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Phan UTT, Nguyen HD, Nguyen TKO, Tran TH, Le TH, Tran TTP. Anti-inflammatory effect of Piper longum L. fruit methanolic extract on lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26174. [PMID: 38404825 PMCID: PMC10884859 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Context The Piper species was studied several potential properties such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. However, the specific anti-inflammatory activity of the extract from the fruits of P. longum L. has not been investigated. Objectives Our study want to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of P. longum L. fruit methanolic extracts (PLE) on lipopolysachharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages to understand the mechanism of this effect. Method This study examined the chemical profiling of PLE by LC-HRMS analysis and measured the presence of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the supernatant using the Griess reagent assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The mRNA expression of IL-6, TNF-α, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were evaluated by using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Furthermore, the protein expression of COX-2, iNOS and the phosphorylation of MAPK family, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 in protein level were observed by western blotting. Result PLE have detected 66 compounds which belong to different classes such as alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, lactones, and organic acids inhibited nitric oxide products with the IC50 = 28.5 ± 0.91 μg/mL. Moreover, PLE at 10-100 μg/mL up-regulate HO-1 protein expression from 3 to 10 folds at 3 h. It also downregulated the mRNA and protein expression of iNOS, COX-2, decreased IL-6 and TNF-α secretion by modulating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, specifically by decreasing the phosphorylation of p38 and JNK. Conclusion These results shown chemical profiling of PLE and demonstrated that PLE exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by regulating the MAPK family and could be a potential candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uyen Thi Tu Phan
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academic Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hai Dang Nguyen
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academic Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Kieu Oanh Nguyen
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academic Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tuan Hiep Tran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, PHENIKAA University, Yen Nghia, Ha Dong, Hanoi, 12116, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh Huong Le
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academic Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Thu Phuong Tran
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academic Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
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Louati K, Kolsi F, Kallel R, Gdoura Y, Borni M, Hakim LS, Zribi R, Choura S, Maalej A, Sayadi S, Chamkha M, Mnif B, Khemakhem Z, Boudawara TS, Boudawara MZ, Safta F. Research of Pesticide Metabolites in Human Brain Tumor Tissues by Chemometrics-Based Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis for a Hypothetical Correlation between Pesticide Exposure and Risk Factor of Central Nervous System Tumors. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:29812-29835. [PMID: 37599976 PMCID: PMC10433342 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are widely used, resulting in continuing human exposure with potential health impacts. Some exposures related to agricultural works have been associated with neurological disorders. Since the 2000s, the hypothesis of the role of pesticides in the occurrence of central nervous system (CNS) tumors has been better documented in the literature. However, the etiology of childhood brain cancers still remains largely unknown. The major objective of this work was to assess the potential role of pesticide exposure as a risk factor for CNS tumors based on questionnaires and statistical analysis of information collected from patients hospitalized in the Neurosurgery Department of the Habib Bourguiba Hospital Medium in Sfax, Tunisia, during the period from January 1, 2022, to May 31, 2023. It also aimed to develop a simple and rapid analytical method by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique for the research traces of pesticide metabolites in some collected human brain tumor tissues in order to more emphasize our hypothesis for such a correlation between pesticide exposure and brain tumor development. Patients with a history of high-risk exposure were selected to conduct further analysis. Chemometric methods were adapted to discern intrinsic variation between pathological and control groups and ascertain effective separation with the identification of differentially expressed metabolites accountable for such variations. Three samples revealed traces of pesticide metabolites that were mostly detected at an early age. The histopathological diagnosis was medulloblastoma for a 10-year-old child and high-grade gliomas for 27- and 35-year-old adults. The bivariate analyses (odds ratio >1 and P value <5%) confirmed the great probability of developing cancer by an exposure case. The Cox proportional hazards model revealed the risk of carcinogenicity beyond the age of 50 as a long-term effect of pesticide toxicity. Our study supports the correlation between pesticide exposure and the risk of development of human brain tumors, suggesting that preconception pesticide exposure, and possibly exposure during pregnancy, is associated with an increased childhood brain tumor risk. This hypothesis was enhanced in identifying traces of metabolites from the carbamate insecticide class known for their neurotoxicity and others from pyridazinone, organochlorines (OCs), triazole fungicide, and N-nitroso compounds known for their carcinogenicity. The 2D-OXYBLOT analysis confirmed the neurotoxicity effect of insecticides to induce oxidative damage in CNS cells. Aldicarb was implicated in brain carcinogenicity confirmed by the identification of oxime metabolites in a stress degradation study. Revealing "aziridine" metabolites from the OC class may better emphasize the theory of detecting traces of pesticide metabolites at an early age. Overall, our findings lead to the recommendation of limiting the residential use of pesticides and the support of public health policies serving this objective that we need to be vigilant in the postmarketing surveillance of human health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaouthar Louati
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Analytics and Galenic Drug
Development, LR12ES09, University of Monastir, Road Avicenne, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Kolsi
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Habib Bourguiba University
Hospital, Road El Ain km 1.5, Avenue of Ferdaous, 3089 Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty
of Medicine, University of Sfax, Avenue of Majida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rim Kallel
- Laboratory
of Pathological Anatomy and Cytology, Habib
Bourguiba University Hospital, Road El Ain km 1.5, Avenue of Ferdaous, 3089 Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty
of Medicine, University of Sfax, Avenue of Majida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Yassine Gdoura
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Habib Bourguiba University
Hospital, Road El Ain km 1.5, Avenue of Ferdaous, 3089 Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty
of Medicine, University of Sfax, Avenue of Majida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mahdi Borni
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Habib Bourguiba University
Hospital, Road El Ain km 1.5, Avenue of Ferdaous, 3089 Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty
of Medicine, University of Sfax, Avenue of Majida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Leila Sellami Hakim
- Laboratory
of Pathological Anatomy and Cytology, Habib
Bourguiba University Hospital, Road El Ain km 1.5, Avenue of Ferdaous, 3089 Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty
of Medicine, University of Sfax, Avenue of Majida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Rania Zribi
- Higher Institute
of Applied Studies to Humanities of Tunis (ISEAHT), University of Tunis, 11 Road of Jebel Lakdhar, 1005 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sirine Choura
- Laboratory
of Environmental Bioprocesses, Centre of
Biotechnology of Sfax, Road of Sidi-Mansour, P.O. Box 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Amina Maalej
- Laboratory
of Environmental Bioprocesses, Centre of
Biotechnology of Sfax, Road of Sidi-Mansour, P.O. Box 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Sami Sayadi
- Biotechnology
Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713 Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohamed Chamkha
- Laboratory
of Environmental Bioprocesses, Centre of
Biotechnology of Sfax, Road of Sidi-Mansour, P.O. Box 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Basma Mnif
- Faculty
of Medicine, University of Sfax, Avenue of Majida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Zouheir Khemakhem
- Legal
Medicine Department, Habib Bourguiba University
Hospital, Road El Ain
km 1.5, Avenue of Ferdaous, 3089 Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty
of Medicine, University of Sfax, Avenue of Majida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Tahya Sellami Boudawara
- Laboratory
of Pathological Anatomy and Cytology, Habib
Bourguiba University Hospital, Road El Ain km 1.5, Avenue of Ferdaous, 3089 Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty
of Medicine, University of Sfax, Avenue of Majida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Zaher Boudawara
- Department
of Neurosurgery, Habib Bourguiba University
Hospital, Road El Ain km 1.5, Avenue of Ferdaous, 3089 Sfax, Tunisia
- Faculty
of Medicine, University of Sfax, Avenue of Majida Boulila, 3029 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fathi Safta
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Analytics and Galenic Drug
Development, LR12ES09, University of Monastir, Road Avicenne, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
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Akanchise T, Angelova A. Ginkgo Biloba and Long COVID: In Vivo and In Vitro Models for the Evaluation of Nanotherapeutic Efficacy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051562. [PMID: 37242804 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus infections are neuroinvasive and can provoke injury to the central nervous system (CNS) and long-term illness consequences. They may be associated with inflammatory processes due to cellular oxidative stress and an imbalanced antioxidant system. The ability of phytochemicals with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, such as Ginkgo biloba, to alleviate neurological complications and brain tissue damage has attracted strong ongoing interest in the neurotherapeutic management of long COVID. Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (EGb) contains several bioactive ingredients, e.g., bilobalide, quercetin, ginkgolides A-C, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and luteolin. They have various pharmacological and medicinal effects, including memory and cognitive improvement. Ginkgo biloba, through its anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, impacts cognitive function and other illness conditions like those in long COVID. While preclinical research on the antioxidant therapies for neuroprotection has shown promising results, clinical translation remains slow due to several challenges (e.g., low drug bioavailability, limited half-life, instability, restricted delivery to target tissues, and poor antioxidant capacity). This review emphasizes the advantages of nanotherapies using nanoparticle drug delivery approaches to overcome these challenges. Various experimental techniques shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the oxidative stress response in the nervous system and help comprehend the pathophysiology of the neurological sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. To develop novel therapeutic agents and drug delivery systems, several methods for mimicking oxidative stress conditions have been used (e.g., lipid peroxidation products, mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors, and models of ischemic brain damage). We hypothesize the beneficial effects of EGb in the neurotherapeutic management of long-term COVID-19 symptoms, evaluated using either in vitro cellular or in vivo animal models of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thelma Akanchise
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Angelina Angelova
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
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Cui L, Guo J, Wang Z, Zhang J, Li W, Dong J, Liu K, Guo L, Li J, Wang H, Li J. Meloxicam inhibited oxidative stress and inflammatory response of LPS-stimulated bovine endometrial epithelial cells through Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109822. [PMID: 36750013 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Meloxicam is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor and has been widely used in combination with antibiotics to alleviate uterine inflammation and provide analgesia in postpartum cows. Studies have shown that meloxicam has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the link between meloxicam and uterine inflammation and oxidative stress in dairy cows has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to research the effects of meloxicam (0.5 or 5 μM) on oxidative stress and inflammatory response of primary bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEEC) stimulated by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (1 μg/mL LPS). As a result, LPS stimulated the production of oxidative stress markers and the expression of inflammatory factors, accompanied by a decrease in the activity and the gene transcription of antioxidant enzymes. Co-treatment of meloxicam and LPS reduced the content of oxidative stress markers and the mRNA levels of the pro-inflammatory genes, and improved antioxidant enzyme activities and the corresponding gene expression as compared with the cells treated with LPS alone. Meloxicam attenuated the inhibitory effect of the Nrf2 pathway and the phosphorylation levels of p65 and IκBα caused by LPS. In conclusion, meloxicam alone had no effect on BEEC, but prevented oxidative stress and inflammatory response in LPS-stimulated BEEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 220559, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agriproduct Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Jing Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 220559, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agriproduct Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Zhihao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 220559, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agriproduct Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 220559, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agriproduct Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Wenjie Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 220559, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agriproduct Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Junsheng Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 220559, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agriproduct Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Kangjun Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 220559, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agriproduct Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Long Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 220559, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agriproduct Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 220559, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agriproduct Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 220559, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agriproduct Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.
| | - Jianji Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 220559, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agriproduct Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; International Research Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonotic Diseases of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.
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Yadav A, Singh C. Cyclooxygenase-2 activates the free radical-mediated apoptosis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the maneb- and paraquat-intoxicated rats. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 187:105202. [PMID: 36127053 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Overproduction of free radicals and inflammation could lead to maneb (MB)- and paraquat (PQ)-induced toxicity in the polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inducible COX, is imperative in the pesticides-induced pathological alterations. However, its role in MB- and PQ-induced toxicity in the PMNs is not yet clearly deciphered. The current study explored the contribution of COX-2 in MB- and PQ-induced toxicity in the PMNs and the mechanism involved therein. Combined MB and PQ augmented the production of free radicals, lipid peroxides and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the rat PMNs. While combined MB and PQ elevated the expression of COX-2 protein, activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and levels of procaspase-3/9 were attenuated in the PMNs. Celecoxib (CXB), a COX-2 inhibitor, ameliorated the combined MB and PQ-induced modulations in the PMNs. MB and PQ augmented the free radical generation, COX-2 protein expression, NF-κB activation and JNK phosphorylation and reduced the cell viability of cultured rat PMNs and human leukemic HL60. MB and PQ elevated mitochondrial cytochrome c release and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage whilst procaspase-3/9 levels were attenuated in the cultured PMNs. MB and PQ also increased the levels of phosphorylated c-jun and caspase-3 activity in the HL60 cells. CXB; SP600125, a JNK-inhibitor and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a NF-κB inhibitor, rescued from MB and PQ-induced changes in the PMNs and HL60 cells. However, CXB offered the maximum protection among the three. The results show that COX-2 activates apoptosis in the PMNs following MB and PQ intoxication, which could be linked to NF-κB and JNK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Yadav
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chetna Singh
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226 001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Miao C, Fan D. Identification of differentially expressed genes and pathways in diquat and paraquat poisoning using bioinformatics analysis. Toxicol Mech Methods 2022; 32:678-685. [PMID: 35392760 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2063095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
[Objective] In this study, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and signaling pathways involved in diquat (DQ) and paraquat (PQ) poisoning were identified via bioinformatics analysis, in order to inform the development of novel clinical treatments. [Methods] Raw data from GSE153959 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. DEGs of the DQ vs. control (CON) and PQ vs. CON comparison groups were identified using R, and DEGs shared by the two groups were identified using TBtools. Subsequently, the shared DEGs were searched in the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases, using the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed, and hub genes were identified using the cytoHubba plug-in in Cytoscape software. Finally, Circos and contrast plots showing the DEGs shared between mouse and human chromosomes were constructed using TBtools. [Results] Thirty- one DEGs shared by the DQ and PQ groups were identified. Enriched biological process terms included positive regulation of cell proliferation and translation. Enriched cellular component terms included extracellular region, intracellular membrane- bounded organelle and mitochondrion. Enriched molecular function terms included transcription factor activity and sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding. Enriched KEGG pathways included the interleukin- 17 signaling pathway, tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, and human T- cell leukemia virus 1 infection. The top ten hub genes in the PPI network were Ptgs2, Cxcl2, Csf2, Mmp13, Areg, Plaur, Fosl1, Ereg, Atf3, and Tfrc. Cxcl2, Csf2, and Atf3 played important roles in the mitogen- activated protein kinase signaling pathway. [Conclusions] These pathways and DEGs may serve as targets for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Miao
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061 Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dandan Fan
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710061 Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Tanaka K, Adachi H, Akasaka H, Tamaoki J, Fuse Y, Kobayashi M, Kitazawa T, Teraoka H. Oxidative stress inducers potentiate 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-mediated pre-cardiac edema in larval zebrafish. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1050-1058. [PMID: 34024870 PMCID: PMC8349820 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported the involvement of oxidative stress and prostaglandins including thromboxane and prostacyclin in pre-cardiac edema (early edema) caused by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). While the involvement of oxidative stress in TCDD-induced toxicity has been frequently reported, the mechanism of its action is still unclear. In the present study, oxidative stress inducers including paraquat, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and rotenone augmented early edema (edema) induced by a low concentration of TCDD (0.1 ppb) at 55 hr post fertilization (hpf), while each of them alone did not cause edema. Edema caused by TCDD plus oxidative stress inducers was almost abolished by antioxidants, an antagonist for thromboxane receptor (ICI-192,605) and an agonist for prostacyclin receptor (beraprost), suggesting that the site of action of these inducers was in the regular signaling pathway after activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor type 2 (AHR2) by TCDD. Oxidative stress inducers also enhanced edema caused by an agonist for the thromboxane receptor (U46619), and the enhancement was also inhibited by antioxidants. Sulforaphane and auranofin, activators of Nrf2 that is a master regulator of anti-oxidative response, did not affect U46619-evoked edema but almost abolished TCDD-induced edema and potentiation by paraquat in both TCDD- and U46619-induced edema. Taken together, the results suggest that oxidative stress augments pre-cardiac edema caused by TCDD via activation of thromboxane receptor-mediated signaling in developing zebrafish. As paraquat and other oxidative stress inducers used also are environmental pollutants, interaction between dioxin-like compounds and exogenous source of oxidative stress should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuki Tanaka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hikaru Adachi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hironobu Akasaka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Junya Tamaoki
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yuji Fuse
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Makoto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takio Kitazawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Teraoka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Lee IJ, Chao CY, Yang YC, Cheng JJ, Huang CL, Chiou CT, Huang HT, Kuo YH, Huang NK. Huang Lian Jie Du Tang attenuates paraquat-induced mitophagy in human SH-SY5Y cells: A traditional decoction with a novel therapeutic potential in treating Parkinson's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 134:111170. [PMID: 33383311 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Huang Lian Jie Du Tang (HLJDT) is a traditional Chinese medical decoction for heat-fire clearing and detoxication. Theoretically, the cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been attributed to the dysregulations of internal wind, phlegm, fire, and stasis. Thus, HLJDT has been used to treat PD. However, the molecular mechanism is unknown. Besides, paraquat (PQ) as an herbicide has been known to impair midbrain dopaminergic neurons, resemblance to the pathology of PD. Thus, the molecular mechanism of HLJDT in treating PD and PQ-induced in vitro PD model was investigated in this study. Primarily, the dose-response of PQ (0.1∼1 mM)-induced neurotoxicity for 24 h was performed in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. The LD50 of PQ is around 0.3 mM and was applied throughout the following experiments. The neutral red assay was used to estimate cell viability. Co-transfection of the mitochondrial marker and proapoptotic factor genes were applied to measure the release of mitochondrial proapoptotic factors during PQ intoxication and HLJDT protection. The fluorescent dyes were used to detect mitochondrial membrane potential and free radical formation. Western blot and dot-blot analysis and immunocytochemistry were used to estimate the level of proteins related to apoptosis and mitophagy. PINK1 gene silencing was used to determine the significance of mitophagy during PQ intoxication. In this study, HLJDT attenuated PQ-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. HLJDT reversed PQ-induced decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and suppressed PQ-induced increased cytosolic and mitochondrial free radical formations and mitochondrial proapoptotic factor releases. Furthermore, HLJDT mitigated PQ-induced increases in full-length PINK1, phosphorylations of Parkin and ubiquitin, mitochondrial translocation of phosphorylated Parkin, and mitophagy. PINK1 gene silencing attenuated PQ-induced neurotoxicity. Therefore, HLJDT attenuated PQ-induced cell death by regulating mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Jung Lee
- Herbal Medicine Department, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Che-Yi Chao
- Department of Psychiatry, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City 23148, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ying-Chen Yang
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan 26047, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jing-Jy Cheng
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11267, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chuen-Lin Huang
- Medical Research Center, Cardinal Tien Hospital, Hsintien, New Taipei City 23148, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Physiology & Department of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Tang Chiou
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11267, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hung-Tse Huang
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11267, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yao-Haur Kuo
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11267, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Nai-Kuei Huang
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11267, Taiwan, ROC; The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, ROC.
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9
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Moyano P, Sanjuan J, García JM, Anadon MJ, Naval MV, Sola E, García J, Frejo MT, Pino JD. Dysregulation of prostaglandine E2 and BDNF signaling mediated by estrogenic dysfunction induces primary hippocampal neuronal cell death after single and repeated paraquat treatment. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 144:111611. [PMID: 32738378 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) produces hippocampal neuronal cell death and cognitive dysfunctions after unique and continued exposure, but the mechanisms are not understood. Primary hippocampal wildtype or βAPP-Tau silenced cells were co-treated with PQ with or without E2, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), NS-398 (cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor), MF63 (PGES-1 inhibitor) and/or recombinant brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) during one- and fourteen-days to studied PQ effect on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and BDNF signaling and their involvement in hyperphosphorylated Tau (pTau) and amyloid-beta (Aβ) protein formation, and oxidative stress generation, that lead to neuronal cell loss through estrogenic disruption, as a possible mechanism of cognitive dysfunctions produced by PQ. Our results indicate that PQ overexpressed cyclooxygenase-2 that leads to an increase of PGE2 and alters the expression of EP1-3 receptor subtypes. PQ induced also a decrease of proBDNF and mature BDNF levels and altered P75NTR and tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) expression. PQ induced PGE2 and BDNF signaling dysfunction, mediated through estrogenic disruption, leading to Aβ and pTau proteins synthesis, oxidative stress generation and finally to cell death. Our research provides relevant information to explain PQ hippocampal neurotoxic effects, indicating a probable explanation of the cognitive dysfunction observed and suggests new therapeutic strategies to protect against PQ toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Moyano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sanjuan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel García
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Anadon
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Medical School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Victoria Naval
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Pharmacy School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Sola
- Department of Legal Medicine, Psychiatry and Pathology, Medical School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jimena García
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Sciences School, Alfonso X University, 28691, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Teresa Frejo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Del Pino
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Zheng F, Gonçalves FM, Abiko Y, Li H, Kumagai Y, Aschner M. Redox toxicology of environmental chemicals causing oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101475. [PMID: 32336668 PMCID: PMC7327986 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms are surrounded with heavy metals such as methylmercury, manganese, cobalt, cadmium, arsenic, as well as pesticides such as deltamethrin and paraquat, or atmospheric pollutants such as quinone. Extensive studies have demonstrated a strong link between environmental pollutants and human health. Redox toxicity is proposed as one of the main mechanisms of chemical-induced pathology in humans. Acting as both a sensor of oxidative stress and a positive regulator of antioxidants, the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) has attracted recent attention. However, the role NRF2 plays in environmental pollutant-induced toxicity has not been systematically addressed. Here, we characterize NRF2 function in response to various pollutants, such as metals, pesticides and atmospheric quinones. NRF2 related signaling pathways and epigenetic regulations are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States.
| | - Filipe Marques Gonçalves
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States
| | - Yumi Abiko
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Huangyuan Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China.
| | - Yoshito Kumagai
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States.
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11
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Choi SE, Park YS, Koh HC. NF-κB/p53-activated inflammatory response involves in diquat-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:1005-1018. [PMID: 29484840 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation generated by environmental toxicants including pesticides could be one of the factors underlying neuronal cell damage in neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which inflammatory responses contribute to apoptosis in PC12 cells treated with diquat. We found that diquat induced apoptosis, as demonstrated by the activation of caspases and nuclear condensation, inhibition of mitochondrial complex I activity, and decreased ATP level in PC12 cells. Diquat also reduced the dopamine level, indicating that cell death induced by diquat is due to cytotoxicity of dopaminergic neuronal components in these cells. Exposure of PC12 cells to diquat led to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the antioxidant N-acetyl-cystein attenuated the cytotoxicity of caspase-3 pathways. These results demonstrate that diquat-induced apoptosis is involved in mitochondrial dysfunction through production of ROS. Furthermore, diquat increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) via inflammatory stimulation. Diquat induced nuclear accumulation of NF-κB and p53 proteins. Importantly, an inhibitor of NF-κB nuclear translocation blocked the increase of p53. Both NF-κB and p53 inhibitors also blocked the diquat-induced inflammatory response. Pretreatment of cells with meloxicam, a COX-2 inhibitor, also blocked apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. These results represent a unique molecular characterization of diquat-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. Our results demonstrate that diquat induces cell damage in part through inflammatory responses via NF-κB-mediated p53 signaling. This suggests the potential to generate mitochondrial damage via inflammatory responses and inflammatory stimulation-related neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Eun Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Chul Koh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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12
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de Oliveira MR, Andrade CMB, Fürstenau CR. Naringenin Exerts Anti-inflammatory Effects in Paraquat-Treated SH-SY5Y Cells Through a Mechanism Associated with the Nrf2/HO-1 Axis. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:894-903. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2495-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Ren X, Zou L, Zhang X, Branco V, Wang J, Carvalho C, Holmgren A, Lu J. Redox Signaling Mediated by Thioredoxin and Glutathione Systems in the Central Nervous System. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:989-1010. [PMID: 28443683 PMCID: PMC5649126 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The thioredoxin (Trx) and glutathione (GSH) systems play important roles in maintaining the redox balance in the brain, a tissue that is prone to oxidative stress due to its high-energy demand. These two disulfide reductase systems are active in various areas of the brain and are considered to be critical antioxidant systems in the central nervous system (CNS). Various neuronal disorders have been characterized to have imbalanced redox homeostasis. Recent Advances: In addition to their detrimental effects, recent studies have highlighted that reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) act as critical signaling molecules by modifying thiols in proteins. The Trx and GSH systems, which reversibly regulate thiol modifications, regulate redox signaling involved in various biological events in the CNS. CRITICAL ISSUES In this review, we focus on the following: (i) how ROS/RNS are produced and mediate signaling in CNS; (ii) how Trx and GSH systems regulate redox signaling by catalyzing reversible thiol modifications; (iii) how dysfunction of the Trx and GSH systems causes alterations of cellular redox signaling in human neuronal diseases; and (iv) the effects of certain small molecules that target thiol-based signaling pathways in the CNS. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further study on the roles of thiol-dependent redox systems in the CNS will improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of many human neuronal disorders and also help to develop novel protective and therapeutic strategies against neuronal diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 989-1010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Ren
- 1 Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lili Zou
- 1 Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden .,2 Translational Neuroscience and Neural Regeneration and Repair Institute/Institute of Cell Therapy, The First Hospital of Yichang, Three Gorges University , Yichang, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- 1 Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vasco Branco
- 3 Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) , Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jun Wang
- 2 Translational Neuroscience and Neural Regeneration and Repair Institute/Institute of Cell Therapy, The First Hospital of Yichang, Three Gorges University , Yichang, China
| | - Cristina Carvalho
- 3 Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa) , Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Arne Holmgren
- 1 Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jun Lu
- 4 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University , Chongqing, China
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14
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de Oliveira MR, de Souza ICC, Fürstenau CR. Carnosic Acid Induces Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Paraquat-Treated SH-SY5Y Cells Through a Mechanism Involving a Crosstalk Between the Nrf2/HO-1 Axis and NF-κB. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:890-897. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Antioxidative and neuroprotective activities of peanut sprout extracts against oxidative stress in SK-N-SH cells. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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16
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Filograna R, Godena VK, Sanchez-Martinez A, Ferrari E, Casella L, Beltramini M, Bubacco L, Whitworth AJ, Bisaglia M. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)-mimetic M40403 Is Protective in Cell and Fly Models of Paraquat Toxicity: IMPLICATIONS FOR PARKINSON DISEASE. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:9257-67. [PMID: 26953346 PMCID: PMC4861490 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.708057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease is a debilitating and incurable neurodegenerative disorder affecting ∼1–2% of people over 65 years of age. Oxidative damage is considered to play a central role in the progression of Parkinson disease and strong evidence links chronic exposure to the pesticide paraquat with the incidence of the disease, most probably through the generation of oxidative damage. In this work, we demonstrated in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells the beneficial role of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes against paraquat-induced toxicity, as well as the therapeutic potential of the SOD-mimetic compound M40403. Having verified the beneficial effects of superoxide dismutation in cells, we then evaluated the effects using Drosophila melanogaster as an in vivo model. Besides protecting against the oxidative damage induced by paraquat treatment, our data demonstrated that in Drosophila M40403 was able to compensate for the loss of endogenous SOD enzymes, acting both at a cytosolic and mitochondrial level. Because previous clinical trials have indicated that the M40403 molecule is well tolerated in humans, this study may have important implication for the treatment of Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Filograna
- From the Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Vinay K Godena
- the MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro Sanchez-Martinez
- the MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom, the MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB22 LY, United Kingdom, and
| | - Emanuele Ferrari
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Luigi Casella
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariano Beltramini
- From the Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- From the Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Alexander J Whitworth
- the MRC Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom, the MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB22 LY, United Kingdom, and
| | - Marco Bisaglia
- From the Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy,
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17
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Nrf2/ARE Pathway Involved in Oxidative Stress Induced by Paraquat in Human Neural Progenitor Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:8923860. [PMID: 26649146 PMCID: PMC4663008 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8923860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Compelling evidences have shown that diverse environmental insults arising during early life can either directly lead to a reduction in the number of dopaminergic neurons or cause an increased susceptibility to neurons degeneration with subsequent environmental insults or with aging alone. Oxidative stress is considered the main effect of neurotoxins exposure. In this study, we investigated the oxidative stress effect of Paraquat (PQ) on immortalized human embryonic neural progenitor cells by treating them with various concentrations of PQ. We show that PQ can decrease the activity of SOD and CAT but increase MDA and LDH level. Furthermore, the activities of Cyc and caspase-9 were found increased significantly at 10 μM of PQ treatment. The cytoplasmic Nrf2 protein expressions were upregulated at 10 μM but fell back at 100 μM. The nuclear Nrf2 protein expressions were upregulated as well as the downstream mRNA expressions of HO-1 and NQO1 in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the proteins expression of PKC and CKII was also increased significantly even at 1 μM. The results suggested that Nrf2/ARE pathway is involved in mild to moderate PQ-induced oxidative stress which is evident from dampened Nrf2 activity and low expression of antioxidant genes in PQ induced oxidative damage.
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18
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Alural B, Ozerdem A, Allmer J, Genc K, Genc S. Lithium protects against paraquat neurotoxicity by NRF2 activation and miR-34a inhibition in SH-SY5Y cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:209. [PMID: 26074776 PMCID: PMC4446540 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium is a mood stabilizing agent commonly used for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Here, we investigated the potential neuroprotective effect of lithium against paraquat toxicity and its underlying mechanisms in vitro. SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells were treated with paraquat (PQ) 0.5 mM concentration after lithium pretreatment to test lithium's capability in preventing cell toxicity. Cell death was evaluated by LDH, WST-8, and tryphan blue assays. Apoptosis was analyzed using DNA fragmentation, Annexin V immunostaining, Sub G1 cell cycle analysis, and caspase-3 activity assays. BCL2, BAX, and NRF2 protein expression were evaluated by Western-blotting and the BDNF protein level was determined with ELISA. mRNA levels of BCL2, BAX, BDNF, and NRF2 target genes (HO-1, GCS, NQO1), as well as miR-34a expression were analyzed by qPCR assay. Functional experiments were done via transfection with NRF2 siRNA and miR-34a mimic. Lithium treatment prevented paraquat induced cell death and apoptosis. Lithium treated cells showed increased anti-apoptotic protein BCL2 and decreased pro-apoptotic protein BAX expression. Lithium exerted a neurotrophic effect by increasing BDNF protein expression. It also diminished reactive oxygen species production and activated the redox sensitive transcription factor NRF2 and increased its target genes expression. Knockdown of NRF2 abolished neuroprotective, anti-apoptotic, and anti-oxidant effects of lithium. Furthermore, lithium significantly decreased both basal and PQ-induced expression of miR-34a. Transfection of miR-34a specific mimic reversed neuroprotective, anti-apoptotic, and anti-oxidant effects of lithium against PQ-toxicity. Our results revealed two novel mechanisms of lithium neuroprotection, namely NRF2 activation and miR-34a suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begum Alural
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Izmir, Turkey ; Department of Neuroscience, Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylul University Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Ozerdem
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylul University Izmir, Turkey ; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University Izmir, Turkey
| | - Jens Allmer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology Urla, Turkey
| | - Kursad Genc
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylul University Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sermin Genc
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Izmir, Turkey ; Department of Neuroscience, Health Science Institute, Dokuz Eylul University Izmir, Turkey
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19
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Park JH, Park YS, Lee JB, Park KH, Paik MK, Jeong M, Koh HC. Meloxicam inhibits fipronil-induced apoptosis via modulation of the oxidative stress and inflammatory response in SH-SY5Y cells. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:10-23. [PMID: 25772694 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammatory responses have been identified as key elements of neuronal cell apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which inflammatory responses contribute to apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells treated with fipronil (FPN). Based on the cytotoxic mechanism of FPN, we examined the neuroprotective effects of meloxicam against FPN-induced neuronal cell death. Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with FPN induced apoptosis via activation of caspase-9 and -3, leading to nuclear condensation. In addition, FPN induced oxidative stress and increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) via inflammatory stimulation. Pretreatment of cells with meloxicam enhanced the viability of FPN-exposed cells through attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammatory response. FPN activated mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and inhibitors of MAPK abolished FPN-induced COX-2 expression. Meloxicam also attenuated FPN-induced cell death by reducing MAPK-mediated pro-inflammatory factors. Furthermore, we observed both nuclear accumulation of p53 and enhanced levels of cytosolic p53 in a concentration-dependent manner after FPN treatment. Pretreatment of cells with meloxicam blocked the translocation of p53 from the cytosol to the nucleus. Together, these data suggest that meloxicam may exert anti-apoptotic effects against FPN-induced cytotoxicity by both attenuating oxidative stress and inhibiting the inflammatory cascade via inactivation of MAPK and p53 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyeon Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Korea.,Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn Sun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Korea.,Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je-Bong Lee
- Department of Agro-food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hun Park
- Department of Agro-food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
| | - Min-kyoung Paik
- Department of Agro-food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
| | - Mihye Jeong
- Department of Agro-food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyun Chul Koh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Korea.,Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Korea.,Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Lee JE, Lim MS, Park JH, Park CH, Koh HC. Nuclear NF-κB contributes to chlorpyrifos-induced apoptosis through p53 signaling in human neural precursor cells. Neurotoxicology 2014; 42:58-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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21
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Lee JE, Park JH, Jang SJ, Koh HC. Rosiglitazone inhibits chlorpyrifos-induced apoptosis via modulation of the oxidative stress and inflammatory response in SH-SY5Y cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 278:159-71. [PMID: 24793810 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress can lead to expression of inflammatory transcription factors, which are important regulatory elements in the induction of inflammatory responses. One of the transcription factors, nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-κB) plays a significant role in the inflammation regulatory process. Inflammatory cell death has been implicated in neuronal cell death in some neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying apoptosis initiated by chlorpyrifos (CPF)-mediated oxidative stress. Based on the cytotoxic mechanism of CPF, we examined the neuroprotective effects of rosiglitazone (RGZ), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonist, against CPF-induced neuronal cell death. The treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with CPF induced oxidative stress. In addition, CPF activated the p38, JNK and ERK mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and induced increases in the inflammatory genes such as COX-2 and TNF-α. CPF also induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB and inhibitors of NF-κB abolished the CPF-induced COX-2 expression. Pretreatment with RGZ significantly reduced ROS generation and enhanced HO-1 expression in CPF-exposed cells. RGZ blocked the activation of both p38 and JNK signaling, while ERK activation was strengthened. RGZ also attenuated CPF-induced cell death through the reduction of NF-κB-mediated proinflammatory factors. Results from this study suggest that RGZ may exert an anti-apoptotic effect against CPF-induced cytotoxicity by attenuation of oxidative stress as well as inhibition of the inflammatory cascade via inactivation of signaling by p38 and JNK, and NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Eun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyeon Park
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sea Jeong Jang
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Chul Koh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Hosamani R. Acute exposure of Drosophila melanogaster to paraquat causes oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 83:25-40. [PMID: 23564607 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ; 1, 1'-dimethyl-4-4'-bipyridinium), an herbicide and model neurotoxicant, is identified to be one of the prime risk factors in Parkinson's disease (PD). In the Drosophila system, PQ is commonly used to measure acquired resistance against oxidative stress (PQ resistance test). Despite this, under acute PQ exposure, data on the oxidative stress response and associated impact on mitochondria among flies is limited. Accordingly, in this study, we measured markers of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions among adult male flies (8-10 days old) exposed to varying concentrations of PQ (10, 20, and 40 mM in 5% sucrose solution) employing a conventional filter disc method for 24 h. PQ exposure resulted in significant elevation in the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers (malondialdehyde: 43% increase: hydroperoxide: 32-39% increase), with concomitant enhancement in reduced glutathione and total thiol levels in cytosol. Higher activity of antioxidant enzymes were also evident along with increased free iron levels. Furthermore, PQ exposure caused a concentration-dependent increase in mitochondrial superoxide generation and activity of manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD). The activity levels of complex I-III, complex II-III, and Mg+2 adinosine triphosphatase (ATPase) were also decreased significantly. A robust diminution in the activity of succinate dehydrogenase and moderate decline in the citrate synthase activity suggested a specific effect on citric acid cycle enzymes. Collectively, these data suggest that acute PQ exposure causes significant oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction among flies in vivo. It is suggested that in various experimental settings, while conducting the "PQ resistance stress test" incorporation of selected biochemical end points is likely to enhance the quality of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar Hosamani
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Mysore, India.
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23
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Li W, Cheng X, Chen HS, He ZY. Apobec-1 increases cyclooxygenase-2 and aggravates injury in oxygen-deprived neurogenic cells and middle cerebral artery occlusion rats. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1434-45. [PMID: 23609497 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Given that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays a crucial role during cerebral ischemia and Apobec-1 is a critical regulator of COX-2 mRNA stabilization in gastrointestinal settings, the correlation of COX-2 and Apobec-1 was investigated in neurogenic cells and rat model of cerebral ischemia. After neurogenic SH-SY5Y, NG108-15 and PC12 cells were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation, cell viability, LDH leakage and Apobec-1 expression were determined. The effect of Apobec-1 overexpression on injury severity of oxygen-glucose deprivation, COX-2 expression, C-to-U editing of COX-2 mRNA were measured in vitro. Then the correlation of Apobec-1 level and injury severity was analyzed in cells with oxygen-glucose deprivation and in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion. Apobec-1 expression was elevated along with upregulation of COX-2 and injury severity of oxygen-glucose deprivation in the three cell lines. Apobec-1 overexpression aggravated injury of oxygen-glucose deprivation in vitro and could be correlated to injury severity in vivo. Meanwhile, Apobec-1 increased COX-2 expression and COX-2 mRNA stabilization in neurogenic cells, and failed to catalyze C-to-U editing of COX-2 mRNA. Apobec-1 could upregulate COX-2 expression in neurogenic cells by stabilizing COX-2 mRNA, and might aggravate injury of oxygen-glucose deprivation in neurogenic cells as well as in rats with cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, North Nanjing Street #155, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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24
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Ki YW, Park JH, Lee JE, Shin IC, Koh HC. JNK and p38 MAPK regulate oxidative stress and the inflammatory response in chlorpyrifos-induced apoptosis. Toxicol Lett 2013; 218:235-45. [PMID: 23416140 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To investigate mechanisms of neuronal cell death in response to chlorpyrifos (CPF), a pesticide, we evaluated the regulation of ROS and COX-2 in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells treated with CPF. CPF treatment produced cytotoxic effects that appeared to involve an increase in ROS. In addition, CPF treatment activated MAPK pathways including JNK, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK, and MAPK inhibitors abolished the cytotoxicity and reduced ROS generation. Our data demonstrate that CPF induced apoptosis involving MAPK activation through ROS production. Furthermore, after the CPF treatment, COX-2 expression increased. Interestingly, JNK and p38 MAPK inhibitors attenuated the CPF-induced COX-2 expression while an ERK1/2 inhibitor did not. These findings suggest that pathways involving JNK and p38 MAPK, but not ERK1/2, mediated apoptosis and are involved in the inflammatory response. In conclusion, the JNK and p38 MAPK pathways might be critical mediators in CPF-induced neuronal apoptosis by both generating ROS and up-regulating COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeo-Woon Ki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 133-791 Seoul, Republic of Korea
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25
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Singh M, Murthy V, Ramassamy C. Neuroprotective mechanisms of the standardized extract of Bacopa monniera in a paraquat/diquat-mediated acute toxicity. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:530-9. [PMID: 23402822 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common age related neurodegenerative disease and affects millions of people worldwide. Strong evidence suggests a role for oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions in the pathogenesis of PD. Recent epidemiologic and toxicological studies have shown that environmental factors, especially herbicides such as paraquat and diquat represent one of the primary classes of neurotoxic agents associated with PD. The objective of our study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of the standardized extract of Bacopa monniera (BM) against paraquat/diquat-induced toxicity and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this protection. Our results showed that a pre-treatment with the BM extract, from 20.0μg/ml, protected the rat dopaminergic PC12 cell line against paraquat/diquat-induced toxicity in various cell survival assays. We demonstrated that BM pre-treatment, from 5.0μg/ml, could prevent the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased mitochondrial superoxide levels and depolarized the mitochondria. BM pre-treatment also increased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) levels and antioxidant defense systems such as γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) and thioredoxin1 (Trx1) levels. Furthermore, BM pre-treatment prevented the activation of Akt and heat shock protein90 (HSP90) proteins. Thus, our findings demonstrated that BM can protect PC12 cells through modulating cellular redox pathways which are altered in PD and could have a therapeutic application in the prevention of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeet Singh
- INRS - Institut Armand Frappier, Quebec, Canada H7V 1B7
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26
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Garcia-Garcia A, Zavala-Flores L, Rodriguez-Rocha H, Franco R. Thiol-redox signaling, dopaminergic cell death, and Parkinson's disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:1764-84. [PMID: 22369136 PMCID: PMC3474187 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, which has been widely associated with oxidative stress. However, the mechanisms by which redox signaling regulates cell death progression remain elusive. RECENT ADVANCES Early studies demonstrated that depletion of glutathione (GSH), the most abundant low-molecular-weight thiol and major antioxidant defense in cells, is one of the earliest biochemical events associated with PD, prompting researchers to determine the role of oxidative stress in dopaminergic cell death. Since then, the concept of oxidative stress has evolved into redox signaling, and its complexity is highlighted by the discovery of a variety of thiol-based redox-dependent processes regulating not only oxidative damage, but also the activation of a myriad of signaling/enzymatic mechanisms. CRITICAL ISSUES GSH and GSH-based antioxidant systems are important regulators of neurodegeneration associated with PD. In addition, thiol-based redox systems, such as peroxiredoxins, thioredoxins, metallothioneins, methionine sulfoxide reductases, transcription factors, as well as oxidative modifications in protein thiols (cysteines), including cysteine hydroxylation, glutathionylation, and nitrosylation, have been demonstrated to regulate dopaminergic cell loss. FUTURE DIRECTIONS In this review, we summarize major advances in the understanding of the role of thiol-redox signaling in dopaminergic cell death in experimental PD. Future research is still required to clearly understand how integrated thiol-redox signaling regulates the activation of the cell death machinery, and the knowledge generated should open new avenues for the design of novel therapeutic approaches against PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aracely Garcia-Garcia
- Redox Biology Center and School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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27
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Neuroprotective effects of tert-butylhydroquinone on paraquat-induced dopaminergic cell degeneration in C57BL/6 mice and in PC12 cells. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:1729-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0935-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Coleman MD, O'Neil JD, Woehrling EK, Ndunge OBA, Hill EJ, Menache A, Reiss CJ. A preliminary investigation into the impact of a pesticide combination on human neuronal and glial cell lines in vitro. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42768. [PMID: 22880100 PMCID: PMC3411844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Many pesticides are used increasingly in combinations during crop protection and their stability ensures the presence of such combinations in foodstuffs. The effects of three fungicides, pyrimethanil, cyprodinil and fludioxonil, were investigated together and separately on U251 and SH-SY5Y cells, which can be representative of human CNS glial and neuronal cells respectively. Over 48h, all three agents showed significant reductions in cellular ATP, at concentrations that were more than tenfold lower than those which significantly impaired cellular viability. The effects on energy metabolism were reflected in their marked toxic effects on mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, evidence of oxidative stress was seen in terms of a fall in cellular thiols coupled with increases in the expression of enzymes associated with reactive species formation, such as GSH peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. The glial cell line showed significant responsiveness to the toxin challenge in terms of changes in antioxidant gene expression, although the neuronal SH-SY5Y line exhibited greater vulnerability to toxicity, which was reflected in significant increases in caspase-3 expression, which is indicative of the initiation of apoptosis. Cyprodinil was the most toxic agent individually, although oxidative stress-related enzyme gene expression increases appeared to demonstrate some degree of synergy in the presence of the combination of agents. This report suggests that the impact of some pesticides, both individually and in combinations, merits further study in terms of their impact on human cellular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Coleman
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - John D. O'Neil
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Eric J. Hill
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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29
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Fujimori K, Fukuhara A, Inui T, Allhorn M. Prevention of paraquat-induced apoptosis in human neuronal SH-SY5Y cells by lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase. J Neurochem 2011; 120:279-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07570.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Luo C, Urgard E, Vooder T, Metspalu A. The role of COX-2 and Nrf2/ARE in anti-inflammation and antioxidative stress: Aging and anti-aging. Med Hypotheses 2011; 77:174-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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31
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Litteljohn D, Mangano E, Clarke M, Bobyn J, Moloney K, Hayley S. Inflammatory mechanisms of neurodegeneration in toxin-based models of Parkinson's disease. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2010; 2011:713517. [PMID: 21234362 PMCID: PMC3018622 DOI: 10.4061/2011/713517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) has been associated with exposure to a variety of environmental agents, including pesticides, heavy metals, and organic pollutants; and inflammatory processes appear to constitute a common mechanistic link among these insults. Indeed, toxin exposure has been repeatedly demonstrated to induce the release of oxidative and inflammatory factors from immunocompetent microglia, leading to damage and death of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. In particular, proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, which are produced locally within the brain by microglia, have been implicated in the loss of DA neurons in toxin-based models of PD; and mounting evidence suggests a contributory role of the inflammatory enzyme, cyclooxygenase-2. Likewise, immune-activating bacterial and viral agents were reported to have neurodegenerative effects themselves and to augment the deleterious impact of chemical toxins upon DA neurons. The present paper will focus upon the evidence linking microglia and their inflammatory processes to the death of DA neurons following toxin exposure. Particular attention will be devoted to the possibility that environmental toxins can activate microglia, resulting in these cells adopting a “sensitized” state that favors the production of proinflammatory cytokines and damaging oxidative radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy Litteljohn
- Institute of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
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