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Pelkonen O, Abass K, Parra Morte JM, Panzarea M, Testai E, Rudaz S, Louisse J, Gundert-Remy U, Wolterink G, Jean-Lou CM D, Coecke S, Bernasconi C. Metabolites in the regulatory risk assessment of pesticides in the EU. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1304885. [PMID: 38188093 PMCID: PMC10770266 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1304885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A large majority of chemicals is converted into metabolites through xenobiotic-metabolising enzymes. Metabolites may present a spectrum of characteristics varying from similar to vastly different compared with the parent compound in terms of both toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. In the pesticide arena, the role of metabolism and metabolites is increasingly recognised as a significant factor particularly for the design and interpretation of mammalian toxicological studies and in the toxicity assessment of pesticide/metabolite-associated issues for hazard characterization and risk assessment purposes, including the role of metabolites as parts in various residues in ecotoxicological adversities. This is of particular relevance to pesticide metabolites that are unique to humans in comparison with metabolites found in in vitro or in vivo animal studies, but also to disproportionate metabolites (quantitative differences) between humans and mammalian species. Presence of unique or disproportionate metabolites may underlie potential toxicological concerns. This review aims to present the current state-of-the-art of comparative metabolism and metabolites in pesticide research for hazard and risk assessment, including One Health perspectives, and future research needs based on the experiences gained at the European Food Safety Authority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olavi Pelkonen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Khaled Abass
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Emanuela Testai
- Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Models Unit, Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jochem Louisse
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority, Parma, Italy
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ursula Gundert-Remy
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerrit Wolterink
- Centre for Prevention, Lifestyle and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Sandra Coecke
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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2
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Gobas FAPC, Lee YS, Fremlin KM, Stelmachuk SC, Redman AD. Methods for assessing the bioaccumulation of hydrocarbons and related substances in terrestrial organisms: A critical review. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2023; 19:1433-1456. [PMID: 36880196 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates and reviews methods for the assessment of the terrestrial bioaccumulation potential of hydrocarbons and related organic substances. The study concludes that the unitless biomagnification factor (BMF) and/or the trophic magnification factor (TMF) are appropriate, practical, and thermodynamically meaningful metrics for identifying bioaccumulative substances in terrestrial food chains. The study shows that various methods, including physical-chemical properties like the KOA and KOW , in vitro biotransformation assays, quantitative structure-activity relationships, in vivo pharmacokinetic and dietary bioaccumulation tests, and field-based trophic magnification studies, can inform on whether a substance has the potential to biomagnify in a terrestrial food chain as defined by a unitless BMF exceeding 1. The study further illustrates how these methods can be arranged in a four-tier evaluation scheme for the purpose of screening assessments that aim to minimize effort and costs and expediate bioaccumulation assessment of the vast numbers of organic substances in commerce, identifies knowledge gaps, and provides recommendations for further research to improve bioaccumulation assessment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:1433-1456. © 2023 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A P C Gobas
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yung-Shan Lee
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Katharine M Fremlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephanie C Stelmachuk
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aaron D Redman
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Annandale, New Jersey, USA
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3
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Abass K, Reponen P, Anyanwu B, Pelkonen O. Inter-species differences between humans and other mammals in the in vitro metabolism of carbofuran and the role of human CYP enzymes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 102:104243. [PMID: 37572996 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the metabolic transformation of carbofuran in seven species of mammals using LC-MS/MS and liver microsomes. The results revealed species-specific differences in metabolite formation, indicating the potential role of metabolic pathways in toxicity and risk assessment. The majority of carbofuran was metabolized through the 3-hydroxycarbofuran pathway, with the highest levels observed in dogLM and the lowest in humanLM. Further analysis was conducted to investigate the human cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of carbofuran, with CYP3A4 being found to be the most efficient enzyme with the highest contribution to the 3-hydroxycarbofuran pathway. Inhibition of CYP3A4 with ketoconazole resulted in a substantial decrease in carbofuran metabolism. In addition, carbofuran exhibited inhibitory effects on human CYP3A4 and CYP2B6, demonstrating the potential for carbofuran to interact with these enzymes. The findings highlight the importance of in vitro screening for metabolic processes and provide insights into the biotransformation of carbofuran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abass
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, the United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, the United Arab Emirates; Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland.
| | - Petri Reponen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Brilliance Anyanwu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, the United Arab Emirates
| | - Olavi Pelkonen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland
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4
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Park SH, Kim JH, Kim JG. Effects of human activities on Sericinus montela and its host plant Aristolochia contorta. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8289. [PMID: 37217596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35607-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sericinus montela, a globally threatened butterfly species, feeds exclusively on Aristolochia contorta (Northern pipevine). Field surveys and glasshouse experiments were conducted to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between the two species. Interviews with the persons concerned with A. contorta were conducted to collect information about the site management measures. We found that management practices to control invasive species and manage the riverine areas might reduce the coverage of A. contorta and the number of eggs and larvae of S. montela. Our results indicated that the degraded quality of A. contorta may result in a decrease in S. montela populations by diminishing their food source and spawning sites. This study implies that ecological management in the riverine area should be set up to protect rare species and biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Hyun Park
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Warnell School of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jae Geun Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Education Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Wu Y, Fan Q, Chen Y, Sun X, Shi G. Production and Selection of Antibody–Antigen Pairs for the Development of Immunoenzyme Assay and Lateral Flow Immunoassay Methods for Carbofuran and Its Analogues. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080560. [PMID: 35892457 PMCID: PMC9332470 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To produce a sensitive monoclonal antibody (mAb) for the simultaneous detection of carbofuran, benfuracarb, carbosulfan and 3-hydroxy-carbofuran, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranmethanamine (DDB) was conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) to prepare the immunogen DDB-BSA and mice were immunized. Coating antigens were prepared by conjugating DDB and 5-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-acetic acid (MDA) to BSA and ovalbumin (OVA), respectively. Furthermore, the effect of different antibody–antigen pairs on the sensitivity of ELISA and LFIA methods for the detection of carbofuran was investigated. After the immunization, a high-affinity mAb 13C8 was obtained. The ability of the coating antigen to compete with carbofuran for binding antibodies was found to be significantly different between ELISA and LFIA methods. With the antibody–antigen pair 13C8-MDA-OVA, the IC50 values of the ELISA and QD-LFIA methods for carbofuran were 0.18 ng/mL and 0.67 ng/mL, respectively. The cross-reactivity (CR) values of the two methods for benfuracarb, carbosulfan and 3-hydroxy-carbofuran ranged from 72.0% to 83.7%, while, for other carbamate pesticides, the CR values were less than 1%. The spiked recoveries of carbofuran in vegetables by the QD-LFIA method were 83–111%, with a coefficient of variation below 10%, and the test results of the actual samples were consistent with the HPLC-MS method. Overall, this study provides key materials for the development of immunoassays for carbofuran and its analogues, and the antibody–antigen pair selection strategy established in this study provides useful insights for the development of sensitive immunoassays for other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Wu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China;
- Shandong Lvdu Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Qi Fan
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.F.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yinuo Chen
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.F.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xia Sun
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China;
- Correspondence: (X.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Guoqing Shi
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (Q.F.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (X.S.); (G.S.)
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Tao G, Chityala PK, Li L, Lin Z, Ghose R. Development of a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict irinotecan disposition during inflammation. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 360:109946. [PMID: 35430260 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Irinotecan, a first-line chemotherapy for gastrointestinal (GI) cancers has been causing fatal toxicities like bloody diarrhea and steatohepatitis for years. Irinotecan goes through multiple-step drug metabolism after injection and one of its intermediates 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin (SN-38) is responsible for irinotecan side effect. However, it is unclear what is the disposition kinetics of SN-38 in the organs subjected to toxicity. No studies ever quantified the effect of each enzyme or transporter on SN-38 distribution. In current study, we established a new physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict the disposition kinetics of irinotecan. The PBPK model was calibrated with in-house mouse pharmacokinetic data and evaluated with external datasets from the literature. We separated the contribution of each parameters in irinotecan pharmacokinetics by calculating the normalized sensitivity coefficient (NSC). The model gave robust prediction of SN-38 distribution in GI tract, the site of injury. We identified that bile excretion and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) played more important roles than fecal excretion and renal clearance in SN-38 pharmacokinetics. Our NSC showed that the impact of enzyme and transporter on irinotecan and SN-38 pharmacokinetics evolved when time continued. Additionally, we mapped out the effect of inflammation on irinotecan metabolic pathways with PBPK modelling. We discovered that inflammation significantly increased the blood and liver exposure of irinotecan and SN-38 in the mice receiving bacterial endotoxin. Inflammation suppressed UGT, microbial metabolism but increased fecal excretion. The present PBPK model can serve as an efficacious and versatile tool to quantitively assess the risk of irinotecan toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Tao
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA; Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Pavan Kumar Chityala
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Romi Ghose
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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Abass K, Reponen P, Alsanie WF, Rautio A, Pelkonen O. Characterization of furathiocarb metabolism in in vitro human liver microsomes and recombinant cytochrome P450 enzymes. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:679-689. [PMID: 35399214 PMCID: PMC8989696 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Furathiocarb is a carbamate insecticide detected in ecosystems. Its main metabolite carbofuran has been alluded to affect birth outcomes and disturb hormone levels in humans. The metabolism of furathiocarb in humans has not been characterized. The metabolism studies were performed using hepatic microsomes from ten donors and fifteen human cDNA-expressed CYPs. The initial screening and identification of the metabolites were performed by LC-TOF. Quantifications and fragmentations were performed by LC/MS-MS. Furathiocarb was metabolized to eight phase I metabolites via two general pathways, carbofuran metabolic pathway and furathiocarb oxidation pathway. Six metabolites in the carbofuran metabolic pathway (carbofuran, 3-hydroxycarbofuran, 3-ketocarbofuran, 3-keto-7-phenolcarbofuran, 3-hydroxy-7-phenolcarbofuran, and 7-phenolcarbofuran) were identified with the help of authentic standards. The two unidentified metabolites in the furathiocarb oxidation pathway are probably hydroxylated and sulfoxidated derivatives of furathiocarb. The carbofuran metabolic pathway was more predominant than the furathiocarb oxidation pathway, ratios ranged from 24- to 115-fold in a 10-donor panel of hepatic microsomes. On the basis of recombinant CYP studies, the carbofuran pathway was dominated by CYP3A4 (95.9%); contributions by CYP1A2 (1.3%) and CYP2B6 (2.0%) were minor. The minor furathiocarb oxidation pathway was catalyzed by CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 (hydroxylated/sulfoxidated metabolite A) and by CYP3A5, CYP3A4 and CYP2A6 (metabolite B). High and significant correlation between carbofuran metabolic pathway and CYP3A4 marker activities (midazolam-1'-hydroxylation and omeprazole-sulfoxidation) were observed. Ketoconazole, a CYP3A4-inhibitor, inhibited the carbofuran pathway by 32–86% and hydroxylated/sulfoxidated metabolite-B formations by 41–62%. The data suggest that in humans, the carbofuran metabolic pathway is dominant, and CYP3A4 is the major enzyme involved. These results provide useful scientific information for furathiocarb risk assessment in humans. Eight Phase I metabolites were detected by LC-TOF-MS/MS. The carbofuran pathway was more rapid than the furathiocarb oxidation pathway The carbofuran pathway was dominated by CYP3A4 (96%). Ketoconazole inhibited the carbofuran pathway by 32–86%. The findings provide useful scientific information for furathiocarb risk assessment in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abass
- Arctic Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 7300, FI-90014, Finland
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
- Department of Pesticides, Menoufia University, P.O. Box 32511, Egypt
- Correspondence to: Faculty of Medicine, Arctic Health, University of Oulu, Oulu FI-90014, Finland.
| | - Petri Reponen
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Walaa F. Alsanie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences & Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Taif University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arja Rautio
- Arctic Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 7300, FI-90014, Finland
- Thule Institute, University of the Arctic, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Olavi Pelkonen
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, Oulu FI-90014, Finland
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Abass K, Reponen P, Alsanie WF, Rautio A, Pelkonen O. Metabolic profiling and in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of furathiocarb in mammalian hepatic microsomes. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:750-758. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Guo S, Wu Y, Xiao P, Li W. Benfuracarb inhibits body growth and causes oxidative stress in zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132955. [PMID: 34801571 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Benfuracarb (BEN), a broad-spectrum carbamate insecticide used for crop protection, is considered toxic to humans and aquatic organisms. However, the potential risk level of BEN to aquatic organisms is still unclear. In this study, we exposed zebrafish embryos to BEN (0.08, 0.49, and 0.90 mg/L) from 3 to 96 hours post-fertilization (hpf). The results showed that BEN caused shorter body length in zebrafish larvae. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was significantly increased after BEN exposure. Furthermore, the transcription levels of marker genes associated with early embryonic development (myoD, nkx2.4b, myh6, and gh) were disrupted after BEN treatment. Taken together, the data indicate that BEN possesses developmental toxicity to zebrafish. The results provide a valuable reference for assessing BEN's potentially harmful effects on aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis of Fujian Universities, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - Yaqing Wu
- Instrumental Analysis Center of Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China
| | - Peng Xiao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, PR China
| | - Wenhua Li
- Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis of Fujian Universities, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, 361021, PR China.
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10
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Metabolism studies of chiral pesticides: A critical review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 147:89-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Raina-Fulton R, Dunn N, Xie Z. Pesticides and Their Degradation Products Including Metabolites: Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Methods. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017. [DOI: 10.5772/68074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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12
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Fujino C, Tamura Y, Tange S, Nakajima H, Sanoh S, Watanabe Y, Uramaru N, Kojima H, Yoshinari K, Ohta S, Kitamura S. Metabolism of methiocarb and carbaryl by rat and human livers and plasma, and effect on their PXR, CAR and PPARα activities. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 41:677-91. [PMID: 27665777 DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic metabolism of methiocarb and the hydrolytic metabolism of carbaryl by liver microsomes and plasma of rats or humans were examined. The effects of the metabolism of methiocarb and carbaryl on their nuclear receptor activities were also examined. When methiocarb was incubated with rat liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH, methiocarb sulfoxide, and a novel metabolite, methiocarb sulfone were detected. Methiocarb sulfoxide was oxidized to the sulfone by liver microsomes and reduced back to methiocarb by liver cytosol. Thus, the interconversion between methiocarb and the sulfoxide was found to be a new metabolic pathway for methiocarb by liver microsomes. The product of methiocarb hydrolysis, which is methylthio-3,5-xylenol (MX), was also oxidized to sulfoxide form by rat liver microsomes. The oxidations were catalyzed by human flavin-containing monooxygenase isoform (FMO1). CYP2C19, which is a human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform, catalyzed the sulfoxidations of methiocarb and MX, while CYP1A2 also exhibited oxidase activity toward MX. Methiocarb and carbaryl were not enzymatically hydrolyzed by the liver microsomes, but they were mainly hydrolyzed by plasma and albumin to MX and 1-naphthol, respectively. Both methiocarb and carbaryl exhibited PXR and PPARα agonistic activities; however, methiocarb sulfoxide and sulfone showed markedly reduced activities. In fact, when methiocarb was incubated with liver microsomes, the receptor activities were decreased. In contrast, MX and 1-naphthol showed nuclear receptor activities equivalent to those of their parent carbamates. Thus, the hydrolysis of methiocarb and carbaryl and the oxidation of methiocarb markedly modified their nuclear receptor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieri Fujino
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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Abstract
Studies on the precise impact of environmental pollutants on human health are difficult to undertake and interpret, because many genetic and environmental factors influence health at the same time and to varying degrees. Our chapter in the AMAP report was based on new approaches to describe risks and future needs. In this paper, we will introduce the issues associated with risk assessment of single chemicals, and present suggestions for future studies as well as a summary of lessons learned during the health-related parts of the European Union-funded FP7 project ArcRisk (Arctic Health Risks: Impacts on health in the Arctic and Europe owing to climate-induced changes in contaminant cycling, 2009–2014; www.arcrisk.eu).
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abass
- Centre for Arctic Medicine, Thule Institute, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Pesticides, Menoufia University, Egypt; ;
| | - Anders Carlsen
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Arja Rautio
- Centre for Arctic Medicine, Thule Institute, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Abass KM. An investigation into the formation of tebufenozide's toxic aromatic amine metabolites in human in vitro hepatic microsomes. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 133:73-78. [PMID: 27742364 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tebufenozide is a nonsteroid ecdysone agonist that causes premature and incomplete molting in Lepidoptera. Studies conducted so far have shown the low toxicity of tebufenozide in mammals, birds and invertebrates. Tebufenozide potential metabolites such as aromatic amines are known to induce methemoglobinemia disorder in humans, most likely by the formation of N-hydroxy metabolites; therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate the formation of the potential toxic N-hydroxy derivatives in pooled human hepatic microsomal fractions. Analyses of metabolites by high performance liquid chromatography equipped by a time-of-flight detector (HPLC/TOF) indicated the formation of a hydroxylated metabolite (exact mass=369; retention time: 6.65min) and two de-dimethylethyl metabolites (exact masses=313; retention times: 5.76 and 6.22min). Hydroxylated tebufenozide metabolite resulted from hydroxylation at either the 3 or 5 position of the dimethylbenzoic acid moiety to form either 3-hydroxymethyl-5-methylbenzoic acid 1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-(4-ethylbenzoyl) or 3-methyl-5-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid 1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-2-(4-ethylbenzoyl), respectively. The two de-dimethylethyl-tebufenozide derivatives were 3,5-dimethylbenzoic acid-2-(4-hydroxyethylbenzoyl) and 3-hydroxymethyl-5-methylbenzoic acid-2-(4-ethylbenzoyl) or 3-methyl-5-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid-2-(4-ethylbenzoyl). Generally the metabolite formation rates increased with incubation time. The rate of hydroxylation of the dimethylbenzoic acid moiety was approximately 12 times higher than the hydroxylation of the ethylbenzoyl moiety. Tebufenozide does not appear to produce the toxic aromatic amine metabolites in human in vitro hepatic microsomes. This suggests that the fate of tebufenozide in humans is a process of detoxification rather than activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled M Abass
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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15
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Li S, Teng L, Liu W, Cheng X, Jiang B, Wang Z, Wang C. Interspecies metabolic diversity of harmaline and harmine in in vitro
11 mammalian liver microsomes. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:754-768. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuping Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Liang Teng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
- Pharmacy Department; the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Xuemei Cheng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
- Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines; Shanghai China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
- Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines; Shanghai China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
- Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines; Shanghai China
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Terry C, Hays S, McCoy AT, McFadden LG, Aggarwal M, Rasoulpour RJ, Juberg DR. Implementing a framework for integrating toxicokinetics into human health risk assessment for agrochemicals. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 75:89-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Hutchinson TH, Madden JC, Naidoo V, Walker CH. Comparative metabolism as a key driver of wildlife species sensitivity to human and veterinary pharmaceuticals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0583. [PMID: 25405970 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human and veterinary drug development addresses absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and toxicology (ADMET) of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) in the target species. Metabolism is an important factor in controlling circulating plasma and target tissue API concentrations and in generating metabolites which are more easily eliminated in bile, faeces and urine. The essential purpose of xenobiotic metabolism is to convert lipid-soluble, non-polar and non-excretable chemicals into water soluble, polar molecules that are readily excreted. Xenobiotic metabolism is classified into Phase I enzymatic reactions (which add or expose reactive functional groups on xenobiotic molecules), Phase II reactions (resulting in xenobiotic conjugation with large water-soluble, polar molecules) and Phase III cellular efflux transport processes. The human-fish plasma model provides a useful approach to understanding the pharmacokinetics of APIs (e.g. diclofenac, ibuprofen and propranolol) in freshwater fish, where gill and liver metabolism of APIs have been shown to be of importance. By contrast, wildlife species with low metabolic competency may exhibit zero-order metabolic (pharmacokinetic) profiles and thus high API toxicity, as in the case of diclofenac and the dramatic decline of vulture populations across the Indian subcontinent. A similar threat looms for African Cape Griffon vultures exposed to ketoprofen and meloxicam, recent studies indicating toxicity relates to zero-order metabolism (suggesting P450 Phase I enzyme system or Phase II glucuronidation deficiencies). While all aspects of ADMET are important in toxicity evaluations, these observations demonstrate the importance of methods for predicting API comparative metabolism as a central part of environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Hutchinson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Judith C Madden
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Vinny Naidoo
- Departmental of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Gauteng 0110, South Africa
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Pelkonen O. Drug Metabolism - FromIn VitrotoIn Vivo, From Simple to Complex. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 117:147-55. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olavi Pelkonen
- Centre of Biomedical Research; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
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