonhuman primates, without decreasing morphine analgesia in rats. GAL-021 did not alter mean arterial pressure but produced a modest increase in heart rate. Ventilatory stimulation in rats was attenuated by carotid sinus nerve transection. GAL-021 inhibited KCa1.1 in GH3 cells, and the evoked ventilatory stimulation was attenuated in Slo1 mice lacking the pore-forming α-subunit of the KCa1.1 channel. CONCLUSIONS GAL-021 behaved as a breathing control modulator in rodents and nonhuman primates and diminished opioid-induced respiratory depression without compromising opioid analgesia. It acted predominantly at the carotid body, in part by inhibiting KCa1.1 channels. Its preclinical profile qualified the compound to enter clinical trials to assess effects on breathing control disorders such as drug (opioid)-induced respiratory depression and sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis J Golder
- From the Department of Drug Discovery, Galleon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Horsham, Pennsylvania (F.J.G., S.D., S.M.B., R.G., C.I., A.K., S.P., V.P., D.R., R.W., J.C.M., D.E.M.); Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (T.H.); and Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina (R.L.W., M.R.V.S.)
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Murphy DJ. Optimizing the use of methods and measurement endpoints in respiratory safety pharmacology. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 70:204-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2014.03.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Buprenorphine (BUP) is a semisynthetic derivative of the opium alkaloid thebaine found in the poppy Papaver somniferum. Its chemical structure contains the morphine structure but differs by having a cyclopropylmethyl group. Buprenorphine is a potent µ opioid agonist. Buprenorphine undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver and gut. The development of a transdermal BUP formulation in 2001 led to its evaluation in cancer pain. This article provides the practitioner with an update on the current role of BUP in cancer care. It highlights data suggesting effectiveness in various types of cancer pain. The article reviews pharmacology, routes of administration, adverse effects, drug interactions, and cost considerations.
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Respiratory effects of buprenorphine/naloxone alone and in combination with diazepam in naive and tolerant rats. Toxicol Lett 2014; 228:75-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Comparison of toxicity associated with nonmedical use of benzodiazepines with buprenorphine or methadone. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 138:118-23. [PMID: 24629782 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polysubstance use is prevalent in individuals using buprenorphine or methadone nonmedically, with benzodiazepines being a common co-ingestant. The objective of this study was to compare the severity of buprenorphine and methadone toxicity with concomitant use of benzodiazepines. METHODS A retrospective analysis of buprenorphine and methadone cases from November 1, 2002 to December 31, 2010 reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS) was conducted. INCLUSION CRITERIA age ≥ 18 years, nonmedical use of methadone with benzodiazepines (methadone-BZD) or buprenorphine with benzodiazepines (BUP-BZD), and case followed to a documented outcome. Cases with co-ingestants other than benzodiazepines were excluded. Clinical effects, treatments, disposition and final medical outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS There were 692 methadone-BZD cases and 72 BUP-BZD cases. Clinical effects in methadone-BZD and BUP-BZD groups were lethargy (71.1%, 59.7%), respiratory depression (29.0%, 15.3%), coma (22.4%, 5.6%), respiratory arrest (4.5%, 0), hypotension (11.8%, 2.8%) and cardiac arrest (1.9%, 0), respectively. Patients in the methadone-BZD group were four-times more likely to receive naloxone (60.4% vs 15.3%) or be intubated (16.3% vs 4.2%) than in the BUP-BZD group. Hospitalization rates were highest for methadone-BZD patients with 67.3% receiving medical admissions compared to 43.3% of BUP-BZD patients. Outcomes were more serious for methadone-BZD cases (p<0.0001); while there were no BUP-BZD deaths, exposure to methadone-BZD yielded 16 deaths. CONCLUSIONS Nonmedical use of benzodiazepines with methadone is associated with higher hospitalization rates, greater ICU utilization rates and considerably worse medical outcomes when compared to nonmedical use of benzodiazepines with buprenorphine.
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Karlsson J, Söderström A, Augustini BG, Berggren AC. Is buprenorphine transdermal patch equally safe and effective in younger and elderly patients with osteoarthritis-related pain? Results of an age-group controlled study. Curr Med Res Opin 2014; 30:575-87. [PMID: 24320787 DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2013.873714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A recent pharmacokinetic study with buprenorphine transdermal patches showed similar systemic exposures of buprenorphine in subjects aged ≥75 and 50-60 years. The current prospective, open-label study aimed to verify this in a clinical setting by evaluating efficacy and safety of buprenorphine patches in patients with chronic osteoarthritis (OA) pain. METHODS Patients with chronic, moderate to severe osteoarthritic pain (hip and/or knee) were enrolled: 50-60 years (younger group, N = 65) and ≥75 years (elderly group, N = 57). After 2 weeks on paracetamol only, patients received buprenorphine patches (5-40 µg/h) for 12 weeks. Paracetamol rescue was provided. Primary endpoint was the Box-Scale-11 (BS-11) score for pain on average over the last week. WOMAC OA Index, EQ-5D, Patients' and Investigators' Global Assessment of Pain Relief, rescue medication use, sleep disturbance and quality of sleep were secondary efficacy endpoints. RESULTS Both groups showed a statistically significant (p < 0.0001) and clinically relevant change from baseline to last visit in BS-11 score, with no significant difference between groups. The least squares (LS) mean change from baseline was 2.20 in elderly and 1.87 in younger patients, with an age group difference of 0.33 (95% CI: -0.42, 1.07). Non-inferiority of the elderly versus the younger group was shown. Both age groups showed a significant improvement in WOMAC total score, patients' overall health state (EQ-5D visual analogue scale) and sleep quality, and a significant reduction in rescue use and nights woken due to pain, with no significant differences between groups. Elderly patients tolerated buprenorphine patches at least as well as younger patients. CONCLUSIONS Efficacy and tolerability of buprenorphine patches was demonstrated in chronic pain patients, regardless of age, supporting the conclusion that no age-related dose adjustment of transdermal buprenorphine is needed. A study limitation is lack of active control but no other opioid was appropriate in elderly patients or this indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Karlsson
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University , Gothenburg , Sweden
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Chevillard L, Declèves X, Baud FJ, Risède P, Mégarbane B. Respiratory effects of diazepam/methadone combination in rats: a study based on concentration/effect relationships. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 131:298-307. [PMID: 23332448 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methadone may cause respiratory depression and fatalities. Concomitant use of benzodiazepines in methadone-treated patients for chronic pain or as maintenance therapy for opiate abuse is common. However, the exact contribution of benzodiazepines to methadone-induced respiratory toxicity remains debatable. METHODS We investigated the respiratory effects of the combination diazepam (20mg/kg)/methadone (5mg/kg) in the rat, focusing on methadone concentration/effect relationships. Respiratory effects were studied using arterial blood gases and whole-body plethysmography. Plasma concentrations of both R- and S-methadone enantiomers were measured using high-performance liquid chiral chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. To clarify mechanisms of diazepam/methadone interaction, methadone metabolism was investigated in vitro using rat liver microsomes. RESULTS Diazepam/methadone co-administration significantly increased methadone-related effects on inspiratory time (p<0.001) but did not significantly alter the other respiratory parameters when compared with methadone alone, despite significant increase in the area under the curve of plasma R-methadone concentrations measured during 240 min (p<0.05). Diazepam/methadone co-incubation with microsomes in vitro resulted in a significant inhibition of methadone metabolism (p<0.01), with 50%-inhibitory diazepam concentrations of 25.02 ± 0.18 μmol/L and 25.18 ± 0.23 μmol/L for R- and S-methadone, respectively. CONCLUSION We concluded that co-administration of high-doses of diazepam and methadone in rats is not responsible for additional respiratory depression in comparison to methadone alone, despite significant metabolic interaction between the drugs. In humans, although our experimental data may suggest the relative safety of benzodiazepine/methadone co-prescription, physicians should remain cautious as other underlying conditions may enhance this drug-drug interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Chevillard
- INSERM U705, CNRS UMR8206, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie, Neuropsychopharmacologie des addictions, Paris, France.
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Guarnieri M, Brayton C, DeTolla L, Forbes-McBean N, Sarabia-Estrada R, Zadnik P. Safety and efficacy of buprenorphine for analgesia in laboratory mice and rats. Lab Anim (NY) 2013; 41:337-43. [PMID: 23079917 DOI: 10.1038/laban.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Buprenorphine is a long-acting opiate with a high therapeutic index. The authors review the pharmacology, toxicity, analgesic effects and delivery of buprenorphine for use in laboratory mice and rats. Buprenorphine-based analgesic therapy has a substantial record of safety, and there is growing evidence of its effectiveness for treating post-operative pain. Nonetheless, more research is needed to determine optimal delivery systems and analgesic regimens for pain therapy in laboratory animals.
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Gender and strain contributions to the variability of buprenorphine-related respiratory toxicity in mice. Toxicology 2013; 305:99-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Comparison of tolerance to morphine-induced respiratory and analgesic effects in mice. Toxicol Lett 2013; 217:251-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Respiratory toxicity of buprenorphine results from the blockage of P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux of norbuprenorphine at the blood-brain barrier in mice. Crit Care Med 2013; 40:3215-23. [PMID: 22975888 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e318265680a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Deaths due to asphyxia as well as following acute poisoning with severe respiratory depression have been attributed to buprenorphine in opioid abusers. However, in human and animal studies, buprenorphine exhibited ceiling respiratory effects, whereas its metabolite, norbuprenorphine, was assessed as being a potent respiratory depressor in rodents. Recently, norbuprenorphine, in contrast to buprenorphine, was shown in vitro to be a substrate of human P-glycoprotein, a drug-transporter involved in all steps of pharmacokinetics including transport at the blood-brain barrier. Our objectives were to assess P-glycoprotein involvement in norbuprenorphine transport in vivo and study its role in the modulation of buprenorphine-related respiratory effects in mice. SETTING University-affiliated research laboratory, INSERM U705, Paris, France. SUBJECTS Wild-type and P-glycoprotein knockout female Friend virus B-type mice. INTERVENTIONS Respiratory effects were studied using plethysmography and the P-glycoprotein role at the blood-brain barrier using in situ brain perfusion. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Norbuprenorphine(≥ 1 mg/kg) and to a lesser extent buprenorphine (≥ 10 mg/kg) were responsible for dose-dependent respiratory depression combining increased inspiratory (TI) and expiratory times (TE). PSC833, a powerful P-glycoprotein inhibitor, significantly enhanced buprenorphine-related effects on TI (p < .01) and TE (p < .05) and norbuprenorphine-related effects on minute volume (VE, p < .05), TI, and TE (p < .001). In P-glycoprotein-knockout mice, buprenorphine-related effects on VE (p < .01), TE (p < .001), and TI (p < .05) and norbuprenorphine-related effects on VE (p < .05) and TI (p < .001) were significantly enhanced. Plasma norbuprenorphine concentrations were significantly increased in PSC833-treated mice (p < .001), supporting a P-glycoprotein role in norbuprenorphine pharmacokinetics. Brain norbuprenorphine efflux was significantly reduced in PSC833-treated and P-glycoprotein-knockout mice (p < .001), supporting P-glycoprotein-mediated norbuprenorphine transport at the blood-brain barrier. CONCLUSIONS P-glycoprotein plays a key-protective role in buprenorphine-related respiratory effects, by allowing norbuprenorphine efflux at the blood-brain barrier. Our findings suggest a major role for drug-drug interactions that lead to P-glycoprotein inhibition in buprenorphine-associated fatalities and respiratory depression.
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Davis MP. Twelve Reasons for Considering Buprenorphine as a Frontline Analgesic in the Management of Pain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 10:209-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.suponc.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Naloxone pro-drug rescues morphine induced respiratory depression in Sprague-Dawley rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 180:52-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Fatalities in relation to buprenorphine snorting and ethanol co-ingestion: Mechanisms of toxicity. Forensic Sci Int 2011; 207:e59-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
This paper is the 32nd consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2009 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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