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Beer F, Weinert CH, Wellmann J, Hillebrand S, Ley JP, Soukup ST, Kulling SE. Comprehensive metabolome characterization of leaves, internodes, and aerial roots of Vanilla planifolia by untargeted LC-MS and GC × GC-MS. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2024. [PMID: 39034429 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Untargeted metabolomics is a powerful tool that provides strategies for gaining a systematic understanding of quantitative changes in the levels of metabolites, especially when combining different metabolomic platforms. Vanilla is one of the world's most popular flavors originating from cured pods of the orchid Vanilla planifolia. However, only a few studies have investigated the metabolome of V. planifolia, and no LC-MS or GC-MS metabolomics studies with respect to leaves have been performed. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to comprehensively characterize the metabolome of different organs (leaves, internodes, and aerial roots) of V. planifolia. MATERIAL AND METHODS Characterization of the metabolome was achieved using two complementary platforms (GC × GC-MS, LC-QToF-MS), and metabolite identification was based on a comparison with in-house databases or curated external spectral libraries. RESULTS In total, 127 metabolites could be identified with high certainty (confidence level 1 or 2) including sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, organic acids, and amines/amides but also secondary metabolites such as vanillin-related metabolites, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Ninty-eight metabolites showed significantly different intensities between the plant organs. Most strikingly, aglycons of flavonoids and vanillin-related metabolites were elevated in aerial roots, whereas its O-glycoside forms tended to be higher in leaves and/or internodes. This suggests that the more bioactive aglycones may accumulate where preferably needed, e.g. for defense against pathogens. CONCLUSION The results derived from the study substantially expand the knowledge regarding the vanilla metabolome forming a valuable basis for more targeted investigations in future studies, e.g. towards an optimization of vanilla plant cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falco Beer
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph H Weinert
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Sebastian T Soukup
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Jeong HJ, Nam BE, Jeong SJ, Lee G, Kim SG, Kim JG. Primary Metabolic Response of Aristolochia contorta to Simulated Specialist Herbivory under Elevated CO 2 Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1456. [PMID: 38891265 PMCID: PMC11174525 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
This study explores how elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels affects the growth and defense mechanisms of plants. We focused on Aristolochia contorta Bunge (Aristolochiaceae), a wild plant that exhibits growth reduction under elevated CO2 in the previous study. The plant has Sericinus montela Gray (Papilionidae) as a specialist herbivore. By analyzing primary metabolites, understanding both the growth and defense response of plants to herbivory under elevated CO2 conditions is possible. The experiment was conducted across four groups, combining two CO2 concentration conditions (ambient CO2 and elevated CO2) with two herbivory conditions (herbivory treated and untreated). Although many plants exhibit increased growth under elevated CO2 levels, A. contorta exhibited reduced growth with lower height, dry weight, and total leaf area. Under herbivory, A. contorta triggered both localized and systemic responses. More primary metabolites exhibited significant differences due to herbivory treatment in systemic tissue than local leaves that herbivory was directly treated. Herbivory under elevated CO2 level triggered more significant responses in primary metabolites (17 metabolites) than herbivory under ambient CO2 conditions (five metabolites). Several defense-related metabolites exhibited higher concentrations in the roots and lower concentrations in the leaves in response to the herbivory treatment in the elevated CO2 group. This suggests a potential intensification of defensive responses in the underground parts of the plant under elevated CO2 levels. Our findings underscore the importance of considering both abiotic and biotic factors in understanding plant responses to environmental changes. The adaptive strategies of A. contorta suggest a complex response mechanism to elevated CO2 and herbivory pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Jin Jeong
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (H.J.J.)
- Division of Forest Biodiversity, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon 11187, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Eun Nam
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (H.J.J.)
- Research Institute of Basic Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jong Jeong
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (H.J.J.)
- Seoul National University Elementary School, Seoul 03087, Republic of Korea
| | - Gisuk Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Geun Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (H.J.J.)
- Center for Education Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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3
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Alfaro-Quezada JF, Martínez JP, Molinett S, Valenzuela M, Montenegro I, Ramírez I, Dorta F, Ávila-Valdés A, Gharbi E, Zhou M, Dailly H, Quinet M, Lutts S, Seeger M. Rootstock increases the physiological defence of tomato plants against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato infection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:2891-2911. [PMID: 36723875 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has intensified the infection of tomato plants by pathogens such as Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). Rootstocks may increase plant tolerance to leaf phytopathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the tolerant Poncho Negro (R) tomato rootstock on physiological defence and the role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in susceptible Limachino (L) tomato plant responses to Pst attack. Ungrafted (L), self-grafted (L/L), and grafted (L/R) plants were infected with Pst. Rootstock increased the concentration of antioxidant compounds including ascorbate in the scion. Tolerant rootstock induced an increase of H2S in the scion, which correlated with enhanced expression of the SlAPX2 gene. A high accumulation of salicylic acid was observed in Pst-inoculated grafted L/L and L/R plants, but this was higher in L/R plants. The increase of H2S during Pst infection was associated with a reduction of ethylene in L/R plants. Our study indicates that the Poncho Negro rootstock reduced the symptoms of bacterial speck disease in the Limachino tomato plants, conferring tolerance to Pst infection. This study provides new knowledge about the impact of rootstock in the defence of tomato plants against leaf pathogens that could be used in sustainable management of tomato cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Felipe Alfaro-Quezada
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), Centro Regional La Cruz, Chorrillos 86, La Cruz, Chile
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, General Bari 699, Valparaíso, Chile
- Laboratorio de Fitopatología de Frutales, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), Centro Regional Quilamapu, Avenida Vicente Méndez 515, Chillán, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Martínez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), Centro Regional La Cruz, Chorrillos 86, La Cruz, Chile
| | - Sebastian Molinett
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), Centro Regional La Cruz, Chorrillos 86, La Cruz, Chile
| | - Miryam Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, General Bari 699, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ivan Montenegro
- Escuela de Obstetricia y Puericultura, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Angamos 655, Reñaca, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Ingrid Ramírez
- Centro de Biotecnología Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, General Bari 699, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Fernando Dorta
- Centro de Biotecnología Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, General Bari 699, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Andrea Ávila-Valdés
- Graduate School, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences & Centro de Investigación en Suelos Volcánicos, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emna Gharbi
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute - Agronomy (ELI-A), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Mingxi Zhou
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute - Agronomy (ELI-A), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Ceske Budejovice, 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Hélène Dailly
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute - Agronomy (ELI-A), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Muriel Quinet
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute - Agronomy (ELI-A), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Stanley Lutts
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute - Agronomy (ELI-A), Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Michael Seeger
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular y Biotecnología Ambiental, Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España 1680, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro de Biotecnología Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, General Bari 699, Valparaíso, Chile
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Sharma I, Kashyap S, Agarwala N. Biotic stress-induced changes in root exudation confer plant stress tolerance by altering rhizospheric microbial community. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1132824. [PMID: 36968415 PMCID: PMC10036841 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1132824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Every organism on the earth maintains some kind of interaction with its neighbours. As plants are sessile, they sense the varied above-ground and below-ground environmental stimuli and decipher these dialogues to the below-ground microbes and neighbouring plants via root exudates as chemical signals resulting in the modulation of the rhizospheric microbial community. The composition of root exudates depends upon the host genotype, environmental cues, and interaction of plants with other biotic factors. Crosstalk of plants with biotic agents such as herbivores, microbes, and neighbouring plants can change host plant root exudate composition, which may permit either positive or negative interactions to generate a battlefield in the rhizosphere. Compatible microbes utilize the plant carbon sources as their organic nutrients and show robust co-evolutionary changes in changing circumstances. In this review, we have mainly focused on the different biotic factors responsible for the synthesis of alternative root exudate composition leading to the modulation of rhizosphere microbiota. Understanding the stress-induced root exudate composition and resulting change in microbial community can help us to devise strategies in engineering plant microbiomes to enhance plant adaptive capabilities in a stressful environment.
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Koptur S, Primoli AS, Pimienta MC. Defoliation in Perennial Plants: Predictable and Surprising Results in Senna spp. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:587. [PMID: 36771669 PMCID: PMC9919507 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
When some plants are defoliated, they may suffer by reaching a smaller final size than if they had not been damaged. Other plants may compensate for damage, ending up the same size as if they had not been damaged. Still, others may overcompensate, ending up larger after defoliation than if they had been spared from damage. We investigated the response of Senna species (Fabaceae) to defoliation, comparing two native and several ornamental congeners, all of which grow locally in southern Florida. Many Senna spp. bear foliar nectaries as nutritional resources for beneficial insects that may, in exchange, protect them from herbivores. We grew five species from seed and subjected them to three levels of defoliation for a period of several months to measure effects of leaf area removal on plant height, number of leaves, and number of extrafloral nectaries. Only three of five species displayed shorter plant heights with greater levels of damage. Two species produced fewer new leaves with moderate to severe defoliation. In only one species, the number of extrafloral nectaries decreased with defoliation, suggesting that while extrafloral nectar production may be an inducible defense in some species, producing more nectaries in response to damage does not occur in these Senna species.
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6
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Aguirrebengoa M, Müller C, Hambäck PA, González-Megías A. Density-Dependent Effects of Simultaneous Root and Floral Herbivory on Plant Fitness and Defense. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:283. [PMID: 36678999 PMCID: PMC9867048 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants are attacked by multiple herbivores, and depend on a precise regulation of responses to cope with a wide range of antagonists. Simultaneous herbivory can occur in different plant compartments, which may pose a serious threat to plant growth and reproduction. In particular, plants often face co-occurring root and floral herbivory, but few studies have focused on such interactions. Here, we investigated in the field the combined density-dependent effects of root-chewing cebrionid beetle larvae and flower-chewing pierid caterpillars on the fitness and defense of a semiarid Brassicaceae herb. We found that the fitness impact of both herbivore groups was independent and density-dependent. Increasing root herbivore density non-significantly reduced plant fitness, while the relationship between increasing floral herbivore density and the reduction they caused in both seed number and seedling emergence was non-linear. The plant defensive response was non-additive with regard to the different densities of root and floral herbivores; high floral herbivore density provoked compensatory investment in reproduction, and this tolerance response was combined with aboveground chemical defense induction when also root herbivore density was high. Plants may thus prioritize specific trait combinations in response to varying combined below- and aboveground herbivore densities to minimize negative impacts on fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Peter A. Hambäck
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Tritrophic Interactions among Arthropod Natural Enemies, Herbivores and Plants Considering Volatile Blends at Different Scale Levels. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020251. [PMID: 36672186 PMCID: PMC9856403 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are released by plants upon damaged or disturbance by phytophagous insects. Plants emit HIPV signals not merely in reaction to tissue damage, but also in response to herbivore salivary secretions, oviposition, and excrement. Although certain volatile chemicals are retained in plant tissues and released rapidly upon damaged, others are synthesized de novo in response to herbivore feeding and emitted not only from damaged tissue but also from nearby by undamaged leaves. HIPVs can be used by predators and parasitoids to locate herbivores at different spatial scales. The HIPV-emitting spatial pattern is dynamic and heterogeneous in nature and influenced by the concentration, chemical makeup, breakdown of the emitted mixes and environmental elements (e.g., turbulence, wind and vegetation) which affect the foraging of biocontrol agents. In addition, sensory capability to detect volatiles and the physical ability to move towards the source were also different between natural enemy individuals. The impacts of HIPVs on arthropod natural enemies have been partially studied at spatial scales, that is why the functions of HIPVs is still subject under much debate. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge and loopholes regarding the role of HIPVs in tritrophic interactions at multiple scale levels. Therefore, we contend that closing these loopholes will make it much easier to use HIPVs for sustainable pest management in agriculture.
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Thompson MN, Grunseich JM, Marmolejo LO, Aguirre NM, Bradicich PA, Behmer ST, Suh CPC, Helms AM. Undercover operation: Belowground insect herbivory modifies systemic plant defense and repels aboveground foraging insect herbivores. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1033730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants attacked by insects may induce defenses locally in attacked plant tissues and/or systemically in non-attacked tissues, such as aboveground herbivory affecting belowground roots or belowground herbivory modifying aboveground tissues (i.e., cross-compartment systemic defense). Through induced systemic plant defenses, above-and belowground insect herbivores indirectly interact when feeding on a shared host plant. However, determining the systemic effects of herbivory on cross-compartment plant tissues and cascading consequences for herbivore communities remains underexplored. The goal of this study was to determine how belowground striped cucumber beetle (Acalymma vittatum) larval herbivory alters aboveground zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo) defenses and interactions with herbivores, including adult cucumber beetles and squash bugs (Anasa tristis). To explore this question, field and laboratory experiments were conducted to compare responses of aboveground herbivores to belowground larvae-damaged plants and non-damaged control plants. We also characterized changes in defensive chemicals and nutritional content of aboveground plant structures following belowground herbivory. We discovered belowground herbivory enhanced aboveground plant resistance and deterred aboveground foraging herbivores. We also found that larvae-damaged plants emitted higher amounts of a key volatile compound, (E)-β-ocimene, compared to non-damaged controls. Further investigation suggests that other mechanisms, such as plant nutrient content, may additionally contribute to aboveground herbivore foraging decisions. Collectively, our findings underscore connections between above-and belowground herbivore communities as mediated through induced systemic defenses of a shared host plant. Specifically, these findings indicate that belowground larval herbivory systemically enhances plant defenses and deters a suite of aboveground herbivores, suggesting larvae may manipulate aboveground plant defenses for their own benefit, while plants may benefit from enhanced systemic defenses against multi-herbivore attack.
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9
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Vulnerability of non-native invasive plants to novel pathogen attack: do plant traits matter? Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02853-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Abstract
The findings on the strategies employed by endophytic microbes have provided salient information to the researchers on the need to maximally explore them as bio-input in agricultural biotechnology. Biotic and abiotic factors are known to influence microbial recruitments from external plant environments into plant tissues. Endophytic microbes exhibit mutualism or antagonism association with host plants. The beneficial types contribute to plant growth and soil health, directly or indirectly. Strategies to enhance the use of endophytic microbes are desirable in modern agriculture, such that these microbes can be applied individually or combined as bioinoculants with bioprospecting in crop breeding systems. Scant information is available on the strategies for shaping the endophytic microbiome; hence, the need to unravel microbial strategies for yield enhancement and pathogen suppressiveness have become imperative. Therefore, this review focuses on the endophytic microbiome, mechanisms, factors influencing endophyte recruitment, and strategies for possible exploration as bioinoculants.
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Gagliardi S, Avelino J, Fulthorpe R, Virginio Filho EDM, Isaac ME. No evidence of foliar disease impact on crop root functional strategies and soil microbial communities: what does this mean for organic coffee? OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacques Avelino
- CIRAD, UMR PHIM Montpellier France
- PHIM, Univ. Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Inst. Agro, IRD Montpellier France
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Liu Q, Hu X, Su S, Ning Y, Peng Y, Ye G, Lou Y, Turlings TCJ, Li Y. Cooperative herbivory between two important pests of rice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6772. [PMID: 34799588 PMCID: PMC8604950 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Normally, when different species of herbivorous arthropods feed on the same plant this leads to fitness-reducing competition. We found this to be different for two of Asia's most destructive rice pests, the brown planthopper and the rice striped stem borer. Both insects directly and indirectly benefit from jointly attacking the same host plant. Double infestation improved host plant quality, particularly for the stemborer because the planthopper fully suppresses caterpillar-induced production of proteinase inhibitors. It also reduced the risk of egg parasitism, due to diminished parasitoid attraction. Females of both pests have adapted their oviposition behaviour accordingly. Their strong preference for plants infested by the other species even overrides their avoidance of plants already attacked by conspecifics. This cooperation between herbivores is telling of adaptations resulting from the evolution of plant-insect interactions, and points out mechanistic vulnerabilities that can be targeted to control these major pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, 464000, Xinyang, China
| | - Xiaoyun Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangli Su
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yuese Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Yufa Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China
| | - Gongyin Ye
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yonggen Lou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Yunhe Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100193, Beijing, China.
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Gamir J, Minchev Z, Berrio E, García JM, De Lorenzo G, Pozo MJ. Roots drive oligogalacturonide-induced systemic immunity in tomato. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:275-289. [PMID: 33070347 PMCID: PMC7883634 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Oligogalacturonides (OGs) are fragments of pectin released from the plant cell wall during insect or pathogen attack. They can be perceived by the plant as damage signals, triggering local and systemic defence responses. Here, we analyse the dynamics of local and systemic responses to OG perception in tomato roots or shoots, exploring their impact across the plant and their relevance in pathogen resistance. Targeted and untargeted metabolomics and gene expression analysis in plants treated with purified OGs revealed that local responses were transient, while distal responses were stronger and more sustained. Remarkably, changes were more conspicuous in roots, even upon foliar application of the OGs. The treatments differentially activated the synthesis of defence-related hormones and secondary metabolites including flavonoids, alkaloids and lignans, some of them exclusively synthetized in roots. Finally, the biological relevance of the systemic defence responses activated upon OG perception was confirmed, as the treatment induced systemic resistance to Botrytis cinerea. Overall, this study shows the differential regulation of tomato defences upon OGs perception in roots and shoots and reveals the key role of roots in the coordination of the plant responses to damage sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Gamir
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic SystemsEstación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)GranadaSpain
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie C. DarwinSapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Zhivko Minchev
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic SystemsEstación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)GranadaSpain
| | - Estefanía Berrio
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic SystemsEstación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)GranadaSpain
| | - Juan M. García
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic SystemsEstación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)GranadaSpain
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Present address: Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Group, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada a la EEZ‐CSIC, Dept Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume ICastellónSpain
| | - Maria J. Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic SystemsEstación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)GranadaSpain
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Brzozowski LJ, Gore MA, Agrawal AA, Mazourek M. Divergence of defensive cucurbitacins in independent Cucurbita pepo domestication events leads to differences in specialist herbivore preference. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2812-2825. [PMID: 32666553 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Crop domestication and improvement often concurrently affect plant resistance to pests and production of secondary metabolites, creating challenges for isolating the ecological implications of selection for specific metabolites. Cucurbitacins are bitter triterpenoids with extreme phenotypic differences between Cucurbitaceae lineages, yet we lack integrated models of herbivore preference, cucurbitacin accumulation, and underlying genetic mechanisms. In Cucurbita pepo, we dissected the effect of cotyledon cucurbitacins on preference of a specialist insect pest (Acalymma vittatum) for multiple tissues, assessed genetic loci underlying cucurbitacin accumulation in diverse germplasm and a biparental F2 population (from a cross between two independent domesticates), and characterized quantitative associations between gene expression and metabolites during seedling development. Acalymma vittatum affinity for cotyledons is mediated by cucurbitacins, but other traits contribute to whole-plant resistance. Cotyledon cucurbitacin accumulation was associated with population structure, and our genetic mapping identified a single locus, Bi-4, containing genes relevant to transport and regulation - not biosynthesis - that diverged between lineages. These candidate genes were expressed during seedling development, most prominently a putative secondary metabolite transporter. Taken together, these findings support the testable hypothesis that breeding for plant resistance to insects involves targeting genes for regulation and transport of defensive metabolites, in addition to core biosynthesis genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J Brzozowski
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Michael A Gore
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Michael Mazourek
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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15
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Velásquez A, Valenzuela M, Carvajal M, Fiaschi G, Avio L, Giovannetti M, D'Onofrio C, Seeger M. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae induces changes and increases the concentration of volatile organic compounds in Vitis vinifera cv. Sangiovese leaf tissue. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:437-443. [PMID: 32814280 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are beneficial obligate symbionts of plant roots. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) participate in plant communication and defence. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae IMA1 on VOCs in Vitis vinifera cv. Sangiovese leaf tissue. Grapevine plants inoculated with F. mosseae IMA1 were incubated for 23 weeks. VOCs were extracted from leaves and identified using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled to GC-MS. VOCs in leaf tissue were strongly enhanced (85%) by F. mosseae IMA1. The mycorrhizal fungus IMA1 modified the levels of specific VOCs synthesised in different anabolic pathways. An increase in volatiles that have been related to plant defences under pathogen/herbivore attack or linked to water stress, such as (E)-2-hexenal, 3-hexenal, geraniol, benzaldehyde and methyl salicylate, was observed in mycorrhizal plants. In contrast, some C13-norisoprenoids decreased strongly in mycorrhizal plants. The study of the effects of AMF on VOCs in grapevine plants may provide useful information to establish sustainable viticultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Velásquez
- Chemistry Department, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España, 1680, Valparaíso, Chile; Center of Biotechnology "Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt", Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, General Bari 699, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Miryam Valenzuela
- Chemistry Department, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España, 1680, Valparaíso, Chile; Center of Biotechnology "Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt", Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, General Bari 699, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Marcela Carvajal
- Chemistry Department, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España, 1680, Valparaíso, Chile; Center of Biotechnology "Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt", Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, General Bari 699, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Grazia Fiaschi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Luciano Avio
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood - Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Manuela Giovannetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood - Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Claudio D'Onofrio
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood - Nutraceuticals and Food for Health, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Michael Seeger
- Chemistry Department, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avenida España, 1680, Valparaíso, Chile; Center of Biotechnology "Dr. Daniel Alkalay Lowitt", Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, General Bari 699, Valparaíso, Chile.
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16
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Gao X, Zhang X, Chen W, Li J, Yang W, Zhang X, Li S, Liu C. Transcriptome analysis of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis illuminates the biosynthesis and accumulation of steroidal saponins in rhizomes and leaves. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 178:112460. [PMID: 32692662 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis can synthesize Paris saponins with multiple effective therapies, and its rhizome has become an indispensable ingredient in many patented drugs. However, how Paris saponin content changes in tissues at different stages and the molecular mechanisms underlying the production and accumulation of the bioactive compounds are unclear. This study aimed to uncover the mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis and accumulation by integrating transcriptome sequencing and phytochemical investigation of the leaves and rhizomes at different growth stages. Paris saponin content in leaves was lower during the fruiting stage than the vegetative stage, whereas the content in rhizomes increased during the fruiting stage. The candidate genes related to Paris saponin biosynthesis were determined by transcriptome analyses. Most biosynthetic genes were found to be abundantly expressed in the leaves during the vegetative stage in the light of expression profiles and functional enrichment results. The expression patterns of the differentially expressed genes related to the biosynthesis were positively correlated with the accumulation of saponins in tissues. These findings suggest that both leaves and rhizomes are capable of biosynthesizing Paris saponins, and that aerial plant parts can be used to extract them. The different patterns of biosynthesis and accumulation in the leaves and rhizomes were also determined here. This study will help improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis and accumulation of Paris saponins, and aid in the comprehensive development and utilization of this medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wen Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xingwang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China
| | - Changning Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China; The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, China.
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17
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Castilleux R, Plancot B, Gügi B, Attard A, Loutelier-Bourhis C, Lefranc B, Nguema-Ona E, Arkoun M, Yvin JC, Driouich A, Vicré M. Extensin arabinosylation is involved in root response to elicitors and limits oomycete colonization. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:751-763. [PMID: 31242281 PMCID: PMC7182588 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Extensins are hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins thought to strengthen the plant cell wall, one of the first barriers against pathogens, through intra- and intermolecular cross-links. The glycan moiety of extensins is believed to confer the correct structural conformation to the glycoprotein, leading to self-assembly within the cell wall that helps limit microbial adherence and invasion. However, this role is not clearly established. METHODS We used Arabidopsis thaliana mutants impaired in extensin arabinosylation to investigate the role of extensin arabinosylation in root-microbe interactions. Mutant and wild-type roots were stimulated to elicit an immune response with flagellin 22 and immunolabelled with a set of anti-extensin antibodies. Roots were also inoculated with a soilborne oomycete, Phytophthora parasitica, to assess the effect of extensin arabinosylation on root colonization. KEY RESULTS A differential distribution of extensin epitopes was observed in wild-type plants in response to elicitation. Elicitation also triggers altered epitope expression in mutant roots compared with wild-type and non-elicited roots. Inoculation with the pathogen P. parasitica resulted in enhanced root colonization for two mutants, specifically xeg113 and rra2. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence for a link between extensin arabinosylation and root defence, and propose a model to explain the importance of glycosylation in limiting invasion of root cells by pathogenic oomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Castilleux
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche ‘Normandie Végétal’ FED, Rouen, France
| | - Barbara Plancot
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche ‘Normandie Végétal’ FED, Rouen, France
| | - Bruno Gügi
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche ‘Normandie Végétal’ FED, Rouen, France
| | | | - Corinne Loutelier-Bourhis
- IRCOF COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, CNRS, Université de Rouen Normandie, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Benjamin Lefranc
- INSERM U1239, Différenciation et Communication Neuronale et Neuroendocrine, Normandie Université, Rouen, France
| | - Eric Nguema-Ona
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Groupe Roullier, Saint Malo Cédex, France
| | - Mustapha Arkoun
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Groupe Roullier, Saint Malo Cédex, France
| | - Jean-Claude Yvin
- Centre Mondial de l’Innovation, Groupe Roullier, Saint Malo Cédex, France
| | - Azeddine Driouich
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche ‘Normandie Végétal’ FED, Rouen, France
| | - Maïté Vicré
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV EA 4358, Fédération de Recherche ‘Normandie Végétal’ FED, Rouen, France
- For correspondence. E-mail
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18
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Singh J, Fabrizio J, Desnoues E, Silva JP, Busch W, Khan A. Root system traits impact early fire blight susceptibility in apple (Malus × domestica). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:579. [PMID: 31870310 PMCID: PMC6929320 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2202-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it is known that resistant rootstocks facilitate management of fire blight disease, incited by Erwinia amylovora, the role of rootstock root traits in providing systemic defense against E. amylovora is unclear. In this study, the hypothesis that rootstocks of higher root vigor provide higher tolerance to fire blight infection in apples is tested. Several apple scion genotypes grafted onto a single rootstock genotype and non-grafted 'M.7' rootstocks of varying root vigor are used to assess phenotypic and molecular relationships between root traits of rootstocks and fire blight susceptibility of apple scion cultivars. RESULTS It is observed that different root traits display significant (p < 0.05) negative correlations with fire blight susceptibility. In fact, root surface area partially dictates differential levels of fire blight susceptibility of 'M.7' rootstocks. Furthermore, contrasting changes in gene expression patterns of diverse molecular pathways accompany observed differences in levels of root-driven fire blight susceptibility. It is noted that a singular co-expression gene network consisting of genes from defense, carbohydrate metabolism, protein kinase activity, oxidation-reduction, and stress response pathways modulates root-dependent fire blight susceptibility in apple. In particular, WRKY75 and UDP-glycotransferase are singled-out as hub genes deserving of further detailed analysis. CONCLUSIONS It is proposed that low root mass may incite resource-limiting conditions to activate carbohydrate metabolic pathways, which reciprocally interact with plant immune system genes to elicit differential levels of fire blight susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jugpreet Singh
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Jack Fabrizio
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Elsa Desnoues
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Julliany Pereira Silva
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory, and Integrative Biology Laboratory, 10010 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Awais Khan
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA.
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19
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Neher DA, Barbercheck ME. Soil Microarthropods and Soil Health: Intersection of Decomposition and Pest Suppression in Agroecosystems. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10120414. [PMID: 31756962 PMCID: PMC6955927 DOI: 10.3390/insects10120414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Two desirable functions of healthy soil are nutrient cycling and pest suppression. We review relevant literature on the contributions of soil microarthropods to soil health through their intersecting roles in decomposition and nutrient cycling and direct and indirect suppression of plant pests. Microarthropods can impact soil and plant health directly by feeding on pest organisms or serving as alternate prey for larger predatory arthropods. Indirectly, microarthropods mediate the ability of crop plants to resist or tolerate insect pests and diseases by triggering induced resistance and/or contributing to optimal nutritional balance of plants. Soil fauna, including microarthropods, are key regulators of decomposition at local scales but their role at larger scales is unresolved. Future research priorities include incorporating multi-channel omnivory into food web modeling and understanding the vulnerability of soil carbon through global climate change models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A. Neher
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, University of Vermont, 63 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-802-656-0474
| | - Mary E. Barbercheck
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, 501 ASI Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
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20
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Quijano-Medina T, Covelo F, Moreira X, Abdala-Roberts L. Compensation to simulated insect leaf herbivory in wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum): responses to multiple levels of damage and associated traits. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:805-812. [PMID: 31050863 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the mechanisms of compensation to insect herbivory remains a major challenge in plant biology and evolutionary ecology. Most previous studies have addressed plant compensatory responses to one or two levels of insect herbivory, and the underlying traits mediating such responses remain elusive in many cases. We evaluated responses associated with compensation to multiple intensities of leaf damage (0% control, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% of leaf area removed) by means of mechanical removal of foliar tissue and application of a caterpillar (Spodoptera exigua) oral secretions in 3-month-old wild cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum). Four weeks post-treatment, we measured plant growth and multiple traits associated with compensation, namely: changes in above- and belowground, biomass and the concentration of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and non-structural carbon reserves (starch and soluble sugars) in roots, stems and leaves. We found that wild cotton fully compensated in terms of growth and biomass allocation when leaf damage was low (10%), whereas moderate (25%) to high leaf damage in some cases led to under-compensation. Nonetheless, high levels of leaf removal (50% and 75%) in most cases did not cause further reductions in height and allocation to leaf and stem biomass relative to low and moderate damage. There were significant positive effects of leaf damage on P concentration in leaves and stems, but not roots, as well as a negative effect on soluble sugars in roots. These results indicate that wild cotton fully compensated for a low level of leaf damage but under-compensated under moderate to high leaf damage, but can nonetheless sustain growth despite increasing losses to herbivory. Such responses were possibly mediated by a re-allocation of carbohydrate reserves from roots to shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Quijano-Medina
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - F Covelo
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - X Moreira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - L Abdala-Roberts
- Departamento de Ecología Tropical, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
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21
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Werner V, Petersen M. A BAHD hydroxycinnamoyltransferase from Actaea racemosa catalyses the formation of fukinolic and cimicifugic acids. PLANTA 2019; 250:475-485. [PMID: 31069522 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of a BAHD hydroxycinnamoyltransferase was amplified from Actaea racemosa (Ranunculaceae) and expressed in E. coli. The protein catalysed the formation of cimicifugic acids and thus is named hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:piscidic acid hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (ArHPT1; cimicifugic acid synthase). Actaea racemosa (syn. Cimicifuga racemosa) is known to contain triterpene lactone glycosides and cimicifugic acids. The latter are esters of various hydroxycinnamic or benzoic acids with piscidic or fukiic acid. Amplification of a nucleotide sequence from A. racemosa, that was already known as HCT1 from an EST approach, and its expression in E. coli resulted in a protein that was able to catalyse the formation of several cimicifugic acids. For the characterisation of this hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (hydroxy)cinnamoyl-coenzyme A thioesters were synthesised as donor substrates and piscidic acid isolated as acceptor substrate. The lowest Km-value with 6.8 µM was determined for p-coumaroyl-CoA. More than 30 possible acceptor substrates were tested, but only piscidic acid and putatively fukiic acid were accepted. The apparent Km-value for piscidic acid was 32.3 µM. High expression of the hydroxycinnamoyltransferase gene was found in roots, but the content of cimicifugic acids was higher in leaves and flowers than in roots. This work describes for the first time a biosynthetic step in the formation of cimicifugic acids catalysed by a so far uncharacterised hydroxycinnamoyltransferase accepting piscidic acid as acceptor substrate thus being a hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:piscidic acid hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (ArHPT1; cimicifugic acid synthase).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Werner
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Maike Petersen
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
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22
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Yang H, Wang Y, Li L, Li F, He Y, Wu J, Wei C. Transcriptomic and Phytochemical Analyses Reveal Root-Mediated Resource-Based Defense Response to Leaf Herbivory by Ectropis oblique in Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5465-5476. [PMID: 30916943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Leaf herbivory on tea plants ( Camellia sinensis) by tea geometrids ( Ectropis oblique) severely threaten the yield and quality of tea. In previous work, we found that local defense response was induced in damaged leaves by geometrids at the transcriptome level. Here, we investigated the systemic response triggered in undamaged roots and the potential role of roots in response to leaf herbivory. Comparative transcriptome analysis and carbohydrate dynamics indicated that leaf herbivory activated systemic carbon reallocation to enhance resource investment for local secondary metabolism. The crucial role of jasmonic acid and the involvement of other potential hormone signals for local and systemic signaling networks were supported by phytohormone quantification and dynamic expression analysis of phytohormone-related genes. This work represents a deep understanding of the interaction of tea plants and geometrids from the perspective of systems biology and reveals that tea plants have evolved an intricate root-mediated resource-based resistance strategy to cope with geometrid attack.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jianqiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , Yunnan 650201 , People's Republic of China
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23
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Dreher D, Baldermann S, Schreiner M, Hause B. An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and a root pathogen induce different volatiles emitted by Medicago truncatula roots. J Adv Res 2019; 19:85-90. [PMID: 31341673 PMCID: PMC6629603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are in permanent contact with various microorganisms and are always impacted by them. To better understand the first steps of a plant's recognition of soil-borne microorganisms, the early release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from roots of Medicago truncatula in response to the symbiont Rhizophagus irregularis or the pathogenic oomycete Aphanomyces euteiches was analysed. More than 90 compounds were released from roots as detected by an untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry approach. Principal component analyses clearly distinguished untreated roots from roots treated with either R. irregularis or A. euteiches. Several VOCs were found to be emitted specifically in response to each of the microorganisms. Limonene was specifically emitted from wild-type roots after contact with R. irregularis spores but not from roots of the mycorrhiza-deficient mutant does not make infections3. The application of limonene to mycorrhizal roots, however, did not affect the mycorrhization rate. Inoculation of roots with A. euteiches zoospores resulted in the specific emission of several sesquiterpenes, such as nerolidol, viridiflorol and nerolidol-epoxyacetate but application of nerolidol to zoospores of A. euteiches did not affect their vitality. Therefore, plants discriminate between different microorganisms at early stages of their interaction and respond differently to the level of root-emitted volatiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothée Dreher
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Susanne Baldermann
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, D-14979 Großbeeren, Germany.,University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Department of Food Chemistry, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Monika Schreiner
- Leibniz Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops, Theodor-Echtermeyer-Weg 1, D-14979 Großbeeren, Germany
| | - Bettina Hause
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle/Saale, Germany
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24
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Xiao L, Carrillo J, Siemann E, Ding J. Herbivore-specific induction of indirect and direct defensive responses in leaves and roots. AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:plz003. [PMID: 30792834 PMCID: PMC6378760 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Herbivory can induce both general and specific responses in plants that modify direct and indirect defence against subsequent herbivory. The type of induction (local versus systemic induction, single versus multiple defence induction) likely depends both on herbivore identity and relationships among different responses. We examined the effects of two above-ground chewing herbivores (caterpillar, weevil) and one sucking herbivore (aphid) on indirect defence responses in leaves and direct defence responses in both leaves and roots of tallow tree, Triadica sebifera. We also included foliar applications of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA). We found that chewing herbivores and MeJA increased above-ground defence chemicals but SA only increased below-ground total flavonoids. Herbivory or MeJA increased above-ground indirect defence response (extrafloral nectar) but SA decreased it. Principal component analysis showed there was a trade-off between increasing total root phenolics and tannins (MeJA, chewing) versus latex and total root flavonoids (aphid, SA). For individual flavonoids, there was evidence for systemic induction (quercetin), trade-offs between compounds (quercetin versus kaempferitrin) and trade-offs between above-ground versus below-ground production (isoquercetin). Our results suggest that direct and indirect defence responses in leaves and roots depend on herbivore host range and specificity along with feeding mode. We detected relationships among some defence response types, while others were independent. Including multiple types of insects to examine defence inductions in leaves and roots may better elucidate the complexity and specificity of defence responses of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Plant and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Centre for Sustainable Food Systems, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Juli Carrillo
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Centre for Sustainable Food Systems, Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Evan Siemann
- Biosciences Department, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jianqing Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
- Corresponding author’s e-mail address:
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Wang M, Ruan W, Kostenko O, Carvalho S, Hannula SE, Mulder PPJ, Bu F, van der Putten WH, Bezemer TM. Removal of soil biota alters soil feedback effects on plant growth and defense chemistry. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1478-1491. [PMID: 30220096 PMCID: PMC6587519 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We examined how the removal of soil biota affects plant-soil feedback (PSF) and defense chemistry of Jacobaea vulgaris, an outbreak plant species in Europe containing the defense compounds pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Macrofauna and mesofauna, as well as fungi and bacteria, were removed size selectively from unplanted soil or soil planted with J. vulgaris exposed or not to above- or belowground insect herbivores. Wet-sieved fractions, using 1000-, 20-, 5- and 0.2-μm mesh sizes, were added to sterilized soil and new plants were grown. Sieving treatments were verified by molecular analysis of the inocula. In the feedback phase, plant biomass was lowest in soils with 1000- and 20-μm inocula, and soils conditioned with plants gave more negative feedback than without plants. Remarkably, part of this negative PSF effect remained present in the 0.2-μm inoculum where no bacteria were present. PA concentration and composition of plants with 1000- or 20-μm inocula differed from those with 5- or 0.2-μm inocula, but only if soils had been conditioned by undamaged plants or plants damaged by aboveground herbivores. These effects correlated with leaf hyperspectral reflectance. We conclude that size-selective removal of soil biota altered PSFs, but that these PSFs were also influenced by herbivory during the conditioning phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggang Wang
- College of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)PO Box 506700 ABWageningenthe Netherlands
- Department of Plant Protection BiologySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesPO Box 102SE‐23053AlnarpSweden
| | - Weibin Ruan
- College of Life SciencesNankai UniversityTianjin300071China
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)PO Box 506700 ABWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Olga Kostenko
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)PO Box 506700 ABWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Carvalho
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)PO Box 506700 ABWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - S. Emilia Hannula
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)PO Box 506700 ABWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Patrick P. J. Mulder
- RIKILT – Wageningen University & ResearchPO Box 2306700 AEWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Fengjiao Bu
- Laboratory of Molecular BiologyDepartment of Plant SciencesWageningen University & ResearchWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Wim H. van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)PO Box 506700 ABWageningenthe Netherlands
- Laboratory of NematologyWageningen University & ResearchPO Box 81236700 ESWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - T. Martijn Bezemer
- Department of Terrestrial EcologyNetherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO‐KNAW)PO Box 506700 ABWageningenthe Netherlands
- Institute of BiologySection Plant Ecology and PhytochemistryLeiden UniversityPO Box 95052300 RALeidenthe Netherlands
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Cecchini NM, Roychoudhry S, Speed DJ, Steffes K, Tambe A, Zodrow K, Konstantinoff K, Jung HW, Engle NL, Tschaplinski TJ, Greenberg JT. Underground Azelaic Acid-Conferred Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:86-94. [PMID: 30156481 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-18-0185-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Local interactions between individual plant organs and diverse microorganisms can lead to whole plant immunity via the mobilization of defense signals. One such signal is the plastid lipid-derived oxylipin azelaic acid (AZA). Arabidopsis lacking AZI1 or EARLI1, related lipid transfer family proteins, exhibit reduced AZA transport among leaves and cannot mount systemic immunity. AZA has been detected in roots as well as leaves. Therefore, the present study addresses the effects on plants of AZA application to roots. AZA but not the structurally related suberic acid inhibits root growth when directly in contact with roots. Treatment of roots with AZA also induces resistance to Pseudomonas syringae in aerial tissues. These effects of AZA on root growth and disease resistance depend, at least partially, on AZI1 and EARLI1. AZI1 in roots localizes to plastids, similar to its known location in leaves. Interestingly, kinases previously shown to modify AZI1 in vitro, MPK3 and MPK6, are also needed for AZA-induced root-growth inhibition and aboveground immunity. Finally, deuterium-labeled AZA applied to the roots does not move to aerial tissues. Thus, AZA application to roots triggers systemic immunity through an AZI1/EARLI1/MPK3/MPK6-dependent pathway and AZA effects may involve one or more additional mobile signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás M Cecchini
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street GCIS 524W, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
| | - Suruchi Roychoudhry
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street GCIS 524W, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
| | - DeQuantarius J Speed
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street GCIS 524W, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
| | - Kevin Steffes
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street GCIS 524W, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
| | - Arjun Tambe
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street GCIS 524W, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
| | - Kristin Zodrow
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street GCIS 524W, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
| | - Katerina Konstantinoff
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street GCIS 524W, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
| | - Ho Won Jung
- 2 Department of Molecular Genetics, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-Daero 550beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Korea; and
| | - Nancy L Engle
- 3 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, PO Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, U.S.A
| | | | - Jean T Greenberg
- 1 Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street GCIS 524W, Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A
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27
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Bakhtiari M, Glauser G, Rasmann S. Root JA Induction Modifies Glucosinolate Profiles and Increases Subsequent Aboveground Resistance to Herbivore Attack in Cardamine hirsuta. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1230. [PMID: 30186300 PMCID: PMC6110943 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Alteration and induction of plant secondary metabolites after herbivore attack have been shown in almost all the studied plant species. Induction can be at the local site of damage, or systemic, such as from roots to shoots. In addition to immediate induction, previous herbivore bouts have been shown to "prime" the plants for a stronger and faster response only after a subsequent attack happens. Whereas several studies revealed a link between root herbivory and increased resistance against aboveground (AG) herbivory, the evidence of root defense priming against subsequent AG herbivory is currently lacking. To address this gap, we induced Cardamine hirsuta roots by applying jasmonic acid (JA), and, after a time lag, we subjected both control and JA-treated plants to AG herbivory by the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis. We addressed the effect of root JA addition on AG herbivore resistance by measuring larval weight gain and tested the effect of root induction on abundance and composition of glucosinolates (GSLs) in shoots, prior, and after subsequent herbivory. We observed a strong positive effect of root induction on the resistance against AG herbivory. The overall abundance and identity of GSLs was globally affected by JA induction and by herbivore feeding, independently, and we found a significant correlation between larval growth and the shoot GSL profiles only after AG herbivory, 11 days after induction in roots. Contrary to expectations of priming, we observed that JA induction in roots altered the GSLs profile in the leaves that was maintained through time. This initial modification was sufficient to maintain a lower caterpillar weight gain, even 11 days post-root induction. Altogether, we show that prior root defense induction increases AG insect resistance by modifying and maintaining variation in GSL profiles during insect feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Bakhtiari
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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28
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Meier AR, Hunter MD. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mediate herbivore-induction of plant defenses differently above and belowground. OIKOS 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.05402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Meier
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI 48109-1048 USA
| | - Mark D. Hunter
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI 48109-1048 USA
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29
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Machado RAR, Arce CCM, McClure MA, Baldwin IT, Erb M. Aboveground herbivory induced jasmonates disproportionately reduce plant reproductive potential by facilitating root nematode infestation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:797-808. [PMID: 29327360 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Different plant feeders, including insects and parasitic nematodes, can influence each other by triggering systemic changes in their shared host plants. In most cases, however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear, and the consequences for plant fitness are not well understood. We studied the interaction between leaf feeding Manduca sexta caterpillars and root parasitic nematodes in Nicotiana attenuata. Simulated M. sexta attack increased the abundance of root parasitic nematodes in the field and facilitated Meloidogyne incognita reproduction in the glasshouse. Intact jasmonate biosynthesis was found to be required for both effects. Flower counts revealed that the jasmonate-dependent facilitation of nematode infestation following simulated leaf attack reduces the plant's reproductive potential to a greater degree than would be expected from the additive effects of the individual stresses. This work reveals that jasmonates mediate the interaction between a leaf herbivore and root parasitic nematodes and illustrates how plant-mediated interactions can alter plant's reproductive potential. The selection pressure resulting from the demonstrated fitness effects is likely to influence the evolution of plant defense traits in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A R Machado
- Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Biotic Interaction Section, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - Carla C M Arce
- Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Functional and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Michael A McClure
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Matthias Erb
- Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, 07745, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Biotic Interaction Section, University of Bern, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
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30
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Colinas M, Goossens A. Combinatorial Transcriptional Control of Plant Specialized Metabolism. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:324-336. [PMID: 29395832 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce countless specialized compounds of diverse chemical nature and biological activities. Their biosynthesis often exclusively occurs either in response to environmental stresses or is limited to dedicated anatomical structures. In both scenarios, regulation of biosynthesis appears to be mainly controlled at the transcriptional level, which is generally dependent on a combined interplay of DNA-related mechanisms and the activity of transcription factors that may act in a combinatorial manner. How environmental and developmental cues are integrated into a coordinated cell type-specific stress response has only partially been unraveled so far. Building on the available examples from (metabolic) gene expression, here we propose theoretical models of how this integration of signals may occur at the level of transcriptional control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Colinas
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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31
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Vahabi K, Reichelt M, Scholz SS, Furch ACU, Matsuo M, Johnson JM, Sherameti I, Gershenzon J, Oelmüller R. Alternaria Brassicae Induces Systemic Jasmonate Responses in Arabidopsis Which Travel to Neighboring Plants via a Piriformsopora Indica Hyphal Network and Activate Abscisic Acid Responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:626. [PMID: 29868082 PMCID: PMC5952412 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stress information received by a particular local plant tissue is transferred to other tissues and neighboring plants, but how the information travels is not well understood. Application of Alternaria Brassicae spores to Arabidopsis leaves or roots stimulates local accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA), the expression of JA-responsive genes, as well as of NITRATE TRANSPORTER (NRT)2.5 and REDOX RESPONSIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1 (RRTF1). Infection information is systemically spread over the entire seedling and propagates radially from infected to non-infected leaves, axially from leaves to roots, and vice versa. The local and systemic NRT2.5 responses are reduced in the jar1 mutant, and the RRTF1 response in the rbohD mutant. Information about A. brassicae infection travels slowly to uninfected neighboring plants via a Piriformospora Indica hyphal network, where NRT2.5 and RRTF1 are up-regulated. The systemic A. brassicae-induced JA response in infected plants is converted to an abscisic acid (ABA) response in the neighboring plant where ABA and ABA-responsive genes are induced. We propose that the local threat information induced by A. brassicae infection is spread over the entire plant and transferred to neighboring plants via a P. indica hyphal network. The JA-specific response is converted to a general ABA-mediated stress response in the neighboring plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khabat Vahabi
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra S. Scholz
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexandra C. U. Furch
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Mitsuhiro Matsuo
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Joy M. Johnson
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Irena Sherameti
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ralf Oelmüller
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32
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Lurie MH, Barton KE, Daehler CC. Pre-damage biomass allocation and not invasiveness predicts tolerance to damage in seedlings of woody species in Hawaii. Ecology 2017; 98:3011-3021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H. Lurie
- Department of Botany; University of Hawai'i at Mānoa; 3190 Maile Way Room 101 Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822 USA
| | - Kasey E. Barton
- Department of Botany; University of Hawai'i at Mānoa; 3190 Maile Way Room 101 Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822 USA
| | - Curtis C. Daehler
- Department of Botany; University of Hawai'i at Mānoa; 3190 Maile Way Room 101 Honolulu, Hawai'i 96822 USA
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33
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Pearse IS, Aguilar J, Schroder J, Strauss SY. Macroevolutionary constraints to tolerance: trade‐offs with drought tolerance and phenology, but not resistance. Ecology 2017; 98:2758-2772. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian S. Pearse
- Department of Evolution and Ecology UC Davis Davis California 95616 USA
- Ft. Collins Science Center U.S. Geological Survey Ft Collins Colorado 80521 USA
| | - Jessica Aguilar
- Department of Evolution and Ecology UC Davis Davis California 95616 USA
| | - John Schroder
- Department of Evolution and Ecology UC Davis Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Sharon Y. Strauss
- Department of Evolution and Ecology UC Davis Davis California 95616 USA
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34
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Garcia-Seco D, Chiapello M, Bracale M, Pesce C, Bagnaresi P, Dubois E, Moulin L, Vannini C, Koebnik R. Transcriptome and proteome analysis reveal new insight into proximal and distal responses of wheat to foliar infection by Xanthomonas translucens. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10157. [PMID: 28860643 PMCID: PMC5579275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10568-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular details of local plant response against Xanthomonas translucens infection is largely unknown. Moreover, there is no knowledge about effects of the pathogen on the root's transcriptome and proteome. Therefore, we investigated the global gene and protein expression changes both in leaves and roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum) 24 h post leaf infection of X. translucens. This simultaneous analysis allowed us to obtain insight into possible metabolic rearrangements in above- and belowground tissues and to identify common responses as well as specific alterations. At the site of infection, we observed the implication of various components of the recognition, signaling, and amplification mechanisms in plant response to the pathogen. Moreover, data indicate a massive down-regulation of photosynthesis and confirm the chloroplast as crucial signaling hub during pathogen attack. Notably, roots responded as well to foliar attack and their response significantly differed from that locally triggered in infected leaves. Data indicate that roots as a site of energy production and synthesis of various secondary metabolites may actively influence the composition and colonisation level of root-associated microbes. Finally, our results emphasize the accumulation of jasmonic acid, pipecolic acid and/or the downstream mediator of hydrogen peroxide as long distal signals from infected leaves to roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Garcia-Seco
- IRD, Cirad, Univ. Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME), 34394, Montpellier, France.
| | - M Chiapello
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - M Bracale
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - C Pesce
- IRD, Cirad, Univ. Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME), 34394, Montpellier, France
- Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Applied Microbiology Phytopathology, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - P Bagnaresi
- Council for agricultural research and economics (CREA) - Genomics Research Centre, via San Protaso 302, 29017, Fiorenzuola d'Arda, Piacenza, Italy
| | - E Dubois
- CNRS, Montpellier GenomiX, c/o Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 rue de la Cardonille, Montpellier Cedex 34, France
| | - L Moulin
- IRD, Cirad, Univ. Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME), 34394, Montpellier, France
| | - C Vannini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.
| | - R Koebnik
- IRD, Cirad, Univ. Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes Environnement (IPME), 34394, Montpellier, France
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35
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Liao X, Lovett B, Fang W, St Leger RJ. Metarhizium robertsii produces indole-3-acetic acid, which promotes root growth in Arabidopsis and enhances virulence to insects. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:980-991. [PMID: 28708056 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The plant root colonizing insect-pathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii has been shown to boost plant growth, but little is known about the responsible mechanisms. Here we show that M. robertsii promotes lateral root growth and root hair development of Arabidopsis seedlings in part through an auxin [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)]-dependent mechanism. M. robertsii, or its auxin-containing culture filtrate promoted root proliferation, activated IAA-regulated gene expression and rescued the root hair defect of the IAA-deficient rhd6 Arabidopsis mutant. Substrate feeding assays suggest that M. robertsii possesses tryptamine (TAM) and indole-3-acetamide tryptophan (Trp)-dependent auxin biosynthetic pathways. Deletion of Mrtdc impaired M. robertsii IAA production by blocking conversion of Trp to TAM but the reduction was not sufficient to affect plant growth enhancement. We also show that M. robertsii secretes IAA on insect cuticle. ∆Mrtdc produced fewer infection structures and was less virulent to insects than the wild-type, whereas M. robertsii spores harvested from culture media containing IAA were more virulent. Furthermore, exogenous application of IAA increased appressorial formation and virulence. Together, these results suggest that auxins play an important role in the ability of M. robertsii to promote plant growth, and the endogenous pathways for IAA production may also be involved in regulating entomopathogenicity. Auxins were also produced by other Metarhizium species and the endophytic insect pathogen Beauveria bassiana suggesting that interplay between plant- and fungal-derived auxins has important implications for plant-microbe-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinggang Liao
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550018, PR China
| | - Brian Lovett
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Weiguo Fang
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, PR China
| | - Raymond J St Leger
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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36
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Machado RAR, Zhou W, Ferrieri AP, Arce CCM, Baldwin IT, Xu S, Erb M. Species-specific regulation of herbivory-induced defoliation tolerance is associated with jasmonate inducibility. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3703-3712. [PMID: 28616167 PMCID: PMC5468159 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced changes in root carbohydrate pools are commonly assumed to determine plant defoliation tolerance to herbivores. However, the regulation and species specificity of these two traits are not well understood. We determined herbivory‐induced changes in root carbohydrates and defoliation tolerance in seven different solanaceous plant species and correlated the induced changes in root carbohydrates and defoliation tolerance with jasmonate inducibility. Across species, we observed strong species‐specific variation for all measured traits. Closer inspection revealed that the different species fell into two distinct groups: Species with a strong induced jasmonic acid (JA) burst suffered from a reduction in root carbohydrate pools and reduced defoliation tolerance, while species with a weak induced JA burst maintained root carbohydrate pools and tolerated defoliation. Induced JA levels predicted carbohydrate and regrowth responses better than jasmonoyl‐L‐isoleucine (JA‐Ile) levels. Our study shows that induced JA signaling, root carbohydrate responses, and defoliation tolerance are closely linked, but highly species specific, even among closely related species. We propose that defoliation tolerance may evolve rapidly via changes in the plant's defense signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A R Machado
- Root-Herbivore Interactions Group Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany.,Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany.,Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Wenwu Zhou
- Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Abigail P Ferrieri
- Root-Herbivore Interactions Group Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany.,Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Carla C M Arce
- Departamento de Entomologia Universidade Federal de Viçosa Viçosa (MG) Brazil
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Shuqing Xu
- Department of Molecular Ecology Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Jena Germany
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences University of Bern Bern Switzerland
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Chen Q, Yan J, Meng X, Xu F, Zhang W, Liao Y, Qu J. Molecular Cloning, Characterization, and Functional Analysis of Acetyl-CoA C-Acetyltransferase and Mevalonate Kinase Genes Involved in Terpene Trilactone Biosynthesis from Ginkgo biloba. Molecules 2017; 22:E74. [PMID: 28045448 PMCID: PMC6155782 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginkgolides and bilobalide, collectively termed terpene trilactones (TTLs), are terpenoids that form the main active substance of Ginkgo biloba. Terpenoids in the mevalonate (MVA) biosynthetic pathway include acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase (AACT) and mevalonate kinase (MVK) as core enzymes. In this study, two full-length (cDNAs) encoding AACT (GbAACT, GenBank Accession No. KX904942) and MVK (GbMVK, GenBank Accession No. KX904944) were cloned from G. biloba. The deduced GbAACT and GbMVK proteins contain 404 and 396 amino acids with the corresponding open-reading frame (ORF) sizes of 1215 bp and 1194 bp, respectively. Tissue expression pattern analysis revealed that GbAACT was highly expressed in ginkgo fruits and leaves, and GbMVK was highly expressed in leaves and roots. The functional complementation of GbAACT in AACT-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain Δerg10 and GbMVK in MVK-deficient strain Δerg12 confirmed that GbAACT mediated the conversion of mevalonate acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA and GbMVK mediated the conversion of mevalonate to mevalonate phosphate. This observation indicated that GbAACT and GbMVK are functional genes in the cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) biosynthesis pathway. After G. biloba seedlings were treated with methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid, the expression levels of GbAACT and GbMVK increased, and TTL production was enhanced. The cloning, characterization, expression and functional analysis of GbAACT and GbMVK will be helpful to understand more about the role of these two genes involved in TTL biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangwen Chen
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Jiaping Yan
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiangxiang Meng
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Yongling Liao
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Jinwang Qu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
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Mundim FM, Alborn HT, Vieira-Neto EHM, Bruna EM. A whole-plant perspective reveals unexpected impacts of above- and belowground herbivores on plant growth and defense. Ecology 2016; 98:70-78. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane M. Mundim
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida 32611-0430 USA
| | - Hans T. Alborn
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology; Agricultural Research Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture; Gainesville Florida 32608 USA
| | - Ernane H. M. Vieira-Neto
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida 32611-0430 USA
| | - Emilio M. Bruna
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida 32611-0430 USA
- Center for Latin American Studies; University of Florida Gainesville; Gainesville Florida 32611-5530 USA
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39
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Mechanisms and ecological implications of plant-mediated interactions between belowground and aboveground insect herbivores. Ecol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-016-1410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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40
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Groen SC. Signalling in systemic plant defence - roots put in hard graft. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5585-5587. [PMID: 27738093 PMCID: PMC5066500 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Groen
- Department of Biology and Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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41
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Biere A, Goverse A. Plant-Mediated Systemic Interactions Between Pathogens, Parasitic Nematodes, and Herbivores Above- and Belowground. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 54:499-527. [PMID: 27359367 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080615-100245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants are important mediators of interactions between aboveground (AG) and belowground (BG) pathogens, arthropod herbivores, and nematodes (phytophages). We highlight recent progress in our understanding of within- and cross-compartment plant responses to these groups of phytophages in terms of altered resource dynamics and defense signaling and activation. We review studies documenting the outcome of cross-compartment interactions between these phytophage groups and show patterns of cross-compartment facilitation as well as cross-compartment induced resistance. Studies involving soilborne pathogens and foliar nematodes are scant. We further highlight the important role of defense signaling loops between shoots and roots to activate a full resistance complement. Moreover, manipulation of such loops by phytophages affects systemic interactions with other plant feeders. Finally, cross-compartment-induced changes in root defenses and root exudates extend systemic defense loops into the rhizosphere, enhancing or reducing recruitment of microbes that induce systemic resistance but also affecting interactions with root-feeding phytophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen Biere
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, NIOO-KNAW, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Aska Goverse
- Lab of Nematology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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42
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Differences in interactions of aboveground and belowground herbivores on the invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides and native host A. sessilis. Biol Invasions 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-016-1234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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War AR, Sharma SP, Sharma HC. Differential Induction of Flavonoids in Groundnut in Response to Helicoverpa armigera and Aphis craccivora Infestation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 8:55-64. [PMID: 27398031 PMCID: PMC4933539 DOI: 10.4137/ijis.s39619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are important plant secondary metabolites, which protect plants from various stresses, including herbivory. Plants differentially respond to insects with different modes of action. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting of phenols of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) plants with differential levels of resistance was carried out in response to Helicoverpa armigera (chewing insect) and Aphis craccivora (sucking pest) infestation. The genotypes used were ICGV 86699, ICGV 86031, ICG 2271 (NCAc 343), ICG 1697 (NCAc 17090), and JL 24. Most of the identified compounds were present in H. armigera- and A. craccivora-infested plants of ICGV 86699. Syringic acid was observed in all the genotypes across the treatments, except in the uninfested control plants of ICG 2271 and aphid-infested plants of ICG 1697. Caffeic acid and umbelliferone were observed only in the H. armigera-infested plants of ICGV 86699. Similarly, dihydroxybenzoic acid and vanillic acid were observed in H. armigera- and aphid-infested plants of ICG 2271 and JL 24, respectively. The peak areas were transformed into the amounts of compounds by using internal standard peak areas and were expressed in nanograms. Quantities of the identified compounds varied across genotypes and treatments. The common compounds observed were chlorogenic, syringic, quercetin, and ferulic acids. These results suggest that depending on the mode of feeding, flavonoids are induced differentially in groundnut plants.
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Hao Y, Yu F, Lv R, Ma C, Zhang Z, Rui Y, Liu L, Cao W, Xing B. Carbon Nanotubes Filled with Different Ferromagnetic Alloys Affect the Growth and Development of Rice Seedlings by Changing the C:N Ratio and Plant Hormones Concentrations. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157264. [PMID: 27284692 PMCID: PMC4902202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the phytotoxicity of thin-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. Three different CNTs, including hollow multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), Fe-filled carbon nanotubes (Fe-CNTs), and Fe-Co-filled carbon nanotubes (FeCo-CNTs), were evaluated. The CNTs significantly inhibited rice growth by decreasing the concentrations of endogenous plant hormones. The carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N ratio) significantly increased in rice roots after treatments with CNTs, and all three types of CNTs had the same effects on the C:N ratio. Interestingly, the increase in the C:N ratio in roots was largely because of decreased N content, indicating that the CNTs significantly decreased N assimilation. Analyses of the Fe and Co contents in plant tissues, transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis proved that the CNTs could penetrate the cell wall and the cell membrane, and then enter the root cells. According to the author's knowledge, this is the first time to study the relationship between carbon nanotubes and carbon nitrogen ratio and plant hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruitao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanxin Ma
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States of America
| | - Zetian Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yukui Rui
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing100093, People's Republic of China
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States of America
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Liming Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Cao
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Nutrition and Fertilization, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States of America
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45
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Garcia-Abellan JO, Fernandez-Garcia N, Lopez-Berenguer C, Egea I, Flores FB, Angosto T, Capel J, Lozano R, Pineda B, Moreno V, Olmos E, Bolarin MC. The tomato res mutant which accumulates JA in roots in non-stressed conditions restores cell structure alterations under salinity. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 155:296-314. [PMID: 25582191 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) regulates a wide spectrum of plant biological processes, from plant development to stress defense responses. The role of JA in plant response to salt stress is scarcely known, and even less known is the specific response in root, the main plant organ responsible for ionic uptake and transport to the shoot. Here we report the characterization of the first tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutant, named res (restored cell structure by salinity), that accumulates JA in roots prior to exposure to stress. The res tomato mutant presented remarkable growth inhibition and displayed important morphological alterations and cellular disorganization in roots and leaves under control conditions, while these alterations disappeared when the res mutant plants were grown under salt stress. Reciprocal grafting between res and wild type (WT) (tomato cv. Moneymaker) indicated that the main organ responsible for the development of alterations was the root. The JA-signaling pathway is activated in res roots prior to stress, with transcripts levels being even higher in control condition than in salinity. Future studies on this mutant will provide significant advances in the knowledge of JA role in root in salt-stress tolerance response, as well as in the energy trade-off between plant growth and response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- José O Garcia-Abellan
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100, Espinardo-Murcia, Spain
| | - Nieves Fernandez-Garcia
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100, Espinardo-Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen Lopez-Berenguer
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100, Espinardo-Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel Egea
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100, Espinardo-Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco B Flores
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100, Espinardo-Murcia, Spain
| | - Trinidad Angosto
- Agro-Food Biotechnology Research Centre (BITAL), University of Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Juan Capel
- Agro-Food Biotechnology Research Centre (BITAL), University of Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Rafael Lozano
- Agro-Food Biotechnology Research Centre (BITAL), University of Almería, La Cañada de San Urbano, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Benito Pineda
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and In Vitro Culture, IBMCP-UPV/CSIC, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Moreno
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and In Vitro Culture, IBMCP-UPV/CSIC, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Olmos
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100, Espinardo-Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria C Bolarin
- Department of Stress Biology and Plant Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, 30100, Espinardo-Murcia, Spain
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46
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Ling Z, Zhou W, Baldwin IT, Xu S. Insect herbivory elicits genome-wide alternative splicing responses in Nicotiana attenuata. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:228-43. [PMID: 26306554 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes in gene expression and alternative splicing (AS) are involved in many responses to abiotic and biotic stresses in eukaryotic organisms. In response to attack and oviposition by insect herbivores, plants elicit rapid changes in gene expression which are essential for the activation of plant defenses; however, the herbivory-induced changes in AS remain unstudied. Using mRNA sequencing, we performed a genome-wide analysis on tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) feeding-induced AS in both leaves and roots of Nicotiana attenuata. Feeding by M. sexta for 5 h reduced total AS events by 7.3% in leaves but increased them in roots by 8.0% and significantly changed AS patterns in leaves and roots of existing AS genes. Feeding by M. sexta also resulted in increased (in roots) and decreased (in leaves) transcript levels of the serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins that are involved in the AS machinery of plants and induced changes in SR gene expression that were jasmonic acid (JA)-independent in leaves but JA-dependent in roots. Changes in AS and gene expression elicited by M. sexta feeding were regulated independently in both tissues. This study provides genome-wide evidence that insect herbivory induces changes not only in the levels of gene expression but also in their splicing, which might contribute to defense against and/or tolerance of herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Ling
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Wenwu Zhou
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Shuqing Xu
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745, Jena, Germany
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47
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Gruau C, Trotel-Aziz P, Villaume S, Rabenoelina F, Clément C, Baillieul F, Aziz A. Pseudomonas fluorescens PTA-CT2 Triggers Local and Systemic Immune Response Against Botrytis cinerea in Grapevine. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:1117-29. [PMID: 26075828 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-15-0092-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although induced systemic resistance (ISR) is well-documented in the context of plant-beneficial bacteria interactions, knowledge about the local and systemic molecular and biochemical defense responses before or upon pathogen infection in grapevine is very scarce. In this study, we first investigated the capacity of grapevine plants to express immune responses at both above- and below-ground levels upon interaction with a beneficial bacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens PTA-CT2. We then explored whether the extent of priming state could contribute to the PTA-CT2-induced ISR in Botrytis cinerea-infected leaves. Our data provide evidence that this bacterium colonized grapevine roots but not the above-ground plant parts and altered the plant phenotype that displayed multiple defense responses both locally and systemically. The grapevine roots and leaves exhibited distinct patterns of defense-related gene expression during root colonization by PTA-CT2. Roots responded faster than leaves and some responses were more strongly upregulated in roots than in leaves and vice versa for other genes. These responses appear to be associated with some induction of cell death in roots and a transient expression of HSR, a hypersensitive response-related gene in both local (roots) and systemic (leaves) tissues. However, stilbenic phytoalexin patterns followed opposite trends in roots compared with leaves but no phytoalexin was exuded during plant-bacterium interaction, suggesting that roots could play an important role in the transfer of metabolites contributing to immune response at the systemic level. Unexpectedly, in B. cinerea-infected leaves PTA-CT2-mediated ISR was accompanied in large part by a downregulation of different defense-related genes, including HSR. Only phytoalexins and glutathion-S-transferase 1 transcripts were upregulated, while the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes was maintained at a higher level than the control. This suggests that decreased expression of HSR, as a marker of cell death, and activation of secondary metabolism pathways could be responsible for a reduced B. cinerea colonization capacity in bacterized plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Gruau
- URVVC EA 4707, SDRP, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Patricia Trotel-Aziz
- URVVC EA 4707, SDRP, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Sandra Villaume
- URVVC EA 4707, SDRP, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Fanja Rabenoelina
- URVVC EA 4707, SDRP, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Christophe Clément
- URVVC EA 4707, SDRP, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Fabienne Baillieul
- URVVC EA 4707, SDRP, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
| | - Aziz Aziz
- URVVC EA 4707, SDRP, University of Reims, UFR Sciences, Campus Moulin de la Housse, 51687 Reims Cedex 02, France
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48
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Aliferis KA, Chamoun R, Jabaji S. Metabolic responses of willow (Salix purpurea L.) leaves to mycorrhization as revealed by mass spectrometry and (1)H NMR spectroscopy metabolite profiling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:344. [PMID: 26042135 PMCID: PMC4434919 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The root system of most terrestrial plants form symbiotic interfaces with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which are important for nutrient cycling and ecosystem sustainability. The elucidation of the undergoing changes in plants' metabolism during symbiosis is essential for understanding nutrient acquisition and for alleviation of soil stresses caused by environmental cues. Within this context, we have undertaken the task of recording the fluctuation of willow (Salix purpurea L.) leaf metabolome in response to AMF inoculation. The development of an advanced metabolomics/bioinformatics protocol employing mass spectrometry (MS) and (1)H NMR analyzers combined with the in-house-built metabolite library for willow (http://willowmetabolib. RESEARCH mcgill.ca/index.html) are key components of the research. Analyses revealed that AMF inoculation of willow causes up-regulation of various biosynthetic pathways, among others, those of flavonoid, isoflavonoid, phenylpropanoid, and the chlorophyll and porphyrin pathways, which have well-established roles in plant physiology and are related to resistance against environmental stresses. The recorded fluctuation in the willow leaf metabolism is very likely to provide AMF-inoculated willows with a significant advantage compared to non-inoculated ones when they are exposed to stresses such as, high levels of soil pollutants. The discovered biomarkers of willow response to AMF inoculation and corresponding pathways could be exploited in biomarker-assisted selection of willow cultivars with superior phytoremediation capacity or genetic engineering programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suha Jabaji
- Department of Plant Science, McGill UniversitySainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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49
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Huang CL, Pu PH, Huang HJ, Sung HM, Liaw HJ, Chen YM, Chen CM, Huang MB, Osada N, Gojobori T, Pai TW, Chen YT, Hwang CC, Chiang TY. Ecological genomics in Xanthomonas: the nature of genetic adaptation with homologous recombination and host shifts. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:188. [PMID: 25879893 PMCID: PMC4372319 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparative genomics provides insights into the diversification of bacterial species. Bacterial speciation usually takes place with lasting homologous recombination, which not only acts as a cohering force between diverging lineages but brings advantageous alleles favored by natural selection, and results in ecologically distinct species, e.g., frequent host shift in Xanthomonas pathogenic to various plants. RESULTS Using whole-genome sequences, we examined the genetic divergence in Xanthomonas campestris that infected Brassicaceae, and X. citri, pathogenic to a wider host range. Genetic differentiation between two incipient races of X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae was attributable to a DNA fragment introduced by phages. In contrast to most portions of the genome that had nearly equivalent levels of genetic divergence between subspecies as a result of the accumulation of point mutations, 10% of the core genome involving with homologous recombination contributed to the diversification in Xanthomonas, as revealed by the correlation between homologous recombination and genomic divergence. Interestingly, 179 genes were under positive selection; 98 (54.7%) of these genes were involved in homologous recombination, indicating that foreign genetic fragments may have caused the adaptive diversification, especially in lineages with nutritional transitions. Homologous recombination may have provided genetic materials for the natural selection, and host shifts likely triggered ecological adaptation in Xanthomonas. To a certain extent, we observed positive selection nevertheless contributed to ecological divergence beyond host shifting. CONCLUSION Altogether, mediated with lasting gene flow, species formation in Xanthomonas was likely governed by natural selection that played a key role in helping the deviating populations to explore novel niches (hosts) or respond to environmental cues, subsequently triggering species diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Li Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Hua Pu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Hao-Jen Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Huang-Mo Sung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Jiun Liaw
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Min Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Ming Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 202, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Ban Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Naoki Osada
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Yata, Japan.
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Yata, Japan.
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tun-Wen Pai
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 202, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Tin Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Chuan Hwang
- Department of Engineering Science and Supercomputing Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| | - Tzen-Yuh Chiang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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De Coninck B, Timmermans P, Vos C, Cammue BPA, Kazan K. What lies beneath: belowground defense strategies in plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:91-101. [PMID: 25307784 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens result worldwide in significant yield losses in economically important crops. In contrast to foliar diseases, relatively little is known about the nature of root defenses against these pathogens. This review summarizes the current knowledge on root infection strategies, root-specific preformed barriers, pathogen recognition, and defense signaling. Studies reviewed here suggest that many commonalities as well as differences exist in defense strategies employed by roots and foliar tissues during pathogen attack. Importantly, in addition to pathogens, plant roots interact with a plethora of non-pathogenic and symbiotic microorganisms. Therefore, a good understanding of how plant roots interact with the microbiome would be particularly important to engineer resistance to root pathogens without negatively altering root-beneficial microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara De Coninck
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Timmermans
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Christine Vos
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Bruno P A Cammue
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Kemal Kazan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Agriculture Flagship, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, 4067, Australia; Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4067, Australia
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