1
|
Frazzoli C, Bocca B, Battistini B, Ruggieri F, Rovira J, Amadi CN, Offor SJ, Orisakwe OE. Rare Earth and Platinum Group Elements In Sub-Saharan Africa and Global Health: The Dark Side of the Burgeoning of Technology. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2024; 18:11786302241271553. [PMID: 39282214 PMCID: PMC11393805 DOI: 10.1177/11786302241271553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Despite steady progress in the development and promotion of the circular economy as a model, an overwhelming proportion of technological devices discarded by the Global North still finds its way to the Global South, where technology-related environmental health problems start from the predation of resources and continue all the way to recycling and disposal. We reviewed literature on TCEs in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), focussing on: the sources and levels of environmental pollution; the extent of human exposure to these substances; their role in the aetiology of human diseases; their effects on the environment. Our review shows that even minor and often neglected technology-critical elements (TCEs), like rare earth elements (REEs) and platinum group elements (PGEs), reveal the environmental damage and detrimental health effects caused by the massive mining of raw materials, exacerbated by improper disposal of e-waste (from dumping to improper recycling and open burning). We draw attention of local research on knowledge gaps such as workable safer methods for TCE recovery from end-of-life products, secondary materials and e-waste, environmental bioremediation and human detoxification. The technical and political shortcomings in the management of TCEs in SSA is all the more alarming against the background of unfavourable determinants of health and a resulting higher susceptibility to diseases, especially among children who work in mines and e-waste recycling sites or who reside in dumping sites.This paper demonstrates, for the first time, that the role of unjust North-South dynamics is evident even in the environmental levels of minor trace elements and that the premise underlying attempts to solve the problem of e-waste dumped in Africa through recycling and disposal technology is in fact misleading. The influx of foreign electrical and electronic equipments should be controlled and limited by clearly defining what is a 'useful' second-hand device and what is e-waste; risks arising from device components or processing by-products should be managed differently, and scientific uncertainty and One Health thinking should be incorporated in risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Frazzoli
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases, and Ageing, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Italian National Institute of Health), Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Bocca
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice Battistini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Ruggieri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Joaquim Rovira
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department d'Enginyeria Quimica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cecilia Nwadiuto Amadi
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port-Harcourt, Port-Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Samuel James Offor
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
| | - Orish E Orisakwe
- African Centre of Excellence for Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria
- Advanced Research Centre, European University of Lefke, Lefke, Northern Cyprus, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Husbands DR, Booth EM, Donaldson NWB, Kapur N, Willans RM, Willans CE. Electrochemical removal of toxic metals from reaction media following catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:8876-8879. [PMID: 39082328 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02000f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Following Ni-catalysed Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reactions, Ni is electrochemically removed on to the cathode, offering potential for recovery and reuse. The electrochemical recovery method, in combination with an analytical method developed for accurate quantification by HPLC, is expected to be broadly applicable to metal recovery following catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David R Husbands
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Elisha M Booth
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Niall W B Donaldson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Nikil Kapur
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Rebecca M Willans
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Charlotte E Willans
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Finotti Cordeiro C, Lopardi Franco L, Teixeira Carvalho D, Bonfilio R. Impurities in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Drug Products: A Critical Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-21. [PMID: 39058576 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2384046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The presence of impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and drug products represents a risk to patients' health. Such substances are related to diverse side effects and may have mutagenic potential. That's why it is necessary to establish acceptable limits for these by-products, to minimize the risk associated with medicinal therapy. This work focused on presenting a critical review of relevant points related to the presence of impurities in pharmaceuticals. The main legislation and guidelines from the FDA, EMA, ICH, and Pharmacopeias about the subject were evaluated, and recent articles related to the topic were searched in Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Web of Science from 2013 to 2023. Additionally, the analytical techniques used for quantifying impurities were discussed, along with relevant tests for assessing the toxicological and mutagenic risks of these by-products. Recent legislation, including ICH Q3A (R2), ICH Q3B (R2), ICH M7 (R2), ICH Q3D (R2), ICH Q3C (R9), ICH Q3E, ICH Q6A, ICH M3 (R2), as well as FDA and EMA guidelines, highlights a comprehensive and effective framework for controlling impurities in pharmaceuticals. Despite this, there remains a lack of harmonization and standardized procedures across different regions. From the review of scientific literature, we observed that advancements in analytical techniques have significantly improved the sensitivity and selectivity in detecting impurities and degradation products. This underscores the ongoing commitment of health agencies and the pharmaceutical industry to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicinal products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cleydson Finotti Cordeiro
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas Lopardi Franco
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diogo Teixeira Carvalho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rudy Bonfilio
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Soylak M, Çoban AN, Ahmed HEH. Micro solid phase extraction of lead and cadmium using functionalized nanodiamonds@CuAl 2O 4@HKUST-1 nanocomposite for FAAS analysis in food and water samples. Food Chem 2024; 442:138426. [PMID: 38237291 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
This study focuses on the development and application of a novel nanocomposite (functionalized nanodiamonds@CuAl2O4@HKUST-1)-based µ-SPE method for the sensitive and selective extraction of Pb and Cd from food and water samples. The technique offers high sensitivity and selectivity, allowing accurate measurement of these metals at trace levels. The detection limit is 0.031 µg kg-1 for Cd and 0.052 µg kg-1 for Pb, with a relative standard deviation of 1.7 % for Cd and 4.8 % for Pb. The method was successfully applied to real samples and efficiently quantified Pb and Cd in food and natural water samples. The highest concentrations were found in red lentils (0.274 µg kg-1 Pb) and fresh mint (0.197 µg kg-1Cd), but still below recommended limits set by FAO/WHO (300 µg kg-1 for Pb and 200 µg kg-1 for Cd). It promises to ensure food safety, monitor environmental contamination, and informs regulatory decisions to protect public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Soylak
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey; Technology Research & Application Center (ERU-TAUM), Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey; Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA), Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Ayşe Nur Çoban
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey; Technology Research & Application Center (ERU-TAUM), Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Hassan Elzain Hassan Ahmed
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey; Sudan Atomic Energy Commission (SAEC) - Chemistry and Nuclear Physics Institute, Khartoum, Sudan; Sudan University of Science and Technology (SUST) - College of Science-Scientific Laboratories Department, Chemistry Section, Khartoum, Sudan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Noronha IFPC, Pinheiro FC, Nascentes CC. A new ultrasound-assisted microextraction for elemental impurities determination in tablets by ICP-MS according to USP chapters 232 and 233. Talanta 2024; 271:125604. [PMID: 38219318 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Along with the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) chapters 232 and 233 regarding elemental impurities in pharmaceutical products, new challenges have been imposed in terms of sample preparation procedures prior to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis, considering the matrix complexities. As so, a new microextraction procedure assisted by ultrasound using a cup-horn sonoreactor, minimal reactants, and sample was proposed and validated according to USP. The procedure was optimized with samples of milled tablets and 3 different acid mixtures (HNO3, 3HNO3:1HCl, and 9HNO3:1HF) and it was compared with microwave-assisted acid digestion. In the validation step, recoveries ranging from 85 to 120 % and RSD below 10 % were obtained for 22 analytes (except Ag and Pt) with satisfactory linearity and good sensitivity. The method was then applied for 37 samples of antidepressants, which presented trace levels of As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Pd, Sn, and V.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Forattini Prates C Noronha
- Department of Chemistry, ICEX, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C Pinheiro
- Department of Chemistry, ICEX, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Clésia C Nascentes
- Department of Chemistry, ICEX, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Senger CM, Dornelles IS, Queiroz JM, Mello PA, Muller EI, Muller ALH. Greening microwave-assisted digestion method using hydrogen peroxide for determination of elemental impurities by ICP-OES in antihypertensive active pharmaceutical ingredients. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 238:115802. [PMID: 37871418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Microwave-assisted wet digestion (MAWD) using only H2O2 was proposed for oxidizing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) for hypertension treatment and subsequent determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Diltiazem hydrochloride (DIL) presented the most refractory characteristic for oxidation using MAWD-H2O2. This proposed MAWD-H2O2 method was validated for specificity, accuracy, and precision according to United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Chapter 233 guidelines. Regarding specificity, the most sensitive emission lines were utilized to analyze all elemental impurities in the digests, and no significant spectral interferences were observed. Sample masses of 500 mg for all APIs and a digestion temperature of 250 °C provided digests with residual carbon (RC) below 2400 mg L-1 of C. Additionally, the residual acidity of the MAWD-H2O2 digests was lower than the acidity presented by the HNO3 digests. The highest and lowest residual carbon content (RCC) for digests were observed for DIL and captopril (CAP), respectively, using MAWD-H2O2. When comparing the RCC for MAWD-H2O2 and MAWD-HNO3 digests for APIs containing aromatic rings, it was evident that H2O2 offered equivalent conditions for digesting these compounds. Accuracy tests showed recovery values of 91-110% for all elemental impurities, as recommended by USP chapter 233. Validation experiments for precision presented relative standard deviation (RSD) values below 6.4% and 10% under repeatability and intermediate precision conditions, respectively. The limits of quantification (LOQs) provided by MAWD-H2O2 are at most half of those recommended by of USP and International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements (ICH). In conclusion, MAWD-H2O2 can be considered an alternative method for API digestion, aligning with green analytical chemistry principles, as it does not employ toxic reagents, minimizes waste, and the main products of H2O2 oxidation are water and oxygen. Considering the analytical Eco-Scale, the MAWD-H2O2 method scored 81, classifying it as an excellent green analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Senger
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Isadora S Dornelles
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jennefer M Queiroz
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Paola A Mello
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Edson I Muller
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline L H Muller
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jablan J, Marguí E, Posavec L, Klarić D, Cinčić D, Galić N, Jug M. Product contamination during mechanochemical synthesis of praziquantel co-crystal, polymeric dispersion and cyclodextrin complex. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 238:115855. [PMID: 37948780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to evaluate the product contamination by elemental impurities during the mechanochemical synthesis of praziquantel (PZQ) co-crystal, polymeric dispersion and cyclodextrin complex by grinding. To assess that, PZQ was co-ground with malic acid (MA), Poloxamer F-127 (F-127) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) in high-energy vibrational mills using stainless steel and agate grinding tools, applying different processing time (30 and 90 min). Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction confirmed the formation of the targeted products, regardless of applied processing time and grinding tool type. After digestion of the solid powder products, the levels of selected elemental impurities were analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The analysis revealed that the content of Mg, Ca, and V are below the limit of quantification in all samples analysed. The contents of P and Na are not related to the type of ball mill and reaction time, but to the starting materials themselves, considering that Na is found in HPβCD and MA, while P was found in F-127. The detected Si impurities in the co-ground products can be related to the use of the agate balls and jars, while the presence of Cr and Fe can be related to the use of the stainless steel grinding tools. The risk assessment showed that the oral administration of the prepared co-ground products in quantities corresponding to regular PZQ oral doses resulted in only insignificant exposure to Cr. Finally, the use of agate grinding tools should be preferred, as administration of such products results in lower Cr exposure. The presented elemental impurities did not lead to any significant drug degradation as PZQ content at the end of the six-month testing period was still in the range of 95-105 % of the initial content. Regardless, ICP-MS analysis of the elemental impurities should be considered in regular quality control procedures in the development and production of novel pharmaceutical products prepared by grinding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Jablan
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Eva Marguí
- University of Girona, Department of Chemistry, C/M.Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Lidija Posavec
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - David Klarić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dominik Cinčić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nives Galić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Horvatovac 102a, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mario Jug
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, A. Kovačića 1, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Holmfred E, Alrijjal A, Chamberlain CP, Maher K, Stürup S. Determination of trace elements in ibuprofen drug products using microwave-assisted acid digestion and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23566. [PMID: 38205305 PMCID: PMC10776936 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Trace elements are found in most drugs as a result of the drug formulation and drug production methods. An inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry method for the determination of 24 trace elements (Mg, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Sb, Ba, Ir, Pt, Au, and Pb) in solid ibuprofen tablets was established in relation to the ICH Q3D(R1) guideline, to evaluate the possibility of linking trace elemental profiles to drug formulation strategies, and to differentiate between drug products based on the trace elemental profiles. Ten European ibuprofen drug products were evaluated (n=3). The sample preparation was performed by microwave-assisted acid digestion using only 10 mg of homogenized sample and 900 μL of a mix of 65% HNO3, 37% HCl, and 30% H2O2. Solid residuals primarily composed of insoluble SiO2 excipients were removed by centrifugation. Only concentrations of Mg, Fe, Ti, Mn, Cr, and Ni were detected above the limits of detection and did not exceed the ICH Q3D(R1) guideline permitted daily exposure limits. The trace elemental profiles were evaluated through principal component analysis. Three principal components describing 96% of the variance were useful in grouping the ibuprofen drug products, and the detected trace elemental remnants could be related to drug formulation and drug production strategies. An in-house quality control material was used in lack of certified reference materials and was in combination with spike recoveries used for method validation. Good spike recoveries (94-119%) were obtained for all measured trace elements except Mg. Mg showed acceptable spike recoveries (75-155%) for mid and high-spike concentrations, but poor recoveries (30-223%) were detected with low spike concentrations in spike matrices containing high amounts of Mg. Overall, the method is suggested applicable for solid drugs containing insoluble SiO2 excipients and drugs comparable to ibuprofen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Else Holmfred
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Earth System Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Abdulla Alrijjal
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C. Page Chamberlain
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katharine Maher
- Department of Earth System Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Stürup
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
de Oliveira M, Melo ESDP, da Silva TC, Cardozo CML, Siqueira IV, Hamaji MP, Braga VT, Martin LFT, Fonseca A, do Nascimento VA. Quantification of Metal(loid)s in Lubricating Eye Drops Used in the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease. Molecules 2023; 28:6508. [PMID: 37764284 PMCID: PMC10536462 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the presence of metal(loid)s in lubricating eye drops used in the treatment of dry eye disease. The concentrations of Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Pb, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, V, and Zn were determined in 19 eye drop samples using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values for the quantified elements ranged from 0.0002-0.0363 (mg/L) and 0.0007-0.1211 (mg/L), respectively. High values of concentrations of Al (2.382 µg/g), As (0.204 µg/g), Ba (0.056 µg/g), Cd (0.051 µg/g), Co (1.085 µg/g), Cr (0.020 µg/g), Cu (0.023 µg/g), Fe (0.453 µg/g), Mg (24.284 µg/g), Mn (0.014 µg/g), Mo (0.046 µg/g), Ni (0.071 µg/g), Pb (0.049 µg/g), Se (0.365 µg/g), V (0.083 µg/g), and Zn (0.552 µg/g) were quantified in samples of eye drops with and without preservatives. The concentrations of As (5 samples) and Cd (3 samples) were higher than those allowed by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia for impurities (parenteral use). The value of Co content (µg/g) in a sample was higher than the value established by the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH Q3D (R2)) in the parenteral route. The daily eye drop instillation exposure (µg/day) was below the values from the parenteral-permitted daily exposure (PDE) set by the ICH Q3D guideline (R2). The presence of heavy metals in eye drops is an alert to regulatory agencies in several countries so that control and inspections can be carried out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (M.d.O.); (C.M.L.C.); (V.T.B.)
- Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied to Biodiversity and Health, Postgraduation Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (E.S.d.P.M.); (T.C.d.S.); (I.V.S.); (M.P.H.); (L.F.T.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Elaine S. de Pádua Melo
- Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied to Biodiversity and Health, Postgraduation Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (E.S.d.P.M.); (T.C.d.S.); (I.V.S.); (M.P.H.); (L.F.T.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Thaís Carvalho da Silva
- Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied to Biodiversity and Health, Postgraduation Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (E.S.d.P.M.); (T.C.d.S.); (I.V.S.); (M.P.H.); (L.F.T.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Carla Maiara Lopes Cardozo
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (M.d.O.); (C.M.L.C.); (V.T.B.)
- Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied to Biodiversity and Health, Postgraduation Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (E.S.d.P.M.); (T.C.d.S.); (I.V.S.); (M.P.H.); (L.F.T.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Igor Valadares Siqueira
- Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied to Biodiversity and Health, Postgraduation Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (E.S.d.P.M.); (T.C.d.S.); (I.V.S.); (M.P.H.); (L.F.T.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Mariana Pereira Hamaji
- Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied to Biodiversity and Health, Postgraduation Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (E.S.d.P.M.); (T.C.d.S.); (I.V.S.); (M.P.H.); (L.F.T.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Vanessa Torres Braga
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (M.d.O.); (C.M.L.C.); (V.T.B.)
| | - Luiz Fernando Taranta Martin
- Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied to Biodiversity and Health, Postgraduation Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (E.S.d.P.M.); (T.C.d.S.); (I.V.S.); (M.P.H.); (L.F.T.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Alessandro Fonseca
- Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied to Biodiversity and Health, Postgraduation Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (E.S.d.P.M.); (T.C.d.S.); (I.V.S.); (M.P.H.); (L.F.T.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Valter Aragão do Nascimento
- Graduate Program in Health and Development in the Central-West Region of Brazil, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (M.d.O.); (C.M.L.C.); (V.T.B.)
- Group of Spectroscopy and Bioinformatics Applied to Biodiversity and Health, Postgraduation Program in Health and Development in the Midwest Region, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79079-900, Brazil; (E.S.d.P.M.); (T.C.d.S.); (I.V.S.); (M.P.H.); (L.F.T.M.); (A.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu S, Zhang L, Bai Q, Wang L, Chen X. Elemental impurities determination in bromhexine hydrochloride injections. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 229:115379. [PMID: 37011549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Elemental impurities in drug products have no therapeutic effect and may pose toxicological concerns, therefore it is urgent to assess the safety of elements especially in parenteral exposure drug. In the present work, a high throughput inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method was developed for the quantitative determination of 31 elemental impurities in bromhexine hydrochloride injections from 9 manufactures. The method was successfully validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, stability, the LOD and the LOQ according to the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) < 233 > . All the elemental impurities determined were below the permitted daily exposure (PDE) limits proposed by the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH). However, significant differences were found between different manufactures' products for some elements, particularly for Al, As, B, Ba and Zn. Besides, discussions considering potential risks of elemental contamination were also presented.
Collapse
|
11
|
Preglo AJR, Namata J, Caculba J, Sanchez G, Joyno C, Pagalan E, Arazo RO. Paracetamol Removal from Aqueous Solution Through Activated Carbon from Mango Seeds. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-023-00597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
12
|
Assessment of the Transfer of Elemental Contaminants from Contiguous Soils to Pumpkin Seeds by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Pharm Chem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-023-02797-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
13
|
Upadhyay K, Viramgami A, Balachandar R, Pagdhune A, Shaikh I, Sivaperumal P. Development and validation of Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry method and its application for clinical evaluation of blood lead levels among occupationally exposed lead smelting plant workers. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:517-526. [PMID: 36630009 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in estimating the blood lead levels, for early detection of lead exposure, warranted a need for a validated analytical method for trace levels estimation of lead. The present study aimed to develop an analytical method for detecting trace amounts to elevated levels of lead in human blood using the Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry technique and its application in evaluating blood lead levels among occupationally exposed individuals. The method validation was performed with standard test parameters including linearity, recovery, precision, method detection limit, and limit of quantification. The validation results for each performance parameter were in agreement with acceptable criteria as per standard guidelines. The correlation was observed as optimum linear (R2 = 0.998) between absorbance and lead concentration range from 0 to 10 µg/dL. The recoveries for spiked samples ranged between 95 and 105%. The calculated value for the method detection limit was 0.16 µg/dL and the limit of quantification was 0.51 µg/dL. The precision for all spiked concentrations was below 10% of the relative standard deviation. Evaluation of lead exposure among occupationally exposed individuals revealed the study population had found average blood lead level (42.80 ± 12.47 µg/dL), which was above the upper acceptable limit suggested by Occupational Safety and Health Administration, USA. The majority of system-specific symptoms were observed among study groups having mean blood lead levels above 40 µg/dL. However, sociodemographic status and employment factors were found possible determinants of the prevalence of high blood lead levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kuldip Upadhyay
- ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Near Raksha Shakti University, Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India.
| | - Ankit Viramgami
- ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Near Raksha Shakti University, Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India
| | - Rakesh Balachandar
- ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Near Raksha Shakti University, Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India
| | - Avinash Pagdhune
- ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Near Raksha Shakti University, Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India
| | - Idrish Shaikh
- ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Near Raksha Shakti University, Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India
| | - P Sivaperumal
- ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Near Raksha Shakti University, Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380016, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Aljahdali MO, Alhassan AB. Rare Earth Elements and Bioavailability in Northern and Southern Central Red Sea Mangroves, Saudi Arabia. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144335. [PMID: 35889208 PMCID: PMC9318687 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Different hypotheses have been tested about the fractionation and bioavailability of rare earth elements (REE) in mangrove ecosystems. Rare earth elements and bioavailability in the mangrove ecosystem have been of significant concern and are recognized globally as emerging pollutants. Bioavailability and fractionation of rare earth elements were assessed in Jazan and AlWajah mangrove ecosystems. Comparisons between rare earth elements, multi-elemental ratios, geo-accumulation index (Igeo), and bio-concentration factor (BCF) for the two mangroves and the influence of sediment grain size types on concentrations of rare earth elements were carried out. A substantial difference in mean concentrations (mg/kg) of REE (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) was established, except for mean concentrations of Eu, Gd, Tb, Tm, and Lu. In addition, concentrations of REEs were higher in the Jazan mangrove ecosystem. However, REE composition in the two mangroves was dominated by the lighter REE (LREE and MREE), and formed the major contribution to the total sum of REE at 10.2–78.4%, which was greater than the HREE contribution of 11.3–12.9%. The Post Archean Australian Shale (PAAS) normalized values revealed that lighter REE (LREE and MREE) were steadily enriched above heavy REE. More so, low and negative values of R(H/M) were recorded in the Al Wajah mangrove, indicating higher HREE depletion there. The values of BCF for REEs were less than 1 for all the REEs determined; the recorded BCF for Lu (0.33) and Tm (0.32) were the highest, while the lowest BCF recorded was for Nd (0.09). There is a need for periodic monitoring of REE concentrations in the mangroves to keep track of the sources of this metal contamination and develop conservation and control strategies for these important ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Othman Aljahdali
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.O.A.); (A.B.A.)
| | - Abdullahi Bala Alhassan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810001, Nigeria
- Correspondence: (M.O.A.); (A.B.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Determination of elemental impurities Cd, Pb, As, Hg, Co, V, Ni, Pd, Ru, Ag, Pt, Mo, Al, and Fe in highly potent analgesic activity agent by microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP OES). CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
16
|
An overview of sample preparation procedures for determination of elemental impurities in medicines. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
17
|
Mestria S, Chiari M, Romolo FS, Odoardi S, Rossi SS. A forensic procedure based on GC–MS, HPLC-HRMS and IBA to analyse products containing sildenafil or the doping agent oxandrolone. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 335:111282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
18
|
Takayama N, Yoneda T, Takebayashi K, Ogasawara M, Takatsu K. Stabilizers for Osmium Isotopes in Microwave-Irradiated Acid Digestion and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:57-65. [PMID: 34980735 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Osmium is defined in the international council for harmonization (ICH-Q3D) guidelines as an element whose concentration can be determined by validated methods including microwave-assisted nitric acid digestion and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. However, microwave digestion using nitric acid is known to result in osmium recoveries higher than the theoretical values in spiked tests because of the formation of highly volatile osmium tetroxide in an oxidation reaction. To stabilize osmium, the addition of thiourea as a complexing agent has been tested and proved its utility. It remains unclear whether other compounds can prevent the over-recovery of osmium. In this study, we investigated four compounds, thiourea, ascorbic acid, sodium sulfite, and potassium metabisulfite, that could reduce the overestimation of osmium isotopes. The minimum amounts of thiourea, ascorbic acid, sodium sulfite, and potassium metabisulfite required to stabilize 10 ng/mL osmium in blank matrix were 1.0, 1.0, 2.5, and 2.5 g/L, respectively. The relative standard deviations obtained from 12 analyses for each stabilization solution were less than 3.3% in thiourea, 12.7% in ascorbic acid, 9.0% in sodium sulfite, and 10.6% in potassium metabisulfite. The stabilization solutions were investigated in a digested tablet matrix and were found to be effective. The impact of adding stabilization solutions on the determination of all ICH-Q3D element concentrations was also evaluated. As stabilization solutions had a small or significant impact on the determination of some elements, it was concluded that osmium determination should be conducted independently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tetsuya Yoneda
- Toyama Prefectural Institute for Pharmaceutical Research
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chemical, Cytotoxic, and Anti-Inflammatory Assessment of Honey Bee Venom from Apis mellifera intermissa. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121514. [PMID: 34943726 PMCID: PMC8698958 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The venom from Apis mellifera intermissa, the main honey bee prevailing in Morocco, has been scarcely studied, despite its known potential for pharmacological applications. In the present work, we investigated the composition, the anti-inflammatory activity, and the venom’s cytotoxic properties from fifteen honey bee venom (HBV) samples collected in three regions: northeast, central, and southern Morocco. The chemical assessment of honey bee venom was performed using LC-DAD/ESI/MSn, NIR spectroscopy and AAS spectroscopy. The antiproliferative effect was evaluated using human tumor cell lines, including breast adenocarcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, cervical carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. Likewise, we assessed the anti-inflammatory activity using the murine macrophage cell line. The study provides information on the honey bee venom subspecies’ main components, such as melittin, apamin, and phospholipase A2, with compositional variation depending on the region of collection. Contents of toxic elements such as cadmium, chromium, and plumb were detected at a concentration below 5 ppm, which can be regarded as safe for pharmaceutical use. The data presented contribute to the first study in HBV from Apis mellifera intermissa and highlight the remarkable antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory effects of HBV, suggesting it to be a candidate natural medicine to explore.
Collapse
|
20
|
Pinheiro FC, Aguirre MÁ, Nóbrega JA, Canals A. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of Cd, Hg and Pb from medicines prior to ICP OES determination according to the United States Pharmacopeia. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:5670-5678. [PMID: 34792519 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01566d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and matrix-effect free analytical method for simultaneous determination of Cd, Hg and Pb in drug samples (i.e., commercial dosage tablets) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) has been developed. According to the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Chapter 232, those metals are considered elemental impurities from class 1 and they must be assessed in pharmaceutical production as well as in quality control evaluation. In order to increase the sensitivity of the analysis, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was performed and seven factors affecting analyte extraction were optimized by multivariate analysis. A microvolume of analyte enriched phase was directly introduced into the plasma using a multi-nebulizer, providing a high enrichment factor. When compared to conventional ICP OES analysis, DLLME improves the limit of quantitation (LOQ) values on average 40-fold for all analytes. Consequently, LOQ values were significantly lower than their permissible daily exposure limits for oral drugs. Accuracy was evaluated by addition and recovery experiments following USP recommendations in eight commercial drug samples. Recovery and RSD values were within the range of 90-108% and 1-9%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda C Pinheiro
- Group for Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, P.O. Box 676, São Carlos, SP, 13560-270, Brazil.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Sciences, University Institute of Materials, Faculty of Science, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Aguirre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Sciences, University Institute of Materials, Faculty of Science, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Joaquim A Nóbrega
- Group for Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, P.O. Box 676, São Carlos, SP, 13560-270, Brazil.
| | - Antonio Canals
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Sciences, University Institute of Materials, Faculty of Science, University of Alicante, P.O. Box 99, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
A Comprehensive Review on Assessment and Key Control Strategies for Impurities in Drug Development with a Special Emphasis on Post-marketing Surveillance. J Pharm Innov 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-021-09607-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
22
|
Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on deep eutectic solvent for elemental impurities determination in oral and parenteral drugs by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1185:339052. [PMID: 34711330 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A simple, fast, sensitive and green pretreatment method for determination of Cd, Co, Hg, Ni, Pb and V in oral and parenteral drug samples using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) has been developed. According to United States Pharmacopoeia (USP), those metals must be reported in all pharmaceutical products for quality control evaluation (i.e., elemental impurities from classes 1 and 2A of USP Chapter 232). To improve the analytical capabilities of ICP OES, a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) has performed using a safe, cheap and biodegradable deep eutectic solvent (DES) as extractant solvent (a mixture of 2:1 M ratio of DL-menthol and decanoic acid). Seven parameters affecting the microextraction efficiency have carefully optimized by multivariate analysis. Under optimized conditions, the DES-based DLLME-ICP OES procedure improved limit of quantitation (LOQ) values on range from 12 to 85-fold and afforded an enrichment factor on average 60-times higher than those obtained to direct ICP OES analysis. Consequently, LOQ values for Cd, Co, Hg, Ni, Pb and V have been on average 10-times lower than target limits recommended for drugs from parenteral route of administration. Trueness has evaluated by addition and recovery experiments following USP recommendations for three oral drug samples in liquid dosage form and three parenteral drugs. Recovery and RSD values have been within the range of 90-109% and 1-6%, respectively. All analytes were below the respectives LOQ values, hence, lower than the limits proposed by USP Chapter 232.
Collapse
|
23
|
Khan SR, Sharma B, Chawla PA, Bhatia R. Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES): a Powerful Analytical Technique for Elemental Analysis. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
24
|
Xu X, Xu H, Shang Y, Zhu R, Hong X, Song Z, Yang Z. Development of the general chapters of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition: A review. J Pharm Anal 2021; 11:398-404. [PMID: 34513116 PMCID: PMC8424356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition was reviewed and approved by the National Medical Products Administration and the National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China in July 2020. The current edition was officially implemented on December 30, 2020. The general chapters of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia discuss the general testing methods and guidelines, which are the common requirements and basis for the implementation of drug standards in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Owing to adherence to the principles of scientificity, versatility, operability, and sustainable development, there is an improvement in the general chapters of the 2020 edition over those of the previous editions. Further, the application of advanced and mature analytical techniques has expanded, the development of testing methods for exogenous pollutants in traditional Chinese medicines has been strengthened, and technical requirements are now better harmonized with international standards. The updated edition provides technical and methodological support to ensure safety, effectiveness, and control of pharmaceuticals in China and will play an important and active role in encouraging the application of advanced technologies, improving the quality control of medicines, and strengthening the means of drug regulation in China. This review provides a comprehensive introduction of the main features of and changes to the general chapters in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition and aims to provide reference for its correct understanding and accurate implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Xu
- Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, Beijing, 100061, China
| | - Huayu Xu
- Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, Beijing, 100061, China
| | - Yue Shang
- Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, Beijing, 100061, China
| | - Ran Zhu
- Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, Beijing, 100061, China
| | - Xiaoxu Hong
- Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, Beijing, 100061, China
| | - Zonghua Song
- Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, Beijing, 100061, China
| | - Zhaopeng Yang
- Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, Beijing, 100061, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kushwaha P. Metallic Impurities in Pharmaceuticals: An Overview. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412916999200711151147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Backgroun:Metallic impurities are the traces of metals that can be found in finished drug products.
Description:These metallic impurities in pharmaceutical preparations can enter from formulation ingredients,
catalysts, and process equipment, containers and closures. They are not completely removed
from the product by practical manufacturing techniques and should be evaluated relative to safetybased
limits. They can affect drug efficacy or produce direct toxic effect on the patient.
Methods:In this paper, an attempt has been made to review these metallic impurities including potential
sources and analytical procedures to quantify these impurities. ICH guideline on these impurities
and measures to control impurities has also been discussed in the paper.
Results:The implementation of ICH Q3D guideline with the quality risk assessment approach is an
important milestone to harmonize control of elements worldwide.
Conclusion:This approach allows manufacturers to provide vital information about the contribution of
impurities in the drug product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Kushwaha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow-226026,India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Culicov OA, Trtić-Petrović T, Balvanović R, Petković A, Ražić S. Spatial distribution of multielements including lanthanides in sediments of Iron Gate I Reservoir in the Danube River. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:44877-44889. [PMID: 33851297 PMCID: PMC8364546 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13752-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show that lanthanides (Ln) are becoming emerging pollutants due to their wide application in new technologies, but their environmental fate, transport, and possible accumulation are still relatively unknown. This study aims to determine major and trace elements including Ln in the Danube River sediment which either belong or close to the Iron Gate Reservoir. The Iron Gate Reservoir is characterized by accumulation of sediments as an effect of building hydropower dam Iron Gate I. The surface sediments were collected on the Danube River-1141 to 864 km and three tributaries along this waterway. Two samples of deep sediments were used for comparison. The results indicate the significant upward enrichment of Zn, Sb, Cr, Nd, and Dy in sediments belongs to the Iron Gate Reservoir. The sample 4-Smed is labelled as a hot spot of contamination with Zn, Cr, As, Sb, Nd, and Dy. Also, a trend of increasing concentration in the time period from 1995 to 2016 was found for elements Zn, Cr, and Ni in sediment samples in the Iron Gate Reservoir. Chemometric analysis shows the grouping of sample sites into clusters characterized by the following properties: (i) increased concentration of all measured elements (samples within the Iron Gate Reservoir); (ii) increased Cu concentration (11-Pek); and (iii) lower concentrations of the measured elements (deep sediments). The data presented hereby contribute to the monitoring of pollution of the River Danube sediments and give the first view of Ln profile in the studied sediments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Otilia Ana Culicov
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russian Federation
- National Institute for R&D in Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tatjana Trtić-Petrović
- Laboratory of Physics, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, Belgrade, 11001, Serbia.
| | - Roman Balvanović
- Laboratory of Physics, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, P.O. Box 522, Belgrade, 11001, Serbia
| | - Anđelka Petković
- "JaroslavČerni" Institute for the Development of Water Resources, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slavica Ražić
- Faculty of Pharmacy - Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Chen YG, He XLS, Huang JH, Luo R, Ge HZ, Wołowicz A, Wawrzkiewicz M, Gładysz-Płaska A, Li B, Yu QX, Kołodyńska D, Lv GY, Chen SH. Impacts of heavy metals and medicinal crops on ecological systems, environmental pollution, cultivation, and production processes in China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 219:112336. [PMID: 34044310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals are widely distributed in the environment due to the natural processes and anthropogenic human activities. Their migration into no contaminated areas contributing towards pollution of the ecosystems e.g. soils, plants, water and air. It is recognized that heavy metals due to their toxicity, long persistence in nature can accumulate in the trophic chain and cause organism dysfunction. Although the popularity of herbal medicine is rapidly increasing all over the world heavy metal toxicity has a great impact and importance on herbal plants and consequently affects the quality of herbal raw materials, herbal extracts, the safety and marketability of drugs. Effective control of heavy metal content in herbal plants using in pharmaceutical and food industries has become indispensable. Therefore, this review describes various important factors such as ecological and environmental pollution, cultivation and harvest of herbal plants and manufacturing processes which effects on the quality of herbal plants and then on Chinese herbal medicines which influence human health. This review also proposes possible management strategies to recover environmental sustainability and medication safety. About 276 published studies (1988-2021) are reviewed in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Gong Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xing-Li-Shang He
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jia-Hui Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Rong Luo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hong-Zhang Ge
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Anna Wołowicz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie Sklodowska Sq. 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Wawrzkiewicz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie Sklodowska Sq. 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gładysz-Płaska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie Sklodowska Sq. 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bo Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiao-Xian Yu
- Zhejiang Senyu Co., Ltd, No. 8 Wanmao Road, Choujiang Street, Yiwu City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dorota Kołodyńska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie Sklodowska Sq. 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Gui-Yuan Lv
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Su-Hong Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Alhassan AB, Aljahdali MO. Fractionation and Distribution of Rare Earth Elements in Marine Sediment and Bioavailability in Avicennia marina in Central Red Sea Mangrove Ecosystems. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061233. [PMID: 34204369 PMCID: PMC8235498 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rare earth element fractionation and distribution in the coastal ecosystem have been of significant concern and are recognized worldwide as emerging micro-pollutants. However, unlike other metals such as trace elements, little is known about their uptake by aquatic plants such as the mangrove Avicennia marina, especially in the central Red Sea. We investigated the fractionation of rare earth elements in six mangrove ecosystems in the central Red Sea and bioavailability in mangrove A. marina. The concentrations of rare earth elements, sediment grain sizes, multi-elemental ratios, geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and bioconcentration factor (BCF) vary significantly (p < 0.05) across the six mangrove ecosystems. Higher concentrations of rare earth elements were recorded at Al Lith (LT) (101.53 mg/kg) and South Jeddah (SJ) (73.38 mg/kg) mangrove ecosystems. However, multi-elemental ratio R(M/L) reveals positive values. In contrast, multi-elemental ratio R(H/M) reveals negative values corresponding to fractionation patterns enriched with medium rare earth elements and heavy rare earth elements depletion across the six mangrove ecosystems. BCF values for rare earth elements were <1, but Lutetium (0.32) had the highest BCF among the rare earth elements, suggesting an efficient accumulation of Lutetium than any other rare earth elements. The scale of Igeo revealed strong contamination (4 ≤ Igeo ≥ 5) of sediment with Lanthanum, Cerium, Praseodynium, Samarium, Godolinium, Holmium, Erbium, Ytterbium, and moderate contamination with Thulium, Terbium, and Dysprosium (1 ≤ Igeo ≤ 3). Principal component analysis showed that clay silt sediment grain size influences rare earth element concentrations in the central Red Sea. Our results provide new evidence for rare earth element fractionation and accumulation in sediment and the potential use of mangrove A. marina for rare earth element monitoring in mangrove ecosystems in the central Red Sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Bala Alhassan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810001, Nigeria
- Correspondence: (A.B.A.); (M.O.A.)
| | - Mohammed Othman Aljahdali
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (A.B.A.); (M.O.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Balaram V. Strategies to overcome interferences in elemental and isotopic geochemical analysis by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry: A critical evaluation of the recent developments. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9065. [PMID: 33587758 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quadrupole Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) instruments were introduced into geochemical and mineral exploration laboratories nearly four decades ago, providing a technique that could meet their longstanding requirement for the precise and accurate determination of several groups of trace elements and isotopes in geological materials such as rocks, minerals, ores, soils, sediments, and natural water samples. Despite its popularity among geochemists, the technique suffered from spectral and non-spectral interferences some of which seriously affected the quality of the data generated. These interferences have also had a significant impact on the ability of ICP-MS systems to achieve low detection limits. Over the last three decades, technical advances such as the development of high-resolution (HR)-ICP-MS, cool plasma, collision/reaction cell technology (CCT), dynamic reaction cell (DRC) technology, collision reaction interface (CRI), kinetic energy discrimination (KED), tandem mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS)/triple quadrupole ICP-MS, and multi-quadrupole ICP-MS have been introduced to eliminate/minimize many of these interferences, with each technique having its strengths and limitations. These technologies have extended the range of elements that can be measured accurately not only in geological materials, but also in several other matrices, with lower detection limits than before. In addition, other methods such as internal standardization, isotope-dilution, standard addition and matrix-matching calibrations have contributed to improving the quality of the data. This paper provides a review of these new developments from the geochemical analysis point of view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Balaram
- CSIR - National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Maziero M, Adolfo FR, Camera Leal G, de Carvalho LM, Nascimento PCD, Viana C. Elemental Analysis of Pharmaceutical Products for Chronic Kidney Disease by High-Resolution Continuum Source Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (HR–CS GFAAS). ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.1918702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maiara Maziero
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Camera Leal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carine Viana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Alikord M, Mohammadi A, Kamankesh M, Shariatifar N. Food safety and quality assessment: comprehensive review and recent trends in the applications of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4833-4866. [PMID: 33554631 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1879003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is an analytical separation and diagnostic technique that is simple and sensitive and a rapid response and low-priced technique for detecting trace levels of chemical compounds in different matrices. Chemical agents and environmental contaminants are successfully detected by IMS and have been recently considered to employ in food safety. In addition, IMS uses stand-alone or coupled analytical diagnostic tools with chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Scientific publications show that IMS has been applied 21% in the pharmaceutical industry, 9% in environmental studies and 13% in quality control and food safety. Nevertheless, applications of IMS in food safety and quality analysis have not been adequately explored. This review presents the IMS-related analysis and focuses on the application of IMS in food safety and quality. This review presents the important topics including detection of traces of chemicals, rate of food spoilage and freshness, food adulteration and authenticity as well as natural toxins, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, veterinary, and growth promoter drug residues. Further, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), acrylamide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), biogenic amines, nitrosamine, furfural, phenolic compounds, heavy metals, food packaging materials, melamine, and food additives were also examined for the first time. Therefore, it is logical to predict that the application of the IMS technique in food safety, food quality, and contaminant analysis will be impressively increased in the future. HighlightsCurrent status of IMS for residues and contaminant detection in food safety.To assess all the detected contaminants in food safety, for the first time.Identified IMS-related parameters and chemical compounds in food safety control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Alikord
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdorreza Mohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Kamankesh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Nabi Shariatifar
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Halal Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Emerging Contaminants: Analysis, Aquatic Compartments and Water Pollution. EMERGING CONTAMINANTS VOL. 1 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-69079-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
33
|
Validation of an ICP-MS Method for the Determination of Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, and Arsenic in Medicinal Plants and Related Drug Preparations. Pharm Chem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-020-02306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
34
|
Balaram V. Microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MP-AES) and its applications – A critical review. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
35
|
Milde D, Pluháček T, Kuba M, Součková J, Bettencourt da Silva RJN. Measurement uncertainty evaluation from correlated validation data: Determination of elemental impurities in pharmaceutical products by ICP-MS. Talanta 2020; 220:121386. [PMID: 32928409 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical products as well as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are checked for levels of elemental contaminants to guarantee medicines administration will not involve the consumption of level of contaminants greater than their maximum admissible intake. However, the conformity decision is affected by the measurement uncertainty function of analytical steps performance, used standards quality and how measurement performance is assessed during method validation. When an ingredient is considered conform, since the measured concentration is lower than the maximum limit, the risk of a false acceptance depends on how close the measured concentration is from the limit and on the measurement uncertainty. The analytical methods used for pharmaceutical analysis should be validated by ICH and USP recommendations, in order to prove measurements are fit for purpose. The validation must also be economically feasible and have an acceptable duration. This work discusses how to evaluate the uncertainty of elemental analysis in pharmaceutical ingredients from data collected during the validation of the analytical method by following ICH guidelines and USP chapters. A top-down uncertainty evaluation based on results from the analysis of a model API intermediate, with the native analyte after spiking at three concentration levels, where analyses are performed by two analysts in two different days, is presented. The impact of the correlation of some uncertainty components of collected results on the uncertainty evaluation is discussed and considered in the calculations. The developed measurement model was checked by a cross-validation procedure where some validation data was randomly removed and used for an independent model control. The developed uncertainty evaluation methodology was successfully applied to the analysis of Pd in a model API intermediate by ICP-MS after a micro-wave assisted acid digestion, where the risk of a false acceptance of the pharmaceuticals is determined. The measurement performance data and used spreadsheet are made available as Supplementary Material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Milde
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Pluháček
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kuba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Contaminants, State Veterinary Institute in Olomouc, Hulínská 2286, 767 60, Kroměříž, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Součková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ricardo J N Bettencourt da Silva
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Senila M, Cadar O, Miu I. Development and Validation of a Spectrometric Method for Cd and Pb Determination in Zeolites and Safety Evaluation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112591. [PMID: 32498463 PMCID: PMC7321230 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An analytical method based on microwave-assisted acid digestion and atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace as atomization source was developed and validated for determining trace elements (Cd and Pb) in zeolites used as dietary supplements, for their characterization and safety evaluation. The method was checked for the main performance parameters according to the legislation requirements in the field of dietary supplements. In all cases, the obtained performance parameters were satisfactory. The selectivity study showed no significant non-spectral matrix effect. The linearity study was conducted for the calibration curves in the range of 0–10 ng mL−1 for Cd and 0–30 ng mL−1 for Pb. The obtained limits of detection (LoDs) and the limits of quantification (LoQs) were sufficiently low in order to allow Pb and Cd determination in dietary supplements. For the internal quality control, certified reference materials were analysed and good recoveries were obtained. The precision study was performed in terms of repeatability and reproducibility, considering the requirements imposed by the Commission Decision (2007/333/EC) and the method fulfilled these performance parameters. Expanded measurement uncertainties were estimated to 11% for Cd and 10% for Pb. Cd and Pb content were measured in real zeolite samples and, using these data, a safety evaluation was carried out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marin Senila
- National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-264-420590
| | - Oana Cadar
- National Institute for Research and Development of Optoelectronics Bucharest INOE 2000, Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Ion Miu
- SC UTCHIM SRL, 12 Buda Street, 240127 Ramnicu Valcea, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Gamela RR, Costa VC, Sperança MA, Pereira-Filho ER. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) data fusion to predict the concentration of K, Mg and P in bean seed samples. Food Res Int 2020; 132:109037. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
38
|
Assessing metal contaminants in milled maize products available on the Ghanaian market with Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Instrumental Neutron Activation Analyser techniques. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
39
|
Elemental impurities analysis in name-brand and generic omeprazole drug samples. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03359. [PMID: 32083212 PMCID: PMC7013185 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Elemental impurities in drug samples can generate unwanted pharmacological–toxicological effects, therefore they must be carefully monitored. In order to update the elemental analysis of pharmaceutical products, new regulations for elemental impurities were published by the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP). This work presents elemental analysis of 23 analytes in omeprazole drug samples from seven different commercial brands considering reference, similar and generic medicines using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Microwave-assisted digestion using 2.0 mol L−1 HNO3 (partial digestion) was applied successfully for omeprazole drugs. Most analytes were below the respective limits of quantification, except for As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb and V. However, the determined concentrations for these analytes were lower than the limits proposed by the USP Chapter 232 and similar for all products, inferring that for the seven analyzed samples there is no difference among reference, similar and generic drugs considering contaminants contents. Discussions considering potential risks of elemental contamination taking into account diverse brands were presented.
Collapse
|
40
|
Janchevska K, Stafilov T, Memed-Sejfulah S, Bogdanoska M, Ugarkovic S, Petrushevski G. ICH Q3D based elemental impurities study in liquid pharmaceutical dosage form with high daily intake - comparative analysis by ICP-OES and ICP-MS. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:456-461. [PMID: 31999195 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1724136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Guideline for Elemental Impurities-Q3D of the International Conference on Harmonisation represents a new paradigm in the control of elemental impurities (EIs) in pharmaceuticals. It changes the approach toward control of EIs from the historical 'heavy metals test', to a scientific-based risk assessment and testing by modern analytical instrumentation such as inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Management of EIs related to all finished drug products must be implemented in strict compliance with the regulatory requirements of pharmaceutical industry due to their quality and safety concerns. Testing for presence of EIs from Class 1 and Class 2a in methadone hydrochloride 1 mg/ml oral solution with recommended daily intake of 150 mg methadone hydrochloride was initially performed on ICP-OES using in-house validated method according to the requirements of pharmacopoeias, in line with Q3D. During the procedure, it became apparent that ICP-OES has its own limitations, especially when it comes to testing arsenic and lead in low concentrations. ICP-MS in-house validated method was developed and employed for determination of trace concentrations of arsenic and lead, providing resourceful information that were compared and correlated to the data obtained by ICP-OES analysis. Sample preparation using microwave digestion technique was applied for the analyses by both techniques. Although the applied ICP-OES in-house method is suitable for determination of Hg, Cd, Co, V, and Ni, more sensitive technique such as ICP-MS is required for accurate determination of As and Pb concerning pharmaceuticals with high daily intakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Janchevska
- Institute of Research and Development, Alkaloid AD, Skopje, North Macedonia.,Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Trajče Stafilov
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | | | - Mirjana Bogdanoska
- Institute of Research and Development, Alkaloid AD, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Sonja Ugarkovic
- Institute of Research and Development, Alkaloid AD, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Gjorgji Petrushevski
- Institute of Research and Development, Alkaloid AD, Skopje, North Macedonia.,Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
Pinheiro FC, Barros AI, Nóbrega JA. Microwave-assisted sample preparation of medicines for determination of elemental impurities in compliance with United States Pharmacopeia: How simple can it be? Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1065:1-11. [PMID: 31005141 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This work proposed a procedure for microwave-assisted sample preparation of medicines using diluted nitric acid followed by determination of elemental impurities using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) according to the United States Pharmacopeia Chapters 232 and 233. Three solutions, i.e. inverse aqua regia, 7.0 and 2.0 mol L-1 HNO3, were evaluated for microwave-assisted digestion of nine drugs samples. The applicability of each digestion procedure was assessed by comparison of analyte concentrations determined using total (reference procedure) and partial digestions (proposed procedure) as well as by determining dissolved carbon content and evaluating matrix effects. There were none significant differences at a 95% confidence level among the concentrations determined applying reference and proposed procedures. Internal standardization (ICP OES) and aerosol dilution (ICP-MS) were applied for minimization and correction of matrix effects. Addition and recovery experiments were performed according to oral permissible daily exposures values specific for each element and each sample was spiked with element concentrations of 0.5J and 1.5J in order to check accuracies for 24 analytes. Recoveries ranged from 70 to 138% for ICP OES and from 72 to 128% for ICP-MS, for all elements but Os. All analytes were below the respective limits of quantification when applying all sample preparation procedures, except As, Ba, Co, Cu, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Tl and V, however the determined concentrations for these elements were lower than the limits proposed by Chapter 232.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda C Pinheiro
- Group for Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, P.O. Box 676, São Carlos, SP, 13560-270, Brazil
| | - Ariane I Barros
- Group for Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, P.O. Box 676, São Carlos, SP, 13560-270, Brazil
| | - Joaquim A Nóbrega
- Group for Applied Instrumental Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, P.O. Box 676, São Carlos, SP, 13560-270, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Romolo FS, Salvini A, Zelaschi F, Oddone M, Odoardi S, Mestria S, Strano Rossi S. Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) characterisation of sildenafil based products seized on the Italian illegal market. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2019; 1:126-136. [PMID: 32411964 PMCID: PMC7221474 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The commerce of illegal and counterfeit medicinal products on internet is a serious criminal problem. Drugs for erectile dysfunction such as phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor are the most commonly counterfeited medicines in Europe. The search of possible toxic chemical substances in seized products is needed. Moreover, the profiling of the material can be the source of relevant forensic information. For the first time a combined approach based on liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) is proposed and tested, allowing characterisation of both authentic and illegal pharmaceuticals containing sildenafil seized in Italy. LC-HRMS allowed the detection and identification of unknown impurities not reported on labels in illegal products and the quantitation of the sildenafil. INAA showed to be suitable to provide both qualitative and quantitative information for forensic purposes on 23 elements, allowing discrimination between legal and illegal products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Salvini
- Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Energy, University of Pavia, Italy
- Radiochemistry Area – Chemistry Department, Università di Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio Zelaschi
- Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Energy, University of Pavia, Italy
- Radiochemistry Area – Chemistry Department, Università di Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimo Oddone
- Laboratory of Applied Nuclear Energy, University of Pavia, Italy
- Radiochemistry Area – Chemistry Department, Università di Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Odoardi
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Institute of Public Health, F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS Roma - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy
| | - Serena Mestria
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Institute of Public Health, F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS Roma - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy
| | - Sabina Strano Rossi
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Institute of Public Health, F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS Roma - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
A direct LA-ICP-MS screening of elemental impurities in pharmaceutical products in compliance with USP and ICH-Q3D. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1078:1-7. [PMID: 31358206 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The novel laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry methodology for the rapid screening of elemental impurities in solid pharmaceutical samples with the daily dose less than 2.0 g has been developed in accordance with requirements of established USP <232/233> chapters and ICH-Q3D guideline. The LA-ICP-MS methodology covering the determination of Cd, Pb, As, Hg, Co, V, Ni, Tl, Au, Pd, Ir, Os, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Pt was successfully validated in terms of linearity, limit of quantification, accuracy, precision, intermediate precision, specificity and range. Moreover, the presented 'in-house' matrix-matched standards preparation methodology helps to overcome crucial analytical problem connected with unavailability of commercial certified matrix-matched reference material suitable for the direct elemental impurities analysis in various kinds of solid pharmaceutical products. A two step homogeneity study of prepared matrix-matched calibration standards is also reported to investigate the homogeneity of distribution of elemental impurities and internal standards across the pressed pellet. The validated LA-ICP-MS method was applied on analysis of several types of solid pharmaceutical samples (active pharmaceutical ingredients, excipients, placebo and final drug products). The proposed method allowed the accurate, precise and fast screening of elemental impurities without necessity of time and labour consuming solutions preparation and thus it can be used in routine practice as an alternative to conventional ICP-MS or ICP-OES for the rapid quality control of different stages of pharmaceutical production.
Collapse
|
45
|
Rebiere H, Kermaïdic A, Ghyselinck C, Brenier C. Inorganic analysis of falsified medical products using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and chemometrics. Talanta 2019; 195:490-496. [PMID: 30625574 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
46
|
Zaguirre M, Ariño C, Serrano N, Díaz‐Cruz JM, Esteban M. Screen‐printed Electrodes for the Determination of Iridium in Drugs. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Zaguirre
- Departament of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry. Faculty of Chemistry.University of Barcelona. Martí i Franquès, 1-11, E- 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Cristina Ariño
- Departament of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry. Faculty of Chemistry.University of Barcelona. Martí i Franquès, 1-11, E- 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Núria Serrano
- Departament of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry. Faculty of Chemistry.University of Barcelona. Martí i Franquès, 1-11, E- 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - José Manuel Díaz‐Cruz
- Departament of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry. Faculty of Chemistry.University of Barcelona. Martí i Franquès, 1-11, E- 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Miquel Esteban
- Departament of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry. Faculty of Chemistry.University of Barcelona. Martí i Franquès, 1-11, E- 08028 Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Jo J, Tu Q, Xiang R, Li G, Zou L, Maloney KM, Ren H, Newman JA, Gong X, Bu X. Metal Speciation in Pharmaceutical Process Development: Case Studies and Process/Analytical Challenges for a Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reaction. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
48
|
Solana-Altabella A, Sánchez-Iranzo M, Bueso-Bordils J, Lahuerta-Zamora L, Mellado-Romero A. Computer vision-based analytical chemistry applied to determining iron in commercial pharmaceutical formulations. Talanta 2018; 188:349-355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
49
|
Dahmani H, Louati K, Hajri A, Bahri S, Safta F. Development of an extraction method for anabolic androgenic steroids in dietary supplements and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: Application for doping-control. Steroids 2018; 138:134-160. [PMID: 30118779 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have highlighted that nutritional supplements may contain undeclared anabolic steroids that are banned by the International Olympic Committee/World Anti-Doping Agency. Any kind of abuse with these drugs is extremely dangerous because of their side effects. Thus, the control of food additives in order to protect the best consumer health and to limit fraudulent practices in the field of sports is essential. This paper describes a simple and effective qualitative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method to detect anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS): androsterone, nandrolene, dehydroepiandrosterone, 5ɑ-androstane-3β, 17β-diol, dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, methenolone acetate, methandienone, boldenone and fluoxymesterone, in food supplements. Methyltestosterone was used as internal standard. Target compounds were extracted with a mixture of N-pentane and di-ethylether (7.5:2.5, v/v). A good extraction recovery was obtained by our method for all the AAS (R > 88%). Crude extract was derivatized with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-trifluoracetamide. Separation was performed on a GC connected to quadrupole MS detector using a 5% phenylmethylsiloxane fused silica capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm i.d.; film thickness, 0.25 µm). Helium was used as carrier gas with a flow rate of 0.3 µl min-1 (measured at 6.1 psi 190 °C). The MS was operated in electron ionization mode (70 eV) and in selected ion monitoring (SIM). The mass spectra of the standard compounds were acquired in full SCAN mode (50-700 m/z) by infusion of a reference solution at 50 µg/ml. Three higher diagnostic ions were monitored for each compound of interest. All AAS get separated with good peak shapes and resolution factor. The total analysis time by our optimised method was only 20 min. The developed method was validated according to Laboratories International Standard regulations for specificity, precision in both liquid and solid matrixes, and memory effect. The Tolerance Interval was judged true. The limit of detection was about 10 ng/g for solid samples and 10 ng/ml for liquid samples. The developed method was then applied to the research of steroids in nine Tunisian commercially dietary supplements using for each compound of interest SIM mode for screening then SCAN mode for confirmation. One of the monitoring samples was positive to methandienone not declared on the label. Our analytical method can be beneficial for AAS screening in dietary supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Dahmani
- National Laboratory of Medicaments' Control, 13, Road of Jbel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kaouthar Louati
- Scientific Research Department, El-Ain Post, Box N°204, 3042 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Adel Hajri
- National Laboratory of Medicaments' Control, 13, Road of Jbel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Senda Bahri
- National Laboratory of Medicaments' Control, 13, Road of Jbel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fathi Safta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Pharmacy, Road Avicenne 5000 Monastir, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Chattoraj S, Daugherity P, McDermott T, Olsofsky A, Roth WJ, Tobyn M. Sticking and Picking in Pharmaceutical Tablet Compression: An IQ Consortium Review. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2267-2282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|