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Bernert M, Bignoux MJ, Madhav C, Gqeba S, Otgaar TC, Morris G, Weiss SFT, Ferreira E. PLGA nanocapsules as a delivery system for a recombinant LRP-based therapeutic. FEBS Open Bio 2024; 14:1072-1086. [PMID: 38702074 PMCID: PMC11216925 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Telomerase activity is directly affected by the laminin receptor precursor (LRP) protein, a highly conserved nonintegrin transmembrane receptor, which has been shown to have therapeutic effects in ageing, and age-related diseases. Recently, it has been found that overexpression of LRP-FLAG, by plasmid transfection, leads to a significant increase in telomerase activity in cell culture models. This may indicate that upregulation of LRP can be used to treat various age-related diseases. However, transfection is not a viable treatment strategy for patients. Therefore, we present a nanoencapsulated protein-based drug synthesised using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanocapsules for delivery of the 37 kDa LRP protein therapeutic. PLGA nanocapsules were synthesised using the double emulsification-solvent evaporation technique. Different purification methods, including filtration and centrifugation, were tested to ensure that the nanocapsules were within the optimal size range, and the BCA assay was used to determine encapsulation efficiency. The completed drug was tested in a HEK-293 cell culture model, to investigate the effect on cell viability, LRP protein levels and telomerase activity. A significant increase in total LRP protein levels with a concomitant increase in cell viability and telomerase activity was observed. Due to the observed increase in telomerase activity, this approach could represent a safer alternative to plasmid transfection for the treatment of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bernert
- School of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Monique J. Bignoux
- School of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Chandni Madhav
- School of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Sichumiso Gqeba
- School of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Tyrone C. Otgaar
- School of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Gavin Morris
- School of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Stefan F. T. Weiss
- School of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
| | - Eloise Ferreira
- School of Molecular and Cell BiologyUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa
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Wang H, Yan Z, Zhang Z, Jiang K, Yu J, Yang Y, Yang B, Shu J, Yu Z, Wei Z. Real-time emission characteristics, health risks, and olfactory effects of VOCs released from soil disturbance during the remediation of an abandoned chemical pesticide industrial site. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:93617-93628. [PMID: 37516703 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28942-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released along with soil disturbance during the remediation of abandoned industrial sites have attracted great attention due to their possible toxicity and odour. However, the real-time emission characteristics of these VOCs and their subsequent effects on health and olfaction are less understood. In this study, the gaseous VOCs released from soil disturbance by excavators and drilling rigs at an abandoned chemical pesticide plant were monitored online with a laboratory-built single photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (SPI-TOFMS). Twelve main VOCs with total mean concentrations ranging from 2350 to 3410 μg m-3 were observed, with dichloromethane (DCM) having a significant contribution. The total concentrations of the remaining 11 VOCs increased substantially during soil disturbance, with the total mean concentrations increasing from 18.65-39.05 to 37.95-297.94 μg m-3 and those of peak concentrations increasing from 28.46-58.97 to 88.38-839.13 μg m-3. This increase in VOC concentrations during soil disturbance leads to an enhanced heath risk for on-site workers. The distinctive difference between the mean and peak concentrations of VOCs indicates the importance of using mean and peak concentrations, respectively, for risk and olfactory evaluation due to the rapid response of the human nose to odours. As a result, the cumulative noncarcinogenic risk at the relatively high pollutant plot was higher than the occupational safety limit, while the total carcinogenic risks at all monitored scenarios exceeded the acceptable limit. Among the VOCs investigated, DCM and trichloroethylene (TCE) were determined to be crucial pollutants for both noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of VOCs. With regard to olfactory effects, organic sulphides, including dimethyl disulphide (DMDS), dimethyl sulphide (DMS), and dimethyl trisulphide (DMTS) were identified as dominant odour contributors (78.28-92.11%) during soil disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Zitao Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuojian Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Yu
- China State Science Dingshi Environmental Engineering Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100102, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Yang
- China State Science Dingshi Environmental Engineering Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100102, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinian Shu
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhangqi Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyang Wei
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, People's Republic of China
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Li T, Li H, Li C. A review and perspective of recent research in biological treatment applied in removal of chlorinated volatile organic compounds from waste air. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 250:126338. [PMID: 32126329 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (Cl-VOCs) waste air is a kind of typical recalcitrant organic compounds, which poses a great threat to the ecological environment and human health. At present, the biotechnology is considered as a potential strategy for the Cl-VOCs removal due to the advantages of low energy consumption and less possibility of secondary pollution. This work summarizes the recent researches on strains, bioreactors and technology integration. The dominant pure strains for biodegradation of Cl-VOCs are first outlined with a special focus on the co-metabolism of multi-components. It then summarizes two bioreactors (optimized airlift reactor (ALR) and two-phase partitioning bioreactor (TPPB)) and strategy (addition of surfactant) for improvement of biotrickling filter (BTF), which are benefit to achieve the mass transfer enhancement in the removal of hydrophobic Cl-VOCs from waste air. After that, the integration technologies, such as magnetic field (MF)-BTF, non-thermal plasma (NTP)/ultraviolet light (UV)-BTF, and microbial electrolytic cells (MEC), are elucidated, which provide opportunities for complete mineralization of Cl-VOCs in a more efficient, energy-saving and economical way. Finally, current challenges and a perspective of future research on biotechnology for Cl-VOCs removal are thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, 8 Guangrong Road, Tianjin, 300000, China
| | - Hao Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, 8 Guangrong Road, Tianjin, 300000, China.
| | - Chunli Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Energy Conservation in Chemical Process Integration and Resources Utilization, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, 8 Guangrong Road, Tianjin, 300000, China
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Wang H, Chen J, Suda M, Yanagiba Y, Weng Z, Wang RS. Acute inhalation co-exposure to 1,2-dichloropropane and dichloromethane cause liver damage by inhibiting mitochondrial respiration and defense ability in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:260-270. [PMID: 30240022 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
1,2-Dichloropropane (1,2-DCP) is used as an industrial solvent, insecticide fumigant and household dry cleaning product. Carcinogenicity caused by long-term exposure to 1,2-DCP is well established. However, the possible liver damage and related toxic mechanisms associated with acute inhalation exposure to 1,2-DCP are rarely reported. In this study, we investigated the effects of individual and combined exposure to 1,2-DCP and dichloromethane (DCM) on mice liver. The results showed that 1,2-DCP significantly caused liver necrosis, possibly due to 1,2-DCP-induced inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I-IV activities, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and extreme ATP consumption. Moreover, 1,2-DCP also decreased mitochondrial defense ability by inhibiting the mitochondrial glutathione S-transferase 1 (MGST1) activity, further aggravating liver damage. Additionally, we found that DCM co-exposure potentially enhanced 1,2-DCP toxicity. Our findings suggest that inhibition of mitochondrial function and MGST1 activity play critical roles in modulating 1,2-DCP-induced liver damage. Furthermore, our results contribute to study the new mechanism of mitochondria-dominated signaling pathways underlying liver injury induced by 1,2-DCP and DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hufei Wang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Chen
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Megumi Suda
- Japan National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yukie Yanagiba
- Japan National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Zuquan Weng
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rui-Sheng Wang
- Japan National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Kawasaki, Japan
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López-Vargas R, Méndez-Serrano A, Albores-Medina A, Oropeza-Hernández F, Hernández-Cadena L, Mercado-Calderón F, Alvarado-Toledo E, Herrera-Morales S, Arellano-Aguilar O, García-Vargas G, Montero-Montoya R. Oxidative stress index is increased in children exposed to industrial discharges and is inversely correlated with metabolite excretion of voc. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:639-652. [PMID: 29968258 DOI: 10.1002/em.22207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although the Atoyac River has been classified as highly polluted by environmental authorities, several communities are settled on its banks, affecting around 1.5 million persons, as well as farmland, due to an environmental distribution of toxics in the area. Our aim was to demonstrate that this environment affects important physiological processes that have an impact in health, so we conducted a study of schoolchildren from small communities on the banks of the river and in another similar town located far from it. 91 and 93 students, boys and girls, were studied from each site for oxidative stress index (OSI), calculated from the total antioxidant capacity and the total oxidative status, BTEX metabolite excretion and relevant metabolic polymorphisms participating in the bioactivation-detoxification of most VOC: CYP2E1 RsaI, NQO1 C609T, and null polymorphisms of GSTT1 and GSTM1. Results showed that OSI was significantly higher in children living by the river (5.23 ± 3.4 vs 2.59 ± 1.46, 95% C.I.). At this site, OSI was correlated with diminished metabolite excretion and a diminished antioxidant capacity; an association with genotypes CYP2E1RsaI (c2c2), GSTT1 present and NQO1*2 (CC) was also observed. Furthermore, boys at this site exhibited a diminished BMI compared to boys from the other community who were younger. IN CONCLUSION children living at polluted sites like this, show early biological effects that might lead to health problems in their adult life. Environmental protection should be enforced to protect people's health in these sites where not even environmental monitoring is done. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:639-652, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío López-Vargas
- Departamento de Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | | | - Arnulfo Albores-Medina
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados CDMX, Mexico
| | | | | | - Franciso Mercado-Calderón
- Coordinación de Salud en el Trabajo, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | | | - Selene Herrera-Morales
- Departamento de Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | | | | | - Regina Montero-Montoya
- Departamento de Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
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Park AS, Ritz B, Ling C, Cockburn M, Heck JE. Exposure to ambient dichloromethane in pregnancy and infancy from industrial sources and childhood cancers in California. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:1133-1140. [PMID: 28720343 PMCID: PMC5572480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of childhood cancers has been increasing and environmental exposure to air toxics has been suggested as a possible risk factor. This study aims to explore ambient exposure to dichloromethane (methylene chloride). METHODS We frequency matched by birth year approximately 20 cancer-free controls identified from birth records to all childhood cancers ages 0-5 in the California Cancer Registry diagnosed from 1988 to 2012; i.e. 13,636 cases and a total of 270,673 controls. Information on industrial releases of dichloromethane within 3km of birth addresses was retrieved from mandatory industry reports to the EPA's Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). We derived exposure to dichloromethane within close vicinity of birth residences using several modeling techniques including unconditional logistic regression models with multiple buffer distances, inverse distance weighting, and quadratic decay models. RESULTS We observed elevated risks for germ cell tumors [Odds Ratio (OR): 1.52, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.11, 2.08], particularly teratomas (OR: 2.08, 95% CI 1.38-3.13), and possible increased risk for acute myeloid leukemias (AML) (OR: 1.64, 95% CI 1.15-2.32 in the quadratic decay model). Risk estimates were similar in magnitude whether releases occurred in pregnancy or the child's first year of life. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that exposure to industrial dichloromethane releases may be a risk factor for childhood germ cell tumors, teratomas, and possibly AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Park
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, 650 Charles E. Young Dr. S, Box 951772, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA
| | - Beate Ritz
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, 650 Charles E. Young Dr. S, Box 951772, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA
| | - Chenxiao Ling
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, 650 Charles E. Young Dr. S, Box 951772, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA
| | - Myles Cockburn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Suite 318-A, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado, 13001 East 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Julia E Heck
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, 650 Charles E. Young Dr. S, Box 951772, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1772, USA.
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Schlosser PM, Bale AS, Gibbons CF, Wilkins A, Cooper GS. Human health effects of dichloromethane: key findings and scientific issues. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:114-9. [PMID: 25325283 PMCID: PMC4314245 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1308030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The U.S. EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) completed an updated toxicological review of dichloromethane in November 2011. OBJECTIVES In this commentary we summarize key results and issues of this review, including exposure sources, identification of potential health effects, and updated physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. METHODS We performed a comprehensive review of primary research studies and evaluation of PBPK models. DISCUSSION Hepatotoxicity was observed in oral and inhalation exposure studies in several studies in animals; neurological effects were also identified as a potential area of concern. Dichloromethane was classified as likely to be carcinogenic in humans based primarily on evidence of carcinogenicity at two sites (liver and lung) in male and female B6C3F1 mice (inhalation exposure) and at one site (liver) in male B6C3F1 mice (drinking-water exposure). Recent epidemiologic studies of dichloromethane (seven studies of hematopoietic cancers published since 2000) provide additional data raising concerns about associations with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Although there are gaps in the database for dichloromethane genotoxicity (i.e., DNA adduct formation and gene mutations in target tissues in vivo), the positive DNA damage assays correlated with tissue and/or species availability of functional glutathione S-transferase (GST) metabolic activity, the key activation pathway for dichloromethane-induced cancer. Innovations in the IRIS assessment include estimation of cancer risk specifically for a presumed sensitive genotype (GST-theta-1+/+), and PBPK modeling accounting for human physiological distributions based on the expected distribution for all individuals 6 months to 80 years of age. CONCLUSION The 2011 IRIS assessment of dichloromethane provides insights into the toxicity of a commonly used solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Schlosser
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
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Huang B, Lei C, Wei C, Zeng G. Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (Cl-VOCs) in environment - sources, potential human health impacts, and current remediation technologies. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 71:118-38. [PMID: 25016450 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (Cl-VOCs), including polychloromethanes, polychloroethanes and polychloroethylenes, are widely used as solvents, degreasing agents and a variety of commercial products. These compounds belong to a group of ubiquitous contaminants that can be found in contaminated soil, air and any kind of fluvial mediums such as groundwater, rivers and lakes. This review presents a summary of the research concerning the production levels and sources of Cl-VOCs, their potential impacts on human health as well as state-of-the-art remediation technologies. Important sources of Cl-VOCs principally include the emissions from industrial processes, the consumption of Cl-VOC-containing products, the disinfection process, as well as improper storage and disposal methods. Human exposure to Cl-VOCs can occur through different routes, including ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact. The toxicological impacts of these compounds have been carefully assessed, and the results demonstrate the potential associations of cancer incidence with exposure to Cl-VOCs. Most Cl-VOCs thus have been listed as priority pollutants by the Ministry of Environmental Protection (MEP) of China, Environmental Protection Agency of the U.S. (U.S. EPA) and European Commission (EC), and are under close monitor and strict control. Yet, more efforts will be put into the epidemiological studies for the risk of human exposure to Cl-VOCs and the exposure level measurements in contaminated sites in the future. State-of-the-art remediation technologies for Cl-VOCs employ non-destructive methods and destructive methods (e.g. thermal incineration, phytoremediation, biodegradation, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and reductive dechlorination), whose advantages, drawbacks and future developments are thoroughly discussed in the later sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Huang
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Chao Lei
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, P.R. China
| | - Chaohai Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Eco-Remediation of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
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Uraga-Tovar DI, Domínguez-López ML, Madera-Sandoval RL, Nájera-Martínez M, García-Latorre E, Vega-López A. Generation of oxyradicals (O2. and H2O2), mitochondrial activity and induction of apoptosis of PBMC of Cyprinus carpio carpio treated in vivo with halomethanes and with recombinant HSP60 kDa and with LPS of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2014; 36:329-40. [PMID: 25093392 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2014.947034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Halomethanes (HM) can be immunotoxic in mammals; however, in the fish immune system HM effects are unknown. In the current study, we evaluated the mitochondrial activity (MA) by MTT, induction of apoptosis by SubG0 technique and quantified serum ROS concentration (O2. and H2O2) and ROS production in PBMC of Cyprinus carpio carpio treated i.p. with CH2Cl2, CHCl3 and BrCHCl2 (0.004-40.0 mg/kg) for 96 h. Positive controls were recombinant heat shock protein of 60 kDa (rHSP60 kDa) of Klebsiella pneumoniae and its LPS. In addition, for in vitro PBMC cultures, two culture media and two sources of sera were tested. Both positive controls increased the MA more than 4-fold as well as the production of O2. (26-fold) and H2O2 (5-fold) compared to their controls. HM induced different effects on MA, ROS production and an induction of apoptosis, depending on the chlorination patterns and the dose; however, a systemic damage prevails. To fish treated with CH2Cl2, the apoptosis was related with serum ROS concentration and with MA. In contrast, in fish dosed with CHCl3 relationships were not found, deducing a systemic damage. However, in fish treated with BrCHCl2, serum O2. concentration and in vitro ROS generation performed by PBMC were involved in the induction of apoptosis of these cells but not with MA suggesting also immunotoxic effects. The current study demonstrated that HMs are immunomodulators increasing an acute inflammatory response and that rHSP60kDA of K. pneumoniae and its LPS are appropriate antigens to assess the immune response of C. c. carpio.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Italibi Uraga-Tovar
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Departamento de Ingeniería en Sistemas Ambientales and
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Micronuclei in bone marrow and liver in relation to hepatic metabolism and antioxidant response due to coexposure to chloroform, dichloromethane, and toluene in the rat model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:425070. [PMID: 24949447 PMCID: PMC4053251 DOI: 10.1155/2014/425070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxicity in cells may occur in different ways, direct interaction, production of electrophilic metabolites, and secondary genotoxicity via oxidative stress. Chloroform, dichloromethane, and toluene are primarily metabolized in liver by CYP2E1, producing reactive electrophilic metabolites, and may also produce oxidative stress via the uncoupled CYP2E1 catalytic cycle. Additionally, GSTT1 also participates in dichloromethane activation. Despite the oxidative metabolism of these compounds and the production of oxidative adducts, their genotoxicity in the bone marrow micronucleus test is unclear. The objective of this work was to analyze whether the oxidative metabolism induced by the coexposure to these compounds would account for increased micronucleus frequency. We used an approach including the analysis of phase I, phase II, and antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress biomarkers, and micronuclei in bone marrow (MNPCE) and hepatocytes (MNHEP). Rats were administered different doses of an artificial mixture of CLF/DCM/TOL, under two regimes. After one administration MNPCE frequency increased in correlation with induced GSTT1 activity and no oxidative stress occurred. Conversely, after three-day treatments oxidative stress was observed, without genotoxicity. The effects observed indicate that MNPCE by the coexposure to these VOCs could be increased via inducing the activity of metabolism enzymes.
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Occupational exposure to methylene chloride and risk of cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24:2037-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-013-0283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Nájera-Martínez M, García-Latorre EA, Reyes-Maldonado E, Domínguez-López ML, Vega-López A. Halomethane-induced cytotoxicity and cell proliferation in human lung MRC-5 fibroblasts and NL20-TA epithelial cells. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 24:762-73. [PMID: 22954400 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.716871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Halomethanes (HMs) can be formed during the chlorination process to obtain drinking water. In liver cells, HMs had been shown to be mutagenic and carcinogenic; however, their bioactivation by CYP 2E1 and GSTT1 is required. Although inhalation is the most common pathway of exposure, reports on the toxic effects induced by HMs in human lung are contradictory. The aim of this study was therefore to evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity and cell proliferation induced by CH(2)Cl(2), CHCl(3) and BrCHCl(2) in human lung NL20-TA epithelial cells and MRC-5 fibroblasts, and their relationship with CYP 2E1 and GSTT1 activity. High concentrations of these HMs induced cytotoxicity, particularly in cells treated with BrCHCl(2). Low concentrations of BrCHCl(2) stimulated hyperproliferation of fibroblasts, the most probable consequence of which is regenerative proliferation related to collagen induction. Fibroblasts exposed to BrCHCl(2) exhibited low levels of CYP 2E1 activity suggesting that released bromine is able to alter this activity by affecting the active site or auto regulating the activity itself. GSTT1 was up to ten times more active than CYP 2E1 in both cell lines, indicating that potential lung damage is due to formation of pro-carcinogens such as formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minerva Nájera-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Departamento de Ingeniería en Sistemas Ambientales, México D.F., México
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Genome-wide analysis of dichloromethane-regulated genes in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-012-6109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cooper GS, Scott CS, Bale AS. Insights from epidemiology into dichloromethane and cancer risk. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:3380-98. [PMID: 21909313 PMCID: PMC3166749 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8083380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dichloromethane (methylene chloride) is a widely used chlorinated solvent. We review the available epidemiology studies (five cohort studies, 13 case-control studies, including seven of hematopoietic cancers), focusing on specific cancer sites. There was little indication of an increased risk of lung cancer in the cohort studies (standardized mortality ratios ranging from 0.46 to 1.21). These cohorts are relatively small, and variable effects (e.g., point estimates ranging from 0.5 to 2.0) were seen for the rarer forms of cancers such as brain cancer and specific hematopoietic cancers. Three large population-based case-control studies of incident non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Europe and the United States observed odds ratios between 1.5 and 2.2 with dichloromethane exposure (ever exposed or highest category of exposure), with higher risk seen in specific subsets of disease. More limited indications of associations with brain cancer, breast cancer, and liver and biliary cancer were also seen in this collection of studies. Existing cohort studies, given their size and uneven exposure information, are unlikely to resolve questions of cancer risks and dichloromethane exposure. More promising approaches are population-based case-control studies of incident disease, and the combination of data from such studies, with robust exposure assessments that include detailed occupational information and exposure assignment based on industry-wide surveys or direct exposure measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glinda S Cooper
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
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Josephy PD, Pan D, Ianni MD, Mannervik B. Functional studies of single-nucleotide polymorphic variants of human glutathione transferase T1-1 involving residues in the dimer interface. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 513:87-93. [PMID: 21781954 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione transferase T1-1 catalyses detoxication and bioactivation processes in which glutathione conjugates are formed from endogenous and xenobiotic substrates, including alkylating agents and halogenated alkanes. Although the common null polymorphism of the human GSTT1 gene has been studied extensively, little is known about the consequences of GSTT1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Here, we have examined the effects of two SNPs that alter amino acid residues in the dimer interface of the GST T1-1 protein and one that causes a conservative substitution in the core of the subunit. Variant proteins were expressed in an Escherichia coli strain in which the metabolism of ethylene dibromide to a glutathione conjugate leads to lacZ reversion mutations. We measured the kinetic properties of the enzymes with the characteristic substrate 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy)propane (EPNP) and determined the specific activities with several other substrates. Circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to measure protein thermal denaturation profiles. Variant T104P, which has been reported as inactive, showed weak but detectable activity with each substrate. Variant R76S was expressed at lower levels and showed much-reduced thermal stability. The results are interpreted in the context of the three-dimensional structure of human GST T1-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- P David Josephy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G2W1.
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Ehler E, Latta J, Eichlerová A, Mrklovský M, Urban P. Exposure to iodomethane and dichloromethane associated with a confusional state. Neurotoxicology 2011; 32:307-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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