1
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Chen D, Zhang HY, Hu SM, He Z, Wu YQ, Zhang ZY, Wang Y, Han CG. The P2 protein of wheat yellow mosaic virus acts as a viral suppressor of RNA silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana to facilitate virus infection. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 39016637 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV) causes severe viral wheat disease in Asia. The WYMV P1 protein encoded by RNA2 has viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR) activity to facilitate virus infection, however, VSR activity has not been identified for P2 protein encoded by RNA2. In this study, P2 protein exhibited strong VSR activity in Nicotiana benthamiana at the four-leaf stage, and point mutants P70A and G230A lost VSR activity. Protein P2 interacted with calmodulin (CaM) protein, a gene-silencing associated protein, while point mutants P70A and G230A did not interact with it. Competitive bimolecular fluorescence complementation and competitive co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that P2 interfered with the interaction between CaM and calmodulin-binding transcription activator 3 (CAMTA3), but the point mutants P70A and G230A could not. Mechanical inoculation of wheat with in vitro transcripts of WYMV infectious cDNA clone further confirmed that VSR-deficient mutants P70A and G230A decreased WYMV infection in wheat plants compared with the wild type. In addition, RNA silencing, temperature, ubiquitination and autophagy had significant effects on accumulation of P2 protein in N. benthamiana leaves. In conclusion, WYMV P2 plays a VSR role in N. benthamiana and promotes virus infection by interfering with calmodulin-related antiviral RNAi defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao Chen
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Ying Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Ming Hu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng He
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Qi Wu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zong-Ying Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Gui Han
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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2
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Kallemi P, Verret F, Andronis C, Ioannidis N, Glampedakis N, Kotzabasis K, Kalantidis K. Stress-related transcriptomic changes associated with GFP transgene expression and active transgene silencing in plants. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13314. [PMID: 38858413 PMCID: PMC11164987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to biotic and abiotic stress by activating and interacting with multiple defense pathways, allowing for an efficient global defense response. RNA silencing is a conserved mechanism of regulation of gene expression directed by small RNAs important in acquired plant immunity and especially virus and transgene repression. Several RNA silencing pathways in plants are crucial to control developmental processes and provide protection against abiotic and biotic stresses as well as invasive nucleic acids such as viruses and transposable elements. Various notable studies have shed light on the genes, small RNAs, and mechanisms involved in plant RNA silencing. However, published research on the potential interactions between RNA silencing and other plant stress responses is limited. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that spreading and maintenance of systemic post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) of a GFP transgene are associated with transcriptional changes that pertain to non-RNA silencing-based stress responses. To this end, we analyzed the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus and conducted whole transcriptome analysis in a transgenic line of Nicotiana benthamiana that spontaneously initiates transgene silencing, at different stages of systemic GFP-PTGS. In vivo analysis of chlorophyll a fluorescence yield and expression levels of key photosynthetic genes indicates that photosynthetic activity remains unaffected by systemic GFP-PTGS. However, transcriptomic analysis reveals that spreading and maintenance of GFP-PTGS are associated with transcriptional reprogramming of genes that are involved in abiotic stress responses and pattern- or effector-triggered immunity-based stress responses. These findings suggest that systemic PTGS may affect non-RNA-silencing-based defense pathways in N. benthamiana, providing new insights into the complex interplay between different plant stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Kallemi
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Frederic Verret
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Christos Andronis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Kriton Kalantidis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, 70013, Heraklion, Greece.
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013, Heraklion, Greece.
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3
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Escalante C, Sanz-Saez A, Jacobson A, Otulak-Kozieł K, Kozieł E, Balkcom KS, Zhao C, Conner K. Plant virus transmission during seed development and implications to plant defense system. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1385456. [PMID: 38779063 PMCID: PMC11109449 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1385456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Most plants produce large amounts of seeds to disperse their progeny in the environment. Plant viruses have evolved to avoid plant resistance mechanisms and use seeds for their dispersal. The presence of plant pathogenic viruses in seeds and suppression of plant host defenses is a major worldwide concern for producers and seed companies because undetected viruses in the seed can represent a significant threat to yield in many economically important crops. The vertical transmission of plant viruses occurs directly through the embryo or indirectly by getting in pollen grains or ovules. Infection of plant viruses during the early development of the seed embryo can result in morphological or genetic changes that cause poor seed quality and, more importantly, low yields due to the partial or ubiquitous presence of the virus at the earliest stages of seedling development. Understanding transmission of plant viruses and the ability to avoid plant defense mechanisms during seed embryo development will help identify primary inoculum sources, reduce virus spread, decrease severity of negative effects on plant health and productivity, and facilitate the future of plant disease management during seed development in many crops. In this article, we provide an overview of the current knowledge and understanding of plant virus transmission during seed embryo development, including the context of host-virus interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Escalante
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Alvaro Sanz-Saez
- Department of Crop Soil and Environmental Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Alana Jacobson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Katarzyna Otulak-Kozieł
- Institute of Biology, Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edmund Kozieł
- Institute of Biology, Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kipling S. Balkcom
- The United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) National Soil Dynamics Lab, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Chaoyang Zhao
- The United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) National Soil Dynamics Lab, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Kassie Conner
- Alabama Cooperative Extension, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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4
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Hoffmann G, Incarbone M. A resilient bunch: stem cell antiviral immunity in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1415-1420. [PMID: 38058221 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are vital for plant development and reproduction. The stem cells within shoot apical meristems are known to possess exceptionally effective antiviral defenses against pathogenic viruses which preclude their infection, yet how this is achieved remains poorly understood and scarcely investigated. In this Tansley Insight, we connect very recent experimental results with previous work to summarize the known molecular mechanisms determining stem cell antiviral immunity. More broadly, we attempt to define the viral features triggering immunity and the global consequences of virus infection in these essential cells. This brief article will highlight how these phenomena are fascinating, complex and often crucial for virus-host interactions, while emphasizing the potential for discovery in their investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesa Hoffmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPIMP), 1 Am Mühlenberg Strasse, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marco Incarbone
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPIMP), 1 Am Mühlenberg Strasse, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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5
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Liu M, Kang B, Wu H, Peng B, Liu L, Hong N, Gu Q. Ethylene enhances resistance to cucumber green mottle mosaic virus via the ClWRKY70- ClACO5 module in watermelon plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1332037. [PMID: 38273961 PMCID: PMC10808359 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1332037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Ethylene (ET) is involved in plant responses to viral infection. However, its molecular mechanisms and regulatory network remain largely unknown. Methods and results In the present study, we report that cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) triggers ET production by inducing the expression of ClACO5, a key gene of the ET biosynthesis pathway through transcriptome data analysis and gene function validation. The knock-down of ClACO5 expression through virus-induced gene silencing in watermelon and overexpressing ClACO5 in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana indicated that ClACO5 positively regulates CGMMV resistance and ET biosynthesis. The salicylic acid-responsive transcription factor gene ClWRKY70 shares a similar expression pattern with ClACO5. We demonstrate that ClWRKY70 directly binds to the W-box cis-element in the ClACO5 promoter and enhances its transcription. In addition, ClWRKY70 enhances plant responses to CGMMV infection by regulating ClACO5 expression in watermelon. Discussion Our results demonstrate that the ClWRKY70-ClACO5 module positively regulates resistance to CGMMV infection in watermelon, shedding new light on the molecular basis of ET accumulation in watermelon in response to CGMMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Henan, China
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Baoshan Kang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Henan, China
- Zhongyuan Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Huijie Wu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Henan, China
| | - Bin Peng
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Henan, China
| | - Liming Liu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Henan, China
| | - Ni Hong
- Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinsheng Gu
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Henan, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinjiang, China
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6
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Chen D, Zhang HY, Hu SM, Tian MY, Zhang ZY, Wang Y, Sun LY, Han CG. The P1 protein of wheat yellow mosaic virus exerts RNA silencing suppression activity to facilitate virus infection in wheat plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:1717-1736. [PMID: 37751381 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV) causes severe wheat viral disease in Asia. However, the viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR) encoded by WYMV has not been identified. Here, the P1 protein encoded by WYMV RNA2 was shown to suppress RNA silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana. Mutagenesis assays revealed that the alanine substitution mutant G175A of P1 abolished VSR activity and mutant Y10A VSR activity remained only in younger leaves. P1, but not G175A, interacted with gene silencing-related protein, N. benthamiana calmodulin-like protein (NbCaM), and calmodulin-binding transcription activator 3 (NbCAMTA3), and Y10A interacted with NbCAMTA3 only. Competitive Bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that the ability of P1 disturbing the interaction between NbCaM and NbCAMTA3 was stronger than Y10A, Y10A was stronger than G175A. In vitro transcript inoculation of infectious WYMV clones further demonstrated that VSR-defective mutants G175A and Y10A reduced WYMV infection in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), G175A had a more significant effect on virus accumulation in upper leaves of wheat than Y10A. Moreover, RNA silencing, temperature, and autophagy have significant effects on the accumulation of P1 in N. benthamiana. Taken together, WYMV P1 acts as VSR by interfering with calmodulin-associated antiviral RNAi defense to facilitate virus infection in wheat, which has provided clear insights into the function of P1 in the process of WYMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao Chen
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hui-Ying Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shu-Ming Hu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, 712100, China
| | - Zong-Ying Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li-Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, 712100, China
| | - Cheng-Gui Han
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, and State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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7
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Zhan X, Liu W, Nie B, Zhang F, Zhang J. Cas13d-mediated multiplex RNA targeting confers a broad-spectrum resistance against RNA viruses in potato. Commun Biol 2023; 6:855. [PMID: 37591976 PMCID: PMC10435558 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas systems endow the bacterial and archaeal species with adaptive immune mechanisms to fend off invading phages and foreign plasmids. The class 2 type VI CRISPR/Cas effector Cas13d has been harnessed to confer the protection against RNA viruses in diverse eukaryotic species. However a vast number of different viruses can potentially infect the same host plant resulting in mixed infection, thus necessitating the generation of crops with broad-spectrum resistance to multiple viruses. Here we report the repurposing of CRISPR/Cas13d coupled with an endogenous tRNA-processing system (polycistronic tRNA-gRNA, PTG) to target the multiple potato RNA viruses. Expression of Cas13d and four different gRNAs were observed in transgenic potato lines expressing the Cas13d/PTG construct. We show that the Cas13d/PTG transgenic plants exhibit resistance to either PVY, PVS, PVX or PLRV alone or two/three viruses simultaneously by reducing viral accumulation in plant cells. In sum, our findings provide an efficient strategy for engineering crops that can simultaneously resist infection by multiple RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Wenting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Bihua Nie
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fengjuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Jiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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8
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Atabekova AK, Solovieva AD, Chergintsev DA, Solovyev AG, Morozov SY. Role of Plant Virus Movement Proteins in Suppression of Host RNAi Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109049. [PMID: 37240394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the systems of plant defense against viral infection is RNA silencing, or RNA interference (RNAi), in which small RNAs derived from viral genomic RNAs and/or mRNAs serve as guides to target an Argonaute nuclease (AGO) to virus-specific RNAs. Complementary base pairing between the small interfering RNA incorporated into the AGO-based protein complex and viral RNA results in the target cleavage or translational repression. As a counter-defensive strategy, viruses have evolved to acquire viral silencing suppressors (VSRs) to inhibit the host plant RNAi pathway. Plant virus VSR proteins use multiple mechanisms to inhibit silencing. VSRs are often multifunctional proteins that perform additional functions in the virus infection cycle, particularly, cell-to-cell movement, genome encapsidation, or replication. This paper summarizes the available data on the proteins with dual VSR/movement protein activity used by plant viruses of nine orders to override the protective silencing response and reviews the different molecular mechanisms employed by these proteins to suppress RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia K Atabekova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna D Solovieva
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis A Chergintsev
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey G Solovyev
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Y Morozov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Virology, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
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9
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Bojórquez-Orozco AM, Arce-Leal ÁP, Montes RAC, Santos-Cervantes ME, Cruz-Mendívil A, Méndez-Lozano J, Castillo AG, Rodríguez-Negrete EA, Leyva-López NE. Differential Expression of miRNAs Involved in Response to Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Infection in Mexican Lime at Early and Late Stages of Huanglongbing Disease. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1039. [PMID: 36903899 PMCID: PMC10005081 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most destructive diseases threatening citriculture worldwide. This disease has been associated with α-proteobacteria species, namely Candidatus Liberibacter. Due to the unculturable nature of the causal agent, it has been difficult to mitigate the disease, and nowadays a cure is not available. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression, playing an essential role in abiotic and biotic stress in plants including antibacterial responses. However, knowledge derived from non-model systems including Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas)-citrus pathosystem remains largely unknown. In this study, small RNA profiles from Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia) plants infected with CLas at asymptomatic and symptomatic stages were generated by sRNA-Seq, and miRNAs were obtained with ShortStack software. A total of 46 miRNAs, including 29 known miRNAs and 17 novel miRNAs, were identified in Mexican lime. Among them, six miRNAs were deregulated in the asymptomatic stage, highlighting the up regulation of two new miRNAs. Meanwhile, eight miRNAs were differentially expressed in the symptomatic stage of the disease. The target genes of miRNAs were related to protein modification, transcription factors, and enzyme-coding genes. Our results provide new insights into miRNA-mediated regulation in C. aurantifolia in response to CLas infection. This information will be useful to understand molecular mechanisms behind the defense and pathogenesis of HLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marlenne Bojórquez-Orozco
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Sinaloa, Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Guasave 81101, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Ángela Paulina Arce-Leal
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Sinaloa, Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Guasave 81101, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Ricardo A. Chávez Montes
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - María Elena Santos-Cervantes
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Sinaloa, Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Guasave 81101, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Abraham Cruz-Mendívil
- CONACYT—Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Sinaloa, Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Guasave 81101, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Jesús Méndez-Lozano
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Sinaloa, Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Guasave 81101, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Araceli G. Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora” (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Área de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Edgar A. Rodríguez-Negrete
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Sinaloa, Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Guasave 81101, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Norma Elena Leyva-López
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CIIDIR Unidad Sinaloa, Departamento de Biotecnología Agrícola, Guasave 81101, Sinaloa, Mexico
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10
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H. El-Sappah A, Qi S, A. Soaud S, Huang Q, M. Saleh A, A. S. Abourehab M, Wan L, Cheng GT, Liu J, Ihtisham M, Noor Z, Rouf Mir R, Zhao X, Yan K, Abbas M, Li J. Natural resistance of tomato plants to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1081549. [PMID: 36600922 PMCID: PMC9807178 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1081549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is one of the most harmful afflictions in the world that affects tomato growth and production. Six regular antagonistic genes (Ty-1, Ty-2, Ty-3, Ty-4, ty-5, and Ty-6) have been transferred from wild germplasms to commercial cultivars as TYLCV protections. With Ty-1 serving as an appropriate source of TYLCV resistance, only Ty-1, Ty-2, and Ty-3 displayed substantial levels of opposition in a few strains. It has been possible to clone three TYLCV opposition genes (Ty-1/Ty-3, Ty-2, and ty-5) that target three antiviral safety mechanisms. However, it significantly impacts obtaining permanent resistance to TYLCV, trying to maintain opposition whenever possible, and spreading opposition globally. Utilizing novel methods, such as using resistance genes and identifying new resistance resources, protects against TYLCV in tomato production. To facilitate the breeders make an informed decision and testing methods for TYLCV blockage, this study highlights the portrayal of typical obstruction genes, common opposition sources, and subatomic indicators. The main goal is to provide a fictitious starting point for the identification and application of resistance genes as well as the maturation of tomato varieties that are TYLCV-resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H. El-Sappah
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shiming Qi
- College of Agriculture and Ecological Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye, China
| | - Salma A. Soaud
- Genetics Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Qiulan Huang
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Alaa M. Saleh
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Lingyun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Guangxi for High-quality Formation and Utilization of Dao-di Herbs, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Guo-ting Cheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Muhammad Ihtisham
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Zarqa Noor
- School of Chemical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Reyazul Rouf Mir
- Division of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture (FoA), SKUAST–Kashmir, Sopore, India
| | - Xin Zhao
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Kuan Yan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Manzar Abbas
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Li
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China
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11
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Wang D, Fu S, Wu H, Cao M, Liu L, Zhou X, Wu J. Discovery and Genomic Function of a Novel Rice Dwarf-Associated Bunya-like Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061183. [PMID: 35746655 PMCID: PMC9228739 DOI: 10.3390/v14061183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bunyaviruses cause diseases in vertebrates, arthropods, and plants. Here, we used high-throughput RNA-seq to identify a bunya-like virus in rice plants showing the dwarfing symptom, which was tentatively named rice dwarf-associated bunya-like virus (RDaBV). The RDaBV genome consists of L, M, and S segments. The L segment has 6562 nt, and encodes an RdRp with a conserved Bunya_RdRp super family domain. The M segment has 1667 nt and encodes a nonstructural protein (NS). The complementary strand of the 1120 nt S segment encodes a nucleocapsid protein (N), while its viral strand encodes a small nonstructural protein (NSs). The amino acid (aa) sequence identities of RdRp, NS, and N between RDaBV and viruses from the family Discoviridae were the highest. Surprisingly, the RDaBV NSs protein did not match any viral proteins. Phylogenetic analysis based on RdRp indicated that RDaBV is evolutionarily close to viruses in the family Discoviridae. The PVX-expressed system indicated that RDaBV N and NS may be symptom determinants of RDaBV. Our movement complementation and callose staining experiment results confirmed that RDaBV NSs is a viral movement protein in plants, while an agro-infiltration experiment found that RDaBV NS is an RNA silencing suppressor. Thus, we determined that RDaBV is a novel rice-infecting bunya-like virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (D.W.); (S.F.); (H.W.)
| | - Shuai Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (D.W.); (S.F.); (H.W.)
| | - Hongyue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (D.W.); (S.F.); (H.W.)
| | - Mengji Cao
- National Citrus Engineering and Technology Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400712, China;
| | - Li Liu
- The Department of Applied Engineering, Zhejiang Economic and Trade Polytechnic, Hangzhou 310018, China;
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (D.W.); (S.F.); (H.W.)
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Jianxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (D.W.); (S.F.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (J.W.)
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12
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Zhang Z, Xie Y, Sun P, Zhang F, Zheng P, Wang X, You C, Hao Y. Nitrate-inducible MdBT2 acts as a restriction factor to limit apple necrotic mosaic virus genome replication in Malus domestica. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:383-399. [PMID: 34837323 PMCID: PMC8828459 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Apple necrotic mosaic virus (ApNMV) is highly associated with the occurrence of apple mosaic disease in China. However, ApNMV-host interactions and defence mechanisms of host plants against this virus are poorly studied. Here, we report that nitrate treatment restrains ApNMV genomic RNA accumulation by destabilizing viral replication protein 1a through the MdBT2-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. MdBT2, a nitrate-responsive BTB/TAZ domain-containing protein, was identified in a yeast two-hybrid screen of an apple cDNA library using viral protein 1a as bait, and 1a was further confirmed to interact with MdBT2 both in vivo and in vitro. It was further verified that MdBT2 promoted the ubiquitination and degradation of viral protein 1a through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in an MdCUL3A-independent manner. Viral genomic RNA accumulation was reduced in MdBT2-overexpressing transgenic apple leaves but enhanced in MdBT2-antisense leaves compared to the wild type. Moreover, MdBT2 was found to interfere with the interaction between viral replication proteins 1a and 2apol by competitively interacting with 1a. Taken together, our results demonstrate that nitrate-inducible MdBT2 functions as a limiting factor in ApNMV viral RNA accumulation by promoting the ubiquitination and degradation of viral protein 1a and interfering with interactions between viral replication proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Yin‐Huan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Ping Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Fu‐Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Peng‐Fei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Xiao‐Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Chun‐Xiang You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
| | - Yu‐Jin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop BiologyCollege of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTai’anChina
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13
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Wu W, Luo X, Ren M. Clearance or Hijack: Universal Interplay Mechanisms Between Viruses and Host Autophagy From Plants to Animals. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:786348. [PMID: 35047417 PMCID: PMC8761674 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.786348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses typically hijack the cellular machinery of their hosts for successful infection and replication, while the hosts protect themselves against viral invasion through a variety of defense responses, including autophagy, an evolutionarily ancient catabolic pathway conserved from plants to animals. Double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes transport trapped viral cargo to lysosomes or vacuoles for degradation. However, during an ongoing evolutionary arms race, viruses have acquired a strong ability to disrupt or even exploit the autophagy machinery of their hosts for successful invasion. In this review, we analyze the universal role of autophagy in antiviral defenses in animals and plants and summarize how viruses evade host immune responses by disrupting and manipulating host autophagy. The review provides novel insights into the role of autophagy in virus–host interactions and offers potential targets for the prevention and control of viral infection in both plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Wu
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China.,Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
| | - Xiumei Luo
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China.,Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China.,Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Science of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya, China
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14
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Small RNAs Participate in Plant-Virus Interaction and Their Application in Plant Viral Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020696. [PMID: 35054880 PMCID: PMC8775341 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small RNAs are significant regulators of gene expression, which play multiple roles in plant development, growth, reproductive and stress response. It is generally believed that the regulation of plants’ endogenous genes by small RNAs has evolved from a cellular defense mechanism for RNA viruses and transposons. Most small RNAs have well-established roles in the defense response, such as viral response. During viral infection, plant endogenous small RNAs can direct virus resistance by regulating the gene expression in the host defense pathway, while the small RNAs derived from viruses are the core of the conserved and effective RNAi resistance mechanism. As a counter strategy, viruses evolve suppressors of the RNAi pathway to disrupt host plant silencing against viruses. Currently, several studies have been published elucidating the mechanisms by which small RNAs regulate viral defense in different crops. This paper reviews the distinct pathways of small RNAs biogenesis and the molecular mechanisms of small RNAs mediating antiviral immunity in plants, as well as summarizes the coping strategies used by viruses to override this immune response. Finally, we discuss the current development state of the new applications in virus defense based on small RNA silencing.
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15
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Kumar KK, Varanavasiappan S, Arul L, Kokiladevi E, Sudhakar D. Strategies for Efficient RNAi-Based Gene Silencing of Viral Genes for Disease Resistance in Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2408:23-35. [PMID: 35325414 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1875-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is an evolutionarily conserved gene silencing mechanism in eukaryotes including fungi, plants, and animals. In plants, gene silencing regulates gene expression, provides genome stability, and protect against invading viruses. During plant virus interaction, viral genome derived siRNAs (vsiRNA) are produced to mediate gene silencing of viral genes to prevent virus multiplication. After the discovery of RNAi phenomenon in eukaryotes, it is used as a powerful tool to engineer plant viral disease resistance against both RNA and DNA viruses. Despite several successful reports on employing RNA silencing methods to engineer plant for viral disease resistance, only a few of them have reached the commercial stage owing to lack of complete protection against the intended virus. Based on the knowledge accumulated over the years on genetic engineering for viral disease resistance, there is scope for effective viral disease control through careful design of RNAi gene construct. The selection of target viral gene(s) for developing the hairpin RNAi (hp-RNAi) construct is very critical for effective protection against the viral disease. Different approaches and bioinformatics tools which can be employed for effective target selection are discussed. The selection of suitable target regions for RNAi vector construction can help to achieve a high level of transgenic virus resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krish K Kumar
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Shanmugam Varanavasiappan
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Loganathan Arul
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Easwaran Kokiladevi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Duraialagaraja Sudhakar
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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16
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Clavel M, Lechner E, Incarbone M, Vincent T, Cognat V, Smirnova E, Lecorbeiller M, Brault V, Ziegler-Graff V, Genschik P. Atypical molecular features of RNA silencing against the phloem-restricted polerovirus TuYV. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:11274-11293. [PMID: 34614168 PMCID: PMC8565345 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants and some animal lineages, RNA silencing is an efficient and adaptable defense mechanism against viruses. To counter it, viruses encode suppressor proteins that interfere with RNA silencing. Phloem-restricted viruses are spreading at an alarming rate and cause substantial reduction of crop yield, but how they interact with their hosts at the molecular level is still insufficiently understood. Here, we investigate the antiviral response against phloem-restricted turnip yellows virus (TuYV) in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Using a combination of genetics, deep sequencing, and mechanical vasculature enrichment, we show that the main axis of silencing active against TuYV involves 22-nt vsiRNA production by DCL2, and their preferential loading into AGO1. Moreover, we identify vascular secondary siRNA produced from plant transcripts and initiated by DCL2-processed AGO1-loaded vsiRNA. Unexpectedly, and despite the viral encoded VSR P0 previously shown to mediate degradation of AGO proteins, vascular AGO1 undergoes specific post-translational stabilization during TuYV infection. Collectively, our work uncovers the complexity of antiviral RNA silencing against phloem-restricted TuYV and prompts a re-assessment of the role of its suppressor of silencing P0 during genuine infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Clavel
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Esther Lechner
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marco Incarbone
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Timothée Vincent
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valerie Cognat
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ekaterina Smirnova
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maxime Lecorbeiller
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Véronique Ziegler-Graff
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascal Genschik
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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17
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Incarbone M, Clavel M, Monsion B, Kuhn L, Scheer H, Vantard É, Poignavent V, Dunoyer P, Genschik P, Ritzenthaler C. Immunocapture of dsRNA-bound proteins provides insight into Tobacco rattle virus replication complexes and reveals Arabidopsis DRB2 to be a wide-spectrum antiviral effector. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3402-3420. [PMID: 34436604 PMCID: PMC8566308 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant RNA viruses form organized membrane-bound replication complexes to replicate their genomes. This process requires virus- and host-encoded proteins and leads to the production of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) replication intermediates. Here, we describe the use of Arabidopsis thaliana expressing GFP-tagged dsRNA-binding protein (B2:GFP) to pull down dsRNA and associated proteins in planta upon infection with Tobacco rattle virus (TRV). Mass spectrometry analysis of the dsRNA-B2:GFP-bound proteins from infected plants revealed the presence of viral proteins and numerous host proteins. Among a selection of nine host candidate proteins, eight showed relocalization upon infection, and seven of these colocalized with B2-labeled TRV replication complexes. Infection of A. thaliana T-DNA mutant lines for eight such factors revealed that genetic knockout of dsRNA-BINDING PROTEIN 2 (DRB2) leads to increased TRV accumulation and DRB2 overexpression caused a decrease in the accumulation of four different plant RNA viruses, indicating that DRB2 has a potent and wide-ranging antiviral activity. We propose B2:GFP-mediated pull down of dsRNA to be a versatile method to explore virus replication complex proteomes and to discover key host virus replication factors. Given the universality of dsRNA, development of this tool holds great potential to investigate RNA viruses in other host organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Incarbone
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Author for correspondence: (M.I.), (C.R.)
| | - Marion Clavel
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Baptiste Monsion
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Lauriane Kuhn
- Plateforme Protéomique Strasbourg Esplanade FR1589 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hélène Scheer
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Émilie Vantard
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Vianney Poignavent
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrice Dunoyer
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascal Genschik
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Ritzenthaler
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Author for correspondence: (M.I.), (C.R.)
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18
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Comparative Analysis of Biological Characteristics among P0 Proteins from Different Brassica Yellows Virus Genotypes. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111076. [PMID: 34827069 PMCID: PMC8614689 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Polerovirus P0 proteins are multifunctional proteins. Besides their viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR) functions, several P0 proteins can induce a cell death phenotype within the infiltrated region of Nicotiana benthamiana or Nicotiana glutinosa. Recently, the Brassica yellows virus (BrYV) genotype A P0 protein (P0BrA) was identified as a strong viral suppressor of RNAi. In this study, we compared the features of the P0 proteins encoded by different genotypes of BrYV and revealed their difference in inducing cell death in N. benthamiana. Key residues in P0BrA for inducing cell death were also identified. We also showed that all three BrYV genotypes had synergistic interaction with PEMV 2 in N. benthamiana. This study provides theoretical guidance for controlling the viral disease caused by poleroviruses in the future. Abstract Brassica yellows virus (BrYV) is a tentative species of the genus Polerovirus, which has at least three genotypes (A, B, and C) in China. The P0 protein of BrYV-A (P0BrA) has been identified as a viral suppressor of RNA silencing (VSR), which can also induce cell death in infiltrated Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. In this study, we demonstrated that the cell death induced by P0BrA was accompanied by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased Pathogenesis-related protein genes-1 (PR1) expression. Meanwhile, this cell death phenotype was delayed by salicylic acid (SA) pretreatment. Biological function comparison of the three P0 proteins showed that transiently expressed P0BrB or P0BrC induced a significantly delayed and milder cell death response compared with P0BrA. However, like P0BrA, they also suppressed local and systemic RNA silencing. Six residues of P0BrA essential for inducing cell death were identified by comparative analysis and amino acid substitution assay. We also show that all three BrYV genotypes have synergistic interactions with pea enation mosaic virus 2 (PEMV 2) in N. benthamiana. This study provides theoretical guidance for controlling the viral disease caused by poleroviruses in the future.
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Bradamante G, Mittelsten Scheid O, Incarbone M. Under siege: virus control in plant meristems and progeny. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2523-2537. [PMID: 34015140 PMCID: PMC8408453 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In the arms race between plants and viruses, two frontiers have been utilized for decades to combat viral infections in agriculture. First, many pathogenic viruses are excluded from plant meristems, which allows the regeneration of virus-free plant material by tissue culture. Second, vertical transmission of viruses to the host progeny is often inefficient, thereby reducing the danger of viral transmission through seeds. Numerous reports point to the existence of tightly linked meristematic and transgenerational antiviral barriers that remain poorly understood. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that exclude viruses from plant stem cells and progeny. We also discuss the evidence connecting viral invasion of meristematic cells and the ability of plants to recover from acute infections. Research spanning decades performed on a variety of virus/host combinations has made clear that, beside morphological barriers, RNA interference (RNAi) plays a crucial role in preventing-or allowing-meristem invasion and vertical transmission. How a virus interacts with plant RNAi pathways in the meristem has profound effects on its symptomatology, persistence, replication rates, and, ultimately, entry into the host progeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Bradamante
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ortrun Mittelsten Scheid
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Incarbone
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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20
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Differential Tropism in Roots and Shoots of Resistant and Susceptible Cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz) Infected by Cassava Brown Streak Viruses. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051221. [PMID: 34067728 PMCID: PMC8156387 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) is a destructive disease of cassava in Eastern and Central Africa. Because there was no source of resistance in African varieties to provide complete protection against the viruses causing the disease, we searched in South American germplasm and identified cassava lines that did not become infected with the cassava brown streak viruses. These findings motivated further investigations into the mechanism of virus resistance. We used RNAscope® in situ hybridization to localize cassava brown streak virus in cassava germplasm lines that were highly resistant (DSC 167, immune) or that restricted virus infections to stems and roots only (DSC 260). We show that the resistance in those lines is not a restriction of long-distance movement but due to preventing virus unloading from the phloem into parenchyma cells for replication, thus restricting the virus to the phloem cells only. When DSC 167 and DSC 260 were compared for virus invasion, only a low CBSV signal was found in phloem tissue of DSC 167, indicating that there is no replication in this host, while the presence of intense hybridization signals in the phloem of DSC 260 provided evidence for virus replication in companion cells. In neither of the two lines studied was there evidence of virus replication outside the phloem tissues. Thus, we conclude that in resistant cassava lines, CBSV is confined to the phloem tissues only, in which virus replication can still take place or is arrested.
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21
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Teixeira RM, Ferreira MA, Raimundo GAS, Fontes EPB. Geminiviral Triggers and Suppressors of Plant Antiviral Immunity. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040775. [PMID: 33917649 PMCID: PMC8067988 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are circular single-stranded DNA plant viruses encapsidated into geminate virion particles, which infect many crops and vegetables and, hence, represent significant agricultural constraints worldwide. To maintain their broad-range host spectrum and establish productive infection, the geminiviruses must circumvent a potent plant antiviral immune system, which consists of a multilayered perception system represented by RNA interference sensors and effectors, pattern recognition receptors (PRR), and resistance (R) proteins. This recognition system leads to the activation of conserved defense responses that protect plants against different co-existing viral and nonviral pathogens in nature. Furthermore, a specific antiviral cell surface receptor signaling is activated at the onset of geminivirus infection to suppress global translation. This review highlighted these layers of virus perception and host defenses and the mechanisms developed by geminiviruses to overcome the plant antiviral immunity mechanisms.
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22
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Overexpression of an insect virus encoded silencing suppressor does not enhance plants' susceptibility to its natural virus. Virusdisease 2021; 32:338-342. [PMID: 34350319 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-020-00644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA silencing plays a key role in shielding plant and animal hosts against viral invasion and infection. Viruses encode RNA silencing suppressors (RSS) to block small RNA guided silencing of viral transcripts. The B2 protein encoded by Flock House virus (FHV) is a well-characterized RSS that facilitates infection in insects. It has been shown to act as a functional RSS in plants. FHVB2 over-expressing tobacco plants were used to study the effect of RSS on plant susceptibility to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), its natural pathogen. The major symptoms observed in TMV-infected transgenic plants were greenish mosaic, puckering and distortion of leaves, but the infected transgenic leaves were able to resist chlorophyll loss. The infected leaves of transgenic plants showed no significant difference in accumulation of virus when compared with that of the wild type plants. FHVB2 plants showed higher levels of H2O2 and the ROS scavenging enzymes, APX and SOD. This suggests that interference of FHVB2 with RNA silencing machinery may activate alternative defense pathways in the plants so that they are not overly sensitive to TMV infection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-020-00644-5.
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23
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The role of miRNA in plant-virus interaction: a review. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2853-2861. [PMID: 33772417 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses affect crop production both quantitatively and qualitatively. The viral genome consists of either DNA or RNA. However, most plant viruses are positive single-strand RNA viruses. MicroRNAs are involved in gene regulation and affect development as well as host-virus interaction. They are non-coding short with 20-24 nucleotides long capable of regulating gene expression. The miRNA gene is transcribed by RNA polymerase II to form pri-miRNA which will later cleaved by Dicer-like 1 to produce pre-miRNA with the help of HYPONASTIC LEAVES1 and SERRATE which finally methylated and exported via nucleopore with the help of HASTY. The outcome of plant virus interaction depends on the effectiveness of host defense and the ability of a virus counter-defense mechanism. In plants, miRNAs are involved in the repression of gene expression through transcript cleavage. On the other hand, viruses use viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) which affect RISC assembly and subsequent mRNA degradation. Passenger strands, miRNA*, have a significant biological function in plant defense response as well as plant development.
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Pramanik D, Shelake RM, Park J, Kim MJ, Hwang I, Park Y, Kim JY. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Generation of Pathogen-Resistant Tomato against Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus and Powdery Mildew. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1878. [PMID: 33668636 PMCID: PMC7917697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato is one of the major vegetable crops consumed worldwide. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and fungal Oidium sp. are devastating pathogens causing yellow leaf curl disease and powdery mildew. Such viral and fungal pathogens reduce tomato crop yields and cause substantial economic losses every year. Several commercial tomato varieties include Ty-5 (SlPelo) and Mildew resistance locus o 1 (SlMlo1) locus that carries the susceptibility (S-gene) factors for TYLCV and powdery mildew, respectively. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) is a valuable genome editing tool to develop disease-resistant crop varieties. In this regard, targeting susceptibility factors encoded by the host plant genome instead of the viral genome is a promising approach to achieve pathogen resistance without the need for stable inheritance of CRISPR components. In this study, the CRISPR/Cas9 system was employed to target the SlPelo and SlMlo1 for trait introgression in elite tomato cultivar BN-86 to confer host-mediated immunity against pathogens. SlPelo-knockout lines were successfully generated, carrying the biallelic indel mutations. The pathogen resistance assays in SlPelo mutant lines confirmed the suppressed accumulation of TYLCV and restricted the spread to non-inoculated plant parts. Generated knockout lines for the SlMlo1 showed complete resistance to powdery mildew fungus. Overall, our results demonstrate the efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to introduce targeted mutagenesis for the rapid development of pathogen-resistant varieties in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyajyoti Pramanik
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea; (D.P.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Rahul Mahadev Shelake
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea; (D.P.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Jiyeon Park
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea;
| | - Mi Jung Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea; (D.P.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Indeok Hwang
- R&D Center, Bunongseed Co., Ltd., Gimje 54324, Korea;
| | - Younghoon Park
- Department of Horticultural Bioscience, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Korea;
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea; (D.P.); (M.J.K.)
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25
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Ando S, Jaskiewicz M, Mochizuki S, Koseki S, Miyashita S, Takahashi H, Conrath U. Priming for enhanced ARGONAUTE2 activation accompanies induced resistance to cucumber mosaic virus in Arabidopsis thaliana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:19-30. [PMID: 33073913 PMCID: PMC7749747 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a broad-spectrum disease resistance response that can be induced upon infection from pathogens or by chemical treatment, such as with benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH). SAR involves priming for more robust activation of defence genes upon pathogen attack. Whether priming for SAR would involve components of RNA silencing remained unknown. Here, we show that upon leaf infiltration of water, BTH-primed Arabidopsis thaliana plants accumulate higher amounts of mRNA of ARGONAUTE (AGO)2 and AGO3, key components of RNA silencing. The enhanced AGO2 expression is associated with prior-to-activation trimethylation of lysine 4 in histone H3 and acetylation of histone H3 in the AGO2 promoter and with induced resistance to the yellow strain of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV[Y]). The results suggest that priming A. thaliana for enhanced defence involves modification of histones in the AGO2 promoter that condition AGO2 for enhanced activation, associated with resistance to CMV(Y). Consistently, the fold-reduction in CMV(Y) coat protein accumulation by BTH pretreatment was lower in ago2 than in wild type, pointing to reduced capacity of ago2 to activate BTH-induced CMV(Y) resistance. A role of AGO2 in pathogen-induced SAR is suggested by the enhanced activation of AGO2 after infiltrating systemic leaves of plants expressing a localized hypersensitive response upon CMV(Y) infection. In addition, local inoculation of SAR-inducing Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola causes systemic priming for enhanced AGO2 expression. Together our results indicate that defence priming targets the AGO2 component of RNA silencing whose enhanced expression is likely to contribute to SAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugihiro Ando
- Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
- Department of Plant PhysiologyAachen Biology and BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Michal Jaskiewicz
- Department of Plant PhysiologyAachen Biology and BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
| | - Sei Mochizuki
- Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Saeko Koseki
- Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Shuhei Miyashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Hideki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Uwe Conrath
- Department of Plant PhysiologyAachen Biology and BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityAachenGermany
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Bilal M, Tabassum B, Ali Q, Nasir IA. Down Regulation of Potato Virus Y (PVY) Coat Protein (CP) Expression by Iberis gibraltarica Protein Extract. CYTOL GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452721010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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27
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Pitzalis N, Amari K, Graindorge S, Pflieger D, Donaire L, Wassenegger M, Llave C, Heinlein M. Turnip mosaic virus in oilseed rape activates networks of sRNA-mediated interactions between viral and host genomes. Commun Biol 2020; 3:702. [PMID: 33230160 PMCID: PMC7683744 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01425-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced plant diseases in cultivated plants cause important damages in yield. Although the mechanisms of virus infection are intensely studied at the cell biology level, only little is known about the molecular dialog between the invading virus and the host genome. Here we describe a combinatorial genome-wide approach to identify networks of sRNAs-guided post-transcriptional regulation within local Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection sites in Brassica napus leaves. We show that the induction of host-encoded, virus-activated small interfering RNAs (vasiRNAs) observed in virus-infected tissues is accompanied by site-specific cleavage events on both viral and host RNAs that recalls the activity of small RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISC). Cleavage events also involve virus-derived siRNA (vsiRNA)–directed cleavage of target host transcripts as well as cleavage of viral RNA by both host vasiRNAs and vsiRNAs. Furthermore, certain coding genes act as virus-activated regulatory hubs to produce vasiRNAs for the targeting of other host genes. The observations draw an advanced model of plant-virus interactions and provide insights into the complex regulatory networking at the plant-virus interface within cells undergoing early stages of infection. Pitzalis et al. use replicative RNAseq, small RNA (sRNA)seq, and parallel analysis of RNA ends (PARE)seq analysis to identify networks of sRNAs-guided post-transcriptional regulation within local Turnip mosaic virus infection sites. This study provides insights into the complex regulatory networking at the plantvirus interface within cells undergoing early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pitzalis
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (IBMP-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Khalid Amari
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (IBMP-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, F-67000, Strasbourg, France.,Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biosafety in Plant Biotechnology, Erwin-Baur-Strasse 27, 06484, Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Stéfanie Graindorge
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (IBMP-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - David Pflieger
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (IBMP-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Livia Donaire
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biology of Stress and Plant Pathology, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS)-CSIC, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Michael Wassenegger
- RLP Agroscience, AlPlanta-Institute for Plant Research, 67435, Neustadt, Germany.,Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - César Llave
- Department of Microbial and Plant Biotechnology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (IBMP-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, F-67000, Strasbourg, France.
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Silva-Martins G, Bolaji A, Moffett P. What does it take to be antiviral? An Argonaute-centered perspective on plant antiviral defense. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6197-6210. [PMID: 32835379 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing is a major mechanism of constitutive antiviral defense in plants, mediated by a number of proteins, including the Dicer-like (DCL) and Argonaute (AGO) endoribonucleases. Both DCL and AGO protein families comprise multiple members. In particular, the AGO protein family has expanded considerably in different plant lineages, with different family members having specialized functions. Although the general mode of action of AGO proteins is well established, the properties that make different AGO proteins more or less efficient at targeting viruses are less well understood. In this report, we review methodologies used to study AGO antiviral activity and current knowledge about which AGO family members are involved in antiviral defense. In addition, we discuss what is known about the different properties of AGO proteins thought to be associated with this function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayooluwa Bolaji
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Peter Moffett
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
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29
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Wu C, Kannan S, Verma CS, Swaminathan K, Wong SM. Molecular modeling and interaction between Arabidopsis sulfite oxidase and the GW motif of Turnip crinkle virus coat protein. Virology 2020; 551:64-74. [PMID: 33038689 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous study has shown that Hibiscus sulfite oxidase (SO) interacts with Hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus (HCRSV) coat protein (CP) and triggers sulfur enhanced defense (SED). In this study, we show the interaction of Arabidopsis SO (AtSO) and Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) CP in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. We identified the binding sites of TCV CP (W274) and AtSO (D223) using bioinformatics and confirmed it experimentally. Mutation of binding site W274 to A274 in TCV CP resulted in failure of TCV infection. TCV accumulation in SO over-expression (SO_OE) plants was lower than that in wild-type (WT) and SO knock-out (SO_KO) plants at 7 dpi but reached a level similar to that of WT and SO_KO plants at 10 dpi. AtSO competed with Argonaute 1 (AGO1) for TCV CP binding in vitro. AtSO may serve as an anti-viral factor through sequestering TCV CP for binding with AGO1 and confers virus resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, 117558, Singapore
| | | | - Chandra S Verma
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, 117558, Singapore; Bioinformatics Institute (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis St, 07-01 Matrix, 138671, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Dr, 637551, Singapore
| | - Kunchithapadam Swaminathan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, 117558, Singapore.
| | - Sek-Man Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, 117558, Singapore; Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link Road, 117604, Singapore; National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, 215123, PR China.
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30
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Incarbone M, Scheer H, Hily JM, Kuhn L, Erhardt M, Dunoyer P, Altenbach D, Ritzenthaler C. Characterization of a DCL2-Insensitive Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus Isolate Infecting Arabidopsis thaliana. Viruses 2020; 12:E1121. [PMID: 33023227 PMCID: PMC7650723 DOI: 10.3390/v12101121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), the type member of the genus Tombusvirus in the family Tombusviridae is one of the best studied plant viruses. The TBSV natural and experimental host range covers a wide spectrum of plants including agricultural crops, ornamentals, vegetables and Nicotiana benthamiana. However, Arabidopsis thaliana, the well-established model organism in plant biology, genetics and plant-microbe interactions is absent from the list of known TBSV host plant species. Most of our recent knowledge of the virus life cycle has emanated from studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a surrogate host for TBSV that lacks crucial plant antiviral mechanisms such as RNA interference (RNAi). Here, we identified and characterized a TBSV isolate able to infect Arabidopsis with high efficiency. We demonstrated by confocal and 3D electron microscopy that in Arabidopsis TBSV-BS3Ng replicates in association with clustered peroxisomes in which numerous spherules are induced. A dsRNA-centered immunoprecipitation analysis allowed the identification of TBSV-associated host components including DRB2 and DRB4, which perfectly localized to replication sites, and NFD2 that accumulated in larger viral factories in which peroxisomes cluster. By challenging knock-out mutants for key RNAi factors, we showed that TBSV-BS3Ng undergoes a non-canonical RNAi defensive reaction. In fact, unlike other RNA viruses described, no 22nt TBSV-derived small RNA are detected in the absence of DCL4, indicating that this virus is DCL2-insensitive. The new Arabidopsis-TBSV-BS3Ng pathosystem should provide a valuable new model for dissecting plant-virus interactions in complement to Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Incarbone
- Institut de Biologie de Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (H.S.); (M.E.); (P.D.)
| | - Hélene Scheer
- Institut de Biologie de Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (H.S.); (M.E.); (P.D.)
| | - Jean-Michel Hily
- IFV, Le Grau-Du-Roi, Université de Strasbourg, INRAE, SVQV UNR-A 1131, 68000 Colmar, France;
| | - Lauriane Kuhn
- Plateforme protéomique Strasbourg Esplanade FR1589 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Mathieu Erhardt
- Institut de Biologie de Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (H.S.); (M.E.); (P.D.)
| | - Patrice Dunoyer
- Institut de Biologie de Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (H.S.); (M.E.); (P.D.)
| | - Denise Altenbach
- Bioreba AG, Christoph Merian Ring 7, CH-4153 Reinach, Switzerland;
| | - Christophe Ritzenthaler
- Institut de Biologie de Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France; (H.S.); (M.E.); (P.D.)
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31
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Sun Q, Zhuo T, Zhao T, Zhou C, Li Y, Wang Y, Li D, Yu J, Han C. Functional Characterization of RNA Silencing Suppressor P0 from Pea Mild Chlorosis Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7136. [PMID: 32992609 PMCID: PMC7582759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To counteract host antiviral RNA silencing, plant viruses encode numerous viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs). P0 proteins have been identified as VSRs in many poleroviruses. However, their suppressor function has not been fully characterized. Here, we investigated the function of P0 from pea mild chlorosis virus (PMCV) in the suppression of local and systemic RNA silencing via green fluorescent protein (GFP) co-infiltration assays in wild-type and GFP-transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana (line 16c). Amino acid deletion analysis showed that N-terminal residues Asn 2 and Val 3, but not the C-terminus residues from 230-270 aa, were necessary for PMCV P0 (P0PM) VSR activity. P0PM acted as an F-box protein, and triple LPP mutation (62LPxx79P) at the F-box-like motif abolished its VSR activity. In addition, P0PM failed to interact with S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1), which was consistent with previous findings of P0 from potato leafroll virus. These data further support the notion that VSR activity of P0 is independent of P0-SKP1 interaction. Furthermore, we examined the effect of P0PM on ARGONAUTE1 (AGO1) protein stability, and co-expression analysis showed that P0PM triggered AGO1 degradation. Taken together, our findings suggest that P0PM promotes degradation of AGO1 to suppress RNA silencing independent of SKP1 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China;
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.Z.); (T.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Tao Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.Z.); (T.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Tianyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.Z.); (T.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Cuiji Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.Z.); (T.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.Z.); (T.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.Z.); (T.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.Z.); (T.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jialin Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.Z.); (T.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Chenggui Han
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (T.Z.); (T.Z.); (C.Z.); (Y.L.); (Y.W.); (D.L.); (J.Y.)
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32
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Ismayil A, Yang M, Liu Y. Role of autophagy during plant-virus interactions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 101:36-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zhang H, Feng H, Lu X, Wang C, Yang W, Li F. An asymmetric bulge enhances artificial microRNA-mediated virus resistance. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:608-610. [PMID: 31483917 PMCID: PMC7004903 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture BiologyMinistry of EducationCollege of Horticulture and Forestry SciencesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Hui Feng
- College of InformaticsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Xu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture BiologyMinistry of EducationCollege of Horticulture and Forestry SciencesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Chaofan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture BiologyMinistry of EducationCollege of Horticulture and Forestry SciencesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Wanneng Yang
- College of Plant SciencesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
- College of EngineeringHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture BiologyMinistry of EducationCollege of Horticulture and Forestry SciencesHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanHubeiChina
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Yu J, Park JY, Heo J, Kim K. The ORF2 protein of Fusarium graminearum virus 1 suppresses the transcription of FgDICER2 and FgAGO1 to limit host antiviral defences. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:230-243. [PMID: 31815356 PMCID: PMC6988435 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Fusarium graminearum possesses an RNA-interference (RNAi) pathway that acts as a defence response against virus infections and exogenous double-stranded (ds) RNA. Fusarium graminearum virus 1 (FgV1), which infects F. graminearum, confers hypovirulence-associated traits such as reduced mycelial growth, increased pigmentation and reduced pathogenicity. In this study, we found that FgV1 can suppress RNA silencing by interfering with the induction of FgDICER2 and FgAGO1, which are involved in RNAi antiviral defence and the hairpin RNA/RNAi pathway in F. graminearum. In an FgAGO1- or FgDICER2-promoter/GFP-reporter expression assay the green fluorescent protein (GFP) transcript levels were reduced in FgV1-infected transformed mutant strains. By comparing transcription levels of FgDICER2 and FgAGO1 in fungal transformed mutants expressing each open reading frame (ORF) of FgV1 with or without a hairpin RNA construct, we determined that reduction of FgDICER2 and FgAGO1 transcript levels requires only the FgV1 ORF2-encoded protein (pORF2). Moreover, we confirmed that the pORF2 binds to the upstream region of FgDICERs and FgAGOs in vitro. These combined results indicate that the pORF2 of FgV1 counteracts the RNAi defence response of F. graminearum by interfering with the induction of FgDICER2 and FgAGO1 in a promoter-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisuk Yu
- Plant Genomics and Breeding InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Ju Yeon Park
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Jeong‐In Heo
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Kook‐Hyung Kim
- Plant Genomics and Breeding InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- Department of Agricultural BiotechnologySeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea
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35
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Bamogo PKA, Brugidou C, Sérémé D, Tiendrébéogo F, Djigma FW, Simpore J, Lacombe S. Virus-based pharmaceutical production in plants: an opportunity to reduce health problems in Africa. Virol J 2019; 16:167. [PMID: 31888686 PMCID: PMC6937724 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing African countries face health problems that they struggle to solve. The major causes of this situation are high therapeutic and logistical costs. Plant-made therapeutics are easy to produce due to the lack of the safety considerations associated with traditional fermenter-based expression platforms, such as mammalian cells. Plant biosystems are easy to scale up and inexpensive, and they do not require refrigeration or a sophisticated medical infrastructure. These advantages provide an opportunity for plant-made pharmaceuticals to counteract diseases for which medicines were previously inaccessible to people in countries with few resources. MAIN BODY The techniques needed for plant-based therapeutic production are currently available. Viral expression vectors based on plant viruses have greatly enhanced plant-made therapeutic production and have been exploited to produce a variety of proteins of industrial, pharmaceutical and agribusiness interest. Some neglected tropical diseases occurring exclusively in the developing world have found solutions through plant bioreactor technology. Plant viral expression vectors have been reported in the production of therapeutics against these diseases occurring exclusively in the third world, and some virus-derived antigens produced in plants exhibit appropriate antigenicity and immunogenicity. However, all advances in the use of plants as bioreactors have been made by companies in Europe and America. The developing world is still far from acquiring this technology, although plant viral expression vectors may provide crucial help to overcome neglected diseases. CONCLUSION Today, interest in these tools is rising, and viral amplicons made in and for Africa are in progress. This review describes the biotechnological advances in the field of plant bioreactors, highlights factors restricting access to this technology by those who need it most and proposes a solution to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingdwende Kader Aziz Bamogo
- Interactions Plantes Microorganismes et Environnement (IPME), IRD, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie et de Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut de L'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA)/LMI Patho-Bios, 01BP476, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et de Génétique (LABIOGENE), Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologie, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo; Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Piétro Annigoni (CERBA), Ouagadougou 01, BP, 364, Burkina Faso
| | - Christophe Brugidou
- Interactions Plantes Microorganismes et Environnement (IPME), IRD, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie et de Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut de L'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA)/LMI Patho-Bios, 01BP476, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Drissa Sérémé
- Laboratoire de Virologie et de Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut de L'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA)/LMI Patho-Bios, 01BP476, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Fidèle Tiendrébéogo
- Laboratoire de Virologie et de Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut de L'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA)/LMI Patho-Bios, 01BP476, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Florencia Wendkuuni Djigma
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et de Génétique (LABIOGENE), Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologie, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo; Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Piétro Annigoni (CERBA), Ouagadougou 01, BP, 364, Burkina Faso
| | - Jacques Simpore
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et de Génétique (LABIOGENE), Ecole Doctorale Sciences et Technologie, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo; Centre de Recherche Biomoléculaire Piétro Annigoni (CERBA), Ouagadougou 01, BP, 364, Burkina Faso
| | - Séverine Lacombe
- Interactions Plantes Microorganismes et Environnement (IPME), IRD, CIRAD, Université Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP64501, 34394, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
- Laboratoire de Virologie et de Biotechnologies Végétales, Institut de L'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA)/LMI Patho-Bios, 01BP476, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso.
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Ochoa J, Valli A, Martín-Trillo M, Simón-Mateo C, García JA, Rodamilans B. Sterol isomerase HYDRA1 interacts with RNA silencing suppressor P1b and restricts potyviral infection. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:3015-3026. [PMID: 31286514 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants use RNA silencing as a strong defensive barrier against virus challenges, and viruses counteract this defence by using RNA silencing suppressors (RSSs). With the objective of identifying host factors helping either the plant or the virus in this interaction, we have performed a yeast two-hybrid screen using P1b, the RSS protein of the ipomovirus Cucumber vein yellowing virus (CVYV, family Potyviridae), as a bait. The C-8 sterol isomerase HYDRA1 (HYD1), an enzyme involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis and cell membrane biology, and required for RNA silencing, was isolated in this screen. The interaction between CVYV P1b and HYD1 was confirmed in planta by Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation assays. We demonstrated that HYD1 negatively impacts the accumulation of CVYV P1b in an agroinfiltration assay. Moreover, expression of HYD1 inhibited the infection of the potyvirus Plum pox virus, especially when antiviral RNA silencing was boosted by high temperature or by coexpression of homologous sequences. Our results reinforce previous evidence highlighting the relevance of particular composition and structure of cellular membranes for RNA silencing and viral infection. We report a new interaction of an RSS protein from the Potyviridae family with a member of the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Ochoa
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Valli
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mar Martín-Trillo
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Simón-Mateo
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio García
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernardo Rodamilans
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Plant virus genome replication and movement is dependent on host resources and factors. However, plants respond to virus infection through several mechanisms, such as autophagy, ubiquitination, mRNA decay and gene silencing, that target viral components. Viral factors work in synchrony with pro-viral host factors during the infection cycle and are targeted by antiviral responses. Accordingly, establishment of virus infection is genetically determined by the availability of the pro-viral factors necessary for genome replication and movement, and by the balance between plant defence and viral suppression of defence responses. Sequential requirement of pro-viral factors and the antagonistic activity of antiviral factors suggest a two-step model to explain plant-virus interactions. At each step of the infection process, host factors with antiviral activity have been identified. Here we review our current understanding of host factors with antiviral activity against plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Garcia‐Ruiz
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNE68503USA
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Huang YW, Hu CC, Tsai CH, Lin NS, Hsu YH. Nicotiana benthamiana Argonaute10 plays a pro-viral role in Bamboo mosaic virus infection. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:804-817. [PMID: 31283838 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing is a major defense mechanism against invading viruses in plants. Argonaute proteins (AGOs) are the key players in RNA silencing. The number of AGO family members involved varies depending on the plant species and they play distinct or sometimes redundant roles in antiviral defense. By using a virus-induced gene silencing technique, it was found that Nicotiana benthamiana AGO1 restricted Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) accumulation, but NbAGO10, the closest paralog of NbAGO1, positively regulated BaMV accumulation. Immunoprecipitation assay revealed BaMV virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) in NbAGO10 complexes. Transient overexpression of NbAGO10 increased BaMV RNA accumulation, but with co-expression of NbAGO1, BaMV RNA accumulation was reduced, which suggests that NbAGO10 may have competed with NbAGO1 for sequestering BaMV vsiRNA and prevented the formation of RNA-induced silencing complexes. In addition, overexpression of NbAGO10 decreased BaMV vsiRNA accumulation. A host enzyme, small RNA degrading nuclease 1 (SDN1), also was found to interact with NbAGO10 on in vivo pull-down assay. Silencing of SDN1 elevated BaMV vsiRNA level and decreased BaMV RNA accumulation in N. benthamiana, indicating that NbAGO10 might recruit SDN1 for BaMV vsiRNA degradation. The results herein suggested that NbAGO10 plays a pro-viral role by BaMV vsiRNA sequestration and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chung Chi Hu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ching Hsiu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Na Sheng Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yau Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
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Zhan X, Zhang F, Zhong Z, Chen R, Wang Y, Chang L, Bock R, Nie B, Zhang J. Generation of virus-resistant potato plants by RNA genome targeting. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:1814-1822. [PMID: 30803101 PMCID: PMC6686122 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas systems provide bacteria and archaea with molecular immunity against invading phages and foreign plasmids. The class 2 type VI CRISPR/Cas effector Cas13a is an RNA-targeting CRISPR effector that provides protection against RNA phages. Here we report the repurposing of CRISPR/Cas13a to protect potato plants from a eukaryotic virus, Potato virus Y (PVY). Transgenic potato lines expressing Cas13a/sgRNA (small guide RNA) constructs showed suppressed PVY accumulation and disease symptoms. The levels of viral resistance correlated with the expression levels of the Cas13a/sgRNA construct in the plants. Our data further demonstrate that appropriately designed sgRNAs can specifically interfere with multiple PVY strains, while having no effect on unrelated viruses such as PVA or Potato virus S. Our findings provide a novel and highly efficient strategy for engineering crops with resistances to viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesHubei UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Fengjuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesHubei UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ziyang Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and BiotechnologyMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsNational Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ruhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and BiotechnologyMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsNational Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesHubei UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ling Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesHubei UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ralph Bock
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesHubei UniversityWuhanChina
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Molekulare PflanzenphysiologiePotsdam‐GolmGermany
| | - Bihua Nie
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and BiotechnologyMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsNational Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China)Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesHubei UniversityWuhanChina
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Brisse M, Ly H. Comparative Structure and Function Analysis of the RIG-I-Like Receptors: RIG-I and MDA5. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1586. [PMID: 31379819 PMCID: PMC6652118 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RIG-I (Retinoic acid-inducible gene I) and MDA5 (Melanoma Differentiation-Associated protein 5), collectively known as the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), are key protein sensors of the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in the form of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) motifs to induce expression of type 1 interferons (IFN1) (IFNα and IFNβ) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines during the early stage of viral infection. While RIG-I and MDA5 share many genetic, structural and functional similarities, there is increasing evidence that they can have significantly different strategies to recognize different pathogens, PAMPs, and in different host species. This review article discusses the similarities and differences between RIG-I and MDA5 from multiple perspectives, including their structures, evolution and functional relationships with other cellular proteins, their differential mechanisms of distinguishing between host and viral dsRNAs and interactions with host and viral protein factors, and their immunogenic signaling. A comprehensive comparative analysis can help inform future studies of RIG-I and MDA5 in order to fully understand their functions in order to optimize potential therapeutic approaches targeting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Brisse
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, St. Paul, MN, United States
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41
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An M, Zhao X, Zhou T, Wang G, Xia Z, Wu Y. A Novel Biological Agent Cytosinpeptidemycin Inhibited the Pathogenesis of Tobacco Mosaic Virus by Inducing Host Resistance and Stress Response. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7738-7747. [PMID: 31199650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cytosinpeptidemycin (CytPM) is a microbial pesticide that displayed broad-spectrum antiviral activity against various plant viruses. However, the molecular mechanism underlying antiviral activity of CytPM is poorly understood. In this study, the results demonstrated that CytPM could effectively delay the systemic infection of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in Nicotiana benthamiana and significantly inhibit the viral accumulation in tobacco BY-2 protoplasts. Results of RNA-seq indicated that 210 and 120 differential expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly up- and down-regulated after CytPM treatment in BY-2 protoplasts, respectively. In addition, KEGG analysis indicated that various DEGs were involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein processing, suggesting a possible correlation between ER homeostasis and virus resistance. RT-qPCR was performed to validate the gene expression of crucial DEGs related with defense, stress responses, signaling transduction, and phytohormone, which were consistent with results of RNA-seq. Our works provided valuable insights into the antiviral mechanism of CytPM that induced host resistance to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan An
- College of Plant Protection , Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang 110866 , China
| | - Xiuxiang Zhao
- College of Plant Protection , Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang 110866 , China
| | - Tao Zhou
- College of Plant Protection , Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang 110866 , China
| | - Guanzhong Wang
- College of Plant Protection , Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang 110866 , China
| | - Zihao Xia
- College of Plant Protection , Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang 110866 , China
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- College of Plant Protection , Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang 110866 , China
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42
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Li Y, Sun Q, Zhao T, Xiang H, Zhang X, Wu Z, Zhou C, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Li D, Yu J, Dinesh‐Kumar SP, Han C. Interaction between Brassica yellows virus silencing suppressor P0 and plant SKP1 facilitates stability of P0 in vivo against degradation by proteasome and autophagy pathways. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1458-1473. [PMID: 30664234 PMCID: PMC6593998 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
P0 protein of some polerovirus members can target ARGONAUTE1 (AGO1) to suppress RNA silencing. Although P0 harbors an F-box-like motif reported to be essential for interaction with S phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1) and RNA silencing suppression, it is the autophagy pathway that was shown to contribute to AGO1 degradation. Therefore, the role of P0-SKP1 interaction in silencing suppression remains unclear. We conducted global mutagenesis and comparative functional analysis of P0 encoded by Brassica yellows virus (BrYV) (P0Br ). We found that several residues within P0Br are required for local and systemic silencing suppression activities. Remarkably, the F-box-like motif mutant of P0Br , which failed to interact with SKP1, is destabilized in vivo. Both the 26S proteasome system and autophagy pathway play a role in destabilization of the mutant protein. Furthermore, silencing of a Nicotiana benthamiana SKP1 ortholog leads to the destabilization of P0Br . Genetic analyses indicated that the P0Br -SKP1 interaction is not directly required for silencing suppression activity of P0Br , but it facilitates stability of P0Br to ensure efficient RNA silencing suppression. Consistent with these findings, efficient systemic infection of BrYV requires P0Br . Our results reveal a novel strategy used by BrYV for facilitating viral suppressors of RNA silencing stability against degradation by plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Qian Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Tianyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Haiying Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zhanyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Cuiji Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Xianbing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jialin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil MicrobiologyCollege of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Savithramma P. Dinesh‐Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome CenterCollege of Biological SciencesUniversity of California, DavisDavisCA95616USA
| | - Chenggui Han
- State Key Laboratory for Agro‐Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green ManagementChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
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Rashid MO, Zhang XY, Wang Y, Li DW, Yu JL, Han CG. The Three Essential Motifs in P0 for Suppression of RNA Silencing Activity of Potato leafroll virus Are Required for Virus Systemic Infection. Viruses 2019; 11:E170. [PMID: 30791535 PMCID: PMC6410027 DOI: 10.3390/v11020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher plants exploit posttranscriptional gene silencing as a defense mechanism against virus infection by the RNA degradation system. Plant RNA viruses suppress posttranscriptional gene silencing using their encoded proteins. Three important motifs (F-box-like motif, G139/W140/G141-like motif, and C-terminal conserved region) in P0 of Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) were reported to be essential for suppression of RNA silencing activity. In this study, Agrobacterium-mediated transient experiments were carried out to screen the available amino acid substitutions in the F-box-like motif and G139/W140/G141-like motif that abolished the RNA silencing suppression activity of P0, without disturbing the P1 amino acid sequence. Subsequently, four P0 defective mutants derived from a full-length cDNA clone of PLRV (L76F and W87R substitutions in the F-box-like motif, G139RRR substitution in the G139/W140/G141-like motif, and F220R substitution in the C-terminal conserved region) were successfully generated by reverse PCR and used to investigate the impact of these substitutions on PLRV infectivity. The RT-PCR and western blot analysis revealed that these defective mutants affected virus accumulation in inoculated leaves and systemic movement in Nicotiana benthamiana as well as in its natural hosts, potato and black nightshade. These results further demonstrate that the RNA silencing suppressor of PLRV is required for PLRV accumulation and systemic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamun-Or Rashid
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Da-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jia-Lin Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Cheng-Gui Han
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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44
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Xia Z, Zhao Z, Jiao Z, Xu T, Wu Y, Zhou T, Fan Z. Virus-Derived Small Interfering RNAs Affect the Accumulations of Viral and Host Transcripts in Maize. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120664. [PMID: 30477197 PMCID: PMC6315483 DOI: 10.3390/v10120664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA silencing is a conserved surveillance mechanism against invading viruses in plants, which involves the production of virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) that play essential roles in the silencing of viral RNAs and/or specific host transcripts. However, how vsiRNAs function to target viral and/or host transcripts is poorly studied, especially in maize (Zea mays L.). In this study, a degradome library constructed from Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV)-inoculated maize plants was analyzed to identify the cleavage sites in viral and host transcripts mainly produced by vsiRNAs. The results showed that 42 maize transcripts were possibly cleaved by vsiRNAs, among which several were involved in chloroplast functions and in biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, more than 3000 cleavage sites possibly produced by vsiRNAs were identified in positive-strand RNAs of SCMV, while there were only four cleavage sites in the negative-strand RNAs. To determine the roles of vsiRNAs in targeting viral RNAs, six vsiRNAs were expressed in maize protoplast based on artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs), of which four could efficiently inhibit the accumulations of SCMV RNAs. These results provide new insights into the genetic manipulation of maize with resistance against virus infection by using amiRNA as a more predictable and useful approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Xia
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Zhenxing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Tengzhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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REM1.3's phospho-status defines its plasma membrane nanodomain organization and activity in restricting PVX cell-to-cell movement. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007378. [PMID: 30419072 PMCID: PMC6258466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to pathogens through dynamic regulation of plasma membrane-bound signaling pathways. To date, how the plant plasma membrane is involved in responses to viruses is mostly unknown. Here, we show that plant cells sense the Potato virus X (PVX) COAT PROTEIN and TRIPLE GENE BLOCK 1 proteins and subsequently trigger the activation of a membrane-bound calcium-dependent kinase. We show that the Arabidopsis thaliana CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE 3-interacts with group 1 REMORINs in vivo, phosphorylates the intrinsically disordered N-terminal domain of the Group 1 REMORIN REM1.3, and restricts PVX cell-to-cell movement. REM1.3's phospho-status defines its plasma membrane nanodomain organization and is crucial for REM1.3-dependent restriction of PVX cell-to-cell movement by regulation of callose deposition at plasmodesmata. This study unveils plasma membrane nanodomain-associated molecular events underlying the plant immune response to viruses. Viruses propagate in plants through membranous channels, called plasmodesmata, linking each cell to its neighboring cell. In this work, we challenge the role of the plasma membrane in the regulation of virus propagation. By studying the dynamics and the activation of a plant-specific protein called REMORIN, we found that the way this protein is organized inside the membrane is crucial to fulfill its function in the immunity of plants against viruses.
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Choi S, Lee JH, Kang WH, Kim J, Huy HN, Park SW, Son EH, Kwon JK, Kang BC. Identification of Cucumber mosaic resistance 2 ( cmr2) That Confers Resistance to a New Cucumber mosaic virus Isolate P1 (CMV-P1) in Pepper ( Capsicum spp.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1106. [PMID: 30186289 PMCID: PMC6110927 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is one of the most devastating phytopathogens of Capsicum. The single dominant resistance gene, Cucumber mosaic resistant 1 (Cmr1), that confers resistance to the CMV isolate P0 has been overcome by a new isolate (CMV-P1) after being deployed in pepper (Capsicum annuum) breeding for over 20 years. A recently identified Indian C. annuum cultivar, "Lam32," displays resistance to CMV-P1. In this study, we show that the resistance in "Lam32" is controlled by a single recessive gene, CMV resistance gene 2 (cmr2). We found that cmr2 conferred resistance to CMV strains including CMV-Korean, CMV-Fny, and CMV-P1, indicating that cmr2 provides a broad-spectrum type of resistance. We utilized two molecular mapping approaches to determine the chromosomal location of cmr2. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) using amplified fragment-length polymorphism (AFLP) (BSA-AFLP) revealed one marker, cmvAFLP, located 16 cM from cmr2. BSA using the Affymetrix pepper array (BSA-Affy) identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker (Affy4) located 2.3 cM from cmr2 on chromosome 8. We further screened a pepper germplasm collection of 4,197 accessions for additional CMV-P1 resistance sources and found that some accessions contained equivalent levels of resistance to that of "Lam32." Inheritance and allelism tests demonstrated that all the resistance sources examined contained cmr2. Our result thus provide genetic and molecular evidence that cmr2 is a single recessive gene that confers to pepper an unprecedented resistance to the dangerous new isolate CMV-P1 that had overcome Cmr1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seula Choi
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joung-Ho Lee
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won-Hee Kang
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joonyup Kim
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hoang N. Huy
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Woo Park
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ho Son
- RDA-Genebank Information Center, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Jin-Kyung Kwon
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byoung-Cheorl Kang
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Habibi P, Soccol CR, O’Keefe BR, Krumpe LR, Wilson J, de Macedo LLP, Faheem M, Dos Santos VO, Prado GS, Botelho MA, Lacombe S, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Gene-silencing suppressors for high-level production of the HIV-1 entry inhibitor griffithsin in Nicotiana benthamiana. Process Biochem 2018; 70:45-54. [PMID: 32288594 PMCID: PMC7108441 DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The exploration of emerging host organisms for the economic and efficient production of protein microbicides against HIV is urgently needed in resource-poor areas worldwide. In this study, the production of the novel HIV entry inhibitor candidate, griffithsin (GRFT), was investigated using Nicotiana benthamiana as the expression platform based on a non-viral vector. To increase the yield of recombinant GRFT, the RNA silencing defense mechanism of N. benthamiana was abolished by using three gene silencing suppressors. A transient expression system was used by transferring the GRFT gene, which encodes 122 amino acids, under the control of the enhanced CaMV 35S promoter. The presence of correctly assembled GRFT in transgenic leaves was confirmed using immunoglobulin-specific sandwich ELISA. The data demonstrated that the use of three gene silencing suppressors allowed the highest accumulation of GRFT, with a yield of 400 μg g-1 fresh weight, and this amount was reduced to 287 μg g-1 after purification, representing a recovery of 71.75%. The analysis also showed that the ability of GRFT expressed in N. benthamiana to bind to glycoprotein 120 is close to that of the GRFT protein purified from E. coli. Whole-cell assays using purified GRFT showed that our purified GRFT was potently active against HIV. This study provides the first high-level production of the HIV-1 entry inhibitor griffithsin with a non-viral expression system and illustrates the robustness of the co-agroinfiltration expression system improved through the use of three gene silencing suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Habibi
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB-Final W5 Norte – CP 02372, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Barry R. O’Keefe
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Lauren R.H. Krumpe
- Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Molecular Targets Laboratory, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Wilson
- Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Muhammad Faheem
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB-Final W5 Norte – CP 02372, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Souza Prado
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB-Final W5 Norte – CP 02372, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | | | - Severine Lacombe
- IRD, CIRAD, Universite Montpellier, Interactions Plantes Microorganismes et Environnement (IPME), Montpellier, France
| | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, PqEB-Final W5 Norte – CP 02372, Brasília-DF, Brazil
- Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, Brazil
- Post Graduation Program in Biotechnology, University Potiguar, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Silva MS, Arraes FBM, Campos MDA, Grossi-de-Sa M, Fernandez D, Cândido EDS, Cardoso MH, Franco OL, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Review: Potential biotechnological assets related to plant immunity modulation applicable in engineering disease-resistant crops. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 270:72-84. [PMID: 29576088 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This review emphasizes the biotechnological potential of molecules implicated in the different layers of plant immunity, including, pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered susceptibility (ETS), and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) that can be applied in the development of disease-resistant genetically modified (GM) plants. These biomolecules are produced by pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes) or plants during their mutual interactions. Biomolecules involved in the first layers of plant immunity, PTI and ETS, include inhibitors of pathogen cell-wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs), plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and susceptibility (S) proteins, while the ETI-related biomolecules include plant resistance (R) proteins. The biomolecules involved in plant defense PTI/ETI responses described herein also include antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and ribosome-inhibiting proteins (RIPs), as well as enzymes involved in plant defensive secondary metabolite biosynthesis (phytoanticipins and phytoalexins). Moreover, the regulation of immunity by RNA interference (RNAi) in GM disease-resistant plants is also considered. Therefore, the present review does not cover all the classes of biomolecules involved in plant innate immunity that may be applied in the development of disease-resistant GM crops but instead highlights the most common strategies in the literature, as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Santos Silva
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (Embrapa Cenargen), Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Fabrício Barbosa Monteiro Arraes
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (Embrapa Cenargen), Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Post-Graduation Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Elizabete de Souza Cândido
- Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB), Post-Graduation Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade Católica Dom Bosco (UCDB), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Marlon Henrique Cardoso
- Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB), Post-Graduation Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade Católica Dom Bosco (UCDB), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB), Post-Graduation Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade Católica Dom Bosco (UCDB), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria Fátima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (Embrapa Cenargen), Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Post-Graduation Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB), Post-Graduation Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
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Liu H, Soyars CL, Li J, Fei Q, He G, Peterson BA, Meyers BC, Nimchuk ZL, Wang X. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated resistance to cauliflower mosaic virus. PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00047. [PMID: 31245713 PMCID: PMC6508564 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Viral diseases are a leading cause of worldwide yield losses in crop production. Breeding of resistance genes (R gene) into elite crop cultivars has been the standard and most cost-effective practice. However, R gene-mediated resistance is limited by the available R genes within genetic resources and in many cases, by strain specificity. Therefore, it is important to generate new and broad-spectrum antiviral strategies. The CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat, CRISPR-associated) editing system has been employed to confer resistance to human viruses and several plant single-stranded DNA geminiviruses, pointing out the possible application of the CRISPR-Cas9 system for virus control. Here, we demonstrate that strong viral resistance to cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), a pararetrovirus with a double-stranded DNA genome, can be achieved through Cas9-mediated multiplex targeting of the viral coat protein sequence. We further show that small interfering RNAs (siRNA) are produced and mostly map to the 3' end of single-guide RNAs (sgRNA), although very low levels of siRNAs map to the spacer region as well. However, these siRNAs are not responsible for the inhibited CaMV infection because there is no resistance if Cas9 is not present. We have also observed edited viruses in systematically infected leaves in some transgenic plants, with short deletions or insertions consistent with Cas9-induced DNA breaks at the sgRNA target sites in coat protein coding sequence. These edited coat proteins, in most cases, led to earlier translation stop and thus, nonfunctional coat proteins. We also recovered wild-type CP sequence in these infected transgenic plants, suggesting these edited viral genomes were packaged by wild-type coat proteins. Our data demonstrate that the CRISPR-Cas9 system can be used for virus control against plant pararetroviruses with further modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed ScienceVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
| | - Cara L. Soyars
- Department of Biological SciencesVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Jianhui Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed ScienceVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
| | - Qili Fei
- Department of Plant & Soil SciencesDelaware Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of DelawareNewarkDEUSA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - Guijuan He
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed ScienceVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
| | - Brenda A. Peterson
- Department of Biological SciencesVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Blake C. Meyers
- Department of Plant & Soil SciencesDelaware Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of DelawareNewarkDEUSA
- Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSt. LouisMOUSA
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of Missouri – ColumbiaColumbiaMOUSA
| | - Zachary L. Nimchuk
- Department of Biological SciencesVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
- Faculty of Health SciencesVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular BiologyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed ScienceVirginia TechBlacksburgVAUSA
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Incarbone M, Ritzenthaler C, Dunoyer P. Peroxisomal Targeting as a Sensitive Tool to Detect Protein-Small RNA Interactions through in Vivo Piggybacking. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:135. [PMID: 29479364 PMCID: PMC5812032 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00135, 10.3389/fphys.2018.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are organelles that play key roles in eukaryotic metabolism. Their protein complement is entirely imported from the cytoplasm thanks to a unique pathway that is able to translocate folded proteins and protein complexes across the peroxisomal membrane. The import of molecules bound to a protein targeted to peroxisomes is an active process known as 'piggybacking' and we have recently shown that P15, a virus-encoded protein possessing a peroxisomal targeting sequence, is able to piggyback siRNAs into peroxisomes. Here, we extend this observation by analyzing the small RNA repertoire found in peroxisomes of P15-expressing plants. A direct comparison with the P15-associated small RNA retrieved during immunoprecipitation (IP) experiments, revealed that in vivo piggybacking coupled to peroxisome isolation could be a more sensitive means to determine the various small RNA species bound by a given protein. This increased sensitivity of peroxisome isolation as opposed to IP experiments was also striking when we analyzed the small RNA population bound by the Tomato bushy stunt virus-encoded P19, one of the best characterized viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSR), artificially targeted to peroxisomes. These results support that peroxisomal targeting should be considered as a novel/alternative experimental approach to assess in vivo interactions that allows detection of labile binding events. The advantages and limitations of this approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patrice Dunoyer
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du CNRS, UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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