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Hopf NB, De Luca HP, Koch HM, Pälmke C, Berthet A, Reale E. Human skin absorption of three plasticizers: Diisononyl-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylate (DINCH), di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA). Toxicol Lett 2024; 400:104-112. [PMID: 39134128 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Alternative plasticizers such as diisononyl-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylate (DINCH), di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) are progressively replacing phthalates in many consumer and professional products because of adverse effects on reproduction associated with some phthalates. Human exposures to these phthalate substitutes can occur through ingestion, skin absorption and inhalation. Skin uptake can lead to greater concentration at the target organs compared to ingestion because the skin exposure route bypasses the first-pass effect. Skin absorption studies are almost absent for these alternative plasticizers. We therefore wanted first, to characterize skin absorption of a mixture containing DINCH, DEHA and DEHTP in vitro using a flow-through diffusion cell system with ex vivo human skin, quantifying their respective monoester metabolites (mono-isononyl-cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (MINCH), mono-2-ethylhexyl adipate (MEHA), mono-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate (MEHTP), respectively); second, to validate these results by exposing five human volunteers to this mixture on their forearm and quantifying the corresponding urinary metabolites (including the monoesters and their oxidation products). Our study showed that two of these alternative plasticizers, DEHTP and DINCH, did not permeate skin showing as quantifiable metabolite levels in vitro and only traces of DEHA were quantified as its monoester metabolite, MEHA. Permeation coefficient (Kp) 0.06 and 55.8*10-7 cm/h for neat and emulsified DEHA, respectively, while the permeation rate (J) remained low for both (0.005 and 0.001 µg/cm2/h, respectively). Participants exposed to a mixture of these three plasticizers did not have noteworthy urinary concentrations of their respective metabolites after 24 hours post-application. However, the alternative plasticizer mixture was completely absorbed after six hours post-application on the forearms of the human volunteers, and the urinary elimination curves showed a slight increase after 24 hours post-application. Further studies on skin absorption of these substances should follow the urinary elimination kinetics of these metabolites more than 24 hours post-application. We also recommend quantifying the parent compounds in the in vitro diffusion experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B Hopf
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, Epalinges, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Hélène P De Luca
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, Epalinges, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany.
| | - Claudia Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany.
| | - Aurélie Berthet
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, Epalinges, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Elena Reale
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, Epalinges, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel, Switzerland.
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2
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de Souza IR, Iulini M, Galbiati V, Rodrigues AC, Gradia DF, Andrade AJM, Firman JW, Pestana C, Leme DM, Corsini E. The evaluation of skin sensitization potential of the UVCB substance diisopentyl phthalate by in silico and in vitro methods. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:2153-2171. [PMID: 38806720 PMCID: PMC11169023 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Diisopentyl phthalate (DiPeP) is primarily used as a plasticizer or additive within the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and has many additional industrial applications. Its metabolites were recently found in urinary samples of pregnant women; thus, this substance is of concern as relates to human exposure. Depending upon the nature of the alcohol used in its synthesis, DiPeP may exist either as a mixture consisting of several branched positional isomers, or as a single defined structure. This article investigates the skin sensitization potential and immunomodulatory effects of DiPeP CAS No. 84777-06-0, which is currently marketed and classified as a UVCB substance, by in silico and in vitro methods. Our findings showed an immunomodulatory effect for DiPeP in LPS-induced THP-1 activation assay (increased CD54 expression). In silico predictions using QSAR TOOLBOX 4.5, ToxTree, and VEGA did not identify DiPeP, in the form of a discrete compound, as a skin sensitizer. The keratinocyte activation (Key Event 2 (KE2) of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for skin sensitization) was evaluated by two different test methods (HaCaT assay and RHE assay), and results were discordant. While the HaCaT assay showed that DiPeP can activate keratinocytes (increased levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-1α, and ILA gene expression), in the RHE assay, DiPeP slightly increased IL-6 release. Although inconclusive for KE2, the role of DiPeP in KE3 (dendritic cell activation) was demonstrated by the increased levels of CD54 and IL-8 and TNF-α in THP-1 cells (THP-1 activation assay). Altogether, findings were inconclusive regarding the skin sensitization potential of the UVCB DiPeP-disagreeing with the results of DiPeP in the form of discrete compound (skin sensitizer by the LLNA assay). Additional studies are needed to elucidate the differences between DiPeP isomer forms, and to better understand the applicability domains of non-animal methods in identifying skin sensitization hazards of UVCB substances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martina Iulini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Galbiati
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Ana Carolina Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniela Fiori Gradia
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Anderson J M Andrade
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - James W Firman
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Cynthia Pestana
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniela Morais Leme
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences 'Rodolfo Paoletti', Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
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Hopf NB, De Luca HP, Borgatta M, Koch HM, Pälmke C, Benedetti M, Berthet A, Reale E. Human skin absorption of three phthalates. Toxicol Lett 2024; 398:38-48. [PMID: 38880306 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Population studies reveal widespread exposure to phthalates. Understanding their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion is vital to reduce exposure. However, data on skin absorption remain limited. We thus aim to characterize the skin permeation of three phthalates in a mixture, neat or in emulsion; di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (d4-DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (d4-DBP), and diethyl phthalate (d4-DEP), by comparing in vitro human skin (800 µm) permeation (24 hours) results using flow-through diffusion cells with urine results obtained from volunteers exposed to the same mixture applied to a forearm (40 cm2). Metabolites were analyzed in receptor fluids and urine. Phthalates crossed the skin barrier and metabolized into monoesters before elimination. Increased permeation was observed for phthalates in emulsion compared to neat substances, with polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the receptor fluid enhancing emulsion permeation, but not affecting neat substances. In vitro results mirrored in vivo findings: DEP showed rapid permeation (J: ∼2 ug/cm2/h) and urinary excretion peaking at six hours post-application, whereas DBP exhibited slower kinetics (J: ∼0.1 ug/cm2/h), with a urinary peak at 15-17 hours post-application. DEHP had minimal permeation (J: ∼0.0002 ug/cm2/h) with no observable urinary peak. These findings underscore the importance of comprehending phthalate skin absorption for effective exposure mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B Hopf
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, Epalinges, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel.
| | - Hélène P De Luca
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, Epalinges, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel
| | - Myriam Borgatta
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, Epalinges, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel
| | - Holger M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Claudia Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance - Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - Manon Benedetti
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, Epalinges, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Berthet
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, Epalinges, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel
| | - Elena Reale
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Route de la Corniche 2, Epalinges, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Basel
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Chaikritsadakarn A, Witthayawirasak B, Muenhor D, DeLaune RD, Muenpo C. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate effects on the growth, development, and reproduction of Moina macrocopa (Crustacea: Cladocera). Heliyon 2024; 10:e28377. [PMID: 38596063 PMCID: PMC11002546 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is used as a plasticizer in plastics. The effects of DEHP on terrestrial vertebrates have been extensively reported but the effects of DEHP contamination on aquatic ecosystems have not been thoroughly studied. Since water bodies are one of the main mediums through which DEHP is released worldwide, the impacts of DEHP contamination should be manifested in water fleas. Therefore, maternal Moina macrocopa were exposed to 1, 10, 100, and 1000 μg/L concentrations of DEHP. Changes in growth and reproduction were evaluated. The findings demonstrated that DEHP exposure did not have a negative impact on growth or the ability to reproduce. An analysis of the ovary yolk body (YB) demonstrated that the average size and number of yolk bodies (YBs) produced by M. macrocopa exposed to 1000 μg/L DEHP were not significantly different to the average size and number of YBs produced in blank control and solvent control conditions. These outcomes support the cellular pathology data gathered by other researchers. Nevertheless, when M. macrocopa was exposed to 1000 μg/L DEHP for five days, a significant increase in YB numbers was observed with changes in YB morphology. The critical cellular pathology of YB showed morphological abnormalities, including rod-shaped YBs, and YB density was higher than in the blank and solvent controls. Even though these results suggest that antioxidative stress can be induced by DEHP exposure, growth, and reproduction were not significantly different among exposed water fleas compared to fleas in the blank and solvent controls. The result was attributed to the antioxidant response of the water flea. In conclusion, the present study enhances our understanding of previous findings from risk assessments of DEHP contamination in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amornrat Chaikritsadakarn
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Banchong Witthayawirasak
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Dudsadee Muenhor
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Health Impact Assessment Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Ronald D. DeLaune
- Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Chutchawan Muenpo
- Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
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5
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Chen S, Shi Z, Zhang Q. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of diethyl phthalates in humans. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122849. [PMID: 37926418 PMCID: PMC10841618 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are a family of industrial and consumer product chemicals, among which diethyl phthalate (DEP) has been widely used. DEP is metabolized into the active metabolite monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and exposure to DEP may induce male reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity and hepatotoxicity. To better assess the toxicity of DEP and MEP, it is important to understand and predict their internal concentrations, especially in reproductive organs. Here we present a human physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of DEP. Implemented in R, the PBPK model consists of seven tissue compartments, including blood, gut, liver, fat, skin, gonad, and rest of body (RB). In the blood both DEP and MEP partition into free and bound forms, and tissue distribution is considered as blood flow-limited. DEP is metabolized in the gut and liver into MEP which is further glucuronidated and cleared through the urine. The chemical-specific parameters of the model were predicted in silico or estimated based on published human urinary MEP data after exposure to DEP in the air at 250 or 300 μg/m3 for 3 or 6 h through inhalation and dermal absorption. Sensitivity analysis identified important parameters including partition coefficients of DEP for fat, RB, and skin compartments, and the rate constants for glucuronidation of MEP and urinary excretion, with regard to Cmax, area under the curve (AUC), and clearance half-lives of DEP and MEP. A subset of the sensitive parameters was then included in hierarchical population Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations to characterize the uncertainty and variability of these parameters. The model is consistent with the notion that dermal absorption represents a significant route of exposure to DEP in ambient air and clothing can be an effective barrier. The developed human PBPK model can be utilized upon further refinement as a quantitative tool for DEP risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Shi
- The Program for Experimental and Theoretical Modeling, Division of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, GA 30322, USA.
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Qian Y, Zhu L, Chen J, Zhou Y, Huang Z, Liang L, Ding B. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate aggravates psoriasis-like skin lesions: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 479:116707. [PMID: 37783235 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), which is a widely used phthalate (PAE), has recently received public attention owing to it causing health problems. The aim of this study was to elucidate the aggravating effects of DEHP on psoriasis and skin toxicity. Human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells were treated with gradient concentrations of DEHP, and mice with imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasiform dermatitis were hypodermically injected with 40 μg/kg/day of DEHP for seven consecutive days. The skin condition was assessed based on the psoriasis area and severity index score, which indicated the deterioration of IMQ-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions after DEHP exposure. To further analyze the effect of DEHP on psoriasis, the proliferation, inflammation, and tight junction (TJ) damage were examined, which correlated with the development and severity of psoriasis. The results showed that DEHP promoted proliferation both in vivo and in vitro, which manifested as epidermal thickening; an increase in cell viability; upregulation of Ki67, CDK2, cyclinD1, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen; and downregulation of p21. An excessive inflammatory response is an important factor that exacerbates psoriasis, and our results showed that DEHP can trigger the release of inflammatory cytokines as well as the infiltration of T cells. TJ disorders were found in mice and cells after DEHP treatment. Additionally, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was strongly activated during this process, which may have contributed to skin toxicity caused by DEHP. In conclusion, DEHP treatment promotes proliferation, inflammation, TJ disruption, and p38 MAPK activation in HaCaT cells and psoriasis-like skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Qian
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Lijian Zhu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jingya Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Yilin Zhou
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Zhiguang Huang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Linjie Liang
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Bin Ding
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China.
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Bajagain R, Panthi G, Park JH, Moon JK, Kwon J, Kim DY, Kwon JH, Hong Y. Enhanced migration of plasticizers from polyvinyl chloride consumer products through artificial sebum. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162412. [PMID: 36858231 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the migration of plasticizers from modeled and commercial polyvinyl chloride (mPVC and cPVC, respectively) to poly(dimethylsiloxane) via artificial sebum was assessed to mimic the dermal migration of plasticizers. In addition, the various factors affecting migration of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) from diverse PVC products were investigated. The migrated mass and migration ratio of PAEs increased but the migration rate decreased over time. The migration rate increased with sebum mass, contact time, and temperature but decreased under higher pressure. Low-molecular-weight PAEs (dimethyl phthalate and diethyl phthalate) migrated in higher amounts than high-molecular-weight PAEs (dicyclohexyl phthalate [DCHP] and diisononyl phthalate [DINP]). Diffusion of all PAEs in mPVC increased with temperature, with diffusion coefficients ranging from 10-13 to 10-15, 10-12 to 10-14, and 10-10 to 10-12 cm2·s-1 at 25 °C, 40 °C, and 60 °C, respectively; the enthalpy of activation ranged between 127 and 194 kJ·mol-1. Moreover, migration depended on total PAE content of the product, as the diffusion coefficient for DINP in cPVC (softer PVC) was approximately three orders of magnitude higher than that for DINP in mPVC (harder PVC); this may be due to the increase in free volume with increasing plasticizer content. Finally, the daily exposure doses of the plasticizers were estimated. These findings will be helpful for estimating dermal exposure risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishikesh Bajagain
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayatri Panthi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Ho Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kyoung Moon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Kwon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Du Yung Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea.
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Huang M, Zeng Y, Luo K, Lan B, Luo J, Zeng L, Kang Y. Inhalation bioacessibility and lung cell penetration of indoor PM 2.5-bound PAEs and its implication in risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 322:121216. [PMID: 36746290 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have evaluated the human exposure of phthalate esters (PAEs) in PM2.5 via inhalation route, however, inhalation bioaccessibility and the lung cell penetration of PAEs were barely considered in risk assessment. In the present study, PM2.5 samples collected from indoor environments were investigated for inhalation bioaccessibility of PAEs using two simulated lung fluids (gamble's solution (GMB) and artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF)). The results showed that the inhalation bioaccessibility of PAEs (except for diethyl phthalate) under healthy state (GMB: 8.9%-62.8%) was lower than that under the inflammatory condition (ALF: 14.5%-67.6%). Lung cell permeation and metabolism of three selected PAEs (diethyl phthalate, di(n-butyl)phthalate and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate) was tested using equivalent lung cell (A549) model. The inhalation bioavailability obtained by combination of the bioaccessibility of PAEs in indoor PM2.5 and permeability data of A549 cell ranged from 11.7% to 51.1% in health condition, and 13.5%-55.0% in inflammatory state. The calibration parameter (Fc) based on the inhalation bioavailability was established in present study and could provide a reference for a more accurate risk assessment of PM2.5-bound PAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantuo Huang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuqi Zeng
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Kesong Luo
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bingyan Lan
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiwen Luo
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lixuan Zeng
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan Kang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Abdo N, Al-Khalaileh H, Alajlouni M, Hamadneh J, Alajlouni AM. Screening for phthalates biomarkers and its potential role in infertility outcomes in Jordan. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 33:273-282. [PMID: 36593351 PMCID: PMC9807094 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-022-00517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates are endocrine disrupting chemicals that are used in plastic and personal care products. Phthalate exposure has been linked to reproductive and fertility outcomes. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the phthalate exposures using both urinary level of two DEHP metabolites in females and questionnaires. It also aimed to investigate the association between phthalate levels and reproductive and fertility outcomes. METHODS 325 females with and without fertility problems at gynaecology clinics filled out a questionnaire and provided a urine sample. Urine samples were analyzed for two DEHP metabolites: MEHHP, mono (2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate; MEOHP, mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate, using an HPLC/MS/MS analytical method. RESULTS We observed a significant difference between cases and controls in terms of heating plastic in the microwave and use of skin and eye make-up, sunscreen, and nail polish. Our findings showed that MEOHP exposure is significantly associated with infertility among Jordanian women (Adjusted OR = 1.66, 95% CI: 1.14, 2.40, p-value = 0.002). SIGNIFICANCE To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first of its kind done in Jordan to screen for phthalate exposure and investigate its association with infertility. Our study demonstrated high exposure of the Jordanian population to DEHP. It confirms the association between DEHP exposure and infertility. IMPACT STATEMENT We measured phthalates in infertile and fertile women, in a community unaware of phthalate sources or its impacts, and with no regulation limits set. We aimed to increase awareness to environmental exposure to phthalates, emphasize the importance of implementation of public health interventions to control and minimize the effects of phthalate exposure and provide a base for further studies and future research to aid in the formation of policies and guidelines for the manufacturing and use of phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Abdo
- Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box, 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Hana Al-Khalaileh
- Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box, 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Marwan Alajlouni
- Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box, 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Jehan Hamadneh
- Department of Obstetrics and Genecology, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box, 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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10
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Olkowska E, Gržinić G. Skin models for dermal exposure assessment of phthalates. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133909. [PMID: 35143861 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are a class of compounds that have found widespread use in industrial applications, in particular in the polymer, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. While ingestion, and to a lesser degree inhalation, have been considered as the major exposure routes, especially for higher molecular weight phthalates, dermal exposure is an important route for lower weight phthalates such as diethyl phthalate (DEP). Assessing the dermal permeability of such compounds is of great importance for evaluating the impact and toxicity of such compounds in humans. While human skin is still the best model for studying dermal permeation, availability, cost and ethical concerns may preclude or restrict its use. A range of alternative models has been developed over time to substitute for human skin, especially in the early phases of research. These include ex vivo animal skin, human reconstructed skin and artificial skin models. While the results obtained using such alternative models correlate to a lesser or greater degree with those from in vivo human studies, the use of such models is nevertheless vital in dermal permeation research. This review discusses the alternative skin models that are available, their use in phthalate permeation studies and possible new avenues of phthalate research using skin models that have not been used so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Olkowska
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa Str. 23A, 80-204, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Goran Gržinić
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa Str. 23A, 80-204, Gdansk, Poland
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11
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Zhao A, Wang L, Pang X, Liu F. Phthalates in skin wipes: Distribution, sources, and exposure via dermal absorption. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112041. [PMID: 34529968 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates, which are widely used in industrial products, can be dermally absorbed into the human body and harm human health. In this study, we measured the levels of phthalates in skin wipes collected from 30 undergraduate volunteers. The body surfaces wiped include the forehead, forearms, hands, back, calves, and insteps. We analyzed the characteristics and possible sources of phthalates on the skin surface and used Monte Carlo simulations to estimate dermal exposure. The mean total dermal exposure was in the range of 0.129-8.25 μg/(kg·day). Seven phthalates were detected, with a detection frequency of 57-100%. Phthalate levels were not significantly different between symmetrical locations, but differed significantly at the same sampling location. The mean dinonyl phthalate (DNP) contribution was the highest on the forehead, back, and forearm. The mean DNP and di (2-n-butoxyethyl) phthalate (DBEP) contributions on hands were the highest and second-highest, respectively. The mean DBEP contribution was the highest on calf and instep. Phthalates level was the maximum on the forehead and instep. Habit and activities can lead to significant differences in phthalate concentrations on the skin surfaces of male and female students. The sum of dermal exposure on the torso, head, and feet perhaps best approximates the total body exposure. To date, information on the dermal exposure and related species of phthalates are limited; therefore, further study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China.
| | - Xueying Pang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilation and Air Conditioning, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
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12
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Wang SY, Wang MQ, Yang EQ, Chen XM, Pan FG. Review on Occurrence, Sources of Contamination, and Mitigation Strategies of Phthalates in Vegetable Oils. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Su Yin. Wang
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin University Changchun 130062 PR China
| | - Man Qiu. Wang
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin University Changchun 130062 PR China
| | - En Qi Yang
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin University Changchun 130062 PR China
| | - Xian Mao. Chen
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin University Changchun 130062 PR China
| | - Feng Guang. Pan
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering Jilin University Changchun 130062 PR China
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13
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Wu Y, Song Z, Little JC, Zhong M, Li H, Xu Y. An integrated exposure and pharmacokinetic modeling framework for assessing population-scale risks of phthalates and their substitutes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 156:106748. [PMID: 34256300 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To effectively incorporate in vitro-in silico-based methods into the regulation of consumer product safety, a quantitative connection between product phthalate concentrations and in vitro bioactivity data must be established for the general population. We developed, evaluated, and demonstrated a modeling framework that integrates exposure and pharmacokinetic models to convert product phthalate concentrations into population-scale risks for phthalates and their substitutes. A probabilistic exposure model was developed to generate the distribution of multi-route exposures based on product phthalate concentrations, chemical properties, and human activities. Pharmacokinetic models were developed to simulate population toxicokinetics using Bayesian analysis via the Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Both exposure and pharmacokinetic models demonstrated good predictive capability when compared with worldwide studies. The distributions of exposures and pharmacokinetics were integrated to predict the population distributions of internal dosimetry. The predicted distributions showed reasonable agreement with the U.S. biomonitoring surveys of urinary metabolites. The "source-to-outcome" local sensitivity analysis revealed that food contact materials had the greatest impact on body burden for di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di(isononyl) cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH), and di(2-propylheptyl) phthalate (DPHP), whereas the body burden of diethyl phthalate (DEP) was most sensitive to the concentration in personal care products. The upper bounds of predicted plasma concentrations showed no overlap with ToxCast in vitro bioactivity values. Compared with the in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) approach, the integrated modeling framework has significant advantages in mapping product phthalate concentrations to multi-route risks, and thus is of great significance for regulatory use with a relatively low input requirement. Further integration with new approach methodologies will facilitate these in vitro-in silico-based risk assessments for a broad range of products containing an equally broad range of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoxing Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Zidong Song
- Department of Building Science and Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - John C Little
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Min Zhong
- Bureau of Air Quality, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Harrisburg, PA 17101, USA
| | - Hongwan Li
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Building Science and Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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14
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Zhu J, Zhang X, Wen B, Chen J, Lu Y, Xu W. Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) regulates the proliferation and chemosensitivity of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells via regulation of PTEN. Hum Cell 2021; 34:1153-1162. [PMID: 33721218 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-021-00519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most prevalent and deadly cancers worldwide, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) can be directly exposed to endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC). As a potential EDC, diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) can trigger the development of various cancers, while the potential effect of DEHP on the ESCC progression was not clear. Our present study revealed that DEHP can trigger the proliferation of ESCC cells and decrease the cisplatin (CDDP) and fluorouracil (5-FU) sensitivity. Mechanistical studies indicated that DEHP can decrease the transcription of PTEN, a well-characterized tumor suppressor, in ESCC cells. Over expression of PTEN can reverse DEHP-regulated ESCC cell proliferation and chemosensitivity. Further, DEHP can increase the expression of HES-1, which can bind with the promoter of PTEN to inhibit its transcription. Collectively, DEHP can increase proliferation while decrease chemosensitivity of ESCC cells via regulation of HES-1/PTEN axis. Further, daily expression of DEHP may be a potent risk factor for ESCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu, 214500, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesong Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu, 214500, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Wen
- Department of Oncology, Jingjiang Chinese Medicine Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu, 214500, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, Jiangsu, 214500, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuntian Lu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Nantong University Medical School, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijun Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, East Theater General Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Human metabolism and urinary excretion kinetics of di-n-butyl adipate (DnBA) after oral and dermal administration in three volunteers. Toxicol Lett 2021; 343:11-20. [PMID: 33640488 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Di-n-butyl adipate (DnBA) is used as a plasticizer and in various consumer products (e.g. personal care products) replacing, in part, the endocrine disruptor di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP). We provide quantitative in vivo data on human DnBA metabolism and excretion after oral dose (105-185 μg/kg bw) and dermal application to three volunteers each as a tool for exposure and risk assessment. Complete and consecutive urine samples were collected for two (oral) and four days (dermal), respectively, and analyzed for the metabolites mono-n-butyl adipate (MnBA), 3- and tentative 4-hydroxy-mono-n-butyl adipate (3OH-MnBA, 4OH-MnBA), and 3-carboxy-mono-n-propyl adipate (3cx-MnPrA), as well as the hydrolysis product adipic acid (AA) using stable isotope dilution quantification. Metabolites were excreted within 24 h after oral dose with one or two concentration maxima at 0.8-3.0 h (n = 3) and 4.8-6.3 h (n = 2). AA was the major but unspecific metabolite with urinary excretion fractions (FUEs) of 14-26 %. Mean FUEs (range) of 3cx-MnPrA, MnBA, 3OH-MnBA, and tentative 4OH-MnBA were low, but consistent between volunteers (0.47 % (0.35-0.63 %), 0.079 % (0.065-0.091 %), 0.012 % (0.006-0.016 %), and 0.005 % (0.002-0.009 %), respectively). MnBA and 3OH-MnBA seem to be suitable, specific exposure biomarkers for DnBA, whereas 3cx-MnPrA and 4OH-MnBA seem to originate also from other, unknown sources not related to DnBA. Compared to the oral study, metabolite excretion in the dermal study was delayed and MnBA excretion was somewhat higher compared to the oxidized metabolites. Based on urinary concentrations and the above excretion fractions, calculated uptakes in the dermal study did not exceed the adipate ester ADI of 5 mg/(kg bw*day).
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16
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Pan W, Zeng D, Ding N, Luo K, Man YB, Zeng L, Zhang Q, Luo J, Kang Y. Percutaneous Penetration and Metabolism of Plasticizers by Skin Cells and Its Implication in Dermal Exposure to Plasticizers by Skin Wipes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10181-10190. [PMID: 32678582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies focused on the human exposure to plasticizers via dermal contact; however, the percutaneous penetration of plasticizers was seldom considered in exposure assessment. In the present study, skin wipes of palms, back-of-hands, and forehead were collected from 114 participants (ages: 18-27). There was no significant difference between the levels of phthalates from palms and back-of-hand, while all phthalates collected from the forehead were significantly higher than those from palms and back-of-hand (p < 0.001); di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate levels were substantially higher than other detected phthalates followed by di(n-butyl)phthalate and di(isobutyl)phthalate (DiBP), and for alternative plasticizers, bis-2-ethylhexyl terephthalate levels were substantially higher than acetyltributyl citrate and bis-2-ethylhexyladipate. Skin permeation and metabolism of phthalates was assessed using human skin equivalent models. The permeability coefficient (kp) values of phthalates were significantly negatively correlated with their log octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow), while a significantly positive correlation was found between the log Kow and the cumulative amounts of phthalates in the cells. The proportion of phthalate intake via dermal exposure to skin wipes ranges from 1.3% (for dimethyl phthalate) to 8.6% (for DiBP) and suggests that dermal absorption is a significant route for adult phthalate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Pan
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Diya Zeng
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Ding
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Kesong Luo
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Bon Man
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixuan Zeng
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyun Zhang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Luo
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Kang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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17
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Hopf NB, Champmartin C, Schenk L, Berthet A, Chedik L, Du Plessis JL, Franken A, Frasch F, Gaskin S, Johanson G, Julander A, Kasting G, Kilo S, Larese Filon F, Marquet F, Midander K, Reale E, Bunge AL. Reflections on the OECD guidelines for in vitro skin absorption studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104752. [PMID: 32791089 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
At the 8th conference of Occupational and Environmental Exposure of the Skin to Chemicals (OEESC) (16-18 September 2019) in Dublin, Ireland, several researchers performing skin permeation assays convened to discuss in vitro skin permeability experiments. We, along with other colleagues, all of us hands-on skin permeation researchers, present here the results from our discussions on the available OECD guidelines. The discussions were especially focused on three OECD skin absorption documents, including a recent revision of one: i) OECD Guidance Document 28 (GD28) for the conduct of skin absorption studies (OECD, 2004), ii) Test Guideline 428 (TGD428) for measuring skin absorption of chemical in vitro (OECD, 2004), and iii) OECD Guidance Notes 156 (GN156) on dermal absorption issued in 2011 (OECD, 2011). GN156 (OECD, 2019) is currently under review but not finalized. A mutual concern was that these guidance documents do not comprehensively address methodological issues or the performance of the test, which might be partially due to the years needed to finalize and update OECD documents with new skin research evidence. Here, we summarize the numerous factors that can influence skin permeation and its measurement, and where guidance on several of these are omitted and often not discussed in published articles. We propose several improvements of these guidelines, which would contribute in harmonizing future in vitro skin permeation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Hopf
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisante), Department for Occupational and Environmental Health (DSTE), Exposure Science Unit, Switzerland.
| | - C Champmartin
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), France.
| | - L Schenk
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Sweden.
| | - A Berthet
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisante), Department for Occupational and Environmental Health (DSTE), Exposure Science Unit, Switzerland.
| | - L Chedik
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), France.
| | - J L Du Plessis
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI) North-West University, South Africa.
| | - A Franken
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI) North-West University, South Africa.
| | - F Frasch
- Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative (OHHRI) North-West University, South Africa.
| | - S Gaskin
- University of Adelaide, School of Public Health, Health and Medical Sciences, Australia.
| | - G Johanson
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Sweden.
| | - A Julander
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Sweden.
| | - G Kasting
- University of Cincinnati, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, USA.
| | - S Kilo
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Germany.
| | - F Larese Filon
- University of Trieste, Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Italy.
| | - F Marquet
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), France.
| | - K Midander
- Karolinska Institutet, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Sweden.
| | - E Reale
- Centre for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisante), Department for Occupational and Environmental Health (DSTE), Exposure Science Unit, Switzerland.
| | - A L Bunge
- Colorado School of Mines, Chemical and Biological Engineering, USA.
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18
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Sugeng EJ, Symeonides C, O'Hely M, Vuillermin P, Sly PD, Vijayasarathy S, Thompson K, Pezic A, Mueller JF, Ponsonby AL. Predictors with regard to ingestion, inhalation and dermal absorption of estimated phthalate daily intakes in pregnant women: The Barwon infant study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105700. [PMID: 32361062 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to phthalate chemicals, used in consumer product plastics, occurs throughout the day. Phthalate levels in pregnant women are associated with offspring health effects including obesity and neurodevelopmental problems. Knowledge of predictors of exposure is necessary in order to effectively reduce phthalate exposure. The present study aims to identify predictors of phthalate levels in Australian pregnant women from the Barwon Infant study birth cohort. Maternal urine samples from 841 women were analyzed for phthalate metabolites. Maternal diet and food preparation practices, use of volatile household products, household characteristics and personal care product use were assessed with questionnaires. All maternal urine contained phthalate metabolites. Maternal prenatal high-fat milk consumption was associated with higher benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP) (p < 0.001), and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) (p = 0.0023). Higher phthalate levels were associated with consumption of tinned food (fish and tomatoes). Diethyl phthalate (DEP) levels were significantly higher when women reported using air freshener (35% increase, p = 0.01), aerosols (40% increase, p = 0.005), hair treatment chemicals (28% increase, p = 0.031), and chlorine (34% increase, p = 0.009) compared to no use. Maternal phthalate levels did not vary by reported plastic avoidance during pregnancy. The study showed that phthalate exposure is ubiquitous and increased by multiple factors. Future intervention studies to reduce phthalate levels among pregnant women will need to take into account the variety of sources identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva J Sugeng
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christos Symeonides
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin O'Hely
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Vuillermin
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Soumini Vijayasarathy
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kristie Thompson
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Angela Pezic
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anne-Louise Ponsonby
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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19
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Gao CJ, Kannan K. Phthalates, bisphenols, parabens, and triclocarban in feminine hygiene products from the United States and their implications for human exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 136:105465. [PMID: 31945693 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Feminine hygiene products, a category of daily necessities, can be a source of exposure to plasticizers and antimicrobial agents in women. Nevertheless, studies on the occurrence of chemicals in feminine hygiene products have received little attention. In this study, 24 endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), comprising nine phthalates, six parabens, eight bisphenols, and triclocarban (TCC) were measured in seven categories of feminine hygiene products (i.e., pads, panty liners, tampons, wipes, bactericidal creams and solutions, and deodorant sprays and powders; N = 77) collected in the Albany area of New York State in the United States. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DIBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), methyl paraben (MeP), and ethyl paraben (EtP) were found in all pad, panty liner, and tampon samples. Panty liners contained the highest concentrations of DMP (median: 249 ng/g), DEP (386 ng/g), DBP (393 ng/g), and DIBP (299 ng/g) and tampons contained the highest concentrations of DEHP (267 ng/g). MeP, EtP, and propyl paraben (PrP) were the major parabens found in feminine hygiene products. Bactericidal creams and solutions contained median concentrations of MeP, EtP and PrP at 2840, 734, and 278 ng/g, respectively. The estimated exposure doses of phthalates, parabens, and bisphenols through the dermal absorption pathway from the use of pads, panty liners, and tampons were significant. In comparison with the exposure doses reported previously from other sources and pathways, the significance of feminine hygiene products as sources of EDC exposure was delineated. The dermal absorption doses from the use of feminine hygiene products, under different exposure scenarios, were 0.19-27.9% and 0.01-6.2% of the total exposure doses of phthalates and bisphenols, respectively. This is the first study to report the occurrence of phthalates, parabens, bisphenols, and TCC in feminine hygiene products from the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Jing Gao
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, United States.
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20
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Martini M, Corces VG, Rissman EF. Mini-review: Epigenetic mechanisms that promote transgenerational actions of endocrine disrupting chemicals: Applications to behavioral neuroendocrinology. Horm Behav 2020; 119:104677. [PMID: 31927019 PMCID: PMC9942829 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It is our hope this mini-review will stimulate discussion and new research. Here we briefly examine the literature on transgenerational actions of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on brain and behavior and their underlying epigenetic mechanisms including: DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs. We stress that epigenetic modifications need to be examined in a synergistic manner, as they act together in situ on chromatin to change transcription. Next we highlight recent work from one of our laboratories (VGC). The data provide new evidence that the sperm genome is poised for transcription. In developing sperm, gene enhancers and promoters are accessible for transcription and these activating motifs are also found in preimplantation embryos. Thus, DNA modifications associated with transcription factors during fertilization, in primordial germ cells (PGCs), and/or during germ cell maturation may be passed to offspring. We discuss the implications of this model to EDC exposures and speculate on whether natural variation in hormone levels during fertilization and PGC migration may impart transgenerational effects on brain and behavior. Lastly we discuss how this mechanism could apply to neural sexual differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Martini
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America
| | - Victor G Corces
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America
| | - Emilie F Rissman
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States of America.
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21
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Bolla PK, Meraz CA, Rodriguez VA, Deaguero I, Singh M, Yellepeddi VK, Renukuntla J. Clotrimazole Loaded Ufosomes for Topical Delivery: Formulation Development and In-Vitro Studies. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173139. [PMID: 31470517 PMCID: PMC6749186 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Global incidence of superficial fungal infections caused by dermatophytes is high and affects around 40 million people. It is the fourth most common cause of infection. Clotrimazole, a broad spectrum imidazole antifungal agent is widely used to treat fungal infections. Conventional topical formulations of clotrimazole are intended to treat infections by effective penetration of drugs into the stratum corneum. However, drawbacks such as poor dermal bioavailability, poor penetration, and variable drug levels limit the efficiency. The present study aims to load clotrimazole into ufosomes and evaluate its topical bioavailability. Clotrimazole loaded ufosomes were prepared using cholesterol and sodium oleate by thin film hydration technique and evaluated for size, polydispersity index, and entrapment efficiency to obtain optimized formulation. Optimized formulation was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Skin diffusion studies and tape-stripping were performed using human skin to determine the amount of clotrimazole accumulated in different layers of the skin. Results showed that the optimized formulation had vesicle size <250 nm with ~84% entrapment efficiency. XRD and DSC confirmed the entrapment of clotrimazole into ufosomes. No permeation was observed through the skin up to 24 h following the permeation studies. Tape-stripping revealed that ufosomes led to accumulation of more clotrimazole in the skin compared to marketed formulation (Perrigo). Overall, results revealed the capability of ufosomes in improving the skin bioavailability of clotrimazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Bolla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Carlos A Meraz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Victor A Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Isaac Deaguero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 W University Ave, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Mahima Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Venkata Kashyap Yellepeddi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jwala Renukuntla
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC 27240, USA.
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22
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Hopf NB, Spring P, Plateel G, Berthet A. Ethanolamines permeate slowly across human skin ex vivo, but cause severe skin irritation at low concentrations. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2555-2564. [PMID: 31435711 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Skin exposures are common during cleaning activities, and may contribute to the overall body burden. Cleaning products may contain irritants such as monoethanolamine (MEA) and diethanol amine (DEA). The significance of the skin exposure route is unknown, as no estimates for MEA skin permeation are available. We used in vitro flow-through diffusion cells with excised fresh human skin to measure skin permeation, and assessed skin damage with histological methods. MEA(aq) by itself (2%) or as a constituent in cleaning products (0.25% working solution) did not permeate after 1 h or 24 h of exposure. MEA(aq) (10%) did not permeate skin after 1 h but after 24 h with a delay (Tlag; 7 h) and a moderate permeation rate (J; 26.6 μg/cm2/h). MEA permeation rate was 20-fold greater (544 μg/cm2/h) and ¼ of the time lag (1.5 h) when applied as undiluted cleaning product (13% MEA) compared to 10% MEA(aq). DEA in cleaning products did not permeate skin after 24 h. MEA and DEA produced skin irritations at low concentrations (1% MEA) and severe skin irritations when tested as a constituent in cleaning products. Absorption increased from 0 to 3% after 24 h to 14-29% after 88 h of MEA exposure, and is likely explained by the increased damage of the skin barrier. Limitations of this study are the low number of skin donors (N = 5) available. Our results demonstrate that topically applied MEA permeates across human skin relatively slowly and not below 5% while relatively extensively as a constituent of a commercial cleaning product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy B Hopf
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté; formerly known as Institute for Work and Health (IST)), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Philipp Spring
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Plateel
- University Centre of Legal Medicine (CUMRL), Universities of Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurelie Berthet
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté; formerly known as Institute for Work and Health (IST)), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Barbosa JMG, Pereira NZ, David LC, de Oliveira CG, Soares MFG, Avelino MAG, de Oliveira AE, Shokry E, Filho NRA. Cerumenogram: a new frontier in cancer diagnosis in humans. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11722. [PMID: 31409861 PMCID: PMC6692389 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the deadliest human disease and the development of new diagnosis methods is important to increase the chances of a cure. In this work it was developed a new method, named here for the first time as cerumenogram, using cerumen (earwax) as a new biomatrix for diagnosis. Earwax samples collected from cancer patients (cancer group) and cancer-free patients (control group) were analyzed by Headspace/Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS/GC-MS), following with multivariate analysis steps to process the raw data generated. In total, 158 volatile organic metabolites (VOMs) were identified in the cerumen samples. The 27 selected as potential VOMs biomarkers for cancer provided 100% discrimination between the cancer and control groups. This new test can thus be routinely employed for cancer diagnoses that is non-invasive, fast, cheap, and highly accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Marcos Gonçalves Barbosa
- Laboratory of Extraction and Separation Methods (LAMES), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Campus II - Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Naiara Zedes Pereira
- Laboratory of Extraction and Separation Methods (LAMES), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Campus II - Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Lurian Caetano David
- Laboratory of Extraction and Separation Methods (LAMES), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Campus II - Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Camilla Gabriela de Oliveira
- Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Campus I - Colemar Natal e Silva, 74605-020, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Marina Ferraz Gontijo Soares
- Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Campus I - Colemar Natal e Silva, 74605-020, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Melissa Ameloti Gomes Avelino
- Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Campus I - Colemar Natal e Silva, 74605-020, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Anselmo Elcana de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (LQTC), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Campus II - Samambaia, 74690-970, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Engy Shokry
- Laboratory of Extraction and Separation Methods (LAMES), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Campus II - Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Nelson Roberto Antoniosi Filho
- Laboratory of Extraction and Separation Methods (LAMES), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Campus II - Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Extraction and Separation Methods (LAMES), Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Campus II - Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
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24
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Kim H, Nam K, Oh S, Son S, Jeon D, Gye MC, Shin I. Toxicological assessment of phthalates and their alternatives using human keratinocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 175:316-322. [PMID: 31146103 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are mainly used as binders and plasticizers in various industrial products including detergents, surfactants, waxes, paints, pharmaceuticals, food products, and cosmetics. However, they have been reported to be endocrine disruptors, which are chemicals that can mimic or disturb endocrines, causing interference to the endocrine system. Recently, there have been numerous reports showing that phthalates have negative health impacts such as asthma, breast cancer, obesity, type II diabetes, and male infertility. Due to these effects, there is an urgent need for phthalate alternatives. In this study, the potential cytotoxicity of phthalates and their substitutes were screened in HaCaT cells, a human keratinocyte cell line, using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) thiazolyl blue assay, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometric analysis, and western blotting. We confirmed that common phthalates such as butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) have genotoxic effects, leading to cell death. Among the known phthalate substitutes, tributyl O-acetylcitrate (ATBC), triethyl 2-acetylcitrate (ATEC), and trihexyl O-acetylcitrate (ATHC) were tested for cytotoxicity. As a result, ATEC showed similar levels of cytotoxicity with the phthalates whereas ATBC and ATHC did not show significant cytotoxicity even in high doses (5 mg/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjoo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - KeeSoo Nam
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Sunhwa Oh
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Seogho Son
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Donghwan Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Myung Chan Gye
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
| | - Incheol Shin
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea; Natural Science Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
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25
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Abdallah MAE, Nguyen KH, Moehring T, Harrad S. First insight into human extrahepatic metabolism of flame retardants: Biotransformation of EH-TBB and Firemaster-550 components by human skin subcellular fractions. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 227:1-8. [PMID: 30981098 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) and a mixture of EH-TBB, Bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromphthalate (BEH-TEBP) and Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), prepared in a ratio similar to the Firemaster-550™ (FM550) flame retardant formulation, were exposed to human skin subcellular fractions (S9) to evaluate their dermal in vitro metabolism for the first time. After 60 min of incubation, tetrabromobenzoic acid (TBBA) and diphenyl phosphate (DPhP) were identified as the major metabolites of EH-TBB and TPhP, respectively using UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap™-MS analysis. Dermal biotransformation of EH-TBB and TPhP was catalyzed by skin carboxylesterases rather than CYP450 enzymes, while no stable metabolites could be identified for BEH-TEBP. Metabolite formation rates of EH-TBB as individual compound and as a component of FM550 fitted the Michaelis-Menten model, while no steady state could be reached for TPhP under experimental conditions. Estimated maximum metabolic rate (Vmax) for TBBA formation upon exposure to FM550 was lower than Vmax for EH-TBB (1.08 and 15.2 pmol min-1 mg protein-1, respectively). This indicates dermal metabolism would contribute less to the clearance of EH-TBB body burden than hepatic metabolism (Vmax = 644 pmol min-1 mg protein-1). Implications for human exposure include EH-TBB accumulation in skin tissue and human exposure to dermal metabolic products, which may have different toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic parameters than parent flame retardants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B5 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Khanh-Hoang Nguyen
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B5 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Moehring
- Thermo Fisher Scientific (GmbH) Bremen, Hanna-Kunath-Str. 11, 28199, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B5 2TT, United Kingdom
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26
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Domínguez-Romero E, Scheringer M. A review of phthalate pharmacokinetics in human and rat: what factors drive phthalate distribution and partitioning? Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:314-329. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1620762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Domínguez-Romero
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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27
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Nazaroff WW. Embracing microbes in exposure science. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2019; 29:1-10. [PMID: 30254254 PMCID: PMC7100090 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Although defined more broadly, exposure science has mainly focused on exposures to environmental chemicals and related stressors, such as airborne particulate matter. There is an opportunity for exposure science to contribute more substantially to improving public health by devoting more attention to microorganisms as key stressors and agents in exposure. The discovery that pathogenic microbes cause disease in humans precipitated a revolution in public health science and disease prevention. With a continued global urgency to address spread of pathogenic microbes, contributions of microorganisms to both infectious and noninfectious processes merit more attention from the exposure science community. Today, discoveries of the importance of the human microbiome as a determinant of health and disease are precipitating a second revolution. Emerging knowledge creates a major opportunity to expand the scope of exposure science to incorporate the human microbiome as a target and modulator of exposure. A study committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine has defined a research strategy to address health risks that pertain to the interaction of environmental chemicals with the human microbiome. Some aspects of this strategy pose important challenges and opportunities for the exposure science community.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-1710, USA.
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28
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Krais AM, Andersen C, Eriksson AC, Johnsson E, Nielsen J, Pagels J, Gudmundsson A, Lindh CH, Wierzbicka A. Excretion of Urinary Metabolites of the Phthalate Esters DEP and DEHP in 16 Volunteers after Inhalation and Dermal Exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112514. [PMID: 30423997 PMCID: PMC6266104 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phthalate esters are suspected endocrine disruptors that are found in a wide range of applications. The aim of this study was to determine the excretion of urinary metabolites in 16 individuals after inhalation and/or dermal exposure to 100–300 µg/m3 of deuterium-labelled diethyl phthalate (D4-DEP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (D4-DEHP). Dermal exposure in this study represents a case with clean clothing acting as a barrier. After inhalation, D4-DEP and D4-DEHP metabolites were excreted rapidly, though inter-individual variation was high. D4-DEP excretion peaked 3.3 h (T½ of 2.1 h) after combined inhalation and dermal exposure, with total excreted metabolite levels ranging from 0.055 to 2.351 nmol/nmol/m3 (nmol of urinary metabolites per phthalates air concentration in (nmol/m3)). After dermal exposure to D4-DEP, metabolite excretion peaked 4.6 h (T½ of 2.7 h) after exposure, with excreted metabolite levels in between 0.017 and 0.223 nmol/nmol/m3. After combined inhalation and dermal exposure to D4-DEHP, the excretion of all five analysed metabolites peaked after 4.7 h on average (T½ of 4.8 h), and metabolite levels ranged from 0.072 to 1.105 nmol/nmol/m3 between participants. No dermal uptake of particle phase D4-DEHP was observed. In conclusion, the average excreted levels of metabolites after combined inhalation and dermal exposure to D4-DEP was three times higher than after combined exposure to D4-DEHP; and nine times higher than after dermal exposure of D4-DEP. This study was made possible due to the use of novel approaches, i.e., the use of labelled phthalate esters to avoid the background concentration, and innovative technique of phthalate generation, both in the particle and the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M Krais
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Christina Andersen
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Axel C Eriksson
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | | | - Jörn Nielsen
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Anders Gudmundsson
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Christian H Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-22363 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Aneta Wierzbicka
- Division of Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
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29
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Andersen C, Krais AM, Eriksson AC, Jakobsson J, Löndahl J, Nielsen J, Lindh CH, Pagels J, Gudmundsson A, Wierzbicka A. Inhalation and Dermal Uptake of Particle and Gas-Phase Phthalates-A Human Exposure Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12792-12800. [PMID: 30264993 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are ubiquitous in indoor environments, which raises concern about their endocrine-disrupting properties. However, studies of human uptake from airborne exposure are limited. We studied the inhalation uptake and dermal uptake by air-to-skin transfer with clean clothing as a barrier of two deuterium-labeled airborne phthalates: particle-phase D4-DEHP (di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate) and gas-phase D4-DEP (diethyl phthalate). Sixteen participants, wearing trousers and long-sleeved shirts, were under controlled conditions exposed to airborne phthalates in four exposure scenarios: dermal uptake alone and combined inhalation + dermal uptake of both phthalates. The results showed an average uptake of D4-DEHP by inhalation of 0.0014 ± 0.00088 (μg kg-1 bw)/(μg m-3)/h. No dermal uptake of D4-DEHP was observed during the 3 h exposure with clean clothing. The deposited dose of D4-DEHP accounted for 26% of the total inhaled D4-DEHP mass. For D4-DEP, the average uptake by inhalation + dermal was 0.0067 ± 0.0045 and 0.00073 ± 0.00051 (μg kg-1 bw)/(μg m-3)/h for dermal uptake. Urinary excretion factors of metabolites after inhalation were estimated to 0.69 for D4-DEHP and 0.50 for D4-DEP. Under the described settings, the main uptake of both phthalates was through inhalation. The results demonstrate the differences in uptake of gas and particles and highlight the importance of considering the deposited dose in particle uptake studies.
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30
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Zhu M, Huang C, Ma X, Wu R, Zhu W, Li X, Liang Z, Deng F, Wu J, Geng S, Xie C, Zhong C. Phthalates promote prostate cancer cell proliferation through activation of ERK5 and p38. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 63:29-33. [PMID: 30125794 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in man. Studies have shown that phthalates may act as promoters in various types of cancer; however, the role of phthalates in prostate cancer has been rarely reported. The MAPK/AP-1 pathway is a vital regulator of cell proliferation in cancer. In this report we found that three typical phthalates, diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), Butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) and Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), up-regulated cyclinD1 and PCNA, down-regulated P21, inducing proliferation of prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, we found that phthalates increased the expression of p-ERK5 and p-p38, along with upregulation of AP-1 (p-c-fos and p-c-jun). In studies with ERK5 and a p38 inhibitor, our data showed that downregulation of p-ERK5 or p38 inhibited phthalate-triggered cell proliferation. Taken together, findings from this study suggest that phthalates activate MAPK/AP-1 pathway and may potentially promote cell proliferation in prostate cancer, thus providing new insight into the effects and the underlying mechanism of phthalates on prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Cong Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Weiwei Zhu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiaoting Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zhaofeng Liang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Feifei Deng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jieshu Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Shanshan Geng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chunfeng Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Caiyun Zhong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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Oesch F, Fabian E, Landsiedel R. Xenobiotica-metabolizing enzymes in the skin of rat, mouse, pig, guinea pig, man, and in human skin models. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2411-2456. [PMID: 29916051 PMCID: PMC6063329 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the metabolic fate of medical drugs, skin care products, cosmetics and other chemicals intentionally or accidently applied to the human skin have become increasingly important in order to ascertain pharmacological effectiveness and to avoid toxicities. The use of freshly excised human skin for experimental investigations meets with ethical and practical limitations. Hence information on xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes (XME) in the experimental systems available for pertinent studies compared with native human skin has become crucial. This review collects available information of which—taken with great caution because of the still very limited data—the most salient points are: in the skin of all animal species and skin-derived in vitro systems considered in this review cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent monooxygenase activities (largely responsible for initiating xenobiotica metabolism in the organ which provides most of the xenobiotica metabolism of the mammalian organism, the liver) are very low to undetectable. Quite likely other oxidative enzymes [e.g. flavin monooxygenase, COX (cooxidation by prostaglandin synthase)] will turn out to be much more important for the oxidative xenobiotic metabolism in the skin. Moreover, conjugating enzyme activities such as glutathione transferases and glucuronosyltransferases are much higher than the oxidative CYP activities. Since these conjugating enzymes are predominantly detoxifying, the skin appears to be predominantly protected against CYP-generated reactive metabolites. The following recommendations for the use of experimental animal species or human skin in vitro models may tentatively be derived from the information available to date: for dermal absorption and for skin irritation esterase activity is of special importance which in pig skin, some human cell lines and reconstructed skin models appears reasonably close to native human skin. With respect to genotoxicity and sensitization reactive-metabolite-reducing XME in primary human keratinocytes and several reconstructed human skin models appear reasonably close to human skin. For a more detailed delineation and discussion of the severe limitations see the Conclusions section in the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Oesch
- Institute of Toxicology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Obere Zahlbacherstr. 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - E Fabian
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, GV/TB, Z470, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, GV/TB, Z470, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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Giovanoulis G, Bui T, Xu F, Papadopoulou E, Padilla-Sanchez JA, Covaci A, Haug LS, Cousins AP, Magnér J, Cousins IT, de Wit CA. Multi-pathway human exposure assessment of phthalate esters and DINCH. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 112:115-126. [PMID: 29272775 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters are substances mainly used as plasticizers in various applications. Some have been restricted and phased out due to their adverse health effects and ubiquitous presence, leading to the introduction of alternative plasticizers, such as DINCH. Using a comprehensive dataset from a Norwegian study population, human exposure to DMP, DEP, DnBP, DiBP, BBzP, DEHP, DINP, DIDP, DPHP and DINCH was assessed by measuring their presence in external exposure media, allowing an estimation of the total intake, as well as the relative importance of different uptake pathways. Intake via different uptake routes, in particular inhalation, dermal absorption, and oral uptake was estimated and total intake based on all uptake pathways was compared to the calculated intake from biomonitoring data. Hand wipe results were used to determine dermal uptake and compared to other exposure sources such as air, dust and personal care products. Results showed that the calculated total intakes were similar, but slightly higher than those based on biomonitoring methods by 1.1 to 3 times (median), indicating a good understanding of important uptake pathways. The relative importance of different uptake pathways was comparable to other studies, where inhalation was important for lower molecular weight phthalates, and negligible for the higher molecular weight phthalates and DINCH. Dietary intake was the predominant exposure route for all analyzed substances. Dermal uptake based on hand wipes was much lower (median up to 2000 times) than the total dermal uptake via air, dust and personal care products. Still, dermal uptake is not a well-studied exposure pathway and several research gaps (e.g. absorption fractions) remain. Based on calculated intakes, the exposure for the Norwegian participants to the phthalates and DINCH was lower than health based limit values. Nevertheless, exposure to alternative plasticizers, such as DPHP and DINCH, is expected to increase in the future and continuous monitoring is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Giovanoulis
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Thuy Bui
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fuchao Xu
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Eleni Papadopoulou
- Domain of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, 0477 Oslo, Norway
| | - Juan A Padilla-Sanchez
- Domain of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, 0477 Oslo, Norway
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Line S Haug
- Domain of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 8, 0477 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Palm Cousins
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jörgen Magnér
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ian T Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cynthia A de Wit
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Bekö G, Morrison G, Weschler CJ, Koch HM, Pälmke C, Salthammer T, Schripp T, Eftekhari A, Toftum J, Clausen G. Dermal uptake of nicotine from air and clothing: Experimental verification. INDOOR AIR 2018; 28:247-257. [PMID: 29095533 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to elucidate in greater detail the dermal uptake of nicotine from air or from nicotine-exposed clothes, which was demonstrated recently in a preliminary study. Six non-smoking participants were exposed to gaseous nicotine (between 236 and 304 μg/m3 ) over 5 hours while breathing clean air through a hood. Four of the participants wore only shorts and 2 wore a set of clean clothes. One week later, 2 of the bare-skinned participants were again exposed in the chamber, but they showered immediately after exposure instead of the following morning. The 2 participants who wore clean clothes on week 1 were now exposed wearing a set of clothes that had been exposed to nicotine. All urine was collected for 84 hours after exposure and analyzed for nicotine and its metabolites, cotinine and 3OH-cotinine. All participants except those wearing fresh clothes excreted substantial amounts of biomarkers, comparable to levels expected from inhalation intake. Uptake for 1 participant wearing exposed clothes exceeded estimated intake via inhalation by >50%. Biomarker excretion continued during the entire urine collection period, indicating that nicotine accumulates in the skin and is released over several days. Absorbed nicotine was significantly lower after showering in 1 subject but not the other. Differences in the normalized uptakes and in the excretion patterns were observed among the participants. The observed cotinine half-lives suggest that non-smokers exposed to airborne nicotine may receive a substantial fraction through the dermal pathway. Washing skin and clothes exposed to nicotine may meaningfully decrease exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bekö
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - G Morrison
- Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - C J Weschler
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - H M Koch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | - C Pälmke
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-Universität Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
| | | | - T Schripp
- Fraunhofer WKI, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - A Eftekhari
- Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - J Toftum
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - G Clausen
- Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Morrison GC, Bekö G, Weschler CJ, Schripp T, Salthammer T, Hill J, Andersson AM, Toftum J, Clausen G, Frederiksen H. Dermal Uptake of Benzophenone-3 from Clothing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11371-11379. [PMID: 28858503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (also known as BP-3 or oxybenzone) is added to sunscreens, plastics, and some coatings to filter UV radiation. The suspected endocrine disruptor BP-3 has been detected in the air and settled dust of homes and is expected to redistribute from its original sources to other indoor compartments, including clothing. Given its physical and chemical properties, we hypothesized that dermal uptake from clothing could contribute to the body burden of this compound. First, cotton shirts were exposed to air at an elevated concentration of BP-3 for 32 days; the final air concentration was 4.4 μg/m3. Next, three participants wore the exposed shirts for 3 h. After 3 h of exposure, participants wore their usual clothing during the collection of urine samples for the next 48 h. Urine was analyzed for BP-3, a metabolite (BP-1), and six other UV filters. The rate of urinary excretion of the sum of BP-1 and BP-3 increased for all participants during and following the 3 h of exposure. The summed mass of BP-1 and BP-3 excreted during the first 24 h attributable to wearing exposed t-shirts were 12, 9.9, and 82 μg for participants 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Analysis of these results, coupled with predictions of steady-state models, suggest that dermal uptake of BP-3 from clothing could meaningfully contribute to overall body burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn C Morrison
- Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby, 2800 Denmark
| | - Charles J Weschler
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby, 2800 Denmark
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University , Piscataway, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Tobias Schripp
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI , Braunschweig 38108, Germany
- Institute of Combustion Technology, German Aerospace Center , Stuttgart, 70569, Germany
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, Fraunhofer WKI , Braunschweig 38108, Germany
| | - Jonathan Hill
- Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology , Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | | | - Jørn Toftum
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby, 2800 Denmark
| | - Geo Clausen
- International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Lyngby, 2800 Denmark
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Sugino M, Hatanaka T, Todo H, Mashimo Y, Suzuki T, Kobayashi M, Hosoya O, Jinno H, Juni K, Sugibayashi K. Safety evaluation of dermal exposure to phthalates: Metabolism-dependent percutaneous absorption. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 328:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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36
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Lauw SJ, Lee JH, Tessensohn ME, Leong WQ, Webster RD. The electrochemical reduction of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in acetonitrile. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Bui TT, Alves A, Palm-Cousins A, Voorspoels S, Covaci A, Cousins IT. Estimating uptake of phthalate ester metabolites into the human nail plate using pharmacokinetic modelling. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 100:148-155. [PMID: 28089278 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of knowledge regarding uptake of phthalate esters (PEs) and other chemicals into the human nail plate and thus, clarity concerning the suitability of human nails as a valid alternative matrix for monitoring long-term exposure. In particular, the relative importance of internal uptake of phthalate metabolites (from e.g. blood) compared to external uptake pathways is unknown. This study provides first insights into the partitioning of phthalate-metabolites between blood and nail using pharmacokinetic (PK) modelling and biomonitoring data from a Norwegian cohort. A previously published PK model (Lorber PK model) was used in combination with measured urine data to predict serum concentrations of DEHP and DnBP/DiBP metabolites at steady state. Then, partitioning between blood and nail was assessed assuming equilibrium conditions and treating the nail plate as a tissue, assuming a fixed lipid and water content. Although calculated as a worst-case scenario at equilibrium, the predicted nail concentrations of metabolites were lower than the biomonitoring data by factors of 44 to 1300 depending on the metabolite. It is therefore concluded that internal uptake of phthalate metabolites from blood into nail is a negligible pathway and does not explain the observed nail concentrations. Instead, external uptake pathways are more likely to dominate, possibly through deposition of phthalates onto the skin/nail and subsequent metabolism. Modelling gaseous diffusive uptake of PEs from air to nail revealed that this pathway is unlikely to be important. Experimental quantification of internal and external uptake pathways of phthalates and their metabolites into the human nail plate is needed to verify these modelling results. However, based on this model, human nails are not a good indicator of internal human exposure for the phthalate esters studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy T Bui
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Andreia Alves
- VITO NV Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Anna Palm-Cousins
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, SE-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Voorspoels
- VITO NV Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ian T Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Quinnies KM, Harris EP, Snyder RW, Sumner SS, Rissman EF. Direct and transgenerational effects of low doses of perinatal di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on social behaviors in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171977. [PMID: 28199414 PMCID: PMC5310861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is an endocrine disrupting chemical commonly used as a plasticizer in medical equipment, food packaging, flooring, and children’s toys. DEHP exposure during early development has been associated with adverse neurobehavioral outcomes in children. In animal models, early exposure to DEHP results in abnormal development of the reproductive system as well as altered behavior and neurodevelopment. Based on these data, we hypothesized that developmental exposure to DEHP would decrease social interactions and increase anxiety-like behaviors in mice in a dose-dependent manner, and that the effects would persist over generations. C57BL/6J mice consumed one of three DEHP doses (0, 5, 40, and 400 μg/kg body weight) throughout pregnancy and during the first ten days of lactation. The two higher doses yielded detectable levels of DEHP metabolites in serum. Pairs of mice from control, low, and high DEHP doses were bred to create three dose lineages in the third generation (F3). Average anogenital index (AGI: anogenital distance/body weight) was decreased in F1 males exposed to the low dose of DEHP and in F1 females exposed to the highest dose. In F1 mice, juvenile pairs from the two highest DEHP dose groups displayed fewer socially investigative behaviors and more exploratory behaviors as compared with control mice. The effect of DEHP on these behaviors was reversed in F3 mice as compared with F1 mice. F1 mice exposed to low and medium DEHP doses spent more time in the closed arms of the elevated plus maze than controls, indicating increased anxiety-like behavior. The generation-dependent effects on behavior and AGI suggest complex mechanisms by which DEHP directly impacts reproductive and neurobehavioral development and influences germline-inherited traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla M. Quinnies
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Erin P. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Rodney W. Snyder
- Discovery Science Technology, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - Susan S. Sumner
- Discovery Science Technology, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Emilie F. Rissman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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39
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Kil KH, Kim MR, Kim JH, Jung YJ, Cho HH. Analysis of ovarian gene expression in F2 mouse following perinatal exposure to DEHP via the parenteral route. Mol Cell Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-016-0046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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40
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Ozaki H, Sugihara K, Watanabe Y, Moriguchi K, Uramaru N, Sone T, Ohta S, Kitamura S. Comparative study of hydrolytic metabolism of dimethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate by microsomes of various rat tissues. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 100:217-224. [PMID: 28007454 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are used in food packaging, and are transferred to foods as contaminants. In this study, we examined the hydrolytic metabolism of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) by rat tissue microsomes. We found that carboxylesterase and lipase contribute differently to these activities. When DMP, DBP and DEHP were incubated with rat liver microsomes, DBP was most effectively hydrolyzed to the phthalate monoester, followed by DMP, and the activity toward DEHP was marginal. In contrast, small-intestinal microsomes exhibited relatively higher activity toward long-side-chain phthalates. Pancreatic microsomes showed high activity toward DEHP and DBP. Liver microsomal hydrolase activity toward DMP was markedly inhibited by bis(4-nitrophenyl)phosphate, and could be extracted with Triton X-100. The activity toward DBP and DEHP was partly inhibited by carboxylesterase inhibitor, and was partly solubilized with Triton X-100. Ces1e, Ces1d and Ces1f expressed in COS cells exhibited the highest hydrolase activity toward DBP, showing a similar pattern to that of liver microsomes. Ces1e showed activity towards DMP and DEHP. Pancreatic lipase also hydrolyzed DBP and DEHP. Thus, carboxylesterase and lipase contribute differently to phthalate hydrolysis: short-side-chain phthalates are mainly hydrolyzed by carboxylesterase and long-side-chain phthalates are mainly hydrolyzed by lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Ozaki
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kazumi Sugihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hiroshima International University, Koshingai 5-1-1, Kure, Hiroshima, 737-0112, Japan
| | - Yoko Watanabe
- Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Komuro 10281, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Kyoko Moriguchi
- Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Komuro 10281, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Naoto Uramaru
- Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Komuro 10281, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Tomomichi Sone
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, Nagaotoge-cho 45-1, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Kitamura
- Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Komuro 10281, Ina-machi, Kitaadachi-gun, Saitama 362-0806, Japan.
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41
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Ozaki H, Sugihara K, Watanabe Y, Ohta S, Kitamura S. Cytochrome P450-inhibitory activity of parabens and phthalates used in consumer products. J Toxicol Sci 2016; 41:551-60. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.41.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Ozaki
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Kazumi Sugihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Hiroshima International University
| | | | - Shigeru Ohta
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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Weschler CJ, Bekö G, Koch HM, Salthammer T, Schripp T, Toftum J, Clausen G. Transdermal Uptake of Diethyl Phthalate and Di(n-butyl) Phthalate Directly from Air: Experimental Verification. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:928-34. [PMID: 25850107 PMCID: PMC4590762 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fundamental considerations indicate that, for certain phthalate esters, dermal absorption from air is an uptake pathway that is comparable to or greater than inhalation. Yet this pathway has not been experimentally evaluated and has been largely overlooked when assessing uptake of phthalate esters. OBJECTIVES This study investigated transdermal uptake, directly from air, of diethyl phthalate (DEP) and di(n-butyl) phthalate (DnBP) in humans. METHODS In a series of experiments, six human participants were exposed for 6 hr in a chamber containing deliberately elevated air concentrations of DEP and DnBP. The participants either wore a hood and breathed air with phthalate concentrations substantially below those in the chamber or did not wear a hood and breathed chamber air. All urinations were collected from initiation of exposure until 54 hr later. Metabolites of DEP and DnBP were measured in these samples and extrapolated to parent phthalate intakes, corrected for background and hood air exposures. RESULTS For DEP, the median dermal uptake directly from air was 4.0 μg/(μg/m(3) in air) compared with an inhalation intake of 3.8 μg/(μg/m(3) in air). For DnBP, the median dermal uptake from air was 3.1 μg/(μg/m(3) in air) compared with an inhalation intake of 3.9 μg/(μg/m(3) in air). CONCLUSIONS This study shows that dermal uptake directly from air can be a meaningful exposure pathway for DEP and DnBP. For other semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) whose molecular weight and lipid/air partition coefficient are in the appropriate range, direct absorption from air is also anticipated to be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Quinnies KM, Doyle TJ, Kim KH, Rissman EF. Transgenerational Effects of Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) on Stress Hormones and Behavior. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3077-83. [PMID: 26168342 PMCID: PMC4541619 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) has been linked to male reproductive abnormalities. Here, we assessed transgenerational actions of DEHP on several behaviors and stress responses. We used 2 doses of DEHP (150- and 200-mg/kg body weight) and a treatment regimen previously shown to produce transgenerational effects on male reproduction. Mice, 3 generations removed from DEHP exposure (F3), were tested for social behavior and anxiety on the elevated plus maze. We collected blood and pituitaries from undisturbed and restrained mice. Body weights, anogenital distances, and reproductive organ weights were collected at killing. In social interaction tests juvenile males from the DEHP lineage (200 mg/kg) displayed more digging and less self-grooming than did controls. Interestingly, 150-mg/kg lineage males, killed in early puberty, had smaller seminal vesicle weights than their controls. However, the 200-mg/kg males (killed on average 10 d later) did not show this effect. Females from a DEHP lineage had lower corticosterone concentrations than controls after restraint stress. We also found sex- and DEHP-specific mRNA expression changes in the pituitary in 2 of the 6 stress-related genes we measured. In particular, Gnas mRNA was elevated by the combination of DEHP lineage and stress. Thus, transgenerational effects of DEHP are noted in male behavior, and in females, DEHP had transgenerational effects on levels of corticosterone. Both of these results may be related to transgenerational modifications in the expression of several pituitary hormones involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla M Quinnies
- Neuroscience Graduate Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (K.M.Q., E.F.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903; and School of Molecular Biosciences (T.J.D., K.H.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Timothy J Doyle
- Neuroscience Graduate Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (K.M.Q., E.F.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903; and School of Molecular Biosciences (T.J.D., K.H.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Kwan Hee Kim
- Neuroscience Graduate Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (K.M.Q., E.F.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903; and School of Molecular Biosciences (T.J.D., K.H.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Emilie F Rissman
- Neuroscience Graduate Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (K.M.Q., E.F.R.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22903; and School of Molecular Biosciences (T.J.D., K.H.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
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Ishii S, Katagiri R, Minobe Y, Kuribara I, Wada T, Wada M, Imai S. Investigation of the amount of transdermal exposure of newborn babies to phthalates in paper diapers and certification of the safety of paper diapers. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:85-92. [PMID: 26123074 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A risk assessment study of seven phthalates in paper diapers for newborn babies produced in Japan was performed. The diapers were purchased and the contents of the seven phthalates were determined and estimated amounts of exposure were calculated based on the eluted rate into artificial medium of urine or sweat, average weight of infants, and frequency of use. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate were detected in the topsheets and determined to be 0.6 μg/g and 0.2 μg/g, respectively. The daily estimated exposure volume was calculated to be in the range of 1.86 × 10(-10)-2.98 × 10(-6) mg/kg/day as follows: content of seven phthalates in the topsheet (0.1-1 μg/g) × eluted rate of phthalates into artificial sweat (0.0006-2.4%) × weight of the topsheet of a diaper (1.5 g) × the number of diapers used per day (12 sheets) × skin absorption rate (0.005-0.1)/average body weight (2.9 kg). For hazard assessment, we used 0.2-300 mg/kg/day for the seven phthalates based on the data available at international agencies. The margin of exposure to the seven phthalates was 6.71 × 10(4)-1.99 × 10(11), indicating that the risk of exposure to phthalates from the diapers produced in Japan was negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Ishii
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Yasushi Minobe
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isamu Kuribara
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeharu Wada
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Abdallah MAE, Pawar G, Harrad S. Evaluation of in vitro vs. in vivo methods for assessment of dermal absorption of organic flame retardants: a review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 74:13-22. [PMID: 25310507 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest to study human dermal exposure to a large number of chemicals, whether in the indoor or outdoor environment. Such studies are essential to predict the systemic exposure to xenobiotic chemicals for risk assessment purposes and to comply with various regulatory guidelines. However, very little is currently known about human dermal exposure to persistent organic pollutants. While recent pharmacokinetic studies have highlighted the importance of dermal contact as a pathway of human exposure to brominated flame retardants, risk assessment studies had to apply assumed values for percutaneous penetration of various flame retardants (FRs) due to complete absence of specific experimental data on their human dermal bioavailability. Therefore, this article discusses the current state-of-knowledge on the significance of dermal contact as a pathway of human exposure to FRs. The available literature on in vivo and in vitro methods for assessment of dermal absorption of FRs in human and laboratory animals is critically reviewed. Finally, a novel approach for studying human dermal absorption of FRs using in vitro three-dimensional (3D) human skin equivalent models is presented and the challenges facing future dermal absorption studies on FRs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, 71526 Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Gopal Pawar
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Harrad
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Orecchio S, Indelicato R, Barreca S. Determination of selected phthalates by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in mural paintings from Palermo (Italy). Microchem J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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