1
|
Varma A, Singh MK. The Role of Satellites in the Evolution of Begomoviruses. Viruses 2024; 16:970. [PMID: 38932261 PMCID: PMC11209209 DOI: 10.3390/v16060970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses have emerged as destructive pathogens of crops, particularly in the tropics and subtropics, causing enormous economic losses and threatening food security. Epidemics caused by begomoviruses have even spread in regions and crops that were previously free from these viruses. The most seriously affected crops include cassava; cotton; grain legumes; and cucurbitaceous, malvaceous, and solanaceous vegetables. Alphasatellites, betasatellites, and deltasatellites are associated with the diseases caused by begomoviruses, but begomovirus-betasatellite complexes have played significant roles in the evolution of begomoviruses, causing widespread epidemics in many economically important crops throughout the world. This article provides an overview of the evolution, distribution, and approaches used by betasatellites in the suppression of host plant defense responses and increasing disease severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Varma
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India;
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li J, Zhu C, Xu Y, He H, Zhao C, Yan F. Molecular Mechanism Underlying ROS-Mediated AKH Resistance to Imidacloprid in Whitefly. INSECTS 2024; 15:436. [PMID: 38921151 PMCID: PMC11204299 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic insecticides used to control Bemisia tabaci include organophosphorus, pyrethroids, insect growth regulators, nicotinoids, and neonicotinoids. Among these, neonicotinoids have been used continuously, which has led to the emergence of high-level resistance to this class of chemical insecticides in the whitefly, making whitefly management difficult. The adipokinetic hormone gene (AKH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play roles in the development of insect resistance. Therefore, the roles of AKH and ROS in imidacloprid resistance in Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (MED; formerly biotype Q) were evaluated in this study. The expression level of AKH in resistant B. tabaci MED was significantly lower than that in sensitive B. tabaci (MED) (p < 0.05). AKH expression showed a decreasing trend. After AKH silencing by RNAi, we found that ROS levels as well as the expression levels of the resistance gene CYP6CM1 and its upstream regulatory factors CREB, ERK, and P38 increased significantly (p < 0.05); additionally, whitefly resistance to imidacloprid increased and mortality decreased (p < 0.001). These results suggest that AKH regulates the expression of resistance genes via ROS in Bemisia tabaci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fengming Yan
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (J.L.); (C.Z.); (Y.X.); (H.H.); (C.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Xie Y, Liu X, Luo C, Hu Q, Che X, Zhao L, Zhao M, Wu L, Ding M. Distinct tomato yellow leaf curl Chuxiong virus isolated from whiteflies and plants in China and its symptom determinant and suppressor of post-transcriptional gene silencing. Virology 2024; 594:110040. [PMID: 38471198 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
A begomovirus isolated from whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) and tomato, sweet potato in China was found to be representative of a distinct begomovirus species, for which the name tomato yellow leaf curl Chuxiong virus (TYLCCxV) is proposed. The results of genomic identification and sequence comparison showed that TYLCCxV shares the highest complete nucleotide sequence identity (88.3%) with croton yellow vein mosaic virus (CroYVMV), and may have originated from the recombination between synedrella leaf curl virus (SyLCV) and squash leaf curl Yunnan virus (SLCuYV). Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation showed that TYLCCxV is highly infectious for a range of plant species, producing upward leaf curling, leaf crumpling, chlorosis, distortion, and stunt symptoms in Solanum lycopersicum plants. The results of Southern blot indicated that TYLCCxV is capable of efficiently replicating two heterologous betasatellites. The inoculation of PVX::C4 on Nicotiana benthamiana induced upward leaf curling and stem elongation symptoms, suggesting that TYLCCxV C4 functions as a symptom determinant. TYLCCxV V2 is an important virulence factor that induces downward leaf curling symptoms, elicits systemic necrosis, and suppresses local and systemic GFP silencing in co-agroinfiltrated N. benthamiana and transgenic 16c plants. Considering the multifunctional virulence proteins V2 and C4, the possibility of TYLCCxV causing devastating epidemics on tomato in China is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Xianan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chaohu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qianqian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xuan Che
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Liling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology of Yunnan Province, Institute of Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Liqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ming Ding
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology of Yunnan Province, Institute of Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mei Y, Cai L, Wang Y, Li F, Yang X, Yang J, Zhou X. Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of an infectious clone of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus isolate infecting Cucumis melo. STRESS BIOLOGY 2023; 3:51. [PMID: 37994930 PMCID: PMC10667179 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-023-00128-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) is a member of the genus Begomovirus, and causes devastating disease in the world. In recent years, ToLCNDV was rapidly spreading in China and induces severe economic losses in agriculture. In this study, we sequenced and characterized the complete genome of ToLCNDV isolates from melon plants showing leaf curling and stunting symptoms in Jiangsu Province of China. We constructed a full-length infectious cDNA clone of ToLCNDV, which could induce systemic infection with typical symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana, Citrullus melo, and Citrullus lanatus plants through agrobacterium-mediated inoculation. Further experimental evidence demonstrated that the virions produced in plants infected with the infectious clone of ToLCNDV are biologically active and sap-transmissible. We also evaluated the resistance of commercial melon cultivars to ToLCNDV and found all testing melon cultivars were susceptible to ToLCNDV. Collectively, the reverse genetic system developed herein will facilitate further research on biological functions of proteins encoded by ToLCNDV and plant-ToLCNDV interactions, which might provide new insights into breeding resistance germplasm in crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lingmin Cai
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiuling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinghua Yang
- Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, China.
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kumar S, Gupta N, Chakraborty S. Geminiviral betasatellites: critical viral ammunition to conquer plant immunity. Arch Virol 2023; 168:196. [PMID: 37386317 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Geminiviruses have mastered plant cell modulation and immune invasion to ensue prolific infection. Encoding a relatively small number of multifunctional proteins, geminiviruses rely on satellites to efficiently re-wire plant immunity, thereby fostering virulence. Among the known satellites, betasatellites have been the most extensively investigated. They contribute significantly to virulence, enhance virus accumulation, and induce disease symptoms. To date, only two betasatellite proteins, βC1, and βV1, have been shown to play a crucial role in virus infection. In this review, we offer an overview of plant responses to betasatellites and counter-defense strategies deployed by betasatellites to overcome those responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Neha Gupta
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lestari SM, Hidayat SH, Hidayat P, Kil EJ, Lee S, Kim SM, Lee KY. Identification of begomoviruses associated with the insect vector Bemisia tabaci and various host plants on Java Island, Indonesia. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 112:e21984. [PMID: 36397643 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Begomoviruses are economically important plant viruses and are transmitted by Bemisia tabaci which is a complex of various cryptic species. However, it is uncertain whether most begomoviruses that infect host plants are transmitted by B. tabaci at a similar rate. We compared the begomovirus profiles that were detected in a total of 37 whitefly populations and 52 host plants on Java Island, Indonesia. Seven begomovirus species were detected in B. tabaci at different rates: pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (PepYLCIV, 56.8%), tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus (TYLCKaV, 46.0%), tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV, 21.6%), squash leaf curl China virus (SLCCNV, 21.6%), ageratum yellow vein China virus (AYVCNV, 2.7%), mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV, 2.7%), and okra enation leaf curl virus (OELCuV, 2.7%). The begomoviruses were detected at different rates in three cryptic species of B. tabaci. In addition, six begomovirus species were detected in the various host plants at different rates: PepYLCIV (67.3%), TYLCKaV (53.9%), ToLCNDV (13.5%), MYMIV (11.5%), AYVCNV (3.9%), and Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (TYLCTHV) (1.9%). By comparing the virus presence between whiteflies and plants, five begomoviruses (AYVCNV, MYMIV, PepYLCIV, ToLCNDV, and TYLCKaV) were detected in both samples, but their sequence similarity was highly variable depending on the begomovirus themselves; TYLCKaV was highest (99.4%-100%) than any other viruses. Our study suggests B. tabaci acquire begomoviruses at different rates from plants. This study provides important information on the potential variation in the begomovirus transmission mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanti M Lestari
- Division of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sri H Hidayat
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Purnama Hidayat
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Eui-Joon Kil
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, Korea
| | - Sukchan Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sang-Mok Kim
- Plant Quarantine Technology Center, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Korea
| | - Kyeong-Yeoll Lee
- Division of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Institute of Plant Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Quantum Bio Research Center, Kyungpook National University, Gunwi, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Siddiqui HA, Asad S, Naqvi RZ, Asif M, Liu C, Liu X, Farooq M, Abro S, Rizwan M, Arshad M, Sarwar M, Amin I, Mukhtar Z, Mansoor S. Development and evaluation of triple gene transgenic cotton lines expressing three genes (Cry1Ac-Cry2Ab-EPSPS) for lepidopteran insect pests and herbicide tolerance. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18422. [PMID: 36319662 PMCID: PMC9626562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22209-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton is an international agricultural commodity and the main cash crop of Pakistan of which quality and quantity are subject to various whims of nature. Climate change, insect pest complex, and weeds are reducing its productivity. Here, we have developed triple gene cotton containing EPSPS gene along with two Bt toxin genes Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab using a strategy where all three genes are cloned in the same T-DNA, followed by successful cotton transformation via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. This strategy has been developed to help cotton breeders in developing new cultivars by incorporating these genes into the non-transgenic or single Bt (Cry1Ac) gene cotton background where all three genes will inherit together. The expression of all three proteins was confirmed through immunostrips and was quantified through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The spatio-temporal expression of Bt protein in different parts of triple gene NIBGE cotton plants was determined. Maximum expression was found in leaves followed by seeds and boll rinds. Insect bioassays with cotton bollworms (Helicoverpa armigera), armyworms (Spodoptera litura), and pink bollworms (Pectinophora gossypiella) showed more than 90% mortality. The best performing line (NIBGE-E2) on the basis of spatiotemporal expression, glyphosate assays, and insect mortality data, was used for event characterization by using the genome sequencing approach. The event was successfully characterized and named NIBGE 20-01. A diagnostics test based on event-specific PCR was developed and its ability to distinguish NIBGE 20-01 event from other commercial transgenic cotton events was confirmed. To confirm stable expression of all three proteins in the field conditions, homozygous transgenic lines were grown in the field and the expression was confirmed through immunostrip assays. It was found that all three genes are expressed under field conditions. To show that all three genes are inherited together upon crossing with local elite cotton lines, the F1 generation was grown under glasshouse and field conditions. The expression of all three genes was confirmed under field conditions. Our results showed that transgenic cotton with three genes cloned in the same T-DNA can express all genes and can be conveniently transferred into elite cotton lines through a single cross.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Anees Siddiqui
- grid.419397.10000 0004 0447 0237Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Punjab Pakistan ,grid.513947.d0000 0005 0262 5685Department of Biotechnology, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Shaheen Asad
- grid.419397.10000 0004 0447 0237Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Punjab Pakistan
| | - Rubab Zahra Naqvi
- grid.419397.10000 0004 0447 0237Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Punjab Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif
- grid.419397.10000 0004 0447 0237Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Punjab Pakistan
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- grid.21155.320000 0001 2034 1839Beijing Genomics Institute Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Liu
- grid.21155.320000 0001 2034 1839Beijing Genomics Institute Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- grid.419397.10000 0004 0447 0237Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Punjab Pakistan
| | - Saifullah Abro
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Division, Nuclear Institute of Agriculture (NIA), Tando Jam, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Division, Nuclear Institute of Agriculture (NIA), Tando Jam, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- grid.419397.10000 0004 0447 0237Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Punjab Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sarwar
- grid.419397.10000 0004 0447 0237Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Punjab Pakistan
| | - Imran Amin
- grid.419397.10000 0004 0447 0237Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Punjab Pakistan
| | - Zahid Mukhtar
- grid.419397.10000 0004 0447 0237Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Punjab Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- grid.419397.10000 0004 0447 0237Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, College Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIBGE-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad, Punjab Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li Q, Zhang Y, Lu W, Han X, Yang L, Shi Y, Li H, Chen L, Liu Y, Yang X, Shi Y. Identification and characterization of a new geminivirus from soybean plants and determination of V2 as a pathogenicity factor and silencing suppressor. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:362. [PMID: 35869422 PMCID: PMC9308217 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03745-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean is one of the four major crops in China. The occurrence of viruses in soybean causes significant economic losses. RESULTS In this study, the soybean leaves from stay-green plants showing crinkle were collected for metatranscriptomic sequencing. A novel geminivirus, tentatively named soybean geminivirus A (SGVA), was identified in soybean stay-green plants. Sequence analysis of the full-length SGVA genome revealed a genome of 2762 nucleotides that contain six open reading frames. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that SGVA was located adjacent to the clade of begomoviruses in both the full genome-based and C1-based phylogenetic tree, while in the CP-based phylogenetic tree, SGVA was located adjacent to the clade of becurtoviruses. SGVA was proposed as a new recombinant geminivirus. Agroinfectious clone of SGVA was constructed. Typical systemic symptoms of curly leaves were observed at 11 dpi in Nicotiana benthamiana plants and severe dwarfism was observed after 3 weeks post inoculation. Expression of the SGVA encoded V2 and C1 proteins through a potato virus X (PVX) vector caused severe symptoms in N. benthamiana. The V2 protein inhibited local RNA silencing in co-infiltration assays in GFP transgenic 16C N. benthamiana plants. Further study revealed mild symptoms in N. benthamiana plants inoculated with SGVA-ZZ V2-STOP and SGVA-ZZ V2-3738AA mutants. Both the relative viral DNA and CP protein accumulation levels significantly decreased when compared with SGVA-inoculated plants. CONCLUSIONS This work identified a new geminivirus in soybean stay-green plants and determined V2 as a pathogenicity factor and silencing suppressor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinglun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Weiguo Lu
- Institute of Crops Molecular Breeding, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ National Centre for Plant Breeding, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiaoyu Han
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Lingling Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yajuan Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Honglian Li
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yiqing Liu
- Guangdong Baiyun University, Guangzhou, 510550, China
| | - Xue Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Yan Shi
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nawaz-Ul-Rehman MS, Liaqat I, Nahid N, Saleem F, Alkahtani S, Al Qahtani A, Ye J, Mubin M. Alternanthera yellow vein virus (AYVV); a betasatellite independent begomovirus infecting Sonchus palustris in Pakistan. BRAZ J BIOL 2022; 82:e262248. [PMID: 35703634 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.262248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellites associated begomoviruses are the most diverse group of plant viruses in tropical and subtropical regions. In Pakistan, during field surveys in 2019-2020, Sonchus palustris (a weed plant) was observed showing begomovirus symptoms i.e., vein yellowing and mosaic patterns on leaves. Rolling circle amplification from total isolated DNA of symptomatic leaves was performed to amplify circular viral genomes. Subsequent cloning and sequencing showed that a new strain of Alternanthera yellow vein virus (AlYVV) is associated with vein yellowing disease of S. palustris. The identity percentage analysis through BLAST search and SDT analysis showed that the new strain is 94-98% identical to AlYVV isolates reported from Pakistan, India and China. In phylogenetic tree, it clustered with AlYVV-[PK:E prostrata:15-KX710155], AlYVV-[PK:E prostrata:13]-KX906697] and AlYVV-[PK:E prostrata:11]-KX906694] previously reported from Pakistan. There was no detectable level of betasatellite or any other satellite molecule in the samples studied here. Phylogenetic analysis of Rep and CP genes of AlYVV with corresponding genes of closely related viruses circulating in Southeast Asia showed intra-specific recombination involving both complementary and virion sense region of virus. Relaxed clock and Bayesian Skyline Plot analysis based on CP gene sequences indicated slight higher substitution rates (4.75 x 10-3 substitutions/nucleotide/year). In the Indian subcontinent satellite-associated monopartite begomoviruses predominately infect crops and non-crop plants. But AlYVV is found infecting mostly non-crop plants independent of satellite molecules. We hypothesize here that AlYVV evolved as a true monopartite begomovirus in the Indian sub-continent and could be a great threat to introduced crops under suitable conditions. Such studies are crucial to understand probable future epidemics of begomoviruses in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Nawaz-Ul-Rehman
- University of Agriculture, Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - I Liaqat
- GC University Lahore, Department of Zoology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - N Nahid
- GC University Faisalabad, Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - F Saleem
- University of Agriculture, Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - S Alkahtani
- King Saud University, College of Science, Department of Zoology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Al Qahtani
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Research Center, Department of Infection and Immunity, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - J Ye
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing, PR China
| | - M Mubin
- University of Agriculture, Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, Laboratory of Vector-Borne Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Beijing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Azeem H, Perveen R, Tahir MN, Umar UUD, Ölmez F, Ali A. Prevalence, transmission and molecular characterization of Cotton leaf curl Multan virus infecting hollyhock plants in Pakistan. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:5635-5644. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07557-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
11
|
Gawande SP, Raghavendra KP, Monga D, Nagrale DT, Prabhulinga T, Hiremani N, Meshram M, Kranthi S, Gokte-Narkhedkar N, Waghmare VN. Development of Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP): A new tool for rapid diagnosis of cotton leaf curl viral disease. J Virol Methods 2022; 306:114541. [PMID: 35568082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) ranks top among all endemic diseases transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) affecting cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) causing severe economic losses to the cotton growers in the Indian subcontinent. For its effective management, robust tools for detection are a prerequisite and it is important to diagnose the virus titre in early stage of infection in plants as well as in the disease transmitting vector. Considering the limitations in current PCR-based techniques we have standardized rapid and sensitive Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) protocol for the diagnosis of cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV) in cotton leaves and in its transmitting vector whitefly. Perhaps, this is the first report of use of LAMP tool for rapid diagnosis of CLCuV in cotton and its transmitting vector the whitefly. Further, the colorimetric detection for diagnostic simplicity of amplified LAMP product by using different dyes lead to enhanced applicability of this technique in the field of disease diagnostics. The merit of present study is that the diagnostic failure of PCR and LAMP due to low virus titre in the infected leaf has been circumvented through the combination of rolling circle amplification (RCA) with LAMP. Thus RCA-LAMP can be an option for ultra-sensitive detection of samples with low virus titre. The potential applications of this advanced diagnostic tool in laboratory research on diagnosis of CLCuV, an important viral pathogen of cotton have been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S P Gawande
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research (ICAR-CICR), Nagpur-440010, India.
| | - K P Raghavendra
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research (ICAR-CICR), Nagpur-440010, India
| | - D Monga
- ICAR- Central Institute for Cotton Research Regional Station (ICAR-CICR RS), Sirsa -125055, India
| | - D T Nagrale
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research (ICAR-CICR), Nagpur-440010, India
| | - T Prabhulinga
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research (ICAR-CICR), Nagpur-440010, India
| | - N Hiremani
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research (ICAR-CICR), Nagpur-440010, India
| | - M Meshram
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research (ICAR-CICR), Nagpur-440010, India
| | - Sandhya Kranthi
- Project Consultant, International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC), Washington DC, USA
| | | | - V N Waghmare
- ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research (ICAR-CICR), Nagpur-440010, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chang H, Lee C, Chang C, Jan F. FKBP-type peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase interacts with the movement protein of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus and impacts viral replication in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:561-575. [PMID: 34984809 PMCID: PMC8916215 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Begomoviruses belonging to the family Geminiviridae are plant-infecting DNA viruses. Begomoviral movement protein (MP) has been reported to be required for virus movement, host range determination, and symptom development. In the present study, the FK506-binding protein (FKBP)-type peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (NbFKPPIase) of Nicotiana benthamiana was identified by a yeast two-hybrid screening system using the MP of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) oriental melon (OM) isolate (MPOM ) as bait. Transient silencing of the gene encoding NbFKPPIase increased replication of three test begomoviruses, and transient overexpression decreased viral replication, indicating that NbFKPPIase plays a role in defence against begomoviruses. However, infection of N. benthamiana by ToLCNDV-OM or overexpression of the gene encoding MPOM drastically reduced the expression of the gene encoding NbFKPPIase. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis revealed that MPOM interacted with NbFKPPIase in the periphery of cells. Expression of the gene encoding NbFKPPIase was induced by salicylic acid but not by methyl jasmonate or ethylene. Moreover, the expression of the gene encoding NbFKPPIase was down-regulated in response to 6-benzylaminopurine and up-regulated in response to gibberellin or indole-3-acetic acid, suggesting a role of NbFKPPIase in plant development. Transcriptome analysis and comparison of N. benthamiana transient silencing and overexpression of the gene encoding MPOM led to the identification of several differentially expressed genes whose functions are probably associated with cell cycle regulation. Our results indicate that begomoviruses could suppress NbFKPPIase-mediated defence and biological functions by transcriptional inhibition and physical interaction between MP and NbFKPPIase to facilitate infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho‐Hsiung Chang
- Department of Plant PathologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Chia‐Hwa Lee
- Department of Plant PathologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial GenomicsNational Chung Hsing University and Academia SinicaTaichung and TaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chung‐Jan Chang
- Department of Plant PathologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of GeorgiaGriffinGeorgiaUSA
| | - Fuh‐Jyh Jan
- Department of Plant PathologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Microbial GenomicsNational Chung Hsing University and Academia SinicaTaichung and TaipeiTaiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao L, Che X, Wang Z, Zhou X, Xie Y. Functional Characterization of Replication-Associated Proteins Encoded by Alphasatellites Identified in Yunnan Province, China. Viruses 2022; 14:222. [PMID: 35215816 PMCID: PMC8875141 DOI: 10.3390/v14020222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphasatellites, which encode only a replication-associated protein (alpha-Rep), are frequently found to be non-essential satellite components associated with begomovirus/betasatellite complexes, and their presence can modulate disease symptoms and/or viral DNA accumulation during infection. Our previous study has shown that there are three types of alphasatellites associated with begomovirus/betasatellite complexes in Yunnan province in China and they encode three corresponding types of alpha-Rep proteins. However, the biological functions of alpha-Reps remain poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the biological functions of alpha-Reps in post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) and transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) using 16c and 16-TGS transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Results showed that all the three types of alpha-Rep proteins were capable of suppressing the PTGS and reversing the TGS. Among them, the alpha-Rep of Y10DNA1 has the strongest PTGS and TGS suppressor activities. We also found that the alpha-Rep proteins were able to increase the accumulation of their helper virus during coinfection. These results suggest that the alpha-Reps may have a role in overcoming host defense, which provides a possible explanation for the selective advantage provided by the association of alphasatellites with begomovirus/betasatellite complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.Z.); (X.C.); (X.Z.)
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Xuan Che
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.Z.); (X.C.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zhanqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China;
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.Z.); (X.C.); (X.Z.)
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (L.Z.); (X.C.); (X.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Koonin EV, Dolja VV, Krupovic M, Kuhn JH. Viruses Defined by the Position of the Virosphere within the Replicator Space. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2021; 85:e0019320. [PMID: 34468181 PMCID: PMC8483706 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00193-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally, viruses were defined as miniscule infectious agents that passed through filters that retain even the smallest cells. Subsequently, viruses were considered obligate intracellular parasites whose reproduction depends on their cellular hosts for energy supply and molecular building blocks. However, these features are insufficient to unambiguously define viruses as they are broadly understood today. We outline possible approaches to define viruses and explore the boundaries of the virosphere within the virtual space of replicators and the relationships between viruses and other types of replicators. Regardless of how, exactly, viruses are defined, viruses clearly have evolved on many occasions from nonviral replicators, such as plasmids, by recruiting host proteins to become virion components. Conversely, other types of replicators have repeatedly evolved from viruses. Thus, the virosphere is a dynamic entity with extensive evolutionary traffic across its boundaries. We argue that the virosphere proper, here termed orthovirosphere, consists of a distinct variety of replicators that encode structural proteins encasing the replicators' genomes, thereby providing protection and facilitating transmission among hosts. Numerous and diverse replicators, such as virus-derived but capsidless RNA and DNA elements, or defective viruses occupy the zone surrounding the orthovirosphere in the virtual replicator space. We define this zone as the perivirosphere. Although intense debates on the nature of certain replicators that adorn the internal and external boundaries of the virosphere will likely continue, we present an operational definition of virus that recently has been accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene V. Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Valerian V. Dolja
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Archaeal Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mastrevirus Rep and RepA Proteins Suppress de novo Transcriptional Gene Silencing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111462. [PMID: 34768892 PMCID: PMC8584122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) in plants is a defense mechanism against DNA virus infection. The genomes of viruses in the Geminiviridae family encode several TGS suppressors. In this study, we induced de novo TGS against the transgenic GFP gene encoding green fluorescent protein by expressing a hairpin-shaped self-complementary RNA corresponding to the enhancer region of the 35S promoter (hpE35S). In addition, we examined the TGS suppression activity of proteins encoded in the genome of Tobacco yellow dwarf virus (TYDV, genus Mastrevirus). The results show that the replication-associated protein (Rep) and RepA encoded by TYDV have TGS suppressor activity and lead to decreased accumulation of 24-nt siRNAs. These results suggest that Rep and RepA can block the steps before the loading of siRNAs into Argonaute (AGO) proteins. This is the first report of TGS suppressors in the genus Mastrevirus.
Collapse
|
16
|
Davis RI, Jones LM, Pease B, Perkins SL, Vala HR, Kokoa P, Apa M, Dale CJ. Plant Virus and Virus-like Disease Threats to Australia's North Targeted by the Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102175. [PMID: 34685987 PMCID: PMC8537380 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy (NAQS) is a biosecurity initiative operated by the Australian federal government’s Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment (DAWE). It is unique worldwide because it deals specifically with the potential arrival via unregulated pathways of exotic threats from overseas in a vast and sparsely populated region. It aims to protect the nation’s animal- and plant-based production industries, as well as the environment, from incursions of organisms from countries that lie immediately to the north. These are diseases, pests, and weeds present in these countries that are currently either absent from, or under active containment in, Australia and may arrive by natural or human-assisted means. This review article focuses on the plant viruses and virus-like diseases that are most highly targeted by the NAQS program. It presents eight pathogen species/group entries in the NAQS A list of target pathogens, providing an overview of the historical and current situation, and collates some new data obtained from surveillance activities conducted in northern Australia and collaborative work overseas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard I. Davis
- Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, Department of Agriculture Water and Environment, GPO Box 858, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (L.M.J.); (B.P.); (S.L.P.); (H.R.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lynne M. Jones
- Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, Department of Agriculture Water and Environment, GPO Box 858, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (L.M.J.); (B.P.); (S.L.P.); (H.R.V.)
| | - Bradley Pease
- Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, Department of Agriculture Water and Environment, GPO Box 858, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (L.M.J.); (B.P.); (S.L.P.); (H.R.V.)
| | - Sandy L. Perkins
- Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, Department of Agriculture Water and Environment, GPO Box 858, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (L.M.J.); (B.P.); (S.L.P.); (H.R.V.)
| | - Harshitsinh R. Vala
- Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, Department of Agriculture Water and Environment, GPO Box 858, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; (L.M.J.); (B.P.); (S.L.P.); (H.R.V.)
| | - Pere Kokoa
- National Agriculture Quarantine and Inspection Authority (NAQIA), P.O. Box 741, Port Moresby 121, Papua New Guinea; (P.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Marilyn Apa
- National Agriculture Quarantine and Inspection Authority (NAQIA), P.O. Box 741, Port Moresby 121, Papua New Guinea; (P.K.); (M.A.)
| | - Christopher J. Dale
- International Plant Health Surveillance Program, Department of Agriculture Water and Environment, GPO Box 858, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gupta N, Reddy K, Bhattacharyya D, Chakraborty✉ S. Plant responses to geminivirus infection: guardians of the plant immunity. Virol J 2021; 18:143. [PMID: 34243802 PMCID: PMC8268416 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geminiviruses are circular, single-stranded viruses responsible for enormous crop loss worldwide. Rapid expansion of geminivirus diversity outweighs the continuous effort to control its spread. Geminiviruses channelize the host cell machinery in their favour by manipulating the gene expression, cell signalling, protein turnover, and metabolic reprogramming of plants. As a response to viral infection, plants have evolved to deploy various strategies to subvert the virus invasion and reinstate cellular homeostasis. MAIN BODY Numerous reports exploring various aspects of plant-geminivirus interaction portray the subtlety and flexibility of the host-pathogen dynamics. To leverage this pool of knowledge towards raising antiviral resistance in host plants, a comprehensive account of plant's defence response against geminiviruses is required. This review discusses the current knowledge of plant's antiviral responses exerted to geminivirus in the light of resistance mechanisms and the innate genetic factors contributing to the defence. We have revisited the defence pathways involving transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing, ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation pathway, protein kinase signalling cascades, autophagy, and hypersensitive responses. In addition, geminivirus-induced phytohormonal fluctuations, the subsequent alterations in primary and secondary metabolites, and their impact on pathogenesis along with the recent advancements of CRISPR-Cas9 technique in generating the geminivirus resistance in plants have been discussed. CONCLUSIONS Considering the rapid development in the field of plant-virus interaction, this review provides a timely and comprehensive account of molecular nuances that define the course of geminivirus infection and can be exploited in generating virus-resistant plants to control global agricultural damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gupta
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Kishorekumar Reddy
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Dhriti Bhattacharyya
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty✉
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Construction of Infectious Clones of Begomoviruses: Strategies, Techniques and Applications. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070604. [PMID: 34209952 PMCID: PMC8301103 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Begomovirus has a wide host range and threatens a significant amount of economic damage to many important crops such as tomatoes, beans, cassava, squash and cotton. There are many efforts directed at controlling this disease including the use of insecticides to control the insect vector as well as screening the resistant varieties. The use of synthetic virus or infectious clones approaches has allowed plant virologists to characterize and exploit the genome virus at the molecular and biological levels. By exploiting the DNA of the virus using the infectious clones strategy, the viral genome can be manipulated at specific regions to study functional genes for host–virus interactions. Thus, this review will provide an overview of the strategy to construct infectious clones of Begomovirus. The significance of established infectious clones in Begomovirus study will also be discussed. Abstract Begomovirus has become a potential threat to the agriculture sector. It causes significant losses to several economically important crops. Given this considerable loss, the development of tools to study viral genomes and function is needed. Infectious clones approaches and applications have allowed the direct exploitation of virus genomes. Infectious clones of DNA viruses are the critical instrument for functional characterization of the notable and newly discovered virus. Understanding of structure and composition of viruses has contributed to the evolution of molecular plant pathology. Therefore, this review provides extensive guidelines on the strategy to construct infectious clones of Begomovirus. Also, this technique’s impacts and benefits in controlling and understanding the Begomovirus infection will be discussed.
Collapse
|
19
|
Farooq T, Umar M, She X, Tang Y, He Z. Molecular phylogenetics and evolutionary analysis of a highly recombinant begomovirus, Cotton leaf curl Multan virus, and associated satellites. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab054. [PMID: 34532058 PMCID: PMC8438885 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV) and its associated satellites are a major part of the cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) caused by the begomovirus species complex. Despite the implementation of potential disease management strategies, the incessant resurgence of resistance-breaking variants of CLCuMuV imposes a continuous threat to cotton production. Here, we present a focused effort to map the geographical prevalence, genomic diversity, and molecular evolutionary endpoints that enhance disease complexity by facilitating the successful adaptation of CLCuMuV populations to the diversified ecosystems. Our results demonstrate that CLCuMuV populations are predominantly distributed in China, while the majority of alphasatellites and betasatellites exist in Pakistan. We demonstrate that together with frequent recombination, an uneven genetic variation mainly drives CLCuMuV and its satellite's virulence and evolvability. However, the pattern and distribution of recombination breakpoints greatly vary among viral and satellite sequences. The CLCuMuV, Cotton leaf curl Multan alphasatellite, and Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite populations arising from distinct regions exhibit high mutation rates. Although evolutionarily linked, these populations are independently evolving under strong purifying selection. These findings will facilitate to comprehensively understand the standing genetic variability and evolutionary patterns existing among CLCuMuV populations across major cotton-producing regions of the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Farooq
- Plant Protection Research Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Muhammad Umar
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, 13 St. Johns Avenue, New Town, TAS 7008, Australia
| | - Xiaoman She
- Plant Protection Research Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Yafei Tang
- Plant Protection Research Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Zifu He
- Plant Protection Research Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mahas A, Hassan N, Aman R, Marsic T, Wang Q, Ali Z, Mahfouz MM. LAMP-Coupled CRISPR-Cas12a Module for Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Plant DNA Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030466. [PMID: 33808947 PMCID: PMC8001329 DOI: 10.3390/v13030466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One important factor for successful disease management is the ability to rapidly and accurately identify the causal agent. Plant viruses cause severe economic losses and pose a serious threat to sustainable agriculture. Therefore, optimization of the speed, sensitivity, feasibility, portability, and accuracy of virus detection is urgently needed. Here, we developed a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based nucleic acid diagnostic method utilizing the CRISPR–Cas12a system for detecting two geminiviruses, tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), which have single-stranded DNA genomes. Our assay detected TYLCV and ToLCNDV in infected plants with high sensitivity and specificity. Our newly developed assay can be performed in ~1 h and provides easy-to-interpret visual readouts using a simple, low-cost fluorescence visualizer, making it suitable for point-of-use applications.
Collapse
|
21
|
Tompkins KJ, Houtti M, Litzau LA, Aird EJ, Everett BA, Nelson AT, Pornschloegl L, Limón-Swanson LK, Evans RL, Evans K, Shi K, Aihara H, Gordon WR. Molecular underpinnings of ssDNA specificity by Rep HUH-endonucleases and implications for HUH-tag multiplexing and engineering. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:1046-1064. [PMID: 33410911 PMCID: PMC7826260 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication initiator proteins (Reps) from the HUH-endonuclease superfamily process specific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) sequences to initiate rolling circle/hairpin replication in viruses, such as crop ravaging geminiviruses and human disease causing parvoviruses. In biotechnology contexts, Reps are the basis for HUH-tag bioconjugation and a critical adeno-associated virus genome integration tool. We solved the first co-crystal structures of Reps complexed to ssDNA, revealing a key motif for conferring sequence specificity and for anchoring a bent DNA architecture. In combination, we developed a deep sequencing cleavage assay, termed HUH-seq, to interrogate subtleties in Rep specificity and demonstrate how differences can be exploited for multiplexed HUH-tagging. Together, our insights allowed engineering of only four amino acids in a Rep chimera to predictably alter sequence specificity. These results have important implications for modulating viral infections, developing Rep-based genomic integration tools, and enabling massively parallel HUH-tag barcoding and bioconjugation applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kassidy J Tompkins
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mo Houtti
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lauren A Litzau
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Eric J Aird
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Blake A Everett
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Andrew T Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Leland Pornschloegl
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lidia K Limón-Swanson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Robert L Evans
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Karen Evans
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ke Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hideki Aihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Wendy R Gordon
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
An JW, Lee JH, Choi S, Venkatesh J, Kim JM, Kwon JK, Kang BC. Identification of the determinant of tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus infectivity in tomato. Virus Res 2021; 291:198192. [PMID: 33058965 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Geminiviruses cause devastating diseases in solanaceous crops, with the bipartite begomoviruses tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus (TYLCKaV) and pepper yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (PYLCThV) major threats in Southeast Asia. To determine the molecular mechanism of geminivirus infection, we constructed infectious clones of TYLCKaV and PYLCThV. Both constructs infected Nicotiana benthamiana, but only TYLCKaV could infect Solanum lycopersicum 'A39'. A genome-swapping of TYLCKaV with PYLCThV revealed the TYLCKaV-B genome segment as the determinant of TYLCKaV infectivity in tomato. We constructed five geminivirus clones with chimeric TYLCKaV-B and PYLCThV-B genome segments to narrow down the region determining TYLCKaV infectivity in tomato. Only chimeric clones carrying the TYLCKaV intergenic region (IR) showed infectivity in S. lycopersicum 'A39', indicating that the IR of TYLCKaV-B is essential for TYLCKaV infectivity in tomato. Our results provide a foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanism of geminivirus infection in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Wook An
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joung-Ho Lee
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seula Choi
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jelli Venkatesh
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyung Kwon
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Cheorl Kang
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mubarik MS, Khan SH, Ahmad A, Raza A, Khan Z, Sajjad M, Sammour RHA, Mustafa AEZM, Al-Ghamdi AA, Alajmi AH, Alshamasi FKI, Elshikh MS. Controlling Geminiviruses before Transmission: Prospects. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1556. [PMID: 33198339 PMCID: PMC7697176 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)-transmitted Geminiviruses cause serious diseases of crop plants in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Plants, animals, and their microbial symbionts have evolved complex ways to interact with each other that impact their life cycles. Blocking virus transmission by altering the biology of vector species, such as the whitefly, can be a potential approach to manage these devastating diseases. Virus transmission by insect vectors to plant hosts often involves bacterial endosymbionts. Molecular chaperonins of bacterial endosymbionts bind with virus particles and have a key role in the transmission of Geminiviruses. Hence, devising new approaches to obstruct virus transmission by manipulating bacterial endosymbionts before infection opens new avenues for viral disease control. The exploitation of bacterial endosymbiont within the insect vector would disrupt interactions among viruses, insects, and their bacterial endosymbionts. The study of this cooperating web could potentially decrease virus transmission and possibly represent an effective solution to control viral diseases in crop plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Salman Mubarik
- Centre for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Sultan Habibullah Khan
- Centre for Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
- Center of Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CAS-AFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Center of Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CAS-AFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Ali Raza
- Key Lab of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan 430062, China;
| | - Zulqurnain Khan
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology (IPBB), MNS University of Agriculture, Multan 66000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Sajjad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Park Road, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan;
| | - Reda Helmy Ahmed Sammour
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (R.H.A.S.); (A.A.A.-G.); (A.H.A.); (F.K.I.A.); (M.S.E.)
| | - Abd El-Zaher M.A. Mustafa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (R.H.A.S.); (A.A.A.-G.); (A.H.A.); (F.K.I.A.); (M.S.E.)
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Abdullah Ahmed Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (R.H.A.S.); (A.A.A.-G.); (A.H.A.); (F.K.I.A.); (M.S.E.)
| | - Amal H. Alajmi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (R.H.A.S.); (A.A.A.-G.); (A.H.A.); (F.K.I.A.); (M.S.E.)
| | - Fatin K. I. Alshamasi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (R.H.A.S.); (A.A.A.-G.); (A.H.A.); (F.K.I.A.); (M.S.E.)
| | - Mohamed Soliman Elshikh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia; (R.H.A.S.); (A.A.A.-G.); (A.H.A.); (F.K.I.A.); (M.S.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mei Y, Wang Y, Li F, Zhou X. The C4 protein encoded by tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus reverses transcriptional gene silencing by interacting with NbDRM2 and impairing its DNA-binding ability. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008829. [PMID: 33002088 PMCID: PMC7529289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, cytosine DNA methylation is an efficient defense mechanism against geminiviruses, since methylation of the viral genome results in transcriptional gene silencing (TGS). As a counter-defense mechanism, geminiviruses encode viral proteins to suppress viral DNA methylation and TGS. However, the molecular mechanisms by which viral proteins contribute to TGS suppression remain incompletely understood. In this study, we found that the C4 protein encoded by tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus (TLCYnV) suppresses methylation of the viral genome through interacting with and impairing the DNA-binding ability of NbDRM2, a pivotal DNA methyltransferase in the methyl cycle. We show that NbDRM2 catalyzes the addition of methyl groups on specific cytosine sites of the viral genome, hence playing an important role in anti-viral defense. Underscoring the relevance of the C4-mediated suppression of NbDRM2 activity, plants infected by TLCYnV producing C4(S43A), a point mutant version of C4 unable to interact with NbDRM2, display milder symptoms and lower virus accumulation, concomitant with enhanced viral DNA methylation, than plants infected by wild-type TLCYnV. Expression of TLCYnV C4, but not of the NbDRM2-interaction compromised C4(S43A) mutant, in 16c-TGS Nicotiana benthamiana plants results in the recovery of GFP, a proxy for suppression of TGS. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which geminiviruses suppress TGS, and uncovers a new viral strategy based on the inactivation of the methyltransferase NbDRM2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zou C, Shu YN, Yang JJ, Pan LL, Zhao J, Chen N, Liu SS, Wang XW. Begomovirus-Associated Betasatellite Virulence Factor βC1 Attenuates Tobacco Defense to Whiteflies via Interacting With Plant SKP1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:574557. [PMID: 32973859 PMCID: PMC7481519 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.574557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant-mediated interactions between plant viruses and their vectors are important determinants of the population dynamics of both types of organisms in the field. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci can establish mutualism with begomoviruses via their shared host plants. This mutualism is achieved by the interaction between virulence factors and their host proteins. While the virulence factor βC1 encoded by tomato yellow leaf curl China betasatellite (TYLCCNB), a subviral agent associated to the begomovirus tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV), may interact with plant protein MYC2, thereby establishing the indirect mutualism between TYLCCNV and whitefly, whether other mechanisms are involved remains unknown. Here, we found the in vitro and in vivo interactions between βC1 and tobacco protein S-phase kinase associated protein 1 (NtSKP1). Silencing the expression of NtSKP1 enhanced the survival rate and fecundity of whiteflies on tobacco plants. NtSKP1 could activate the transcription of genes in jasmonic acid (JA) pathways by impairing the stabilization of JAZ1 protein. Moreover, βC1-NtSKP1 interaction could interfere JAZ1 degradation and attenuate the plant JA defense responses. These results revealed a novel mechanism underlying the better performance of whiteflies on TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB-infected plants.
Collapse
|
26
|
Maio F, Helderman TA, Arroyo-Mateos M, van der Wolf M, Boeren S, Prins M, van den Burg HA. Identification of Tomato Proteins That Interact With Replication Initiator Protein (Rep) of the Geminivirus TYLCV. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1069. [PMID: 32760417 PMCID: PMC7373745 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Geminiviruses are plant-infecting DNA viruses that reshape the intracellular environment of their host in order to create favorable conditions for viral replication and propagation. Viral manipulation is largely mediated via interactions between viral and host proteins. Identification of this protein network helps us to understand how these viruses manipulate their host and therefore provides us potentially with novel leads for resistance against this class of pathogens, as genetic variation in the corresponding plant genes could subvert viral manipulation. Different studies have already yielded a list of host proteins that interact with one of the geminiviral proteins. Here, we use affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry (AP-MS) to further expand this list of interacting proteins, focusing on an important host (tomato) and the Replication initiator protein (Rep, AL1, C1) from Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Rep is the only geminiviral protein proven to be essential for geminiviral replication and it forms an integral part of viral replisomes, a protein complex that consists of plant and viral proteins that allows for viral DNA replication. Using AP-MS, fifty-four 'high confidence' tomato proteins were identified that specifically co-purified with Rep. For two of them, an unknown EWS-like RNA-binding protein (called Geminivirus Rep interacting EWS-like protein 1 or GRIEP1) and an isoform of the THO complex subunit 4A (ALY1), we were able to confirm this interaction with Rep in planta using a second method, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). The THO subunit 4 is part of the THO/TREX (TRanscription-EXport) complex, which controls RNA splicing and nuclear export of mRNA to the cytoplasm and is also connected to plant disease resistance. This work represents the first step towards characterization of novel host factors with a putative role in the life cycle of TYLCV and possibly other geminiviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Maio
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tieme A. Helderman
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manuel Arroyo-Mateos
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Miguel van der Wolf
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sjef Boeren
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marcel Prins
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Keygene N.V., Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Harrold A. van den Burg
- Molecular Plant Pathology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Li Z, Du Z, Tang Y, She X, Wang X, Zhu Y, Yu L, Lan G, He Z. C4, the Pathogenic Determinant of Tomato Leaf Curl Guangdong Virus, May Suppress Post-transcriptional Gene Silencing by Interacting With BAM1 Protein. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:851. [PMID: 32431688 PMCID: PMC7215500 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato leaf curl Guangdong virus (ToLCGdV) is a begomovirus associated with a Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) epidemic in Guangdong province, China. Being the least conserved protein among geminivirus proteins, the function of C4 during ToLCGdV infection has not been elucidated. In this study, the infectious clones of ToLCGdV and a ToLCGdV mutant (ToLCGdVmC4) with disrupted C4 ORF were constructed. Although ToLCGdV and ToLCGdVmC4 could infect Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato plants, ToLCGdVmC4 elicited much milder symptoms compared with ToLCGdV. To further verify the role of C4 in viral pathogenesis, C4 was expressed in N. benthamiana from Potato virus X (PVX) vector. The results showed that ToLCGdV C4 enhanced the pathogenicity of PVX and induced more severe developmental abnormalities in plants compared with PVX alone or PVX-mC4. In addition, ToLCGdV C4 suppresses systemic gene silencing in the transgenic N. benthamiana line 16c, but not local gene silencing induced by sense GFP in wild-type N. benthamiana plants. Moreover, C4 suppresses transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) by reducing the DNA methylation level of 35S promoter in 16c-TGS N. benthamiana plants. Furthermore, C4 could also interact with the receptor-like kinase (RLK) BARELY ANY MERISTEM 1 (BAM1), suggesting that C4 may suppress gene silencing by interfering with the function of BAM1 in the cell-to-cell spread of RNAi. All these results suggest that C4 is a pathogenic determinant of ToLCGdV, and C4 may suppress post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) by interacting with BAM1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenggang Li
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenguo Du
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yafei Tang
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoman She
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Zhu
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Yu
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guobing Lan
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifu He
- Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sun M, Jiang K, Li C, Du J, Li M, Ghanem H, Wu G, Qing L. Tobacco curly shoot virus C3 protein enhances viral replication and gene expression in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Virus Res 2020; 281:197939. [PMID: 32198077 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Geminiviruses are single-stranded DNA viruses that cause devastating diseases in many crops worldwide. The replication enhancer proteins (REn), encoded by the C3 (AC3, and AL3) ORFs of geminiviruses, have critical roles in viral DNA accumulation and symptom development in infected plants. In the current study, we have constructed an infectious clone of the Tobacco curly shoot virus (TbCSV) C3 mutant, TbCSVΔC3, that contains two start codon mutations that abrogated C3 ORF expression, but did not alter the amino acid sequence of the C2 ORF. As predicted, the absence of the C3 protein reduced TbCSV DNA accumulation, and over-expression of the C3 protein enhanced TbCSV DNA accumulation in infected leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. The C3 mutation reduced the expression levels of both virion- and complementary-sense TbCSV genes whereas over-expression of the C3 protein increased TbCSV gene expression. Furthermore, the expression of the wild-type and site-directed mutants of C3 proteins using the potato virus X (PVX) system showed that Y93A mutation reduced the replication enhancement activity of the C3 protein in N. benthamiana. All the available evidence demonstrates that the C3 protein is tightly coupled with TbCSV DNA accumulation. However, the TbCSVΔC3 mutant was nearly as infectious in N. benthamiana as TbCSVWT and only had slightly delayed and attenuated symptom expression. Our findings demonstrate that TbCSV C3 protein enhances viral replication and gene expression, but has only moderate effects on symptom development in N. benthamiana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
| | - Kairong Jiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
| | - Chunji Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
| | - Jiang Du
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
| | - Mingjun Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
| | - Hussein Ghanem
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
| | - Gentu Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
| | - Ling Qing
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Disease Biology, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sahu AK, Sanan-Mishra N. Complete genome sequence of a new bipartite begomovirus associated with leaf curl disease of Capsicum annum. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:235. [PMID: 32399385 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete bipartite genome, consisting of DNA-A and DNA-B, of a novel begomovirus isolate associated with apical leaf curling and crinkled leaf disease of Chili (Capsicum annum) from New Delhi, India was cloned and sequenced. The sequence of DNA-A (2737 nt) and DNA-B (2692 nt) of the virus was submitted to NCBI, USA under the accessions MK069591 & MG597211, respectively. Sequence identity of the common region (CR) and presence of identical iterons (GAGTG) between the DNA-A and DNA-B clones indicate that they constitute a related pair. The virus corresponds to a novel species of tomato leaf curl virus and sequence analysis has ruled out the involvement of recombination events in its evolution. Therefore, we report the complete nucleotide sequence of a new bipartite begomovirus infecting Capsicum annum, a vegetable crop communally cultivated throughout India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Kumar Sahu
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Neeti Sanan-Mishra
- Plant RNAi Biology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067 India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Loriato VAP, Martins LGC, Euclydes NC, Reis PAB, Duarte CEM, Fontes EPB. Engineering resistance against geminiviruses: A review of suppressed natural defenses and the use of RNAi and the CRISPR/Cas system. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 292:110410. [PMID: 32005374 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Geminiviridae family is one of the most successful and largest families of plant viruses that infect a large variety of important dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous crops and cause significant yield losses worldwide. This broad spectrum of host range is only possible because geminiviruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to overcome the arsenal of antiviral defenses in such diverse plant species. In addition, geminiviruses evolve rapidly through recombination and pseudo-recombination to naturally create a great diversity of virus species with divergent genome sequences giving the virus an advantage over the host recognition system. Therefore, it is not surprising that efficient molecular strategies to combat geminivirus infection under open field conditions have not been fully addressed. In this review, we present the anti-geminiviral arsenal of plant defenses, the evolved virulence strategies of geminiviruses to overcome these plant defenses and the most recent strategies that have been engineered for transgenic resistance. Although, the in vitro reactivation of suppressed natural defenses as well as the use of RNAi and CRISPR/Cas systems hold the potential for achieving broad-range resistance and/or immunity, potential drawbacks have been associated with each case.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virgílio A P Loriato
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil; Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Laura G C Martins
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Nívea C Euclydes
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Pedro A B Reis
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil; Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Christiane E M Duarte
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil; Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth P B Fontes
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Plant-Pest Interactions, Bioagro, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil; Departament of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ziegler-Graff V. Molecular Insights into Host and Vector Manipulation by Plant Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030263. [PMID: 32121032 PMCID: PMC7150927 DOI: 10.3390/v12030263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses rely on both host plant and vectors for a successful infection. Essentially to simplify studies, transmission has been considered for decades as an interaction between two partners, virus and vector. This interaction has gained a third partner, the host plant, to establish a tripartite pathosystem in which the players can react with each other directly or indirectly through changes induced in/by the third partner. For instance, viruses can alter the plant metabolism or plant immune defence pathways to modify vector’s attraction, settling or feeding, in a way that can be conducive for virus propagation. Such changes in the plant physiology can also become favourable to the vector, establishing a mutualistic relationship. This review focuses on the recent molecular data on the interplay between viral and plant factors that provide some important clues to understand how viruses manipulate both the host plants and vectors in order to improve transmission conditions and thus ensuring their survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Ziegler-Graff
- Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zhang R, Wu X, Jiang X, Wu X, Luan X, Cheng X. Molecular characterization of common bean curly stunt virus: a novel recombinant geminivirus in China. Arch Virol 2019; 165:257-260. [PMID: 31773325 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04473-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new geminivirus was identified in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) showing severe stunt and leaf curling symptoms in Heilongjiang province of China, via sequencing and assembly of small RNAs. The genome of this geminivirus comprises 2,959 nucleotides (nt) and shares 21.77-54.97% nt sequence identity with other geminiviruses. The coat protein (CP) shares the highest amino acid (aa) sequence identity (23.5%) with that of sesame curly top virus (SeYMV; genus Turncurtovirus), whereas the C1 (Rep) shares the highest aa sequence identity (66.5%) with that of beet severe curly top virus (BSCTV; genus Curtovirus). This geminivirus neighbors the turncurtoviruses in phylogenetic trees based on the full genome sequence or the amino acid sequence of the Rep protein, but it forms a distinct clade in the phylogenetic tree based on the coat protein. Recombination analysis showed that parts of the C1 coding region of this geminivirus were recombined from a curtovirus or turncurtovirus. Based on these results, the name "common bean curly stunt virus" (CBCSV) is proposed for this virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wu
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiaoyan Luan
- Institute of Soybean, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 368 Xuefu Road, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Xiaofei Cheng
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China. .,Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gnanasekaran P, Ponnusamy K, Chakraborty S. A geminivirus betasatellite encoded βC1 protein interacts with PsbP and subverts PsbP-mediated antiviral defence in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:943-960. [PMID: 30985068 PMCID: PMC6589724 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Geminivirus disease complexes potentially interfere with plants physiology and cause disastrous effects on a wide range of economically important crops throughout the world. Diverse geminivirus betasatellite associations exacerbate the epidemic threat for global food security. Our previous study showed that βC1, the pathogenicity determinant of geminivirus betasatellites induce symptom development by disrupting the ultrastructure and function of chloroplasts. Here we explored the betasatellite-virus-chloroplast interaction in the scope of viral pathogenesis as well as plant defence responses, using Nicotiana benthamiana-Radish leaf curl betasatellite (RaLCB) as the model system. We have shown an interaction between RaLCB-encoded βC1 and one of the extrinsic subunit proteins of oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II both in vitro and in vivo. Further, we demonstrate a novel function of the Nicotiana benthamiana oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 2 (PsbP), in that it binds DNA, including geminivirus DNA. Transient silencing of PsbP in N. benthamiana plants enhances pathogenicity and viral DNA accumulation. Overexpression of PsbP impedes disease development during the early phase of infection, suggesting that PsbP is involved in generation of defence response during geminivirus infection. In addition, βC1-PsbP interaction hampers non-specific binding of PsbP to the geminivirus DNA. Our findings suggest that betasatellite-encoded βC1 protein accomplishes counter-defence by physical interaction with PsbP reducing the ability of PsbP to bind geminivirus DNA to establish infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabu Gnanasekaran
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| | - Kalaiarasan Ponnusamy
- Synthetic Biology Laboratory, School of BiotechnologyJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gnanasekaran P, KishoreKumar R, Bhattacharyya D, Vinoth Kumar R, Chakraborty S. Multifaceted role of geminivirus associated betasatellite in pathogenesis. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:1019-1033. [PMID: 31210029 PMCID: PMC6589721 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Begomoviruses have emerged as a group of plant pathogens that cause devastating diseases in a wide range of crops in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Betasatellites, the circular single-stranded DNA molecules with the size of almost half of that of the associated helper begomoviruses, are often essential for the production of typical disease symptoms in several virus-host systems. Association of betasatellites with begomoviruses results in more severe symptoms in the plants and affects the yield of numerous crops leading to huge agroeconomic losses. βC1, the only protein encoded by betasatellites, plays a multifaceted role in the successful establishment of infection. This protein counteracts the innate defence mechanisms of the host, like RNA silencing, ubiquitin-proteasome system and defence responsive hormones. In the last two decades, the molecular aspect of betasatellite pathogenesis has attracted much attention from the researchers worldwide, and reports have shown that βC1 protein aggravates the helper begomovirus disease complex by modulating specific host factors. This review discusses the molecular aspects of the pathogenesis of betasatellites, including various βC1-host factor interactions and their effects on the suppression of defence responses of the plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabu Gnanasekaran
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| | - Reddy KishoreKumar
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| | - Dhriti Bhattacharyya
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| | - R. Vinoth Kumar
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life SciencesJawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew Delhi110 067India
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Luo C, Wang ZQ, Liu X, Zhao L, Zhou X, Xie Y. Identification and Analysis of Potential Genes Regulated by an Alphasatellite (TYLCCNA) that Contribute to Host Resistance against Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl China Virus and Its Betasatellite (TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB) Infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. Viruses 2019; 11:E442. [PMID: 31096636 PMCID: PMC6563268 DOI: 10.3390/v11050442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, begomovirus/betasatellite disease complexes were found to be associated with alphasatellites, and their presence modulated disease symptoms and/or viral DNA accumulation in infected plants. However, the biological functions of alphasatellites during begomovirus/betasatellite infections remain unclear. Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) associated with a betasatellite (TYLCCNB) is a widespread monopartite begomovirus in China. In the Yunnan province of China, the TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB disease complex is found in association with an alphasatellite (TYLCCNA). In this study, in order to explain the mechanisms underlying TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB infection and reductions in viral DNA accumulation caused by TYLCCNA, we analyzed the transcriptome profiles of Nicotiana benthamiana seedlings challenged by TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB or TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB/TYLCCNA using RNA sequencing. In total, 2272 and 1207 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified to respond to TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB and TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB/TYLCCNA infections, respectively. Compared with the DEGs in the TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB-infected N. benthamiana seedlings, the number of DEGs in plants co-infected with TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB + TYLCCNA was significantly reduced. Additionally, 36 DEGs were identified to be regulated by TYLCCNA, six of which were further analyzed using the virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) approach. Silencing of these six TYLCCNA responsive DEGs caused more severe disease symptoms and higher viral DNA accumulation levels, suggesting that TYLCCNA responsive DEGs may attenuate TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaohu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Zhan Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China.
| | - Xianan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Liling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Naqvi RZ, Zaidi SSEA, Mukhtar MS, Amin I, Mishra B, Strickler S, Mueller LA, Asif M, Mansoor S. Transcriptomic analysis of cultivated cotton Gossypium hirsutum provides insights into host responses upon whitefly-mediated transmission of cotton leaf curl disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210011. [PMID: 30730891 PMCID: PMC6366760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton is a commercial and economically important crop that generates billions of dollars in annual revenue worldwide. However, cotton yield is affected by a sap-sucking insect Bemisia tabaci (whitefly), and whitefly-borne cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD). The causative agent of devastating CLCuD is led by the viruses belonging to the genus Begomovirus (family Geminiviridae), collectively called cotton leaf curl viruses. Unfortunately, the extensively cultivated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) species are highly susceptible and vulnerable to CLCuD. Yet, the concomitant influence of whitefly and CLCuD on the susceptible G. hirsutum transcriptome has not been interpreted. In the present study we have employed an RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) transcriptomics approach to explore the differential gene expression in susceptible G. hirsutum variety upon infection with viruliferous whiteflies. Comparative RNA-Seq of control and CLCuD infected plants was done using Illumina HiSeq 2500. This study yielded 468 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Among them, we identified 220 up and 248 downregulated DEGs involved in disease responses and pathogen defense. We selected ten genes for downstream RT-qPCR analyses on two cultivars, Karishma and MNH 786 that are susceptible to CLCuD. We observed a similar expression pattern of these genes in both susceptible cultivars that was also consistent with our transcriptome data further implying a wider application of our global transcription study on host susceptibility to CLCuD. We next performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis that revealed six modules. This analysis also identified highly co-expressed genes as well as 55 hub genes that co-express with ≥ 50 genes. Intriguingly, most of these hub genes are shown to be downregulated and enriched in cellular processes. Under-expression of such highly co-expressed genes suggests their roles in favoring the virus and enhancing plant susceptibility to CLCuD. We also discuss the potential mechanisms governing the establishment of disease susceptibility. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive differential gene expression analysis of G. hirsutum under whitefly-mediated CLCuD infection. This vital study will advance the understanding of simultaneous effect of whitefly and virus on their host and aid in identifying important G. hirsutum genes which intricate in its susceptibility to CLCuD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubab Zahra Naqvi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Syed Shan-e-Ali Zaidi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - M. Shahid Mukhtar
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Imran Amin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Bharat Mishra
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America
| | - Susan Strickler
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Lukas A. Mueller
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Li P, Liu C, Deng WH, Yao DM, Pan LL, Li YQ, Liu YQ, Liang Y, Zhou XP, Wang XW. Plant begomoviruses subvert ubiquitination to suppress plant defenses against insect vectors. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007607. [PMID: 30789967 PMCID: PMC6400417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most plant viruses are vectored by insects and the interactions of virus-plant-vector have important ecological and evolutionary implications. Insect vectors often perform better on virus-infected plants. This indirect mutualism between plant viruses and insect vectors promotes the spread of virus and has significant agronomical effects. However, few studies have investigated how plant viruses manipulate plant defenses and promote vector performance. Begomoviruses are a prominent group of plant viruses in tropical and sub-tropical agro-ecosystems and are transmitted by whiteflies. Working with the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, begomoviruses and tobacco, we revealed that C2 protein of begomoviruses lacking DNA satellites was responsible for the suppression of plant defenses against whitefly vectors. We found that infection of plants by tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), one of the most devastating begomoviruses worldwide, promoted the survival and reproduction of whitefly vectors. TYLCV C2 protein suppressed plant defenses by interacting with plant ubiquitin. This interaction compromised the degradation of JAZ1 protein, thus inhibiting jasmonic acid defense and the expression of MYC2-regulated terpene synthase genes. We further demonstrated that function of C2 protein among begomoviruses not associated with satellites is well conserved and ubiquitination is an evolutionarily conserved target of begomoviruses for the suppression of plant resistance to whitefly vectors. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ubiquitination inhibition by begomovirus C2 protein might be a general mechanism in begomovirus, whitefly and plant interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Hao Deng
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan-Mei Yao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Long Pan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun-Qin Li
- Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin-Quan Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue-Ping Zhou
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Functional Scanning of Apple Geminivirus Proteins as Symptom Determinants and Suppressors of Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing. Viruses 2018; 10:v10090488. [PMID: 30208627 PMCID: PMC6164617 DOI: 10.3390/v10090488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apple geminivirus (AGV) is a recently identified geminivirus which is isolated from the apple tree in China. We carried out functional scanning of apple geminivirus proteins as symptom determinants and suppressors of posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS). Our results indicated that AGV V2 is an important virulence factor localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm that suppresses PTGS and induces severe symptoms of crinkling and necrosis. AGV C1 is also a virulence determinant which elicits systemic necrosis when expressed from a PVX-based vector. The AGV C4 is targeted to cytoplasm, plasma membrane, nucleus, and chloroplasts. The inoculation of PVX-C4 on N. benthamiana induced severe upward leaf curling, which implied that AGV C4 also functions as a symptom determinant, and mutation analyses suggested that the acylated residues on Gly2 and Cys8 play important roles in its subcellular localization and symptom development.
Collapse
|
39
|
Das S, Hegde A, Shivaprasad PV. Molecular characterization of a new begomovirus infecting Synedrella nodiflora in South India. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2551-2554. [PMID: 29744588 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3861-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae) cause important diseases in many crops. In addition, many wild plants are reservoirs of begomoviruses, which are a potential menace for nearby crops. A novel begomovirus was isolated from a weed of the species Synedrella nodiflora (Compositae) exhibiting yellow vein symptoms in South India. This virus had a typical monopartite Old World begomovirus genome and was accompanied by a betasatellite. Sequence comparison revealed that this virus represents a new species in the genus Begomovirus. Recombination analysis showed that the novel begomovirus originated through recombination between the begomoviruses ageratum yellow vein Sri Lanka virus and tomato leaf curl Sri Lanka virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumita Das
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Akshay Hegde
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - P V Shivaprasad
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, GKVK Campus, Bangalore, 560065, India.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chen S, Yu X, Guo D. CRISPR-Cas Targeting of Host Genes as an Antiviral Strategy. Viruses 2018; 10:E40. [PMID: 29337866 PMCID: PMC5795453 DOI: 10.3390/v10010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, a new gene editing tool-the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) associated (Cas) system-is becoming a promising approach for genetic manipulation at the genomic level. This simple method, originating from the adaptive immune defense system in prokaryotes, has been developed and applied to antiviral research in humans. Based on the characteristics of virus-host interactions and the basic rules of nucleic acid cleavage or gene activation of the CRISPR-Cas system, it can be used to target both the virus genome and host factors to clear viral reservoirs and prohibit virus infection or replication. Here, we summarize recent progress of the CRISPR-Cas technology in editing host genes as an antiviral strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuliang Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Xiao Yu
- Institute of Health Inspection and Testing, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Deyin Guo
- School of Medicine (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Simón A, Ruiz L, Velasco L, Janssen D. Absolute Quantification of Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus Spain strain, ToLCNDV-ES: Virus Accumulation in a Host-Specific Manner. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:165-171. [PMID: 30673467 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-17-0840-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) (family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) has recently been introduced in western Mediterranean countries. Isolates in Spain constitute a new strain, denominated ToLCNDV-ES, that is causing losses in commercial zucchini and melon crops; however, it is also, although less often, detected in commercial tomato crops. We developed a tissue-print hybridization test to detect the two genomic components of the virus and a TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) test to estimate the number of genome copies in plants. qPCR was approximately 104 to 106 times more sensitive than tissue-print hybridization to detect viral genomic DNA-A and DNA-B, respectively. It also detected the virus in more experimentally and naturally ToLCNDV-ES-infected zucchini squash and tomato plants. ToLCNDV-ES DNA-A titers were significantly lower in tomato than in zucchini plants, often falling below the detection limits in the hybridization test. In addition, the DNA-B accumulation was impaired in tomato when compared with zucchini. According to the data obtained in this study, the differences in viral titers of both plant species contribute to explain the dissimilarities in symptom expression, capability of detection, and transmission of the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Simón
- IFAPA Centro La Mojonera, La Mojonera 04745, Almería, Spain
| | - Leticia Ruiz
- IFAPA Centro La Mojonera, La Mojonera 04745, Almería, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Mei Y, Yang X, Huang C, Zhang X, Zhou X. Tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus-encoded C4 induces cell division through enhancing stability of Cyclin D 1.1 via impairing NbSKη -mediated phosphorylation in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006789. [PMID: 29293689 PMCID: PMC5766254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses induce severe developmental abnormalities in plants. Geminivirus-encoded C4 protein functions as one of viral symptom determinants that could induce abnormal cell division. However, the molecular mechanism by which C4 contributes to cell division induction remains unclear. Here we report that tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus (TLCYnV) C4 interacts with a glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3)/SHAGGY-like kinase, designed NbSKη, in Nicotiana benthamiana. Pro32, Asn34 and Thr35 of TLCYnV C4 are critical for its interaction with NbSKη and required for C4-induced typical symptoms. Interestingly, TLCYnV C4 directs NbSKη to the membrane and reduces the nuclear-accumulation of NbSKη. The relocalization of NbSKη impairs phosphorylation dependent degradation on its substrate-Cyclin D1.1 (NbCycD1;1), thereby increasing the accumulation level of NbCycD1;1 and inducing the cell division. Moreover, NbSKη-RNAi, 35S::NbCycD1;1 transgenic N. benthamiana plants have the similar phenotype as 35S::C4 transgenic N. benthamiana plants on callus-like tissue formation resulted from abnormal cell division induction. Thus, this study provides new insights into mechanism of how a viral protein hijacks NbSKη to induce abnormal cell division in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changjun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States of America
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States of America
| | - Xiuren Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States of America
- Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, United States of America
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Reyes MI, Flores‐Vergara MA, Guerra‐Peraza O, Rajabu C, Desai J, Hiromoto‐Ruiz YH, Ndunguru J, Hanley‐Bowdoin L, Kjemtrup S, Ascencio‐Ibáñez JT, Robertson D. A VIGS screen identifies immunity in the Arabidopsis Pla-1 accession to viruses in two different genera of the Geminiviridae. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:796-807. [PMID: 28901681 PMCID: PMC5725698 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Geminiviruses are DNA viruses that cause severe crop losses in different parts of the world, and there is a need for genetic sources of resistance to help combat them. Arabidopsis has been used as a source for virus-resistant genes that derive from alterations in essential host factors. We used a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) vector derived from the geminivirus Cabbage leaf curl virus (CaLCuV) to assess natural variation in virus-host interactions in 190 Arabidopsis accessions. Silencing of CH-42, encoding a protein needed to make chlorophyll, was used as a visible marker to discriminate asymptomatic accessions from those showing resistance. There was a wide range in symptom severity and extent of silencing in different accessions, but two correlations could be made. Lines with severe symptoms uniformly lacked extensive VIGS, and lines that showed attenuated symptoms over time (recovery) showed a concomitant increase in the extent of VIGS. One accession, Pla-1, lacked both symptoms and silencing, and was immune to wild-type infectious clones corresponding to CaLCuV or Beet curly top virus (BCTV), which are classified in different genera in the Geminiviridae. It also showed resistance to the agronomically important Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Quantitative trait locus mapping of a Pla-1 X Col-0 F2 population was used to detect a major peak on chromosome 1, which is designated gip-1 (geminivirus immunity Pla-1-1). The recessive nature of resistance to CaLCuV and the lack of obvious candidate genes near the gip-1 locus suggest that a novel resistance gene(s) confers immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ines Reyes
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Miguel A. Flores‐Vergara
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
- Paradigm GeneticsResearch Triangle ParkNCUSA
| | - Orlene Guerra‐Peraza
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
- Present address:
Citrus Research and Education CenterUniversity of FloridaLake AlfredFL33850USA
| | - Cyprian Rajabu
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research InstituteDar es SalaamTanzania
| | - Jigar Desai
- Department of Molecular and Structural BiochemistryNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | | | - Joseph Ndunguru
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research InstituteDar es SalaamTanzania
| | - Linda Hanley‐Bowdoin
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Susanne Kjemtrup
- Paradigm GeneticsResearch Triangle ParkNCUSA
- Present address:
Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Jose T. Ascencio‐Ibáñez
- Department of Molecular and Structural BiochemistryNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Dominique Robertson
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tahir MN, Hameed A, Amin I, Mansoor S. Characterization of a Begomovirus-Betasatellite Complex, Producing Defective Molecules in Spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.), a New Host for Begomovirus and Betasatellite Complex in Pakistan. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 33:514-521. [PMID: 29018315 PMCID: PMC5624494 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.nt.01.2017.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Spinach is a vegetable crop which is widely grown over a large area especially in Punjab province of Pakistan. Leaf curling and enations on spinach plant collected shown to be associated with the begomovirus Pedilanthus leaf curl virus (PeLCV) and Shahdadpur strain of Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMBSha). Defective molecules of half and quarter size derived from monopartite begomoviruses are usually generated by the deletion of virion-sense sequences. Characterization of defective molecules of PeLCV from spinach revealed that the molecules of half the size are derived from the deletion of complementary-sense genes while quarter size molecule appears to have evolved by further deletion. This is the first report of the begomovirus-betasatellite complex on spinach and unusual defective molecules derived from deletion of complementary-sense genes in Pakistan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nouman Tahir
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad,
Pakistan
| | - Amir Hameed
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad,
Pakistan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad,
Pakistan
| | - Imran Amin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad,
Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad,
Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zubair M, Zaidi SSEA, Shakir S, Amin I, Mansoor S. An Insight into Cotton Leaf Curl Multan Betasatellite, the Most Important Component of Cotton Leaf Curl Disease Complex. Viruses 2017; 9:E280. [PMID: 28961220 PMCID: PMC5691632 DOI: 10.3390/v9100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) is one of the most economically important diseases and is a constraint to cotton production in major producers, Pakistan and India. CLCuD is caused by monopartite plant viruses belonging to the family Geminiviridae (genus Begomovirus), in association with an essential, disease-specific satellite, Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB) belonging to a newly-established family Tolecusatellitidae (genus Betasatellite). CLCuMuB has a small genome (ca. 1350 nt) with a satellite conserved region, an adenine-rich region and a single gene that encodes for a multifunctional βC1 protein. CLCuMuB βC1 protein has a major role in pathogenicity and symptom determination, and alters several host cellular functions like autophagy, ubiquitination, and suppression of gene silencing, to assist CLCuD infectivity. Efficient trans-replication ability of CLCuMuB with several monopartite and bipartite begomoviruses, is also associated with the rapid evolution and spread of CLCuMuB. In this article we comprehensively reviewed the role of CLCuMuB in CLCuD, focusing on the βC1 functions and its interactions with host proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zubair
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan.
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, 45650 Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Shan-E-Ali Zaidi
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan.
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nilore, 45650 Islamabad, Pakistan.
- AgroBioChem Department, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium.
| | - Sara Shakir
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan.
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Imran Amin
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, 38000 Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Shweta, Akhter Y, Khan JA. Genome wide identification of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)-encoded microRNA targets against Cotton leaf curl Burewala virus. Gene 2017; 638:60-65. [PMID: 28964896 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl Burewala virus (CLCuBV, genus Begomovirus) causes devastating cotton leaf curl disease. Among various known virus controlling strategies, RNAi-mediated one has shown potential to protect host crop plants. Micro(mi) RNAs, are the endogenous small RNAs and play a key role in plant development and stress resistance. In the present study we have identified cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)-encoded miRNAs targeting the CLCuBV. Based on threshold free energy and maximum complementarity scores of host miRNA-viral mRNA target pairs, a number of potential miRNAs were annotated. Among them, ghr-miR168 was selected as the most potent candidate, capable of targeting several vital genes namely C1, C3, C4, V1 and V2 of CLCuBV genome. In addition, ghr-miR395a and ghr-miR395d were observed to target the overlapping transcripts of C1 and C4 genes. We have verified the efficacy of these miRNA targets against CLCuBV following suppression of RNAi-mediated virus control through translational inhibition or cleavage of viral mRNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta
- Plant Virus Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Centre for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Jawaid Ahmad Khan
- Plant Virus Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi 110025, India.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Brown JK, Ur-Rehman MZ, Avelar S, Chingandu N, Hameed U, Haider S, Ilyas M. Molecular diagnostic development for begomovirus-betasatellite complexes undergoing diversification: A case study. Virus Res 2017; 241:29-41. [PMID: 28438632 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
At least five begomoviral species that cause leaf curl disease of cotton have emerged recently in Asia and Africa, reducing fiber quality and yield. The potential for the spread of these viruses to other cotton-vegetable growing regions throughout the world is extensive, owing to routine, global transport of alternative hosts of the leaf curl viruses, especially ornamentals. The research reported here describes the design and validation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers undertaken to facilitate molecular detection of the two most-prevalent leaf curl-associated begomovirus-betasatellite complexes in the Indian Subcontinent and Africa, the Cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus-Burewala strain and Cotton leaf curl Gezira virus, endemic to Asia and Africa, respectively. Ongoing genomic diversification of these begomoviral-satellite complexes was evident based on nucleotide sequence alignments, and analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms, both factors that created new challenges for primer design. The additional requirement for species and strain-specific, and betasatellite-specific primer design, imposes further constraints on primer design and validation due to the large number of related species and strains extant in 'core leaf curl virus complex', now with expanded distribution in south Asia, the Pacific region, and Africa-Arabian Peninsula that have relatively highly conserved coding and non-coding regions, which precludes much of the genome-betasatellite sequence when selecting primer 'targets'. Here, PCR primers were successfully designed and validated for detection of cloned viral genomes and betasatellites for representative 'core leaf curl' strains and species, distant relatives, and total DNA isolated from selected plant species. The application of molecular diagnostics to screen plant imports prior to export or release from ports of entry is expected to greatly reduce the likelihood of exotic leaf curl virus introductions that could dramatically affect the production of cotton as well as vegetable and ornamental crop hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith K Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | | | - Sofia Avelar
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - N Chingandu
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Usman Hameed
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saleem Haider
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ilyas
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Zhong X, Wang ZQ, Xiao R, Wang Y, Xie Y, Zhou X. iTRAQ analysis of the tobacco leaf proteome reveals that RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) has important roles in defense against geminivirus-betasatellite infection. J Proteomics 2017; 152:88-101. [PMID: 27989946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Geminiviruses have caused serious losses in crop production. To investigate the mechanisms underlying host defenses against geminiviruses, an isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomic approach was used to explore the expression profiles of proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) leaves in response to tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) with its betasatellite (TYLCCNB) at an early phase. In total, 4155 proteins were identified and 272 proteins were changed differentially in response to TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB infection. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that S-adenosyl-l-methionine cycle II was the most significantly up-regulated biochemical process during TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB infection. The mRNA levels of three proteins in S-adenosyl-l-methionine cycle II were further analyzed by qPCR, each was found significantly up-regulated in TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB-infected N. benthamiana. This result suggested a strong promotion of the biosynthesis of available methyl groups during geminivirus infections. We further tested the potential role of RdDM in N. benthamiana by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and found that a disruption in RdDM resulted in more severe infectious symptoms and higher accumulation of viral DNA after TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB infection. Although the precise functions of these proteins still need to be determined, our proteomic results enhance the understanding of plant antiviral mechanisms. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE One of the major limitations to crop growth in the worldwide is the prevalence of geminiviruses. They are able to infect food and cash crops and cause serious crop failures and economic losses worldwide, especially in Africa and Asia. Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV), which causes severe viral diseases in China, is a monopartite geminivirus associated with the betasatellite (TYLCCNB). However, the mechanisms underlying the TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB defense in plants are still not fully understood at the molecular level. In this study, the combined proteomic, bioinformatic and VIGS analyses revealed that TYLCCNV/TYLCCNB invasion caused complex proteomic alterations in the leaves of N. benthamiana involving the processes of stress and defense, energy production, photosynthesis, protein homeostasis, metabolism, cell structure, signal transduction, transcription, transportation, and cell growth/division. Promotion of available methyl groups via the S-adenosyl-l-methionine cycle II pathway in N. benthamiana appeared crucial for antiviral responses. These findings enhance our understanding in the proteomic aspects of host antiviral defenses against geminiviruses, and also demonstrate that the combination of proteomics with bioinformatics and VIGS analysis is an effective approach to investigate systemic plant responses to geminiviruses and to shed light on plant-virus interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Zhan Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Ruyuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Naqvi RZ, Asif M, Saeed M, Asad S, Khatoon A, Amin I, Mukhtar Z, Bashir A, Mansoor S. Development of a Triple Gene Cry1Ac- Cry2Ab- EPSPS Construct and Its Expression in Nicotiana benthamiana for Insect Resistance and Herbicide Tolerance in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:55. [PMID: 28174591 PMCID: PMC5259679 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Insect pest complex, cotton leaf curl disease and weeds pose major threat to crop production worldwide, including Pakistan. To address these problems, in the present study a triple gene construct harboring Cry1Ac, Cry2Ab, and EPSPS cassettes has been developed for plant specifically in cotton transformation against lepidopteron insect-pests and weeds. Nicotiana benthamiana (tobacco) was used as a model system for characterization of this triple gene construct. The construct has been assembled in plant expression vector and transformed in N. benthamiana. In six transgenic tobacco lines the integration of Cry1Ac-Cry2Ab-EPSPS in tobacco genome was checked by PCR, while successful protein expression of all the three genes was confirmed through immunostrip assay. Efficacy of Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab was evaluated through insect bioassay using armyworm (Spodoptera littoralis). These transgenic tobacco plants showed significant insect mortality as compared to control plants during insect bioassay. Three out of six tested transgenic lines L3, L5, and L9 exhibited 100% mortality of armyworm, while three other lines L1, L10, and L7 showed 86, 80, and 40% mortality, respectively. This construct can readily be used with confidence to transform cotton and other crops for the development of insect resistant and herbicide tolerant transgenic plants. The transgenic crop plants developed using this triple gene construct will provide an excellent germplasm resource for the breeders to improve their efficiency in developing stable homozygous lines as all the three genes being in a single T-DNA border will inherit together.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubab Z. Naqvi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
- Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied SciencesNilore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shaheen Asad
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Asia Khatoon
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Imran Amin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahid Mukhtar
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Aftab Bashir
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Forman Christian CollegeLahore, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic EngineeringFaisalabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zaidi SSEA, Briddon RW, Mansoor S. Engineering Dual Begomovirus-Bemisia tabaci Resistance in Plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:6-8. [PMID: 27890609 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is an important pest of many economically important crops and the vector of begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae). Recently, the expression of insecticidal proteins and/or toxins or double-stranded (ds)RNA homologous to B. tabaci genes has been demonstrated to provide the plant with protection against B. tabaci and the viruses that it transmits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Shan-E-Ali Zaidi
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rob W Briddon
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|