1
|
Xu Q, Wang D, Lv X, Chen H, Wei F. Comprehensive profiling and evaluation of free/conjugated Phytosterols in crops using chemical derivatization coupled with UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. Food Chem 2024; 463:141316. [PMID: 39316913 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.141316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Phytosterols are naturally existed in crops but their detection is constrained by sensitivity and accuracy due to the inefficient analytical approaches. This study hypothesizes that an untargeted analytical method combining chemical derivatization with ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry can identify the various composition and contents of phytosterols in different crops. The results showed that chemical derivatization significantly enhanced intensity of phytosterols compared with non-derivatized samples. Using precursor ion scanning (PIS) of m/z 252.0690, dansyl chloride-labeled phytosterols were identified, demonstrating that rapeseeds had the highest content of total phytosterol (3981.2 ± 95.3 mg/kg), followed by sunflower seeds, flaxseeds, corn and rice, respectively. Principal component analysis revealed significant variations in phytosterol distribution among 15 crop samples, suggesting the applicability of phytosterol profile as a marker for phytosterols-contained crops. Hence, the proposed analytic approach proves high efficiency and accuracy in determining phytosterols and advances the study for phytosterol-enriched crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, PR China
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, PR China.
| | - Xin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, PR China
| | - Hong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, PR China
| | - Fang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Oilseeds Processing of Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Key Laboratory of Lipid Chemistry and Nutrition, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430062, PR China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Harding C, Viljanto M, Habershon-Butcher J, Taylor P, Scarth J. Equine metabolism of the selective androgen receptor modulator YK-11 in urine and plasma following oral administration. Drug Test Anal 2022; 15:388-407. [PMID: 36519889 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
YK-11 is a steroidal selective androgen receptor modulator, a compound class prohibited in both equine racing and human sports because of their potentially performance enhancing properties. YK-11 is easily accessible via internet-based supplement vendors making this compound a possible candidate for doping; however, its phases I and II metabolism has not yet been reported in the horse. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vivo metabolites of YK-11 in urine and plasma following oral administration with three daily doses of 50 mg to two Thoroughbred horses. In vitro incubations with equine liver microsomes/S9 were also performed for use as metabolite reference materials; however, this resulted in the formation of 79 metabolites with little overlap with the in vivo metabolism. In plasma, parent YK-11 and seven phase I metabolites were detected, with five of them also observed in vitro. They were present nonconjugated in plasma, with one metabolite also indicating some glucuronide conjugation. In urine, 11 phase I metabolites were observed, with four of them also observed in vitro and six of them also detected in plasma. Nine metabolites were excreted non-conjugated in urine, with two of them also indicating some sulfate conjugation. Two minor metabolites were detected solely as sulfate conjugates. The most abundant analytes in urine were a mono-O-demethylated breakdown product and di-O-demethylated YK-11. The most abundant analytes in plasma were two isomers of the breakdown product with an additional hydroxylation reaction, which also provided the longest detection time in both matrices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Harding
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Marjaana Viljanto
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Polly Taylor
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - James Scarth
- Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, LGC, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yuan Y, Xu Y, Lu J. Detection of 20 endogenous anabolic steroid esters with Girard’s Reagent P derivatization in dried blood spots using UPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1213:123535. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
4
|
Keen B, Cawley A, Reedy B, Fu S. Metabolomics in clinical and forensic toxicology, sports anti-doping and veterinary residues. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:794-807. [PMID: 35194967 PMCID: PMC9544538 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics is a multidisciplinary field providing workflows for complementary approaches to conventional analytical determinations. It allows for the study of metabolically related groups of compounds or even the study of novel pathways within the biological system. The procedural stages of metabolomics; experimental design, sample preparation, analytical determinations, data processing and statistical analysis, compound identification and validation strategies are explored in this review. The selected approach will depend on the type of study being conducted. Experimental design influences the whole metabolomics workflow and thus needs to be properly assessed to ensure sufficient sample size, minimal introduced and biological variation and appropriate statistical power. Sample preparation needs to be simple, yet potentially global in order to detect as many compounds as possible. Analytical determinations need to be optimised either for the list of targeted compounds or a universal approach. Data processing and statistical analysis approaches vary widely and need to be better harmonised for review and interpretation. This includes validation strategies that are currently deficient in many presented workflows. Common compound identification approaches have been explored in this review. Metabolomics applications are discussed for clinical and forensic toxicology, human and equine sports anti-doping and veterinary residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Keen
- Centre for Forensic ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneyBroadwayNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Adam Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic LaboratoryRacing NSWSydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Brian Reedy
- School of Mathematical and Physical SciencesUniversity of Technology SydneyBroadwayNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Shanlin Fu
- Centre for Forensic ScienceUniversity of Technology SydneyBroadwayNew South WalesAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Davis DE, Leaptrot KL, Koomen DC, May JC, Cavalcanti GDA, Padilha MC, Pereira HMG, McLean JA. Multidimensional Separations of Intact Phase II Steroid Metabolites Utilizing LC-Ion Mobility-HRMS. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10990-10998. [PMID: 34319704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The detection and unambiguous identification of anabolic-androgenic steroid metabolites are essential in clinical, forensic, and antidoping analyses. Recently, sulfate phase II steroid metabolites have received increased attention in steroid metabolism and drug testing. In large part, this is because phase II steroid metabolites are excreted for an extended time, making them a potential long-term chemical marker of choice for tracking steroid misuse in sports. Comprehensive analytical methods, such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), have been used to detect and identify glucuronide and sulfate steroids in human urine with high sensitivity and reliability. However, LC-MS/MS identification strategies can be hindered by the fact that phase II steroid metabolites generate nonselective ion fragments across the different metabolite markers, limiting the confidence in metabolite identifications that rely on exact mass measurement and MS/MS information. Additionally, liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) is sometimes insufficient at fully resolving the analyte peaks from the sample matrix (commonly urine) chemical noise, further complicating accurate identification efforts. Therefore, we developed a liquid chromatography-ion mobility-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-IM-HRMS) method to increase the peak capacity and utilize the IM-derived collision cross section (CCS) values as an additional molecular descriptor for increased selectivity and to improve identifications of intact steroid analyses at low concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Don E Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Katrina L Leaptrot
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - David C Koomen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Jody C May
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Gustavo de A Cavalcanti
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Monica C Padilha
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-598, Brazil
| | - Henrique M G Pereira
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD), Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-598, Brazil
| | - John A McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Innovative Technology, Institute of Chemical Biology, Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Connan-Perrot S, Léger T, Lelandais P, Desdoits-Lethimonier C, David A, Fowler PA, Mazaud-Guittot S. Six Decades of Research on Human Fetal Gonadal Steroids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136681. [PMID: 34206462 PMCID: PMC8268622 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human fetal gonads acquire endocrine steroidogenic capabilities early during their differentiation. Genetic studies show that this endocrine function plays a central role in the sexually dimorphic development of the external genitalia during fetal development. When this endocrine function is dysregulated, congenital malformations and pathologies are the result. In this review, we explain how the current knowledge of steroidogenesis in human fetal gonads has benefited from both the technological advances in steroid measurements and the assembly of detailed knowledge of steroidogenesis machinery and its expression in human fetal gonads. We summarise how the conversion of radiolabelled steroid precursors, antibody-based assays, mass spectrometry, ultrastructural studies, and the in situ labelling of proteins and mRNA have all provided complementary information. In this review, our discussion goes beyond the debate on recommendations concerning the best choice between the different available technologies, and their degrees of reproducibility and sensitivity. The available technologies and techniques can be used for different purposes and, as long as all quality controls are rigorously employed, the question is how to maximise the generation of robust, reproducible data on steroid hormones and their crucial roles in human fetal development and subsequent functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Connan-Perrot
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France; (S.C.-P.); (P.L.); (C.D.-L.); (A.D.)
| | - Thibaut Léger
- Fougères Laboratory, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), CEDEX, 35306 Fougères, France;
| | - Pauline Lelandais
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France; (S.C.-P.); (P.L.); (C.D.-L.); (A.D.)
| | - Christèle Desdoits-Lethimonier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France; (S.C.-P.); (P.L.); (C.D.-L.); (A.D.)
| | - Arthur David
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France; (S.C.-P.); (P.L.); (C.D.-L.); (A.D.)
| | - Paul A. Fowler
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK;
| | - Séverine Mazaud-Guittot
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, 35000 Rennes, France; (S.C.-P.); (P.L.); (C.D.-L.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-23-23-58-86
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kiousi P, Fragkaki AG, Kioukia-Fougia N, Angelis YS. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry behavior of Girard's reagent T derivatives of oxosteroid intact phase II metabolites for doping control purposes. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1822-1834. [PMID: 33942526 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Intact phase II steroid metabolites have poor product ion mass spectra under collision-induced dissociation (CID) conditions. Therefore, we present herein the liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/(MS)) behavior of intact phase II metabolites of oxosteroids after derivatization. Based on the fact that Girard's reagent T (GRT), as derivatization reagent, was both convenient and efficient in terms of the enhancement in the ionization efficiency and the production of diagnostic product ions related to the steroid moiety, the latter was preferably selected between methoxamine and hydroxylamine upon the model compounds of androsterone glucuronide and androsterone sulfate. Sixteen different glucuronides and 29 sulfate conjugated metabolites of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs), available either as pure reference materials or synthesized/extracted from administration studies, were derivatized with GRT, and their product ion spectra are presented. Product ion spectra include in all cases high number of product ions that in some cases are characteristic for certain structures of the steroid backbone. More specifically, preliminary results have shown major differences in fragmentation pattern for 17α/17β-isomers of the sulfate conjugates, but limited differentiation for 17α/17β-isomers of glucuronide conjugates and for 3α/3β- and 5α/5β-stereoisomers of both sulfate and glucuronide conjugates. Further to the suggestion of the current work, application on mesterolone administration studies confirmed-according to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) TD2015IDCR-the presence of seven intact phase II metabolites, one glucuronide and six sulfates with use of LC-ESI-MS/(MS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Argyro G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Nassia Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Yiannis S Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Colletti JD, Redor-Goldman MM, Pomperada AE, Ghoshal AK, Wu WW, McPhaul MJ, Clarke NJ. Sample Multiplexing: Increased Throughput for Quantification of Total Testosterone in Serum by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Clin Chem 2021; 66:1181-1189. [PMID: 32870993 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvaa117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For high-volume assays, optimizing throughput reduces test cost and turn-around time. One approach for liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assays is sample multiplexing, wherein the analyte of interest is derivatized in different specimens with reagents of different molecular weight (differential mass tagging). Specimens can then be combined and simultaneously analyzed within a single injection to improve throughput. Here we developed and validated a quantitative, sample-multiplexed LC-MS/MS assay for serum total testosterone (TT) based on this approach. METHODS For the sample-multiplexed assay, calibrators, controls, and patient specimens were first extracted separately. After mass tagging with either methoxyamine or hydroxylamine, they were combined and injected into the LC-MS/MS system. To evaluate assay performance, we determined limit of quantification (LOQ), linearity, recovery, and imprecision. A method-comparison study was also performed, comparing the new assay with the standard LC-MS/MS assay in 1574 patient specimens. RESULTS The method was linear from 2.5 to 2000 ng/dL, with accuracies from 93% to 104% for both derivatives. An LOQ of 1.0 ng/dL was achieved. Intra-assay and total CVs across 4 quality control concentrations were less than 10%. The assay demonstrated good agreement (Deming regression, 1.03x + 6.07) with the standard LC-MS/MS assay for the patient specimens tested (TT, 3 to 4862 ng/dL). CONCLUSION Sample multiplexing by differential mass tagging of TT increases LC-MS/MS throughput 2-fold without compromising analytical accuracy and sensitivity.
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
A series of dried blood spot (DBS) detection methods for doping agents have been developed in the last two decades. The DBS technique minimizes invasiveness and reduces storage and shipping costs. Recently, the World Anti-Doping Agency announced the use of DBS for the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games and Paralympic Games owing to the advantages of the DBS application in routine doping control. Therefore the further development of detection methods for doping agents in DBS is important and urgent. This review summarizes five aspects of DBS application in doping analysis: sample collection, storage conditions, pretreatment, instrumentation and validation according to the Prohibited List issued by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and proposes some suggestions for future studies of DBS in doping analysis.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zaikin VG, Borisov RS. Options of the Main Derivatization Approaches for Analytical ESI and MALDI Mass Spectrometry. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1287-1342. [PMID: 33557614 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1873100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The inclusion of preliminary chemical labeling (derivatization) in the analysis process by such powerful and widespread methods as electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) is a popular and widely used methodological approach. This is due to the need to remove some fundamental limitations inherent in these powerful analytic methods. Although a number of special reviews has been published discussing the utilization of derivatization approaches, the purpose of the present critical review is to comprehensively summarize, characterize and evaluate most of the previously developed and practically applied, as well as recently proposed representative derivatization reagents for ESI-MS and MALDI-MS platforms in their mostly sensitive positive ion mode and frequently hyphenated with separation techniques. The review is focused on the use of preliminary chemical labeling to facilitate the detection, identification, structure elucidation, quantification, profiling or MS imaging of compounds within complex matrices. Two main derivatization approaches, namely the introduction of permanent charge-fixed or highly proton affinitive residues into analytes are critically evaluated. In situ charge-generation, charge-switch and charge-transfer derivatizations are considered separately. The potential of using reactive matrices in MALDI-MS and chemical labeling in MS-based omics sciences is given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir G Zaikin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Roman S Borisov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Olesti E, Boccard J, Visconti G, González-Ruiz V, Rudaz S. From a single steroid to the steroidome: Trends and analytical challenges. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 206:105797. [PMID: 33259940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For several decades now, the analysis of steroids has been a key tool in the diagnosis and monitoring of numerous endocrine pathologies. Thus, the available methods used to analyze steroids in biological samples have dramatically evolved over time following the rapid pace of technology and scientific knowledge. This review aims to synthetize the advances in steroids' analysis, from classical approaches considering only a few steroids or a limited number of steroid ratios, up to the new steroid profiling strategies (steroidomics) monitoring large sets of steroids in biological matrices. In this context, the use of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry has emerged as the technique of choice for the simultaneous determination of a high number of steroids, including phase II metabolites, due to its sensitivity and robustness. However, the large dynamic range to be covered, the low natural abundance of some key steroids, the selectivity of the analytical methods, the extraction protocols, and the steroid ionization remain some of the current challenges in steroid analysis. This review provides an overview of the different analytical workflows available depending on the number of steroids under study. Special emphasis is given to sample treatment, acquisition strategy, data processing, steroid identification and quantification using LC-MS approaches. This work also outlines how the availability of steroid standards, the need for complementary analytical strategies and the improvement of calibration approaches are crucial for achieving complete steroidome quantification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eulalia Olesti
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland
| | - Julien Boccard
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland
| | - Gioele Visconti
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Víctor González-Ruiz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), Switzerland
| | - Serge Rudaz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rocha DG, Lana MAG, de Assis DCS, Cançado SV, Augusti R, Faria AF. Determination of steroids in bovine hair: Validation of a microwave-assisted chemical derivatization method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and in vivo studies. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1078-1086. [PMID: 32384229 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hair analysis has attracted great attention in the regulatory analysis of food-producing animals, particularly due to the wider detection window of veterinary drugs in this matrix and also the possibility of confirming parent drugs with minimum metabolization. This work involved the development and validation of a quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method to determine 25 steroids and steroid esters in bovine hair. Sensitivity was improved using a fast and effective microwave-assisted chemical derivatization with methoxyamine hydrochloride. The validation was conducted in accordance with the Decision 657/2002/EC guidelines. An animal experimentation procedure was performed on 12 bovine animals in which two commercial formulations containing boldenone undecylenate and testosterone propionate were administrated via intramuscular injections on the neck. The samples were collected for 78 days in which the detection of the administrated analytes was only observed near the application sites. For some of the monitored days, no analyte was detected on the neck area. Since the migration of the analytes was not observed in areas other than the application site, false-negative results should be carefully considered when monitoring animal hair samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego G Rocha
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Federal Laboratory of Animal and Plant Health and Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brazil
| | - Mary Ane G Lana
- Federal Laboratory of Animal and Plant Health and Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brazil
| | - Débora C S de Assis
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Silvana V Cançado
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Adriana F Faria
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nzekoue FK, Caprioli G, Ricciutelli M, Cortese M, Alesi A, Vittori S, Sagratini G. Development of an innovative phytosterol derivatization method to improve the HPLC-DAD analysis and the ESI-MS detection of plant sterols/stanols. Food Res Int 2020; 131:108998. [PMID: 32247468 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.108998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HPLC analyses of phytosterols are associated with the issues of sensitivity due to their high lipophilicity and their lack of chromophore. These problems could be solved through chemical modifications of plant sterols/stanols structures. Therefore, the present study aims to develop a new method for phytosterols derivatization. This method was performed using dansyl chloride (4 mg ml-1) as derivatizing agent and different reaction parameters have been optimized. The highest yields of phytosterol derivatization were obtained with 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) as catalyst at a concentration of 8 mg ml-1 and dichloromethane as reaction solvent. In addition, 40 ˚C was the best reaction temperature for 30 min as the best reaction time. This derivatization method presented a high reproducibility (%RSD = 1.2-2.7%) and a good linearity (R2 = 0.9982-0.9999). The UV absorption intensities after derivatization showed a 23-fold increment for plant sterols and a 400-fold increment for plant stanols. Moreover, this derivatization method allowed the use of high and more selective wavelengths of detection and improved the chromatographic separation of phytosterols. Furthermore, the developed method allowed the ESI-MS ionization and analysis of phytosterols. This method can therefore contribute to the improvement of the HPLC analyses of plant sterols/stanols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Caprioli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Massimo Ricciutelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Manuela Cortese
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Alesi
- Sabelli S.p.A., Zona Ind.le Basso Marino, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - Sauro Vittori
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Gianni Sagratini
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bonfoh SI, Li D, Xiong X, Du Z, Xiong C, Jiang H. Novel PEP-PAN@PSF rods extraction of EDCs in environmental water, sediment, and fish homogenate followed by pre-column derivatization and UHPLC-MS/MS detection. Talanta 2020; 210:120661. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
16
|
Analysis of steroids in urine by gas chromatography-capillary photoionization-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1598:175-182. [PMID: 31003716 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A new heated capillary photoionization (CPI) ion source design was developed to photoionize analytes inside a transfer capillary between a gas chromatograph (GC) and a mass spectrometer (MS). The CPI setup included a wide, oval-shaped vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) transparent magnesium fluoride (MgF2) window to maximize photoionization efficiency and thus sensitivity. The source contained a nitrogen housing around the ionization chamber inlet to avoid undesirable hydrolysis and oxidation reactions with ambient air and to maximize the proportion of formed molecular radical cations of analytes. The feasibility of the ion source was studied by analyzing 18 endogenous steroids in urine as their trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The method was validated and applied to human urine samples. To our best knowledge, this is the first time that a capillary photoionization ion source has been applied for quantitative analysis of biological samples. The GC-CPI-MS/MS method showed good chromatographic resolution (peak half-widths between 3.1 to 5.3 s), acceptable linearity (coefficient of determination between 0.981 to 0.996), and repeatability (relative standard deviation (RSD%) between 5 to 18%). Limits of detection (LOD) were between 2 to 100 pg mL-1 and limits of quantitation (LOQ) were between 0.05 to 2 ng mL-1. In total, 15 steroids were quantified either as a free steroid or glucuronide conjugate from the urine of volunteers. The new CPI source design showed excellent sensitivity for analysis of steroids in complex biological samples.
Collapse
|
17
|
Dahmani H, Louati K, Hajri A, Bahri S, Safta F. Development of an extraction method for anabolic androgenic steroids in dietary supplements and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: Application for doping-control. Steroids 2018; 138:134-160. [PMID: 30118779 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have highlighted that nutritional supplements may contain undeclared anabolic steroids that are banned by the International Olympic Committee/World Anti-Doping Agency. Any kind of abuse with these drugs is extremely dangerous because of their side effects. Thus, the control of food additives in order to protect the best consumer health and to limit fraudulent practices in the field of sports is essential. This paper describes a simple and effective qualitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method to detect anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS): androsterone, nandrolene, dehydroepiandrosterone, 5ɑ-androstane-3β, 17β-diol, dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, methenolone acetate, methandienone, boldenone and fluoxymesterone, in food supplements. Methyltestosterone was used as internal standard. Target compounds were extracted with a mixture of N-pentane and di-ethylether (7.5:2.5, v/v). A good extraction recovery was obtained by our method for all the AAS (R > 88%). Crude extract was derivatized with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-trifluoracetamide. Separation was performed on a GC connected to quadrupole MS detector using a 5% phenylmethylsiloxane fused silica capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm i.d.; film thickness, 0.25 µm). Helium was used as carrier gas with a flow rate of 0.3 µl min-1 (measured at 6.1 psi 190 °C). The MS was operated in electron ionization mode (70 eV) and in selected ion monitoring (SIM). The mass spectra of the standard compounds were acquired in full SCAN mode (50-700 m/z) by infusion of a reference solution at 50 µg/ml. Three higher diagnostic ions were monitored for each compound of interest. All AAS get separated with good peak shapes and resolution factor. The total analysis time by our optimised method was only 20 min. The developed method was validated according to Laboratories International Standard regulations for specificity, precision in both liquid and solid matrixes, and memory effect. The Tolerance Interval was judged true. The limit of detection was about 10 ng/g for solid samples and 10 ng/ml for liquid samples. The developed method was then applied to the research of steroids in nine Tunisian commercially dietary supplements using for each compound of interest SIM mode for screening then SCAN mode for confirmation. One of the monitoring samples was positive to methandienone not declared on the label. Our analytical method can be beneficial for AAS screening in dietary supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Dahmani
- National Laboratory of Medicaments' Control, 13, Road of Jbel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kaouthar Louati
- Scientific Research Department, El-Ain Post, Box N°204, 3042 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Adel Hajri
- National Laboratory of Medicaments' Control, 13, Road of Jbel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Senda Bahri
- National Laboratory of Medicaments' Control, 13, Road of Jbel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fathi Safta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pharmacy, Road Avicenne 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Urine is a biological matrix that contains hundreds of metabolic end products which constitute the urinary metabolome. The development and advances on LC-MS/MS have revolutionized the analytical study of biomolecules by enabling their accurate identification and quantification in an unprecedented manner. Nowadays, LC-MS/MS is helping to unveil the complexity of urine metabolome, and the results obtained have multiple biomedical applications. This review focuses on the targeted LC-MS/MS analysis of the urine metabolome. In the first part, we describe general considerations (from sample collection to quantitation) required for a proper targeted metabolic analysis. In the second part, we address the urinary analysis and recent applications of four relevant families: amino acids, catecholamines, lipids and steroids.
Collapse
|
19
|
Hernández-Mesa M, Le Bizec B, Monteau F, García-Campaña AM, Dervilly-Pinel G. Collision Cross Section (CCS) Database: An Additional Measure to Characterize Steroids. Anal Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maykel Hernández-Mesa
- Laboratoire d’Etude
des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), INRA
UMR 1329, LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes F-44307, France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Laboratoire d’Etude
des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), INRA
UMR 1329, LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes F-44307, France
| | - Fabrice Monteau
- Laboratoire d’Etude
des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), INRA
UMR 1329, LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes F-44307, France
| | - Ana M. García-Campaña
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, Granada E-18071, Spain
| | - Gaud Dervilly-Pinel
- Laboratoire d’Etude
des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), INRA
UMR 1329, LUNAM Université, Oniris, Nantes F-44307, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kočová Vlčková H, Pilařová V, Svobodová P, Plíšek J, Švec F, Nováková L. Current state of bioanalytical chromatography in clinical analysis. Analyst 2018; 143:1305-1325. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01807j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromatographic methods have become popular in clinical analysis in both routine and research laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H. Kočová Vlčková
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Charles University
- Hradec Králové
- Czech Republic
| | - V. Pilařová
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Charles University
- Hradec Králové
- Czech Republic
| | - P. Svobodová
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Charles University
- Hradec Králové
- Czech Republic
| | - J. Plíšek
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Charles University
- Hradec Králové
- Czech Republic
| | - F. Švec
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Charles University
- Hradec Králové
- Czech Republic
| | - L. Nováková
- Deparment of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové
- Charles University
- Hradec Králové
- Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Blokland MH, van Tricht EF, van Ginkel LA, Sterk SS. Applicability of an innovative steroid-profiling method to determine synthetic growth promoter abuse in cattle. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:265-275. [PMID: 29030156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A robust LC-MS/MS method was developed to quantify a large number of phase I and phase II steroids in urine. The decision limit is for most compounds lower than 1ngml-1 with a measurement uncertainty smaller than 30%. The method is fully validated and was applied to assess the influence of administered synthetic steroids and beta-agonists on the steroidogenesis. From three animal experiments, clenbuterol, diethylstilbestrol and stanozolol, the steroid profiles in urine of bovine animals were compared before and after treatment. It was demonstrated that the steroid profiles were altered due to these treatments. A predictive multivariate model was built to identify deviations from normal population steroid profiles. The abuse of synthetic steroids can be detected in urine samples from bovine animals using this model. The samples from the animal experiments were randomly analysed using this method and predictive model. It was shown that these samples were predicted correctly in the exogenous steroids group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M H Blokland
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - E F van Tricht
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - L A van Ginkel
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - S S Sterk
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bussy U, Chung-Davidson YW, Buchinger TJ, Li K, Li W. High-sensitivity determination of estrogens in fish plasma using chemical derivatization upstream UHPLC-MSMS. Steroids 2017; 123:13-19. [PMID: 28456451 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the development and validation of a sensitive LC-MSMS method for determination of estrogen in fish plasma. Dansyl chloride derivatization of the phenol functional group in estrogen was used to enhance the response to atmospheric pressure ionization leading to improve the sensitivity. Individual 13C internal standards were selected after comparison with deuterated standards. Liquid-liquid extraction (ethyl acetate or methyl tert-butyl ether) and protein precipitation (acetonitrile, methanol or acetone) were compared for the extraction and clean-up of estrogens from fish plasma. Ethyl acetate was selected as the best alternative with recovery ranging from 61 to 96% and matrix effect ranging from 88 to 106%. Limits of quantification ranged from 0.5 to 1pg/mL showing a gain in sensitivity of 10,000 times over electrospray ionization of underivatized estrogens. Accuracy and precision were validated over three consecutive days and the method was applied to measure estrogen in sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) plasma. Estrone and estriol were detected in fish below 1ng/mL in plasma, justifying the need of a highly sensitive LC-MSMS quantification method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Bussy
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, Room 13 Natural Resources Building, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yu-Wen Chung-Davidson
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, Room 13 Natural Resources Building, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Tyler J Buchinger
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, Room 13 Natural Resources Building, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, Room 13 Natural Resources Building, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, Room 13 Natural Resources Building, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ke Y, Gonthier R, Labrie F. A sensitive and accurate LC-MS/MS assay with the derivatization of 1-Amino-4-methylpiperazine applied to serum allopregnanolone, pregnenolone and androsterone in pre- and postmenopausal women. Steroids 2017; 118:25-31. [PMID: 27913096 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of allopregnanolone (Allopreg), pregnenolone (Preg) and androsterone (ADT) are very low in the circulation, especially in postmenopausal women, resulting in a considerable challenge for their accurate measurements in serum or plasma. In this report, a sensitive and reliable LC-MS/MS assay method has been developed using a simple sample preparation and the 1-Amino-4-methylpiperazine (AMP) derivatization procedure. A 5pg/ml (0.1pg on column) of low limit of quantitation has been achieved for Allopreg, Preg and ADT, with a sensitivity comparable to data obtained with the commercial reagent. The major benefit of this reagent is to limit the matrix effect since the excess amount of reagent can be removed during the reaction. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) from the derivatization of AMP not only increases the detection of these compounds but also provides a good resolution for Allopreg, Preg and ADT from interferences, especially for Allopreg from its isomers. Within the calibration range of 5pg/ml to 2000pg/ml, a good linearity was obtained with R>0.99 where the weighing factor is 1/X. Bias and coefficients of variance are within 15% for all QC levels. The matrix effect has been evaluated, well meeting the acceptance criteria according to the FDA guidelines. With this method, the concentrations of Allopreg, Preg and ADT in postmenopausal serum are in the range of 6.4-53.6pg/ml, 16.2-68.0pg/ml and 23.9-114.0pg/ml, respectively, while the ranges in premenopausal serum are 8.2-701.5pg/ml, 31.2-135.2pg/ml and 47.8-310.0pg/ml, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyong Ke
- EndoCeutics Inc., 2795 Laurier Blvd, Suite 500, Quebec City, QC G1V 4M7, Canada.
| | - Renaud Gonthier
- EndoCeutics Inc., 2795 Laurier Blvd, Suite 500, Quebec City, QC G1V 4M7, Canada
| | - Fernand Labrie
- EndoCeutics Inc., 2795 Laurier Blvd, Suite 500, Quebec City, QC G1V 4M7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zang T, Tamae D, Mesaros C, Wang Q, Huang M, Blair IA, Penning TM. Simultaneous quantitation of nine hydroxy-androgens and their conjugates in human serum by stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:342-355. [PMID: 27531846 PMCID: PMC5146996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), the fatal form of prostate cancer, remains androgen dependent despite castrate levels of circulating testosterone (T) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). To investigate mechanisms by which the tumor can synthesize its own androgens and develop resistance to abiraterone acetate and enzalutamide, methods to measure a complete androgen profile are imperative. Here, we report the development and validation of a stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (SID-LC-ESI-MS/MS) method to quantify nine human hydroxy-androgens as picolinates, simultaneously with requisite specificity and sensitivity. In the established method, the fragmentation patterns of all nine hydroxy-androgen picolinates were identified, and [13C3]-5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol and [13C3]-5α-androstane-3β, 17β-diol used as internal standards were synthesized enzymatically. Intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy corresponds to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Criteria for Bioanalytical Method Validation. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of nine hydroxy-androgens is 1.0pg to 2.5pg on column. Diols which have been infrequently measured: 5-androstene-3β, 17β-diol and 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol can be determined in serum at values as low as 1.0pg on column. The method also permits the quantitation of conjugated hydroxy-androgens following enzymatic digestion. While direct detection of steroid conjugates by electrospray-ionization tandem mass spectrometry has advantages the detection of unconjugated and conjugated steroids would require separate methods for each set of analytes. Our method was applied to pooled serum from male and female donors to provide reference values for both unconjugated and conjugated hydroxy-androgens. This method will allow us to interrogate the involvement of the conversion of 5-androstene-3β, 17β-diol to T, the backdoor pathway involving the conversion of 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol to DHT and the inactivation of DHT to 5α-androstane-3β, 17β-diol in advanced prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhu Zang
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Daniel Tamae
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Meng Huang
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Ian A Blair
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sun J, Zhao XE, Dang J, Sun X, Zheng L, You J, Wang X. Rapid and sensitive determination of phytosterols in functional foods and medicinal herbs by using UHPLC-MS/MS with microwave-assisted derivatization combined with dual ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:725-732. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research and Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology; Chinese Academy of Science; Xining Qinghai P.R. China
| | - Xian-En Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research and Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology; Chinese Academy of Science; Xining Qinghai P.R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Qufu Normal University; Qufu Shandong P. R. China
| | - Jun Dang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research and Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology; Chinese Academy of Science; Xining Qinghai P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Qufu Normal University; Qufu Shandong P. R. China
| | - Longfang Zheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Qufu Normal University; Qufu Shandong P. R. China
| | - Jinmao You
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Qufu Normal University; Qufu Shandong P. R. China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of TCM Quality Control Technology, Shandong Analysis and Test Center; Shandong Academy of Sciences; Jinan Shandong China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Srivilai J, Rabgay K, Khorana N, Waranuch N, Nuengchamnong N, Ingkaninan K. A new label-free screen for steroid 5α-reductase inhibitors using LC-MS. Steroids 2016; 116:67-75. [PMID: 27789379 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Steroid 5α-reductase (S5αR) plays an important role in metabolizing testosterone into active androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) which is involved in many androgen dependent disorders, such as androgenic alopecia, benign prostatic hyperplasia and acne. The method for screening for S5αR inhibition is key in finding new antagonists. In this study, the label-free S5αR inhibitory assay using LC-MS was developed. S5αR type 1 enzyme was obtained from LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The enzymatic assay was optimised for enzyme-substrate (testosterone) concentration, NADPH-cofactor concentration, solvent tolerance, enzyme activity stability and incubation time. The developed assay was validated by measuring the signal to background ratio (S/B), the signal to noise ratio (S/N), the signal window (SW) and the zeta factor Z' in accordance with published bioassay guidelines. The enzymatic reaction was performed in 96-well plates and DHT formation was determined by LC-MS. S/B, S/N, SW and Z' factor were well above acceptable criteria and the reproducibility was good using Z' factor other 3days and further validated by dutasteride and finasteride inhibition. The method was successfully applied to quantify S5αR inhibitory activity of some Thai herbal extracts. Two plant extracts, Impatiens balsamina L. and Curcuma longa L. showed IC50 at 5.4±0.2 and 9.0±1.2μgmL-1 and are therefore promising sources of new S5αR inhibitors. The assay has high selectability and reproducibility and suited to medium throughput screening required by phytochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jukkarin Srivilai
- Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Karma Rabgay
- Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Nantaka Khorana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Neti Waranuch
- Cosmetics and Natural Products Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Nitra Nuengchamnong
- Science Laboratory Centre, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Kornkanok Ingkaninan
- Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhao XE, Yan P, Wang R, Zhu S, You J, Bai Y, Liu H. Sensitive determination of cholesterol and its metabolic steroid hormones by UHPLC-MS/MS via derivatization coupled with dual ultrasonic-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30 Suppl 1:147-154. [PMID: 27539430 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Quantitative analysis of cholesterol and its metabolic steroid hormones plays a vital role in diagnosing endocrine disorders and understanding disease progression, as well as in clinical medicine studies. Because of their extremely low abundance in body fluids, it remains a challenging task to develop a sensitive detection method. METHODS A hyphenated technique of dual ultrasonic-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (dual-UADLLME) coupled with microwave-assisted derivatization (MAD) was proposed for cleansing, enrichment and sensitivity enhancement. 4'-Carboxy-substituted rosamine (CSR) was synthesized and used as derivatization reagent. An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for determination of cholesterol and its metabolic steroid hormones in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. RESULTS Parameters of dual-UADLLME, MAD and UHPLC-MS/MS were all optimized. Satisfactory linearity, recovery, repeatability, accuracy and precision, absence of matrix effect and extremely low limits of detection (LODs, 0.08-0.15 pg mL(-1) ) were achieved. CONCLUSIONS Through the combination of dual-UADLLME and MAD, a determination method for cholesterol and its metabolic steroid hormones in human plasma, serum and urine samples was developed and validated with high sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy and perfect matrix effect results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-En Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
- Hospital of University, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Renjun Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Shuyun Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Jinmao You
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Calvano CD, Cataldi TRI, Kögel JF, Monopoli A, Palmisano F, Sundermeyer J. Superbasic alkyl-substituted bisphosphazene proton sponges: a new class of deprotonating matrices for negative ion matrix-assisted ionization/laser desorption mass spectrometry of low molecular weight hardly ionizable analytes. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1680-1686. [PMID: 28328038 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Here hardly ionizable and low molecular weight compounds are detected in negative ion mode by using novel superbasic proton sponges based on 1,8-bisphosphazenylnaphthalene (PN) as MALDI matrices. Among the selected proton sponges, 1,8-bis(trispyrrolidinophosphazenyl)naphthalene (TPPN) has shown the best behaviour as matrix since it allows the direct detection of intact cholesterol without derivatization also in real challenging samples. METHODS Very weakly acidic compounds such as sterols, steroids, fatty alcohols and saccharides were detected in reflectron negative ion mode by a MALDI TOF/TOF system equipped with a neodymium-doped yttrium lithium fluoride (Nd:YLF) laser (345 nm) with typical mass accuracy of 10 ppm. MS/MS experiments were performed by using ambient air as the collision gas. RESULTS Contrary to traditional MALDI matrices, superbasic proton sponges allowed the easy deprotonation of an alcohol functional group without a previous chemical derivatization step. Experimental evidence indicates that analyte deprotonation is achieved in the condensed phase, i.e. PN superbasic proton sponges operate according to a recently proposed model named matrix assisted ionization/laser desorption (MAILD). A detection limit of 3 pmol/spot of cholesterol (model compound) with a signal-to-noise ratio ≥ 10 was typically obtained. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, the usefulness of novel superbasic proton sponges is demonstrated for MALDI detection of hardly ionizable compounds such as sterols, steroids, fatty alcohols and saccharides. The leading candidate TPPN has been successfully applied for negative ion MAILD-MS analysis of cholesterol, fatty acids and phospholipids in egg yolk and brain tissue extracts. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C D Calvano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Campus Universitario, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale S.M.A.R.T., Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Campus Universitario, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - T R I Cataldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Campus Universitario, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale S.M.A.R.T., Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Campus Universitario, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - J F Kögel
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universitat Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - A Monopoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Campus Universitario, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - F Palmisano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Campus Universitario, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca Interdipartimentale S.M.A.R.T., Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Campus Universitario, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - J Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universitat Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dumont Q, Bárcenas M, Dossmann H, Bailloux I, Buisson C, Mechin N, Molina A, Lasne F, Rannulu NS, Cole RB. Improved Steroids Detection and Evidence for Their Regiospecific Decompositions Using Anion Attachment Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3585-91. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Dumont
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut
Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 4 Place Jussieu 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Mariana Bárcenas
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut
Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 4 Place Jussieu 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Héloïse Dossmann
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut
Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 4 Place Jussieu 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Isabelle Bailloux
- Agence Française de Lutte Contre le Dopage, Département des Analyses, 143 Avenue Roger Salengro, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Corinne Buisson
- Agence Française de Lutte Contre le Dopage, Département des Analyses, 143 Avenue Roger Salengro, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Nathalie Mechin
- Agence Française de Lutte Contre le Dopage, Département des Analyses, 143 Avenue Roger Salengro, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Adeline Molina
- Agence Française de Lutte Contre le Dopage, Département des Analyses, 143 Avenue Roger Salengro, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Françoise Lasne
- Agence Française de Lutte Contre le Dopage, Département des Analyses, 143 Avenue Roger Salengro, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Nalaka S. Rannulu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, United States
| | - Richard B. Cole
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Institut
Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 4 Place Jussieu 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Department
of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Sensitive and reliable analysis of endogenous compounds is critically important for many physiological and pathological studies. Methods based on LC–MS have progressed to become the method of choice for analyzing endogenous compounds. However, the analysis can be challenging due to various factors, including inherent low concentrations in biological samples, low ionization efficiency, undesirable chromatographic behavior and interferences of complex biological. The integration of chemical derivatization with LC–MS could enhance its capabilities in sensitivity and selectivity, and extend its application to a wider range of analytes. In this article, we will review the derivatization strategies in the LC–MS analysis of various endogenous compounds, and provide applications highlighting the impact of these important techniques in the evaluation of pathological events.
Collapse
|
31
|
Derivatization of steroids in biological samples for GC–MS and LC–MS analyses. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2515-36. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of steroids in biological samples is essential in different areas of knowledge. MS combined with either GC or LC is considered the best analytical technique for specific and sensitive determinations. However, due to the physicochemical properties of some steroids, and the low concentrations found in biological samples, the formation of a derivative prior to their analysis is required. In GC–MS determinations, derivatization is needed for generating volatile and thermally stable compounds. The improvement in terms of stability and chromatographic retention are the main reasons for selecting the derivatization agent. On the other hand, derivatization is not compulsory in LC–MS analyses and the derivatization is typically used for improving the ionization and therefore the overall sensitivity achieved.
Collapse
|
32
|
Current status and recent advantages in derivatization procedures in human doping control. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2537-56. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatization is one of the most important steps during sample preparation in doping control analysis. Its main purpose is the enhancement of chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of analytes in the full range of laboratory doping control activities. Its application is shown to broaden the detectable range of compounds, even in LC–MS analysis, where derivatization is not a prerequisite. The impact of derivatization initiates from the stage of the metabolic studies of doping agents up to the discovery of doping markers, by inclusion of the screening and confirmation procedures of prohibited substances in athlete's urine samples. Derivatization renders an unlimited number of opportunities to advanced analyte detection.
Collapse
|
33
|
Kim J, Abdulwahab S, Choi K, Lafrenière NM, Mudrik JM, Gomaa H, Ahmado H, Behan LA, Casper RF, Wheeler AR. A Microfluidic Technique for Quantification of Steroids in Core Needle Biopsies. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4688-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5043297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sara Abdulwahab
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Kihwan Choi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Donnelly Centre
for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Nelson M. Lafrenière
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jared M. Mudrik
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Hala Gomaa
- Samuel Lunenfeld
Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Hend Ahmado
- Samuel Lunenfeld
Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Lucy-Ann Behan
- Samuel Lunenfeld
Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Robert F. Casper
- Samuel Lunenfeld
Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Aaron R. Wheeler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials
and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
- Donnelly Centre
for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Saha S, Mandal MK, Nonami H, Hiraoka K. Direct analysis of anabolic steroids in urine using Leidenfrost phenomenon assisted thermal desorption-dielectric barrier discharge ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 839:1-7. [PMID: 25066712 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection of trace level anabolic steroids in urine is highly desirable to monitor the consumption of performance enhancing anabolic steroids by athletes. The present article describes a novel strategy for identifying the trace anabolic steroids in urine using Leidenfrost phenomenon assisted thermal desorption (LPTD) coupled to dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) ionization mass spectrometry. Using this method the steroid molecules are enriched within a liquid droplet during the thermal desorption process and desorbed all-together at the last moment of droplet evaporation in a short time domain. The desorbed molecules were ionized using a dielectric barrier discharge ion-source in front of the mass spectrometer inlet at open atmosphere. This process facilitates the sensitivity enhancement with several orders of magnitude compared to the thermal desorption at a lower temperature. The limits of detection (LODs) of various steroid molecules were found to be in the range of 0.05-0.1 ng mL(-1) for standard solutions and around two orders of magnitude higher for synthetic urine samples. The detection limits of urinary anabolic steroids could be lowered by using a simple and rapid dichloromethane extraction technique. The analytical figures of merit of this technique were evaluated at open atmosphere using suitable internal standards. The technique is simple and rapid for high sensitivity and high throughput screening of anabolic steroids in urine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhrakanti Saha
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
| | - Mridul Kanti Mandal
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nonami
- Plant Biophysics/Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Kenzo Hiraoka
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gomez C, Fabregat A, Pozo ÓJ, Marcos J, Segura J, Ventura R. Analytical strategies based on mass spectrometric techniques for the study of steroid metabolism. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
36
|
Current status and bioanalytical challenges in the detection of unknown anabolic androgenic steroids in doping control analysis. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:2661-77. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) are prohibited in sports due to their anabolic effects. Doping control laboratories usually face the screening of AAS misuse by target methods based on MS detection. Although these methods allow for the sensitive and specific detection of targeted compounds and metabolites, the rest remain undetectable. This fact opens a door for cheaters, since different AAS can be synthesized in order to evade doping control tests. This situation was evidenced in 2003 with the discovery of the designer steroid tetrahydrogestrinone. One decade after this discovery, the detection of unknown AAS still remains one of the main analytical challenges in the doping control field. In this manuscript, the current situation in the detection of unknown AAS is reviewed. Although important steps have been made in order to minimize this analytical problem and different analytical strategies have been proposed, there are still some drawbacks related to each approach.
Collapse
|
37
|
Receptor-based high-throughput screening and identification of estrogens in dietary supplements using bioaffinity liquid-chromatography ion mobility mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9427-36. [PMID: 24081568 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A high-throughput bioaffinity liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (BioMS) approach was developed and applied for the screening and identification of recombinant human estrogen receptor α (ERα) ligands in dietary supplements. For screening, a semi-automated mass spectrometric ligand binding assay was developed applying (13)C2, (15) N-tamoxifen as non-radioactive label and fast ultra-high-performance-liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-triple-quadrupole-MS (UPLC-QqQ-MS), operated in the single reaction monitoring mode, as a readout system. Binding of the label to ERα-coated paramagnetic microbeads was inhibited by competing estrogens in the sample extract yielding decreased levels of the label in UPLC-QqQ-MS. The label showed high ionisation efficiency in positive electrospray ionisation (ESI) mode, so the developed BioMS approach is able to screen for estrogens in dietary supplements despite their poor ionisation efficiency in both positive and negative ESI modes. The assay was performed in a 96-well plate, and all these wells could be measured within 3 h. Estrogens in suspect extracts were identified by full-scan accurate mass and collision-cross section (CCS) values from a UPLC-ion mobility-Q-time-of-flight-MS (UPLC-IM-Q-ToF-MS) equipped with a novel atmospheric pressure ionisation source. Thanks to the novel ion source, this instrument provided picogram sensitivity for estrogens in the negative ion mode and an additional identification point (experimental CCS values) next to retention time, accurate mass and tandem mass spectrometry data. The developed combination of bioaffinity screening with UPLC-QqQ-MS and identification with UPLC-IM-Q-ToF-MS provides an extremely powerful analytical tool for early warning of ERα bioactive compounds in dietary supplements as demonstrated by analysis of selected dietary supplements in which different estrogens were identified.
Collapse
|
38
|
Capriotti AL, Cavaliere C, Colapicchioni V, Piovesana S, Samperi R, Laganà A. Analytical strategies based on chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of estrogen-mimicking compounds in food. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1313:62-77. [PMID: 23866124 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Food safety can be compromised by the presence of a wide variety of substances, deriving from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Among these substances, compounds exhibiting various degrees of estrogenic activity have been widely studied in environmental samples, whereas less attention has been devoted to food matrices. The aim of the present review is to give a general overview on the recent analytical methods based on gas or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for the determination of estrogen-like compounds in foods, including new developments, improvements and upcoming trends in the field. Attention will be focused on four representative groups of compounds, i.e. natural and synthetic estrogens, mycoestrogens, phytoestrogens, and alkylphenols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Laura Capriotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|