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Ju H, Sohn Y, Nam Y, Rim YA. Progresses in overcoming the limitations of in vitro erythropoiesis using human induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:142. [PMID: 38750578 PMCID: PMC11094930 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Researchers have attempted to generate transfusable oxygen carriers to mitigate RBC supply shortages. In vitro generation of RBCs using stem cells such as hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has shown promise. Specifically, the limited supplies of HSPCs and ethical issues with ESCs make iPSCs the most promising candidate for in vitro RBC generation. However, researchers have encountered some major challenges when using iPSCs to produce transfusable RBC products, such as enucleation and RBC maturation. In addition, it has proven difficult to manufacture these products on a large scale. In this review, we provide a brief overview of erythropoiesis and examine endeavors to recapitulate erythropoiesis in vitro using various cell sources. Furthermore, we explore the current obstacles and potential solutions aimed at enabling the large-scale production of transfusable RBCs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonwoo Ju
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Yeowon Sohn
- Department of Biohealth Regulatory Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yoojun Nam
- Department of Biohealth Regulatory Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.
- YiPSCELL Inc., L2 Omnibus Park, Banpo-dearo 222, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeri Alice Rim
- YiPSCELL Inc., L2 Omnibus Park, Banpo-dearo 222, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
- CiSTEM laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Lianos EA, Detsika MG. Metalloporphyrins as Tools for Deciphering the Role of Heme Oxygenase in Renal Immune Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6815. [PMID: 37047787 PMCID: PMC10095062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal immune injury is a frequent cause of end-stage renal disease, and, despite the progress made in understanding underlying pathogenetic mechanisms, current treatments to preserve renal function continue to be based mainly on systemic immunosuppression. Small molecules, naturally occurring biologic agents, show considerable promise in acting as disease modifiers and may provide novel therapeutic leads. Certain naturally occurring or synthetic Metalloporphyrins (Mps) can act as disease modifiers by increasing heme oxygenase (HO) enzymatic activity and/or synthesis of the inducible HO isoform (HO-1). Depending on the metal moiety of the Mp employed, these effects may occur in tandem or can be discordant (increased HO-1 synthesis but inhibition of enzyme activity). This review discusses effects of Mps, with varying redox-active transitional metals and cyclic porphyrin cores, on mechanisms underlying pathogenesis and outcomes of renal immune injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias A. Lianos
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Virginia Tech, Carilion School of Medicine, Salem, VA 24153, USA
| | - Maria G. Detsika
- GP Livanos and M Simou Laboratories, Evangelismos Hospital, 1st Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10675 Athens, Greece
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3
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Abedi M, Rahgozar S. Puzzling Out Iron Complications in Cancer Drug Resistance. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 178:103772. [PMID: 35914667 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron metabolism are frequently disrupted in cancer. Patients with cancer are prone to anemia and receive transfusions frequently; the condition which results in iron overload, contributing to serious therapeutic complications. Iron is introduced as a carcinogen that may increase tumor growth. However, investigations regarding its impact on response to chemotherapy, particularly the induction of drug resistance are still limited. Here, iron contribution to cell signaling and various molecular mechanisms underlying iron-mediated drug resistance are described. A dual role of this vital element in cancer treatment is also addressed. On one hand, the need to administer iron chelators to surmount iron overload and improve the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy is discussed. On the other hand, the necessary application of iron as a therapeutic option by iron-oxide nanoparticles or ferroptosis inducers is explained. Authors hope that this paper can help unravel the clinical complications related to iron in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Abedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Soheila Rahgozar
- Department of Cell and Molecular biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
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4
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Daniłowicz-Szymanowicz L, Świątczak M, Sikorska K, Starzyński RR, Raczak A, Lipiński P. Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Clinical Implications of Hereditary Hemochromatosis-The Cardiological Point of View. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11071279. [PMID: 34359361 PMCID: PMC8304945 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11071279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a genetic disease leading to excessive iron absorption, its accumulation, and oxidative stress induction causing different organ damage, including the heart. The process of cardiac involvement is slow and lasts for years. Cardiac pathology manifests as an impaired diastolic function and cardiac hypertrophy at first and as dilatative cardiomyopathy and heart failure with time. From the moment of heart failure appearance, the prognosis is poor. Therefore, it is crucial to prevent those lesions by upfront therapy at the preclinical phase of the disease. The most useful diagnostic tool for detecting cardiac involvement is echocardiography. However, during an early phase of the disease, when patients do not present severe abnormalities in serum iron parameters and severe symptoms of other organ involvement, heart damage may be overlooked due to the lack of evident signs of cardiac dysfunction. Considerable advancement in echocardiography, with particular attention to speckle tracking echocardiography, allows detecting discrete myocardial abnormalities and planning strategy for further clinical management before the occurrence of substantial heart damage. The review aims to present the current state of knowledge concerning cardiac involvement in HH. In addition, it could help cardiologists and other physicians in their everyday practice with HH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmiła Daniłowicz-Szymanowicz
- Department of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7 St., 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-349-39-10
| | - Michał Świątczak
- Department of Cardiology and Electrotherapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7 St., 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Sikorska
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Epidemiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 7 St., 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Rafał R. Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wólka Kosowska, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.R.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Alicja Raczak
- Clinical Psychology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wólka Kosowska, 05-552 Jastrzębiec, Poland; (R.R.S.); (P.L.)
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5
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Mazgaj R, Lipiński P, Edison ES, Bednarz A, Staroń R, Haberkiewicz O, Lenartowicz M, Smuda E, Jończy A, Starzyński RR. Marginally reduced maternal hepatic and splenic ferroportin under severe nutritional iron deficiency in pregnancy maintains systemic iron supply. Am J Hematol 2021; 96:659-670. [PMID: 33684239 PMCID: PMC8251567 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The demand for iron is high in pregnancy to meet the increased requirements for erythropoiesis. Even pregnant females with initially iron‐replete stores develop iron‐deficiency anemia, due to inadequate iron absorption. In anemic females, the maternal iron supply is dedicated to maintaining iron metabolism in the fetus and placenta. Here, using a mouse model of iron deficiency in pregnancy, we show that iron recycled from senescent erythrocytes becomes a predominant source of this microelement that can be transferred to the placenta in females with depleted iron stores. Ferroportin is a key protein in the molecular machinery of cellular iron egress. We demonstrate that under iron deficiency in pregnancy, levels of ferroportin are greatly reduced in the duodenum, placenta and fetal liver, but not in maternal liver macrophages and in the spleen. Although low expression of both maternal and fetal hepcidin predicted ferroportin up‐regulation in examined locations, its final expression level was very likely correlated with tissue iron status. Our results argue that iron released into the circulation of anemic females is taken up by the placenta, as evidenced by high expression of iron importers on syncytiotrophoblasts. Then, a substantial decrease in levels of ferroportin on the basolateral side of syncytiotrophoblasts, may be responsible for the reduced transfer of iron to the fetus. As attested by the lowest decrease in iron content among analyzed tissues, some part is retained in the placenta. These findings confirm the key role played by ferroportin in tuning iron turnover in iron‐deficient pregnant mouse females and their fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Mazgaj
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences Magdalenka Poland
| | - Paweł Lipiński
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences Magdalenka Poland
| | | | - Aleksandra Bednarz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
| | - Robert Staroń
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences Magdalenka Poland
| | - Olga Haberkiewicz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
| | - Małgorzata Lenartowicz
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
| | - Ewa Smuda
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences Magdalenka Poland
| | - Aneta Jończy
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences Magdalenka Poland
| | - Rafał R. Starzyński
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences Magdalenka Poland
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6
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Liberal Â, Pinela J, Vívar-Quintana AM, Ferreira ICFR, Barros L. Fighting Iron-Deficiency Anemia: Innovations in Food Fortificants and Biofortification Strategies. Foods 2020; 9:E1871. [PMID: 33333874 PMCID: PMC7765292 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron deficiency remains one of the main nutritional disorders worldwide and low iron intake and/or bioavailability are currently the major causes of anemia. To fight this public health problem, the scientific challenge is to find an iron form with sufficient bioavailability to increase its levels in humans through food fortification. In turn, biofortification appears as a comparatively advantageous and bearable strategy for the delivery of vitamins and other micronutrients for people without access to a healthy and diverse diet. This approach relies on plant breeding, transgenic techniques, or agronomic practices to obtain a final food product with a higher iron content. It is also known that certain food constituents are able to favor or inhibit iron absorption. The management of these compounds can thus successfully improve the absorption of dietary iron and, ultimately, contribute to fight this disorder present all over the world. This review describes the main causes/manifestations of iron-deficiency anemia, forms of disease prevention and treatment, and the importance of a balanced and preventive diet. A special focus was given to innovative food fortification and biofortification procedures used to improve the iron content in staple food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Liberal
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (Â.L.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
| | - José Pinela
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (Â.L.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
| | - Ana Maria Vívar-Quintana
- Tecnología de los Alimentos, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Zamora, Universidad de Salamanca, Avenida Requejo 33, 49022 Zamora, Spain;
| | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (Â.L.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (Â.L.); (I.C.F.R.F.)
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7
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Geroldinger G, Tonner M, Quirgst J, Walter M, De Sarkar S, Machín L, Monzote L, Stolze K, Catharina Duvigneau J, Staniek K, Chatterjee M, Gille L. Activation of artemisinin and heme degradation in Leishmania tarentolae promastigotes: A possible link. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 173:113737. [PMID: 31786259 PMCID: PMC7116464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Endoperoxides (EPs) appear to be promising drug candidates against protozoal diseases, including malaria and leishmaniasis. Previous studies have shown that these drugs need an intracellular activation to exert their pharmacological potential. The efficiency of these drugs is linked to the extensive iron demand of these intracellular protozoal parasites. An essential step of the activation mechanism of these drugs is the formation of radicals in Leishmania. Iron is a known trigger for intracellular radical formation. However, the activation of EPs by low molecular iron or by heme iron may strongly depend on the structure of the EPs themselves. In this study, we focused on the activation of artemisinin (Art) in Leishmania tarentolae promastigotes (LtP) in comparison to reference compounds. Viability assays in different media in the presence of different iron sources (hemin/fetal calf serum) showed that IC50 values of Art in LtP were modulated by assay conditions, but overall were within the low micromolar range. Low temperature electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of LtP showed that Art shifted the redox state of the labile iron pool less than the EP ascaridole questioning its role as a major activator of Art in LtP. Based on the high reactivity of Art with hemin in previous biomimetic experiments, we focused on putative heme-metabolizing enzymes in Leishmania, which were so far not well described. Inhibitors of mammalian heme oxygenase (HO; tin and chromium mesoporphyrin) acted antagonistically to Art in LtP and boosted its IC50 value for several magnitudes. By inductively coupled plasma methods (ICP-OES, ICP-MS) we showed that these inhibitors do not block iron (heme) accumulation, but are taken up and act within LtP. These inhibitors blocked the conversion of hemin to bilirubin in LtP homogenates, suggesting that an HO-like enzyme activity in LtP exists. NADPH-dependent degradation of Art and hemin was highest in the small granule and microsomal fractions of LtP. Photometric measurements in the model Art/hemin demonstrated that hemin requires reduction to heme and that subsequently an Art/heme complex (λmax 474 nm) is formed. EPR spin-trapping in the system Art/hemin revealed that NADPH, ascorbate and cysteine are suitable reductants and finally activate Art to acyl-carbon centered radicals. These findings suggest that heme is a major activator of Art in LtP either via HO-like enzyme activities and/or chemical interaction of heme with Art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Geroldinger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Tonner
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Quirgst
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sritama De Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Laura Machín
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food, Havana University, Havana, Cuba
| | - Lianet Monzote
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kouri", Havana, Cuba
| | - Klaus Stolze
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department of Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Catharina Duvigneau
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Staniek
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education & Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Lars Gille
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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8
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Iron metabolism and its contribution to cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2019; 54:1143-1154. [PMID: 30968149 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for biological processes. Iron homeostasis is regulated through several mechanisms, from absorption by enterocytes to recycling by macrophages and storage in hepatocytes. Iron has dual properties, which may facilitate tumor growth or cell death. Cancer cells exhibit an increased dependence on iron compared with normal cells. Macrophages potentially deliver iron to cancer cells, resulting in tumor promotion. Mitochondria utilize cellular iron to synthesize cofactors, including heme and iron sulfur clusters. The latter is composed of essential enzymes involved in DNA synthesis and repair, oxidation‑reduction reactions, and other cellular processes. However, highly increased iron concentrations result in cell death through membrane lipid peroxidation, termed ferroptosis. Ferroptosis, an emerging pathway for cancer treatment, is similar to pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis. In the present review, previous studies on the physiology of iron metabolism and its role in cancer are summarized. Additionally, the significance of iron regulation, and the association between iron homeostasis and carcinogenic mechanisms are discussed.
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9
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Ambachew S, Biadgo B. Hepcidin in Iron Homeostasis: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Acta Haematol 2017; 138:183-193. [PMID: 29136618 DOI: 10.1159/000481391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes is increasing in epidemic proportions worldwide. Evidence suggests body iron overload is frequently linked and observed in patients with type 2 diabetes. Body iron metabolism is based on iron conservation and recycling by which only a part of the daily need is replaced by duodenal absorption. The principal liver-produced peptide called hepcidin plays a fundamental role in iron metabolism. It directly binds to ferroportin, the sole iron exporter, resulting in the internalization and degradation of ferroportin. However, inappropriate production of hepcidin has been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications, based on the regulation and expression in iron-abundant cells. Underexpression of hepcidin results in body iron overload, which triggers the production of reactive oxygen species simultaneously thought to play a major role in diabetes pathogenesis mediated both by β-cell failure and insulin resistance. Increased hepcidin expression results in increased intracellular sequestration of iron, and is associated with the complications of type 2 diabetes. Besides, hepcidin concentrations have been linked to inflammatory cytokines, matriptase 2, and chronic hepatitis C infection, which have in turn been reported to be associated with diabetes by several approaches. Either hepcidin-targeted therapy alone or as adjunctive therapy with phlebotomy, iron chelators, or dietary iron restriction may be able to alter iron parameters in diabetic patients. Therefore, measuring hepcidin may improve differential diagnosis and the monitoring of disorders of iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sintayehu Ambachew
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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10
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Coates TD, Carson S, Wood JC, Berdoukas V. Management of iron overload in hemoglobinopathies: what is the appropriate target iron level? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1368:95-106. [PMID: 27186942 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Patients with thalassemia become iron overloaded from increased absorption of iron, ineffective erythropoiesis, and chronic transfusion. Before effective iron chelation became available, thalassemia major patients died of iron-related cardiac failure in the second decade of life. Initial treatment goals for chelation therapy were aimed at levels of ferritin and liver iron concentrations associated with prevention of adverse cardiac outcomes and avoidance of chelator toxicity. Cardiac deaths were greatly reduced and survival was much longer. Epidemiological data from the general population draw clear associations between increased transferrin saturation (and, by inference, labile iron) and early death, diabetes, and malignant transformation. The rate of cancers now seems to be significantly higher in thalassemia than in the general population. Reduction in iron can reverse many of these complications and reduce the risk of malignancy. As toxicity can result from prolonged exposure to even low levels of excess iron, and survival in thalassemia patients is now many decades, it would seem prudent to refocus attention on prevention of long-term complications of iron overload and to maintain labile iron and total body iron levels within a normal range, if expertise and resources are available to avoid complications of overtreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Coates
- Section of Hematology, Children's Center for Cancer, Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation
| | - Susan Carson
- Section of Hematology, Children's Center for Cancer, Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation
| | - John C Wood
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Vasilios Berdoukas
- Section of Hematology, Children's Center for Cancer, Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation
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11
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Mechanism of ascaridole activation in Leishmania. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 132:48-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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12
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Chen J, Lam CTW, Li Z, Yao P, Lin H, Dong TTX, Tsim KWK. Extract of Ziziphus jujuba
Fruit (Jujube) Stimulates Expression of Enzymes Responsible for Heme Recycle via Anti-oxidant Response Element in Cultured Murine Macrophages. Phytother Res 2015; 30:267-71. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Chen
- Pharmaceutical Department, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Shenzhen China
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Hong Kong China
| | - Candy T. W. Lam
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Hong Kong China
| | - Zhonggui Li
- Pharmaceutical Department, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Shenzhen China
| | - Ping Yao
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Hong Kong China
| | - Huangquan Lin
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Hong Kong China
| | - Tina T. X. Dong
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Hong Kong China
| | - Karl W. K. Tsim
- Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology; Hong Kong China
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13
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Iron Homeostasis and Trypanosoma brucei Associated Immunopathogenicity Development: A Battle/Quest for Iron. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:819389. [PMID: 26090446 PMCID: PMC4450282 DOI: 10.1155/2015/819389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
African trypanosomosis is a chronic debilitating disease affecting the health and economic well-being of developing countries. The immune response during African trypanosome infection consisting of a strong proinflammatory M1-type activation of the myeloid phagocyte system (MYPS) results in iron deprivation for these extracellular parasites. Yet, the persistence of M1-type MYPS activation causes the development of anemia (anemia of chronic disease, ACD) as a most prominent pathological parameter in the mammalian host, due to enhanced erythrophagocytosis and retention of iron within the MYPS thereby depriving iron for erythropoiesis. In this review we give an overview of how parasites acquire iron from the host and how iron modulation of the host MYPS affects trypanosomosis-associated anemia development. Finally, we also discuss different strategies at the level of both the host and the parasite that can/might be used to modulate iron availability during African trypanosome infections.
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14
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Macrophages and iron trafficking at the birth and death of red cells. Blood 2015; 125:2893-7. [PMID: 25778532 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-12-567776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a critical role in iron homeostasis via their intimate association with developing and dying red cells. Central nurse macrophages promote erythropoiesis in the erythroblastic island niche. These macrophages make physical contact with erythroblasts, enabling signaling and the transfer of growth factors and possibly nutrients to the cells in their care. Human mature red cells have a lifespan of 120 days before they become senescent and again come into contact with macrophages. Phagocytosis of red blood cells is the main source of iron flux in the body, because heme must be recycled from approximately 270 billion hemoglobin molecules in each red cell, and roughly 2 million senescent red cells are recycled each second. Here we will review pathways for iron trafficking found at the macrophage-erythroid axis, with a focus on possible roles for the transport of heme in toto.
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Puliyel M, Mainous AG, Berdoukas V, Coates TD. Iron toxicity and its possible association with treatment of Cancer: lessons from hemoglobinopathies and rare, transfusion-dependent anemias. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 79:343-51. [PMID: 25463277 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.10.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to elevated levels of iron causes tissue damage and organ failure, and increases the risk of cancer. The toxicity of iron is mediated through generation of oxidants. There is also solid evidence indicating that oxidant stress plays a significant role in a variety of human disease states, including malignant transformation. Iron toxicity is the main focus when managing thalassemia. However, the short- and long-term toxicities of iron have not been extensively considered in children and adults treated for malignancy, and only recently have begun to draw oncologists' attention. The treatment of malignancy can markedly increase exposure of patients to elevated toxic iron species without the need for excess iron input from transfusion. This under-recognized exposure likely enhances organ toxicity and may contribute to long-term development of secondary malignancy and organ failure. This review discusses the current understanding of iron metabolism, the mechanisms of production of toxic free iron species in humans, and the relation of the clinical marker, transferrin saturation (TS), to the presence of toxic free iron. We will present epidemiological data showing that high TS is associated with poor outcomes and development of cancer, and that lowering free iron may improve outcomes. Finally, we will discuss the possible relation between some late complications seen in survivors of cancer and those due to iron toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mammen Puliyel
- Section of Hematology, Childrens Center for Cancer, Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles California, USA
| | - Arch G Mainous
- Department of Health Services Research, Management and Policy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. USA
| | - Vasilios Berdoukas
- Section of Hematology, Childrens Center for Cancer, Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles California, USA
| | - Thomas D Coates
- Section of Hematology, Childrens Center for Cancer, Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles California, USA.
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Coates TD. Physiology and pathophysiology of iron in hemoglobin-associated diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 72:23-40. [PMID: 24726864 PMCID: PMC4940047 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Iron overload and iron toxicity, whether because of increased absorption or iron loading from repeated transfusions, can be major causes of morbidity and mortality in a number of chronic anemias. Significant advances have been made in our understanding of iron homeostasis over the past decade. At the same time, advances in magnetic resonance imaging have allowed clinicians to monitor and quantify iron concentrations noninvasively in specific organs. Furthermore, effective iron chelators are now available, including preparations that can be taken orally. This has resulted in substantial improvement in mortality and morbidity for patients with severe chronic iron overload. This paper reviews the key points of iron homeostasis and attempts to place clinical observations in patients with transfusional iron overload in context with the current understanding of iron homeostasis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Coates
- Children׳s Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children׳s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
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Korolnek T, Hamza I. Like iron in the blood of the people: the requirement for heme trafficking in iron metabolism. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:126. [PMID: 24926267 PMCID: PMC4045156 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme is an iron-containing porphyrin ring that serves as a prosthetic group in proteins that function in diverse metabolic pathways. Heme is also a major source of bioavailable iron in the human diet. While the synthesis of heme has been well-characterized, the pathways for heme trafficking remain poorly understood. It is likely that heme transport across membranes is highly regulated, as free heme is toxic to cells. This review outlines the requirement for heme delivery to various subcellular compartments as well as possible mechanisms for the mobilization of heme to these compartments. We also discuss how these trafficking pathways might function during physiological events involving inter- and intra-cellular mobilization of heme, including erythropoiesis, erythrophagocytosis, heme absorption in the gut, as well as heme transport pathways supporting embryonic development. Lastly, we aim to question the current dogma that heme, in toto, is not mobilized from one cell or tissue to another, outlining the evidence for these pathways and drawing parallels to other well-accepted paradigms for copper, iron, and cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Korolnek
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park MD, USA ; Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park MD, USA
| | - Iqbal Hamza
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park MD, USA ; Department of Cell Biology & Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park MD, USA
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Lasocki S, Gaillard T, Rineau E. Anémie de réanimation : physiopathologie et prise en charge. MEDECINE INTENSIVE REANIMATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13546-013-0695-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Nicolson PLR, Doherty MJ, Cooper SC, Neilson J. Inhalation as a source of iron in secondary iron overload. Acta Haematol 2013; 130:138-41. [PMID: 23652316 DOI: 10.1159/000347162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Subcellular localization of iron and heme metabolism related proteins at early stages of erythrophagocytosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42199. [PMID: 22860081 PMCID: PMC3408460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Senescent red blood cells (RBC) are recognized, phagocytosed and cleared by tissue macrophages. During this erythrophagocytosis (EP), RBC are engulfed and processed in special compartments called erythrophagosomes. We previously described that following EP, heme is rapidly degraded through the catabolic activity of heme oxygenase (HO). Extracted heme iron is then either exported or stored by macrophages. However, the cellular localization of the early steps of heme processing and iron extraction during EP remains to be clearly defined. Methodology/Principal Findings We took advantage of our previously described cellular model of EP, using bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). The subcellular localization of both inducible and constitutive isoforms of HO (HO-1 and HO-2), of the divalent metal transporters (Nramp1, Nramp2/DMT1, Fpn), and of the recently identified heme transporter HRG-1, was followed by fluorescence and electron microscopy during the earliest steps of EP. We also looked at some ER [calnexin, glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) activity] and lysosomes (Lamp1) markers during EP. In both quiescent and LPS-activated BMDM, Nramp1 and Lamp1 were shown to be strong markers of the erythrophagolysosomal membrane. HRG-1 was also recruited to the erythrophagosome. Furthermore, we observed calnexin labeling and G6Pase activity at the erythrophagosomal membrane, indicating the contribution of ER in this phagocytosis model. In contrast, Nramp2/DMT1, Fpn, HO-1 and HO-2 were not detected at the membrane of erythrophagosomes. Conclusions/Significance Our study highlights the subcellular localization of various heme- and iron-related proteins during early steps of EP, thereby suggesting a model for heme catabolism occurring outside the phagosome, with heme likely being transported into the cytosol through HRG1. The precise function of Nramp1 at the phagosomal membrane in this model remains to be determined.
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Khan AA, Quigley JG. Control of intracellular heme levels: heme transporters and heme oxygenases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2011; 1813:668-82. [PMID: 21238504 PMCID: PMC3079059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heme serves as a co-factor in proteins involved in fundamental biological processes including oxidative metabolism, oxygen storage and transport, signal transduction and drug metabolism. In addition, heme is important for systemic iron homeostasis in mammals. Heme has important regulatory roles in cell biology, yet excessive levels of intracellular heme are toxic; thus, mechanisms have evolved to control the acquisition, synthesis, catabolism and expulsion of cellular heme. Recently, a number of transporters of heme and heme synthesis intermediates have been described. Here we review aspects of heme metabolism and discuss our current understanding of heme transporters, with emphasis on the function of the cell-surface heme exporter, FLVCR. Knockdown of Flvcr in mice leads to both defective erythropoiesis and disturbed systemic iron homeostasis, underscoring the critical role of heme transporters in mammalian physiology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 11th European Symposium on Calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar A. Khan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 909 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL-60612
| | - John G. Quigley
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 909 South Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL-60612
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Desbenoit N, Galardon E, Deschamps P, Roussel P, Vaulont S, Artaud I, Tomas A. Métallation réversible d’un analogue bis-disulfure du site de liaison Cys*-X-Cys* de l’hepcidine : caractérisation structurale du complexe de cuivre associé. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2010; 68:388-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tolosano E, Fagoonee S, Morello N, Vinchi F, Fiorito V. Heme scavenging and the other facets of hemopexin. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:305-20. [PMID: 19650691 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hemopexin is an acute-phase plasma glycoprotein, produced mainly by the liver and released into plasma, where it binds heme with high affinity. Other sites of hemopexin synthesis are the nervous system, skeletal muscle, retina, and kidney. The only known receptor for the heme-hemopexin complex is the scavenger receptor, LDL receptor-related protein (LRP)1, which is expressed in most cell types, thus indicating multiple sites of heme-hemopexin complex recovery. The better-characterized function of hemopexin is heme scavenging at the systemic level, consisting of the transport of heme to the liver, where it is catabolyzed or used for the synthesis of hemoproteins or exported to bile canaliculi. This is important both in physiologic heme management for heme-iron recycling and in pathologic conditions associated with intravascular hemolysis to prevent the prooxidant and proinflammatory effects of heme. Other than scavenging heme, the heme-hemopexin complex has been shown to be able to activate signaling pathways, thus promoting cell survival, and to modulate gene expression. In this review, the importance of heme scavenging by hemopexin, as well as the other emerging functions of this protein, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Tolosano
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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Carvalho S, Cruz T, Santarém N, Castro H, Costa V, Tomás AM. Heme as a source of iron to Leishmania infantum amastigotes. Acta Trop 2009; 109:131-5. [PMID: 19013419 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Amastigotes, the mammalian stage of Leishmania, must acquire iron from molecules accessing the macrophage parasitophorous vacuole (PV) where they inhabit. These molecules likely include non-heme and heme-bound forms of iron. Here we demonstrate that, in addition to the previously documented use of ferrous iron, Leishmania amastigotes are also capable of exploiting iron from hemin and hemoglobin for nutritional purposes. Moreover, evidence is presented that a ligand at the surface of amastigotes binds hemin with high-affinity (Kd=0.044nM). This ligand may function in intracellular transport of heme while hemoglobin internalization occurs through a different molecule. The co-existence in Leishmania amastigotes of different processes to acquire iron could constitute an infective strategy, ensuring parasites a substantial advantage in situations of iron limitation.
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Berradi H, Bertho JM, Dudoignon N, Mazur A, Grandcolas L, Baudelin C, Grison S, Voisin P, Gourmelon P, Dublineau I. Renal Anemia Induced by Chronic Ingestion of Depleted Uranium in Rats. Toxicol Sci 2008; 103:397-408. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Desrivot J, Herrenknecht C, Ponchel G, Garbi N, Prina E, Fournet A, Bories C, Figadère B, Hocquemiller R, Loiseau PM. Antileishmanial 2-substituted quinolines: in vitro behaviour towards biological components. Biomed Pharmacother 2007; 61:441-50. [PMID: 17459651 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinolines substituted on their carbon 2 have in vivo antileishmanial activity but some of them could not be detected in plasma when assayed for pharmacokinetic studies, suggesting a sequestration of the drugs by components of the blood compartment. The present study, performed on three quinolines (1, 2 and 3), showed strong affinity for two of them (2 and 3) with red blood cells (RBCs), whereas quinoline 1 did not react with them. This process was saturable, temperature dependant and positively correlated with the in vitro antileishmanial activity of the quinolines. In addition, a rapid and spontaneous reaction with thiol groups was demonstrated for unsaturated quinolines 2 and 3. The reactivity with RBCs could be part of the compounds targeting to the parasite. These results illustrate that derivatives of the quinoline series with similar antileishmanial in vivo activity have different behaviour in the blood compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Desrivot
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et Chimiothérapie Antiparasitaire, Centre d'Etudes Pharmaceutiques, BioCIS UMR 8076, Université Paris-Sud 11, 5 rue J-B Clément, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Alyanakian MA, Taes Y, Bensaïd M, Segovia B, Aucouturier P, Rain JD, Delanghe J, Varet B, Beaumont C. Monoclonal immunoglobulin with antitransferrin activity: A rare cause of hypersideremia with increased transferrin saturation. Blood 2006; 109:359-61. [PMID: 16968894 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-05-023762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two unusual but similar cases of very high serum iron, extremely high transferrin concentrations (5.4 to 6.5 g/L), and increased transferrin saturation are reported. No anemia or microcytosis was observed. The ferritin concentration remained within the normal range, and no iron overload was observed. In one case, the in vivo half-life of 59Fe-labeled transferrin was shown to be prolonged (206 minutes versus 75 minutes for controls). In both patients, a monoclonal IgG was observed in the serum. The association between serum transferrin and monoclonal IgG was demonstrated by Western blot analysis and affinity chromatography. We suggest that the transferrin bound to the monoclonal IgG molecule has a prolonged half-life in the circulation, leading to high transferrin concentrations, and that the increased serum iron values prevent the onset of anemia. The antitransferrin activity of monoclonal antibody should be added to the list of situations accounting for elevated serum iron with elevated transferrin saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Alexandra Alyanakian
- Université Paris 5 René Descartes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
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