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de Souza LA, Peñaflor MFGV. Small but strong: herbivory by sap-feeding insect reduces plant progeny growth but enhances direct and indirect anti-herbivore defenses. Oecologia 2024; 205:191-201. [PMID: 38782789 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-024-05567-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The transmission of resistance traits to herbivores across subsequent generations is an important strategy employed by plants to enhance their fitness in environments with high herbivore pressure. However, our understanding of the impact of maternal herbivory on direct and indirect induced chemical defenses of progeny, as well as the associated costs, is currently limited to herbivory by leaf-chewing insects. In this study, we investigated the transgenerational effects of a sap-feeding insect, the green peach aphid Myzus persicae, on direct and indirect chemical defenses of bell pepper plants (Capsicum annuum), and whether the effects entail costs to plant growth. Aphid herbivory on parental plants led to a reduced number of seeds per fruit, which exhibited lower germination rates and produced smaller seedlings compared to those from non-infested parental plants. In contrast, the progeny of aphid-infested plants were less preferred as hosts by aphids and less suitable than the progeny of non-infested plants. This enhanced resistance in the progeny of aphid-infested plants coincided with elevated levels of both constitutive and herbivore-induced total phenolic compounds, compared to the progeny of non-infested plants. Furthermore, the progeny of aphid-infested plants emitted herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that were more attractive to the aphid parasitoid Aphidius platensis than those emitted by the progeny of non-infested plants. Our results indicate that herbivory by sap-feeding insect induces transgenerational resistance on progeny bell pepper plants, albeit at the expense of vegetative growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Aparecida de Souza
- Department of Entomology, Laboratory of Chemical Ecology of Plant-Insect Interactions, Lavras Federal University (UFLA), Trevo Rotatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda G V Peñaflor
- Department of Entomology, Laboratory of Chemical Ecology of Plant-Insect Interactions, Lavras Federal University (UFLA), Trevo Rotatório Professor Edmir Sá Santos, 3037, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-900, Brazil.
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2
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Yi J, Wan J, Tielbörger K, Tao Z, Siemann E, Huang W. Specialist reassociation and residence time modulate the evolution of defense in invasive plants: A meta-analysis. Ecology 2024; 105:e4253. [PMID: 38272490 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Invasive plants typically escape specialist herbivores but are often attacked by generalist herbivores in their introduced ranges. The shifting defense hypothesis suggests that this will cause invasive plants to evolve lower resistance against specialists, higher resistance against generalists, and greater tolerance to herbivore damage. However, the duration and direction of selective pressures can shape the evolutionary responses of resistance and tolerance for invasive plants. Two critical factors are (1) residence time (length of time that an invasive species has been in its introduced range) and (2) specialist herbivore reassociation (attack by purposely or accidentally introduced specialists). Yet, these two factors have not been considered simultaneously in previous quantitative syntheses. Here, we performed a meta-analysis with 367 effect sizes from 70 studies of 35 invasive plant species from native and invasive populations. We tested how the residence time of invasive plant species and specialist reassociation in their introduced ranges affected evolutionary responses of defenses against specialists and generalists, including herbivore resistance traits (physical barriers, digestibility reducers and toxins), resistance effects (performance of and damage caused by specialists or generalists) and tolerance to damage (from specialists or generalists). We found that residence time and specialist reassociation each significantly altered digestibility reducers, specialist performance, generalist damage, and tolerance to specialist damage. Furthermore, residence time and specialist reassociation strongly altered toxins and generalist performance, respectively. When we restricted consideration to invasive plant species with both longer residence times and no reassociation with specialists, invasive populations had lower resistance to specialists, similar resistance to generalists, and higher tolerance to damage from both herbivore types, compared with native populations. We conclude that the duration and direction of selective pressure shape the evolutionary responses of invasive plants. Under long-term (long residence time) and stable (no specialist reassociation) selective pressure, invasive plants generally decrease resistance to specialists and increase tolerance to generalist damage that provides mixed support for the shifting defense hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Yi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlong Wan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wetland Evolution and Ecological Restoration, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katja Tielbörger
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zhibin Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wetland Evolution and Ecological Restoration, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Evan Siemann
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wetland Evolution and Ecological Restoration, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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3
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Montesinos-Navarro A, López-Climent MF, Pérez-Clemente RM, Arenas-Sánchez C, Sánchez-Martín R, Gómez-Cadenas A, Verdú M. Plant metabolic response to stress in an arid ecosystem is mediated by the presence of neighbors. Ecology 2024; 105:e4247. [PMID: 38267011 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Plant neighbors in arid environments can ameliorate abiotic stress by reducing insolation, but they also attract herbivores and pathogens, especially when neighbors are close relatives that share similar antagonists. Plants' metabolic profiles provide a chemical fingerprint of the physiological processes behind plant responses to different environmental stresses. For example, abscisic acid and proline, mainly involved in stomatal closure and osmotic adjustment, can induce plant responses to abiotic stress, while jasmonic acid and salicylic acid primarily regulate plant defense to herbivory or pathogens. Neighbor plants can generate contrasting ecological contexts, modulating plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. We hypothesize that plant metabolic profile is modulated by its neighbors in a vegetation patch, expecting a higher investment in metabolites related to biotic-stress tolerance (i.e., herbivory or pathogens) when growing associated with other plants, especially to phylogenetically close relatives, compared to plants growing alone. We show that plants from five species growing with neighbors invest more in biotic-stress tolerance while their conspecifics, growing alone, invest more in abiotic-stress tolerance. This tendency in plants' metabolic profiles was not affected by the phylogenetic diversity of their neighborhood. Linking physiological snapshots with community processes can contribute to elucidating metabolic profiles derived from plant-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Montesinos-Navarro
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Desertificación (CIDE, CSIC-UV-GV), Carretera de Moncada-Náquera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria F López-Climent
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Ciencias Naturales, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Rosa M Pérez-Clemente
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Ciencias Naturales, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Cristina Arenas-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Desertificación (CIDE, CSIC-UV-GV), Carretera de Moncada-Náquera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ricardo Sánchez-Martín
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Desertificación (CIDE, CSIC-UV-GV), Carretera de Moncada-Náquera, Valencia, Spain
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Ciencias Naturales, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Miguel Verdú
- Centro de Investigaciones Sobre Desertificación (CIDE, CSIC-UV-GV), Carretera de Moncada-Náquera, Valencia, Spain
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Su GF, Chen J, Zhang L. The associational effects of host plant and mistletoe functional traits on leaf herbivory in mistletoe. Oecologia 2024; 204:213-225. [PMID: 38194086 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Associational effects are a phenomenon in which herbivore damage on co-occurring plant species is influenced by neighboring plants. Mistletoes are a group of shrubs that obtain nutrients from host plants through haustoria. Despite the potential for mistletoe herbivory to be affected by associational effects with their hosts, the effects of host and mistletoe functional traits on mistletoe herbivory have been largely overlooked. This study aimed to evaluate the associational effects of host plants and the direct effects of mistletoe functional traits on mistletoe herbivory. To achieve this, we measured leaf herbivory and leaf traits of three mistletoe species (Dendrophthoe pentandra, Scurrula chingii var. yunnanensis, and Helixanthera parasitica) and their associated 11 host species during both dry and wet seasons. Our results showed that leaf herbivory of D. pentandra and S. chingii var. yunnanensis differed significantly on their respective host species, but H. parasitica did not. The relationships between mistletoe and the paired host herbivory differed between seasons, with a stronger positive relationship observed during the dry season. Furthermore, significant relationships were observed between paired leaf carbon, leaf nitrogen, and condensed tannin in mistletoes and their host plants, indicating that host plants can affect mistletoes' leaf functional traits. A group of mistletoe leaf traits provided significant predictions for leaf herbivory: leaves with higher leaf thickness and leaf total nitrogen showed higher herbivory. Overall, our study reveals that mistletoe leaf herbivory is directly affected by its leaf traits and indirectly affected by host associational effects, primarily through changes in mistletoes' leaf traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Fa Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 65000, Yunnan, China
| | - Jin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, 666303, Yunnan, China.
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Azevedo-Schmidt L, Currano ED. Leaf traits linked to structure and palatability drive plant-insect interactions within three forested ecosystems. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024; 111:e16263. [PMID: 38014690 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Plant traits and insect herbivory have been highly studied within the modern record but only to a limited extent within the paleontological. Preservation influences what can be measured within the fossil record, but modern methods are also not compatible with paleobotanical methods. To remedy this knowledge gap, a comparable framework was created here using modern and paleobotanical methods, allowing for future comparisons within the fossil record. METHODS Insect feeding damage on selected tree species at Harvard Forest, the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, and La Selva were characterized using the damage type system prevalent within paleobotanical studies and compared with leaf traits. Linear models and random forest analyses tested the influence of leaf traits on total, specialized, gall, and mine frequency and diversity. RESULTS Structural traits like leaf dry mass per area and palatability traits, including lignin and phosphorus concentrations, are important variables affecting gall and mine damage. The significance and strength of trait-herbivory relationships varied across forest types, which is likely driven by differences in local insect populations. CONCLUSIONS This work addresses the persistent gap between modern and paleoecological studies focusing on the influence of leaf traits on insect herbivory. This is important as modern climate change alters our understanding of plant-insect interactions, providing a need for contextualizing these relationships within evolutionary time. The fossil record provides information on terrestrial response to past climatic events and, thus, should be implemented when considering how to preserve biodiversity under current and future global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Azevedo-Schmidt
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Ellen D Currano
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
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Dong X, Jiang F, Duan D, Tian Z, Liu H, Zhang Y, Hou F, Nan Z, Chen T. Contrasting Effects of Grazing in Shaping the Seasonal Trajectory of Foliar Fungal Endophyte Communities on Two Semiarid Grassland Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1016. [PMID: 37888272 PMCID: PMC10608051 DOI: 10.3390/jof9101016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal endophytes are harboured in the leaves of every individual plant host and contribute to plant health, leaf senescence, and early decomposition. In grasslands, fungal endophytes and their hosts often coexist with large herbivores. However, the influence of grazing by large herbivores on foliar fungal endophyte communities remains largely unexplored. We conducted a long-term (18 yr) grazing experiment to explore the effects of grazing on the community composition and diversity of the foliar fungal endophytes of two perennial grassland species (i.e., Artemisia capillaris and Stipa bungeana) across one growing season. Grazing significantly increased the mean fungal alpha diversity of A. capillaris in the early season. In contrast, grazing significantly reduced the mean fungal alpha diversity of endophytic fungi of S. bungeana in the late season. Grazing, growing season, and their interactions concurrently structured the community composition of the foliar fungal endophytes of both plant species. However, growing season consistently outperformed grazing and environmental factors in shaping the community composition and diversity of both plant species. Overall, our findings demonstrate that the foliar endophytic fungal community diversity and composition differed in response to grazing between A. capillaris and S. bungeana during one growing season. The focus on this difference will enhance our understanding of grazing's impact on ecological systems and improve land management practices in grazing regions. This variation in the effects of leaf nutrients and plant community characteristics on foliar endophytic fungal community diversity and composition may have a pronounced impact on plant health and plant-fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (X.D.); (F.J.); (D.D.); (Z.T.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (F.H.); (Z.N.)
| | - Feifei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (X.D.); (F.J.); (D.D.); (Z.T.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (F.H.); (Z.N.)
| | - Dongdong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (X.D.); (F.J.); (D.D.); (Z.T.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (F.H.); (Z.N.)
- Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhen Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (X.D.); (F.J.); (D.D.); (Z.T.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (F.H.); (Z.N.)
| | - Huining Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (X.D.); (F.J.); (D.D.); (Z.T.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (F.H.); (Z.N.)
| | - Yinan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (X.D.); (F.J.); (D.D.); (Z.T.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (F.H.); (Z.N.)
| | - Fujiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (X.D.); (F.J.); (D.D.); (Z.T.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (F.H.); (Z.N.)
| | - Zhibiao Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (X.D.); (F.J.); (D.D.); (Z.T.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (F.H.); (Z.N.)
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, College of Pastoral Agricultural Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; (X.D.); (F.J.); (D.D.); (Z.T.); (H.L.); (Y.Z.); (F.H.); (Z.N.)
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Graham CDK, Forrestel EJ, Schilmiller AL, Zemenick AT, Weber MG. Evolutionary signatures of a trade-off in direct and indirect defenses across the wild grape genus, Vitis. Evolution 2023; 77:2301-2313. [PMID: 37527551 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary correlations between chemical defense and protection by mutualist bodyguards have been long predicted, but tests of these patterns remain rare. We use a phylogenetic framework to test for evolutionary correlations indicative of trade-offs or synergisms between direct defense in the form of plant secondary metabolism and indirect defense in the form of leaf domatia, across 33 species in the wild grape genus, Vitis. We also performed a bioassay with a generalist herbivore to associate our chemical phenotypes with herbivore palatability. Finally, we tested whether defensive traits correlated with the average abiotic characteristics of each species' contemporary range and whether these correlations were consistent with plant defense theory. We found a negative evolutionary correlation between domatia size and the diversity of secondary metabolites in Vitis leaf tissue across the genus, and also that leaves with a higher diversity and richness of secondary metabolites were less palatable to a generalist herbivore, consistent with a trade-off in chemical and mutualistic defense investment. Predictions from plant defense theory were not supported by associations between investment in defense phenotypes and abiotic variables. Our work demonstrates an evolutionary pattern indicative of a trade-off between indirect and direct defense strategies across the Vitis genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn D K Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Elisabeth J Forrestel
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Anthony L Schilmiller
- Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics Core, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Ash T Zemenick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Marjorie G Weber
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Favreau B, Gaal C, Pereira de Lima I, Droc G, Roques S, Sotillo A, Guérard F, Cantonny V, Gakière B, Leclercq J, Lafarge T, de Raissac M. A multi-level approach reveals key physiological and molecular traits in the response of two rice genotypes subjected to water deficit at the reproductive stage. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2023; 4:229-257. [PMID: 37822730 PMCID: PMC10564380 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Rice is more vulnerable to drought than maize, wheat, and sorghum because its water requirements remain high throughout the rice life cycle. The effects of drought vary depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the events, as well as on the rice genotype and developmental stage. It can affect all levels of organization, from genes to the cells, tissues, and/or organs. In this study, a moderate water deficit was applied to two contrasting rice genotypes, IAC 25 and CIRAD 409, during their reproductive stage. Multi-level transcriptomic, metabolomic, physiological, and morphological analyses were performed to investigate the complex traits involved in their response to drought. Weighted gene network correlation analysis was used to identify the specific molecular mechanisms regulated by each genotype, and the correlations between gene networks and phenotypic traits. A holistic analysis of all the data provided a deeper understanding of the specific mechanisms regulated by each genotype, and enabled the identification of gene markers. Under non-limiting water conditions, CIRAD 409 had a denser shoot, but shoot growth was slower despite better photosynthetic performance. Under water deficit, CIRAD 409 was weakly affected regardless of the plant level analyzed. In contrast, IAC 25 had reduced growth and reproductive development. It regulated transcriptomic and metabolic activities at a high level, and activated a complex gene regulatory network involved in growth-limiting processes. By comparing two contrasting genotypes, the present study identified the regulation of some fundamental processes and gene markers, that drive rice development, and influence its response to water deficit, in particular, the importance of the biosynthetic and regulatory pathways for cell wall metabolism. These key processes determine the biological and mechanical properties of the cell wall and thus influence plant development, organ expansion, and turgor maintenance under water deficit. Our results also question the genericity of the antagonism between morphogenesis and organogenesis observed in the two genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Favreau
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP InstitutMontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Camille Gaal
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP InstitutMontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | | | - Gaétan Droc
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP InstitutMontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Sandrine Roques
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP InstitutMontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Armel Sotillo
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP InstitutMontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Florence Guérard
- Plateforme Métabolisme‐MétabolomeInstitute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris‐Saclay, National Committee of Scientific Research (CNRS), National Institute for Research for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Université d'Evry, Université de ParisGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Valérie Cantonny
- Plateforme Métabolisme‐MétabolomeInstitute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris‐Saclay, National Committee of Scientific Research (CNRS), National Institute for Research for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Université d'Evry, Université de ParisGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Bertrand Gakière
- Plateforme Métabolisme‐MétabolomeInstitute of Plant Sciences Paris‐Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris‐Saclay, National Committee of Scientific Research (CNRS), National Institute for Research for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), Université d'Evry, Université de ParisGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Julie Leclercq
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP InstitutMontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Tanguy Lafarge
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP InstitutMontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
| | - Marcel de Raissac
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP InstitutMontpellierFrance
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut AgroMontpellierFrance
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de Melo Teles E Gomes IJ, Neves MO, Paolucci LN. Trees harbouring ants are better defended than con-generic and sympatric ant-free trees. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2023; 110:31. [PMID: 37389663 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-023-01858-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant strategies against herbivores are classically divided into chemical, physical, biotic defences. However, little is known about the relative importance of each type of plant defence, especially in the same species. Using the myrmecophyte Triplaris americana (both with and without ants), and the congeneric non-myrmecophyte T. gardneriana, we tested whether ant defence is more effective than other defences of naturally ant-free myrmecophytes and the non-myrmecophyte congeneric species, all spatially co-occurring. In addition, we investigated how plant traits vary among plant groups, and how these traits modulate herbivory. We sampled data on leaf area loss and plant traits from these tree groups in the Brazilian Pantanal floodplain, and found that herbivory is sixfold lower in plants with ants than in ant-free plants, supporting a major role of biotic defences against herbivory. Whereas ant-free plants had more physical defences (sclerophylly and trichomes), they had little effect on herbivory-only sclerophylly modulated herbivory, but with opposite effects depending on ants' presence and species identity. Despite little variation in the chemicals among plant groups, tannin concentrations and δ13C signatures negatively affected herbivory in T. americana plants with ants and in T. gardneriana, respectively. We showed that ant defence in myrmecophytic systems is the most effective against herbivory, as the studied plants could not fully compensate the lack of this biotic defence. We highlight the importance of positive insect-plant interactions in limiting herbivory, and therefore potentially plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inácio José de Melo Teles E Gomes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ecologia, Conservação E Manejo da Fauna Silvestre, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil.
| | - Matheus Oliveira Neves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso. Cuiabá, Cuiabá, MT, 78060-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Navarro Paolucci
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
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Jeong SJ, Nam BE, Jeong HJ, Jang JY, Joo Y, Kim JG. Age-dependent resistance of a perennial herb, Aristolochia contorta against specialist and generalist leaf-chewing herbivores. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1145363. [PMID: 37324666 PMCID: PMC10265686 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1145363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants need to balance investments in growth and defense throughout their life to increase their fitness. To optimize fitness, levels of defense against herbivores in perennial plants may vary according to plant age and season. However, secondary plant metabolites often have a detrimental effect on generalist herbivores, while many specialists have developed resistance to them. Therefore, varying levels of defensive secondary metabolites depending on plant age and season may have different effects on the performance of specialist and generalist herbivores colonizing the same host plants. In this study, we analyzed concentrations of defensive secondary metabolites (aristolochic acids) and the nutritional value (C/N ratios) of 1st-, 2nd- and 3rd-year Aristolochia contorta in July (the middle of growing season) and September (the end of growing season). We further assessed their effects on the performances of the specialist herbivore Sericinus montela (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) and the generalist herbivore Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Leaves of 1st-year A. contorta contained significantly higher concentrations of aristolochic acids than those of older plants, with concentrations tending to decrease over the first-year season. Therefore, when first year leaves were fed in July, all larvae of S. exigua died and S. montela showed the lowest growth rate compared to older leaves fed in July. However, the nutritional quality of A. contorta leaves was lower in September than July irrespective of plant age, which was reflected in lower larval performance of both herbivores in September. These results suggest that A. contorta invests in the chemical defenses of leaves especially at a young age, while the low nutritional value of leaves seems to limit the performance of leaf-chewing herbivores at the end of the season, regardless of plant age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jong Jeong
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Eun Nam
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jin Jeong
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- The Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Jang
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsung Joo
- Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Geun Kim
- Department of Biology Education, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Education Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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11
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Venkataram S, Kryazhimskiy S. Evolutionary repeatability of emergent properties of ecological communities. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220047. [PMID: 37004728 PMCID: PMC10067272 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Most species belong to ecological communities where their interactions give rise to emergent community-level properties, such as diversity and productivity. Understanding and predicting how these properties change over time has been a major goal in ecology, with important practical implications for sustainability and human health. Less attention has been paid to the fact that community-level properties can also change because member species evolve. Yet, our ability to predict long-term eco-evolutionary dynamics hinges on how repeatably community-level properties change as a result of species evolution. Here, we review studies of evolution of both natural and experimental communities and make the case that community-level properties at least sometimes evolve repeatably. We discuss challenges faced in investigations of evolutionary repeatability. In particular, only a handful of studies enable us to quantify repeatability. We argue that quantifying repeatability at the community level is critical for approaching what we see as three major open questions in the field: (i) Is the observed degree of repeatability surprising? (ii) How is evolutionary repeatability at the community level related to repeatability at the level of traits of member species? (iii) What factors affect repeatability? We outline some theoretical and empirical approaches to addressing these questions. Advances in these directions will not only enrich our basic understanding of evolution and ecology but will also help us predict eco-evolutionary dynamics. This article is part of the theme issue 'Interdisciplinary approaches to predicting evolutionary biology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Venkataram
- Department of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sergey Kryazhimskiy
- Department of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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12
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de Tombeur F, Pélissier R, Shihan A, Rahajaharilaza K, Fort F, Mahaut L, Lemoine T, Thorne SJ, Hartley SE, Luquet D, Fabre D, Lambers H, Morel JB, Ballini E, Violle C. Growth-defence trade-off in rice: fast-growing and acquisitive genotypes have lower expression of genes involved in immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3094-3103. [PMID: 36840921 PMCID: PMC10199124 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant ecologists and molecular biologists have long considered the hypothesis of a trade-off between plant growth and defence separately. In particular, how genes thought to control the growth-defence trade-off at the molecular level relate to trait-based frameworks in functional ecology, such as the slow-fast plant economics spectrum, is unknown. We grew 49 phenotypically diverse rice genotypes in pots under optimal conditions and measured growth-related functional traits and the constitutive expression of 11 genes involved in plant defence. We also quantified the concentration of silicon (Si) in leaves to estimate silica-based defences. Rice genotypes were aligned along a slow-fast continuum, with slow-growing, late-flowering genotypes versus fast-growing, early-flowering genotypes. Leaf dry matter content and leaf Si concentrations were not aligned with this axis and negatively correlated with each other. Live-fast genotypes exhibited greater expression of OsNPR1, a regulator of the salicylic acid pathway that promotes plant defence while suppressing plant growth. These genotypes also exhibited greater expression of SPL7 and GH3.2, which are also involved in both stress resistance and growth. Our results do not support the hypothesis of a growth-defence trade-off when leaf Si and leaf dry matter content are considered, but they do when hormonal pathway genes are considered. We demonstrate the benefits of combining ecological and molecular approaches to elucidate the growth-defence trade-off, opening new avenues for plant breeding and crop science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix de Tombeur
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Rémi Pélissier
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, Institut Agro, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Ammar Shihan
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Koloina Rahajaharilaza
- Faculty of Sciences, DS Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Antananarivo 101, Antananarivo, Madagascar
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Florian Fort
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, Institut Agro, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Univ Valéry, Montpellier, France
| | - Lucie Mahaut
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Taïna Lemoine
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Sarah J Thorne
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sue E Hartley
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Delphine Luquet
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Denis Fabre
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institut, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jean-Benoît Morel
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, Institut Agro, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Elsa Ballini
- PHIM Plant Health Institute, Univ Montpellier, Institut Agro, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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13
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Lin PA, Kansman J, Chuang WP, Robert C, Erb M, Felton GW. Water availability and plant-herbivore interactions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:2811-2828. [PMID: 36477789 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Water is essential to plant growth and drives plant evolution and interactions with other organisms such as herbivores. However, water availability fluctuates, and these fluctuations are intensified by climate change. How plant water availability influences plant-herbivore interactions in the future is an important question in basic and applied ecology. Here we summarize and synthesize the recent discoveries on the impact of water availability on plant antiherbivore defense ecology and the underlying physiological processes. Water deficit tends to enhance plant resistance and escape traits (i.e. early phenology) against herbivory but negatively affects other defense strategies, including indirect defense and tolerance. However, exceptions are sometimes observed in specific plant-herbivore species pairs. We discuss the effect of water availability on species interactions associated with plants and herbivores from individual to community levels and how these interactions drive plant evolution. Although water stress and many other abiotic stresses are predicted to increase in intensity and frequency due to climate change, we identify a significant lack of study on the interactive impact of additional abiotic stressors on water-plant-herbivore interactions. This review summarizes critical knowledge gaps and informs possible future research directions in water-plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-An Lin
- Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jessica Kansman
- Department of Entomology, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Wen-Po Chuang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gary W Felton
- Department of Entomology, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Zhang Z, Li J, Suddee S, Bouamanivong S, Averyanov LV, Gale SW. Exploring island syndromes: Variable matrix permeability in Phalaenopsis pulcherrima (Orchidaceae), a specialist lithophyte of tropical Asian inselbergs. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1097113. [PMID: 36890904 PMCID: PMC9986494 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1097113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Plants confined to island-like habitats are hypothesised to possess a suite of functional traits that promote on-spot persistence and recruitment, but this may come at the cost of broad-based colonising potential. Ecological functions that define this island syndrome are expected to generate a characteristic genetic signature. Here we examine genetic structuring in the orchid Phalaenopsis pulcherrima, a specialist lithophyte of tropical Asian inselbergs, both at the scale of individual outcrops and across much of its range in Indochina and on Hainan Island, to infer patterns of gene flow in the context of an exploration of island syndrome traits. METHODS We sampled 323 individuals occurring in 20 populations on 15 widely scattered inselbergs, and quantified genetic diversity, isolation-by-distance and genetic structuring using 14 microsatellite markers. To incorporate a temporal dimension, we inferred historical demography and estimated direction of gene flow using Bayesian approaches. RESULTS We uncovered high genotypic diversity, high heterozygosity and low rates of inbreeding, as well as strong evidence for the occurrence of two genetic clusters, one comprising the populations of Hainan Island and the other those of mainland Indochina. Connectivity was greater within, rather than between the two clusters, with the former unequivocally supported as ancestral. DISCUSSION Despite a strong capacity for on-spot persistence conferred by clonality, incomplete self-sterility and an ability to utilize multiple magnet species for pollination, our data reveal that P. pulcherrima also possesses traits that promote landscape-scale gene flow, including deceptive pollination and wind-borne seed dispersal, generating an ecological profile that neither fully conforms to, nor fully contradicts, a putative island syndrome. A terrestrial matrix is shown to be significantly more permeable than open water, with the direction of historic gene flow indicating that island populations can serve as refugia for postglacial colonisation of continental landmasses by effective dispersers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Germplasm Innovation of Tropical Special Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Resources of Tropical Special Ornamental Plants of Hainan Province, College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jihong Li
- Flora Conservation Department, Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Somran Suddee
- Forest Herbarium, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somsanith Bouamanivong
- Biotechnology and Ecology Institute, Ministry of Science and Technology, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Leonid V. Averyanov
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Stephan W. Gale
- Flora Conservation Department, Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
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15
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Zhang ZY, Li W, Huang QC, Yang L, Chen XL, Xiao RD, Tang CQ, Hu SJ. Cut to Disarm Plant Defence: A Unique Oviposition Behaviour in Rhynchites foveipennis (Coleoptera: Attelabidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:200. [PMID: 36835769 PMCID: PMC9965434 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Female weevils of the family Attelabidae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) possess a unique behaviour of partially cutting the branches connecting egg-bearing organs of their host plants during oviposition. However, the consequence of such behaviour remains unclear. Using Rhynchites foveipennis and its host pear (Pyrus pyrifolia), the present study tested the hypothesis that the oviposition behaviour could disarm the host plants' defence. We compared the survival rates, growth rates, and performance of eggs and larvae under two conditions: (1) the fruit stems were naturally damaged by the females before and after oviposition, and (2) the fruit stems were artificially protected from the females. When fruit stems were protected from female damage, the survival rates of eggs and larvae were only 21.3-32.6%, respectively; and the larval weight was 3.2-4.1 mg 30 days after laying eggs. When the fruit stems were damaged, the survival rates of eggs and larvae reached 86.1-94.0%, respectively; and the larval weight reached 73.0-74.9 mg 30 days after laying eggs. The contents of tannin and flavonoids in the pears did not change significantly along with the oviposition and larval feeding, but weevil eggs were crushed and killed by the callus in the pears. Once the stunted larvae in branch-growing pears were moved into the picked-off ones, the growth and development recovered. The findings indicate that the oviposition behaviour can significantly increase the survival of the offspring. Our study suggested that the oviposition behaviour of attelabid weevils is a strategy to overcome plant defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ying Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Qi-Chao Huang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ru-Di Xiao
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Cindy Q. Tang
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Shao-Ji Hu
- Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
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16
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Unraveling Amazon tree community assembly using Maximum Information Entropy: a quantitative analysis of tropical forest ecology. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2859. [PMID: 36801913 PMCID: PMC9938116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In a time of rapid global change, the question of what determines patterns in species abundance distribution remains a priority for understanding the complex dynamics of ecosystems. The constrained maximization of information entropy provides a framework for the understanding of such complex systems dynamics by a quantitative analysis of important constraints via predictions using least biased probability distributions. We apply it to over two thousand hectares of Amazonian tree inventories across seven forest types and thirteen functional traits, representing major global axes of plant strategies. Results show that constraints formed by regional relative abundances of genera explain eight times more of local relative abundances than constraints based on directional selection for specific functional traits, although the latter does show clear signals of environmental dependency. These results provide a quantitative insight by inference from large-scale data using cross-disciplinary methods, furthering our understanding of ecological dynamics.
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17
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Jenny LA, Shapiro LR, Davis CC, Jonathan Davies T, Pierce NE, Meineke E. Herbarium specimens reveal herbivory patterns across the genus Cucurbita. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023; 110:e16126. [PMID: 36633920 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Quantifying how closely related plant species differ in susceptibility to insect herbivory is important for understanding the variation in evolutionary pressures on plant functional traits. However, empirically measuring in situ variation in herbivory spanning the geographic range of a plant-insect complex is logistically difficult. Recently, new methods have been developed using herbarium specimens to investigate patterns in plant-insect symbioses across large geographic scales. Such investigations provide insights into how accelerated anthropogenic changes may impact plant-insect interactions that are of ecological or agricultural importance. METHODS Here, we analyze 274 pressed herbarium samples to investigate variation in herbivory damage in 13 different species of the economically important plant genus Cucurbita (Cucurbitaceae). This collection is composed of specimens of wild, undomesticated Cucurbita that were collected from across their native range, and Cucurbita cultivars collected from both within their native range and from locations where they have been introduced for agriculture in temperate North America. RESULTS Herbivory is common on individuals of all Cucurbita species collected throughout their geographic ranges. However, estimates of herbivory varied considerably among individuals, with mesophytic species accruing more insect damage than xerophytic species, and wild specimens having more herbivory than specimens collected from human-managed habitats. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that long-term evolutionary changes in habitat from xeric to mesic climates and wild to human-managed habitats may mediate the levels of herbivory pressure from coevolved herbivores. Future investigations into the potential factors that contribute to herbivory may inform the management of domesticated crop plants and their insect herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Jenny
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
| | - Lori R Shapiro
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States
| | - Charles C Davis
- Harvard University Herbaria, Department of Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
| | - T Jonathan Davies
- Departments of Botany, and Forest & Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- African Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, Gauteng, 2028, South Africa
| | - Naomi E Pierce
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138, United States
| | - Emily Meineke
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, 95616, United States
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18
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Albano LJ, Johnson MTJ. Interactions between environmental factors drive selection on cyanogenesis in
Trifolium repens. OIKOS 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J. Albano
- Dept of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Dept of Biology, Univ. of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga ON Canada
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19
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Salgado-Luarte C, González-Teuber M, Madriaza K, Gianoli E. Trade-off between plant resistance and tolerance to herbivory: Mechanical defenses outweigh chemical defenses. Ecology 2023; 104:e3860. [PMID: 36047784 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant resistance includes mechanical and chemical defenses that reduce herbivory, whereas plant tolerance reduces the fitness impact of herbivory. Because defenses are costly and investing in both resistance and tolerance may be superfluous, trade-offs among them are expected. In forest ecosystems, the mechanical strengthening of leaves is linked both to shade adaptation and antiherbivore defenses, but it also compromises resource uptake, therefore limiting regrowth following damage, suggesting a trade-off between mechanical defenses and tolerance. We tested for the resistance-tolerance trade-off across 11 common tree species in a temperate rainforest and explored mechanistic explanations by measuring chemical and mechanical defenses. Herbivory damage was negatively associated with leaf toughness and fiber content, whereas there was no significant relationship between herbivory and secondary metabolites (flavonols, gallic acid, tannins, and terpenoids). We detected a resistance-tolerance trade-off, as expected. We found a negative relationship between mechanical defenses and tolerance, estimated as the survival ratio between experimentally damaged and undamaged seedlings. Tolerance and secondary metabolites showed no significant association. Results suggest that selective forces other than herbivory acting on defensive traits can favor a resistance-tolerance trade-off. Therefore, plant adaptation to contrasting light environments may contribute to the evolution of resistance-tolerance trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Salgado-Luarte
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
| | - Marcia González-Teuber
- Departamento de Química Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Karina Madriaza
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, mención en Ecología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ernesto Gianoli
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
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20
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Bahmani K, Robinson A, Majumder S, LaVardera A, Dowell JA, Goolsby EW, Mason CM. Broad diversity in monoterpene-sesquiterpene balance across wild sunflowers: Implications of leaf and floral volatiles for biotic interactions. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:2051-2067. [PMID: 36317693 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE As plant lineages diversify across environmental gradients, species are predicted to encounter divergent biotic pressures. This study investigated the evolution of volatile secondary metabolism across species of Helianthus. METHODS Leaves and petals of 40 species of wild Helianthus were analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine volatile secondary metabolite profiles. RESULTS Across all species, 500 compounds were identified; 40% were sesquiterpenes, 18% monoterpenes, 3% diterpenes, 4% fatty acid derivatives, and 35% other compounds such as phenolics and small organic molecules. Qualitatively, annuals and species from more arid western climates had leaf compositions with a higher proportion of total monoterpenes, while erect perennials and species from more mesic eastern habitats contained a higher proportion of total sesquiterpenes. Among species, mass-based leaf monoterpene and sesquiterpene abundance were identified as largely orthogonal axes of variation by principal component analysis. Profiles for leaves were not strongly correlated with those of petals. CONCLUSIONS Volatile metabolites were highly diverse among wild Helianthus, indicating the value of this genus as a model system and rich genetic resource. The independence of leaf and petal volatile profiles indicates a low level of phenotypic integration between vegetative and reproductive structures, implying vegetative defense and reproductive defense or pollinator attraction functions mediated by terpene profiles in these two organs can evolve without major trade-offs. The major biosynthetic pathways for the major terpenes in wild Helianthus are already well described, providing a road map to deeper inquiry into the drivers of this diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keivan Bahmani
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Sambadi Majumder
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Jordan A Dowell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Eric W Goolsby
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Chase M Mason
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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21
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Chen Y, Schwilk DW, Cox RD, Johnson MG. Including phylogenetic conservatism of shortgrass prairie restoration species does not improve species germinability prediction. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.983192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PremiseWe investigated whether phylogenetic conservatism can improve the performance of seed germinability prediction models. Previous studies in tallgrass prairie and alpine meadow revealed that seed morphological traits demonstrate phylogenetic conservatism. We hypothesized that phylogenetic conservatism in seed traits could help predict the seed germinability, under the assumption that seed traits contain phylogenetic signals.MethodsWe measured seed germination percentage and seed morphological traits (seed mass, seed height, and seed surface area) on 34 native species from shortgrass prairie in North America. We supplemented these data with similar data from the literature on 11 more species. We calculated the robustness of the phylogenetic signal of each trait to the number of species sampled. We also compressed the phylogenetic distance matrix to a two-dimensional space, and applied the Akaike information criterion to evaluate the effects of phylogeny on seed germinability prediction models.Key resultsWe found weak but significant phylogenetic signals in seed mass and seed height in the full data set. These phylogenetic signals were not able to improve seed germinability prediction model performance among shortgrass prairie species. Our robustness tests of phylogenetic signals using random sub-sampling showed that the detection rate of phylogenetic signals in seed mass was increased along with the expansion of species pool, and nearly 100% at 40 species. However, the detection rate of phylogenetic signals in seed height was constantly low, around 20%.ConclusionWhen the phylogenetic signals are weak, the phylogenetic position does not improve germinability prediction model performance. Therefore, phylogenetic signals detected during a single species pool calculation may not accurately reflect the phylogenetic conservatism of the trait in a plant community. We suggest testing for robustness of phylogenetic signals using random sub-sampling tests.
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22
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Effects of phylogeny, traits, and seasonality on invertebrate herbivory damage in a meadow community. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2022.103871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Legarrea S, Janssen A, Dong L, Glas JJ, van Houten YM, Scala A, Kant MR. Enhanced top-down control of herbivore population growth on plants with impaired defences. Funct Ecol 2022; 36:2859-2872. [PMID: 36632134 PMCID: PMC9826462 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore densities can be regulated by bottom-up and top-down forces such as plant defences and natural enemies, respectively. These forces can interact with each other to increase plant protection against herbivores; however, how much complementarity exists between bottom-up and top-down forces still remains to be fully elucidated. Particularly, because plant defences can hinder natural enemies, how these interactions affect herbivore performance and dynamics remains elusive.To address this topic, we performed laboratory and greenhouse bioassays with herbivorous mite pests and predatory mites on mutant tomato plants that lack defensive hairs on stems and leaves. Particularly, we investigated the behaviour and population dynamics of different phytophagous mite species in the absence and presence of predatory mites.We show that predatory mites do not only perform better on tomatoes lacking defensive hairs but also that they can suppress herbivore densities better and faster on these hairless plants. Hence, top-down control of herbivores by natural enemies more than compensated the reduced bottom-up herbivore control by plant defences.Our results lead to the counter-intuitive insight that removing, instead of introducing, plant defence traits can result in superior protection against important pests through biological control. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saioa Legarrea
- Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Departamento de Agricultura y AlimentaciónUniversidad de la RiojaLogroñoSpain
| | - Arne Janssen
- Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands,Department of EntomologyFederal University of ViçosaViçosaBrazil
| | - Lin Dong
- Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Alessandra Scala
- Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Merijn R. Kant
- Evolutionary and Population BiologyInstitute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED)University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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24
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Yoder JB, Dang A, MacGregor C, Plaza M. Plant‐associate interactions and diversification across trophic levels. Evol Lett 2022; 6:375-389. [PMID: 36254257 PMCID: PMC9554764 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between species are widely understood to have promoted the diversification of life on Earth, but how interactions spur the formation of new species remains unclear. Interacting species often become locally adapted to each other, but they may also be subject to shared dispersal limitations and environmental conditions. Moreover, theory predicts that different kinds of interactions have different effects on diversification. To better understand how species interactions promote diversification, we compiled population genetic studies of host plants and intimately associated herbivores, parasites, and mutualists. We used Bayesian multiple regressions and the BEDASSLE modeling framework to test whether host and associate population structures were correlated over and above the potentially confounding effects of geography and shared environmental variation. We found that associates' population structure often paralleled their hosts' population structure, and that this effect is robust to accounting for geographic distance and climate. Associate genetic structure was significantly explained by plant genetic structure somewhat more often in antagonistic interactions than in mutualistic ones. This aligns with a key prediction of coevolutionary theory that antagonistic interactions promote diversity through local adaptation of antagonists to hosts, while mutualistic interactions more often promote diversity via the effect of hosts' geographic distribution on mutualists' dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B. Yoder
- Department of Biology California State University Northridge Northridge CA 91330 USA
| | - Albert Dang
- Department of Biology California State University Northridge Northridge CA 91330 USA
| | - Caitlin MacGregor
- Department of Biology California State University Northridge Northridge CA 91330 USA
| | - Mikhail Plaza
- Program in Plant Biology and Conservation Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action Chicago Botanic Garden Glencoe IL 60035 USA
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25
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Russo SE, Ledder G, Muller EB, Nisbet RM. Dynamic Energy Budget models: fertile ground for understanding resource allocation in plants in a changing world. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 10:coac061. [PMID: 36128259 PMCID: PMC9477497 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coac061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is having dramatic effects on the diversity and distribution of species. Many of these effects are mediated by how an organism's physiological patterns of resource allocation translate into fitness through effects on growth, survival and reproduction. Empirically, resource allocation is challenging to measure directly and so has often been approached using mathematical models, such as Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) models. The fact that all plants require a very similar set of exogenous resources, namely light, water and nutrients, integrates well with the DEB framework in which a small number of variables and processes linked through pathways represent an organism's state as it changes through time. Most DEB theory has been developed in reference to animals and microorganisms. However, terrestrial vascular plants differ from these organisms in fundamental ways that make resource allocation, and the trade-offs and feedbacks arising from it, particularly fundamental to their life histories, but also challenging to represent using existing DEB theory. Here, we describe key features of the anatomy, morphology, physiology, biochemistry, and ecology of terrestrial vascular plants that should be considered in the development of a generic DEB model for plants. We then describe possible approaches to doing so using existing DEB theory and point out features that may require significant development for DEB theory to accommodate them. We end by presenting a generic DEB model for plants that accounts for many of these key features and describing gaps that would need to be addressed for DEB theory to predict the responses of plants to climate change. DEB models offer a powerful and generalizable framework for modelling resource allocation in terrestrial vascular plants, and our review contributes a framework for expansion and development of DEB theory to address how plants respond to anthropogenic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina E Russo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, 1104 T Street Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0118, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska, 1901 Vine Street, N300 Beadle Center, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0660, USA
| | - Glenn Ledder
- Department of Mathematics, University of Nebraska, 203 Avery Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0130, USA
| | - Erik B Muller
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- Institut für Biologische Analytik und Consulting IBACON GmbH, Arheilger Weg 17 Roß dorf, Hesse D-64380, Germany
| | - Roger M Nisbet
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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Coverdale TC, Agrawal AA. Experimental insect suppression causes loss of induced, but not constitutive, resistance in Solanum carolinense. Ecology 2022; 103:e3786. [PMID: 35711089 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal variation in herbivory is a major driver of intraspecific variation in plant defense. Comparatively little is known, however, about how changes in herbivory regime affect the balance of constitutive and induced resistance, which are often considered alternative defensive strategies. Here, we investigated how nearly a decade of insect herbivore suppression affected constitutive and induced resistance in horsenettle (Solanum carolinense), a widespread herbaceous perennial. We allowed replicated horsenettle populations to respond to the presence or absence of herbivores by applying insecticide to all plants in half of 16 field plots. Horsenettle density rapidly increased in response to insecticide treatment, and this effect persisted for at least four years after the cessation of herbivore suppression. We subsequently grew half-sibling families from seeds collected during and shortly after insecticide treatment in a common garden and found strong effects of insect suppression on induced resistance. Feeding trials in field mesocosms with false Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa juncta), a common specialist herbivore, revealed that multi-year herbivore suppression drove rapid attenuation of induced resistance: offspring of plants from insect-suppression plots exhibited a near-complete loss of induced resistance to beetles, while those from control plots incurred ~70% less damage after experimental induction. Plants from insect-suppression plots also had ~40% greater constitutive resistance than those from control plots, although this difference was not statistically significant. We nonetheless detected a strong trade-off between constitutive and induced resistance across families. In contrast, the constitutive expression of trypsin inhibitors (TI), an important chemical defense trait in horsenettle, was reduced by 20% in the offspring of plants from insect-suppression plots relative to those from control plots. However, TIs were induced to an equal extent whether or not insect herbivores had been historically suppressed. While several defense and performance traits (prickle density, TI concentration, resistance against false Colorado potato beetles and flea beetles, biomass, and seed mass) varied markedly across families, no traits exhibited significant pairwise correlations. Overall, our results indicate that, while the divergent responses of multiple defense traits to insect suppression led to comparatively small changes in overall constitutive resistance, they significantly reduced induced resistance against false Colorado potato beetle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler C Coverdale
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Cogni R, Quental TB, Guimarães PR. Ehrlich and Raven escape and radiate coevolution hypothesis at different levels of organization: Past and future perspectives. Evolution 2022; 76:1108-1123. [PMID: 35262199 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The classic paper by Ehrlich and Raven on coevolution will soon be 60 years old. Although they were not the first to develop the idea of coevolution, their thought-provoking paper certainly popularized this idea and inspired several generations of scientists interested in coevolution. Here, we describe some of their main contributions, quantitatively measure the impact of their seminal paper on different fields of research, and discuss how ideas related to their original paper might push the study of coevolution forward. To guide our discussion, we explore their original hypothesis into three research fields that are associated with distinct scales/levels of organization: (1) the genetic mechanisms underlying coevolutionary interactions; (2) the potential association between coevolutionary diversification and the organization of ecological networks; and (3) the micro- and macroevolutionary mechanisms and expected patterns under their hypothesis. By doing so, we discuss potentially overlooked aspects and future directions for the study of coevolutionary dynamics and diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Cogni
- Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Tiago B Quental
- Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Guimarães
- Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
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28
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Mramba RP. Grouping behaviour and activity patterns of impala (Aepyceros melampus) in a nutrient –rich and a nutrient-poor savanna in Tanzania. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09386. [PMID: 35586331 PMCID: PMC9108877 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
African savannas are broadly categorised into nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor according to soil nutrient availability and precipitation. Soil nutrients limit plant growth in the nutrient-rich savannas, leading to little plant biomass of high nutrient concentrations. In the nutrient-poor savannas soil nutrients are depleted before plant growth ceases, resulting in large production of nutrient-poor plant biomass. Impala (Aepyceros melampus), are medium-sized antelopes occurring in both savannas, but they face feeding challenges in the nutrient-poor savannas because of high energy requirements. Activity patterns of impala are well studied, but few studies compared savannas with differing soil nutrients and animal communities. I used the scanning methods to study impala activities in a nutrient-rich savanna, the Serengeti National Park, and a nutrient-poor savanna, the Mikumi National Park in Tanzania, during the wet and dry seasons. Impala are gregarious and mixed feeders, utilising grasses during the wet season, switching to browsing during the dry season, making them good candidates for comparing savannas and seasons. The impala formed bigger groups in Mikumi during the wet season splitting during the dry season. Grazing time was higher in the wet season than in the dry season in Serengeti, but did not differ between the seasons in Mikumi. Browsing time was longer in Mikumi than Serengeti during the dry season, and longer in Serengeti than Mikumi during the wet season. Resting time was longer in Serengeti than Mikumi during the wet season, while walking time was longer in Mikumi than Serengeti during the dry season. Family groups spent longer time resting than bachelor groups in both sites. The study shows obvious differences in grouping and activity patterns of impala between the sites and the seasons. Further studies are recommended to explore the influence of savanna and season on grouping behaviour and activity patterns of herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D. Gorné
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, IMBiV Córdoba Argentina
- Univ. Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales Córdoba Argentina
| | - Sandra Díaz
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CONICET, IMBiV Córdoba Argentina
- Univ. Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales Córdoba Argentina
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30
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Experimental manipulation of biotic and abiotic parameters changes the outcome of insect-plant interactions. Basic Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Mason CJ, Ray S, Davidson-Lowe E, Ali J, Luthe DS, Felton G. Plant Nutrition Influences Resistant Maize Defense Responses to the Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.844274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are often confronted by different groups of herbivores, which threaten their growth and reproduction. However, they are capable of mounting defenses against would-be attackers which may be heightened upon attack. Resistance to insects often varies among plant species, with different genotypes exhibiting unique patterns of chemical and physical defenses. Within this framework, plant access to nutrients may be critical for maximal functioning of resistance mechanisms and are likely to differ among plant genotypes. In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that access to nutrition would alter the expression of plant resistance to insects and alter insect performance in a manner consistent with fertilization regime. We used two maize (Zea mays) genotypes possessing different levels of resistance and the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) as model systems. Plants were subjected to three fertilization regimes prior to assessing insect-mediated responses. Upon reaching V4 stage, maize plants were separated into two groups, one of which was infested with fall armyworm larvae to induce plant defenses. Plant tissue was collected and used in insect bioassays and to measure the expression of defense-related genes and proteins. Insect performance differed between the two plant genotypes substantially. For each genotype, fertilization altered larval performance, where lower fertilization rates hindered larval growth. Induction of plant defenses by prior herbivory substantially reduced naïve fall armyworm growth in both genotypes. The effects between fertilization and induced defenses were complex, with low fertilization reducing induced defenses in the resistant maize. Gene and protein expression patterns differed between the genotypes, with herbivory often increasing expression, but differing between fertilization levels. The soluble protein concentrations did not change across fertilization levels but was higher in the susceptible maize genotype. These results demonstrate the malleability of plant defenses and the cascading effects of plant nutrition on insect herbivory.
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Using a Phylogenetic Framework to Assess the Role of Fruit Size in Food Selection by the Andean Night Monkey (Aotus lemurinus). INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-021-00274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hemptinne J, Lecompte E, Sentis A, Dixon AFG, Magro A. Prey life-history influences the evolution of egg mass and indirectly reproductive investment in a group of free-living insect predators. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8438. [PMID: 35127006 PMCID: PMC8796932 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between risk and benefit of exploiting resources drives life-history evolution in organisms. Predators are naturally recognized as major drivers of the life-history evolution of their prey. Although prey may also influence the life-history evolution of their predators in the context of an evolutionary arms race, there is far more evidence of the role of predators than of prey.The goal of this study was to investigate the role of prey in life-history evolution of predators using ladybird beetle predators of aphids and coccids. These particular ladybirds and their prey were chosen because literature shows that the pace of life of aphids is faster than that of coccids and this difference is reflected in the life histories of the ladybirds that specialize on feeding on aphids or coccids.Thirty-four species of ladybird predators of aphids and eight of coccids belonging to five different tribes were collected and reared in the laboratory. The females were weighed as well as their eggs, and their reproductive investment estimated as the number of ovarioles. Phylogenetic relatedness was controlled for in the statistical analyses.Controlling for female mass revealed that ladybird predators of aphids lay bigger eggs than ladybird predators of coccids. This difference is not influenced by phylogenetic relatedness but only by the type of prey eaten. We suggest that ladybird predators of coccids lay smaller eggs because neonate larvae do not have to search, catch, and subdue prey. Both types of ladybirds have a similar reproductive investment relative to their body mass when phylogeny is controlled for.Recognizing the influence of prey on the life-history evolution of predators is important for understanding food web dynamics. From an applied perspective, this fine evolutionary tuning of prey-predator relationships should be used to guide and increase the efficiency of biological control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Louis Hemptinne
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (UMR EDB 5174)Université de ToulouseCNRSIRDUPSToulouseFrance
| | - Emilie Lecompte
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (UMR EDB 5174)Université de ToulouseCNRSIRDUPSToulouseFrance
| | - Arnaud Sentis
- INRAEAix‐Marseille UniversityUMR RECOVERAix‐en‐ProvenceFrance
| | - Anthony F. G. Dixon
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
- Global Change Research Institute CASBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Alexandra Magro
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (UMR EDB 5174)Université de ToulouseCNRSIRDUPSToulouseFrance
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Mann L, Laplanche D, Turlings TCJ, Desurmont GA. A comparative study of plant volatiles induced by insect and gastropod herbivory. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23698. [PMID: 34880284 PMCID: PMC8654843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02801-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect and gastropod herbivores are major plant consumers and their importance in the evolution of plant defensive traits is broadly recognized. However, their respective effects on plant responses have rarely been compared. Here we focused on plant volatile emissions (VOCs) following herbivory and compared the effects of herbivory by caterpillars of the generalist insect Spodoptera littoralis and by generalist slugs of the genus Arion on the VOCs emissions of 14 cultivated plant species. Results revealed that plants consistently produced higher amounts of volatiles and responded more specifically to caterpillar than to slug herbivory. Specifically, plants released on average 6.0 times more VOCs (total), 8.9 times more green leaf volatiles, 4.2 times more terpenoids, 6.0 times more aromatic hydrocarbons, and 5.7 times more other VOCs in response to 1 cm2 of insect damage than to 1 cm2 of slug damage. Interestingly, four of the plant species tested produced a distinct blend of volatiles following insect damage but not slug damage. These findings may result from different chemical elicitors or from physical differences in herbivory by the two herbivores. This study is an important step toward a more inclusive view of plant responses to different types of herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Mann
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 11 Rue Emile-argand, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Diane Laplanche
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 11 Rue Emile-argand, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 11 Rue Emile-argand, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaylord A Desurmont
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 11 Rue Emile-argand, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland. .,European Biological Control Laboratory (EBCL USDA ARS), Montferrier-sur-lez, France.
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35
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Biddick M. Scale-dependent trends in the investment of leaf domatia. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Theory predicts that plants invest in defences proportional to the value or amount of tissue at risk. Domatia-bearing plants house predatory arthropods that defend against insect and fungal attack. Though leaf domatia represent a direct investment in the defence of leaf tissues, it remains unknown whether domatia production scales with amount of tissue at risk. I investigated how domatia investment scales with leaf size in 20 species of trees and shrubs from the south-west Pacific. Large-leaved species produced more domatia than smaller leaved species. However, domatia production did not consistently scale with leaf area among individuals of the same species, illustrating that trends in domatia investment are scale-dependent. Overall results suggest the processes modulating the allocation of resources to defence at the interspecific level are distinct from those operating at the intraspecific level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Biddick
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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36
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Câmara T, Reis DQDA, Arnan X, Oliveira FMP, Arruda ECP, Leal IR. Drought‐induced reductions in plant defenses: Insights from extrafloral nectaries in the Caatinga dry forest. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Talita Câmara
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade de Pernambuco Garanhuns PE Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biologia Vegetal Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife PE Brazil
| | | | - Xavier Arnan
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas Universidade de Pernambuco Garanhuns PE Brazil
| | | | | | - Inara Roberta Leal
- Departamento de Botânica Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife PE Brazil
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Hidden Diversity in an Antarctic Algal Forest: Metabolomic Profiling Linked to Patterns of Genetic Diversification in the Antarctic Red Alga Plocamium sp. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19110607. [PMID: 34822478 PMCID: PMC8622728 DOI: 10.3390/md19110607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The common Antarctic red alga Plocamium sp. is rich in halogenated monoterpenes with known anticancer and antimicrobial properties and extracts of Plocamium sp. have strong ecological activity in deterring feeding by sympatric herbivores. Plocamium sp. collected near Anvers Island, Antarctica showed a high degree of secondary metabolite diversity between separate individuals. GC/MS results revealed 15 different combinations of metabolites (chemogroups) across individuals, which were apparent at 50% or greater Bray–Curtis similarity and also clearly distinguishable by eye when comparing chromatographic profiles of the secondary metabolomes. Sequencing of the mitochondrial cox1 gene revealed six distinct haplotypes, of which the most common two had been previously reported (now referred to as Haplotypes 1 and 2). With the exception of one individual, three of the chemogroups were only produced by individuals in Haplotype 1. All the other 12 chemogroups were produced by individuals in Haplotype 2, with five of these chemogroups also present in one of the four new, less common haplotypes that only differed from Haplotype 2 by one base pair. The functional relevance of this metabolomic and genetic diversity is unknown, but they could have important ecological and evolutionary ramifications, thus potentially providing a foundation for differential selection.
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Salomé-Abarca LF, van der Toorn T, van Vugt R, Klinkhamer PGL, Choi YH. Chemical Differentiation of Plant Latexes and Their Anti-herbivory Activity against Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. PLANTA MEDICA 2021; 87:1032-1044. [PMID: 34237788 DOI: 10.1055/a-1529-8370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the extensive studies on latex, some fundamental questions on their chemical specialization and the factors influencing this specialization have yet to be investigated. To address this issue, latexes and their bearing tissues from diverse species were profiled by 1HNMR and GC-MS. Additionally, the antiherbivory activity of these materials was tested against thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, 1895). The multivariate data analysis showed a clear separation between latexes and leaves from the same species. Conversely, the chemical profiles of latexes from different species were highly similar, that is, they displayed much less metabolic species-specificity. These shared chemical profiles of latexes were reflected in their overall higher mortality index (80.4% ± 7.5) against thrips compared with their bearing tissues (55.5% ± 14.9). The metabolites correlated to the antiherbivory activity of latexes were triterpenoids and steroids. However, the activity could not be attributed to any single terpenoid. This discrepancy and the reduction of the latex activity after fractionation suggested a complementary effect of the compounds when in a mixture as represented by the latex. Additionally, aqueous fractions of several latexes were found to possess simple spectra, even with only 1 metabolite. These metabolites were determined to be organic acids that might be involved in the modulation of the rate of latex coagulation, potentially increasing the sealing and trapping effects of the latex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas van der Toorn
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier van Vugt
- Hortus Botanicus Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Young Hae Choi
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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39
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Ali KA, Willenborg CJ. The biology of seed discrimination and its role in shaping the foraging ecology of carabids: A review. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13702-13722. [PMID: 34707812 PMCID: PMC8525183 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of carabid (ground) beetles are among the most important postdispersal weed seed predators in temperate arable lands. Field studies have shown that carabid beetles can remove upwards of 65%-90% of specific weed seeds shed in arable fields each year. Such data do not explain how and why carabid predators go after weed seeds, however. It remains to be proven that weed seed predation by carabids is a genuine ecological interaction driven by certain ecological factors or functional traits that determine interaction strength and power predation dynamics, bringing about therefore a natural regulation of weed populations. Along these lines, this review ties together the lines of evidence around weed seed predation by carabid predators. Chemoperception rather than vision seems to be the primary sensory mechanism guiding seed detection and seed selection decisions in carabid weed seed predators. Selection of weed seeds by carabid seed predators appears directed rather than random. Yet, the nature of the chemical cues mediating detection of different seed species and identification of the suitable seed type among them remains unknown. Selection of certain types of weed seeds cannot be predicted based on seed chemistry per se in all cases, however. Rather, seed selection decisions are ruled by sophisticated behavioral mechanisms comprising the assessment of both chemical and physical characteristics of the seed. The ultimate selection of certain weed seed types is determined by how the chemical and physical properties of the seed match with the functional traits of the predator in terms of seed handling ability. Seed density, in addition to chemical and physical seed traits, is also an important factor that is likely to shape seed selection decisions in carabid weed seed predators. Carabid responses to seed density are rather complex as they are influenced not only by seed numbers but also by trait-based suitability ranks of the different seed types available in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaldoun A. Ali
- Plant Sciences DepartmentCollege of Agriculture and BioresourcesUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKCanada
| | - Christian J. Willenborg
- Plant Sciences DepartmentCollege of Agriculture and BioresourcesUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKCanada
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40
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He J, Chen K, Jiang F, Pan X. Host shifts in economically significant fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) with high degree of polyphagy. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13692-13701. [PMID: 34707811 PMCID: PMC8525164 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects tend to feed on related hosts. Coevolution tends to be dominated by interactions resulting from plant chemistry in defense strategies, and evolution of secondary metabolisms being in response to insect herbivory remains a classic explanation of coevolution. The present study examines whether evolutionary constraints existing in host associations of economically important fruit flies in the species-rich tribe Dacini (Diptera: Tephritidae) and to what extent these species have evolved specialized dietary patterns. We found a strong effect of host phylogeny on associations on the 37 fruit flies tested, although the fruit fly species feeding on ripe commercially grown fruits that lost the toxic compounds after long-term domestication are mostly polyphagous. We assessed the phylogenetic signal of host breadth across the fruit fly species, showing that the results were substantially different depending on partition levels. Further, we mapped main host family associations onto the fruit fly phylogeny and Cucurbitaceae has been inferred as the most likely ancestral host family for Dacini based on ancestral state reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao He
- Institute of Plant Inspection and QuarantineChinese Academy of Inspection and QuarantineBeijing100176China
| | - Ke Chen
- Institute of Plant Inspection and QuarantineChinese Academy of Inspection and QuarantineBeijing100176China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Institute of Plant Inspection and QuarantineChinese Academy of Inspection and QuarantineBeijing100176China
| | - Xubin Pan
- Institute of Plant Inspection and QuarantineChinese Academy of Inspection and QuarantineBeijing100176China
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41
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Uckele KA, Jahner JP, Tepe EJ, Richards LA, Dyer LA, Ochsenrider KM, Philbin CS, Kato MJ, Yamaguchi LF, Forister ML, Smilanich AM, Dodson CD, Jeffrey CS, Parchman TL. Phytochemistry reflects different evolutionary history in traditional classes versus specialized structural motifs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17247. [PMID: 34446754 PMCID: PMC8390663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Foundational hypotheses addressing plant-insect codiversification and plant defense theory typically assume a macroevolutionary pattern whereby closely related plants have similar chemical profiles. However, numerous studies have documented variation in the degree of phytochemical trait lability, raising the possibility that phytochemical evolution is more nuanced than initially assumed. We utilize proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) data, chemical classification, and double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq) to resolve evolutionary relationships and characterize the evolution of secondary chemistry in the Neotropical plant clade Radula (Piper; Piperaceae). Sequencing data substantially improved phylogenetic resolution relative to past studies, and spectroscopic characterization revealed the presence of 35 metabolite classes. Metabolite classes displayed phylogenetic signal, whereas the crude 1H NMR spectra featured little evidence of phylogenetic signal in multivariate tests of chemical resonances. Evolutionary correlations were detected in two pairs of compound classes (flavonoids with chalcones; p-alkenyl phenols with kavalactones), where the gain or loss of a class was dependent on the other's state. Overall, the evolution of secondary chemistry in Radula is characterized by strong phylogenetic signal of traditional compound classes and weak phylogenetic signal of specialized chemical motifs, consistent with both classic evolutionary hypotheses and recent examinations of phytochemical evolution in young lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Uckele
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Joshua P Jahner
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | - Eric J Tepe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Lora A Richards
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Lee A Dyer
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
- Sección Invertebrados, Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Casey S Philbin
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Massuo J Kato
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lydia F Yamaguchi
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matthew L Forister
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Angela M Smilanich
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Craig D Dodson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Christopher S Jeffrey
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
- Hitchcock Center for Chemical Ecology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Thomas L Parchman
- Program in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
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42
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van der Linden CFH, WallisDeVries MF, Simon S. Great chemistry between us: The link between plant chemical defenses and butterfly evolution. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:8595-8613. [PMID: 34257918 PMCID: PMC8258229 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants constantly cope with insect herbivory, which is thought to be the evolutionary driver for the immense diversity of plant chemical defenses. Herbivorous insects are in turn restricted in host choice by the presence of plant chemical defense barriers. In this study, we analyzed whether butterfly host-plant patterns are determined by the presence of shared plant chemical defenses rather than by shared plant evolutionary history. Using correlation and phylogenetic statistics, we assessed the impact of host-plant chemical defense traits on shaping northwestern European butterfly assemblages at a macroevolutionary scale. Shared chemical defenses between plant families showed stronger correlation with overlap in butterfly assemblages than phylogenetic relatedness, providing evidence that chemical defenses may determine the assemblage of butterflies per plant family rather than shared evolutionary history. Although global congruence between butterflies and host-plant families was detected across the studied herbivory interactions, cophylogenetic statistics showed varying levels of congruence between butterflies and host chemical defense traits. We attribute this to the existence of multiple antiherbivore traits across plant families and the diversity of insect herbivory associations per plant family. Our results highlight the importance of plant chemical defenses in community ecology through their influence on insect assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michiel F. WallisDeVries
- De Vlinderstichting/Dutch Butterfly ConservationWageningenThe Netherlands
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Simon
- Biosystematics GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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43
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Spear ER, Broders KD. Host-generalist fungal pathogens of seedlings may maintain forest diversity via host-specific impacts and differential susceptibility among tree species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:460-474. [PMID: 33794003 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Host-specialized pathogens are credited with the maintenance of tropical forest diversity under the Janzen-Connell hypothesis. Yet, in diverse forests, selection may favor pathogens with broad host ranges, given their passive dispersal and the relative rarity of tree species. We surveyed the host associations of potential pathogens isolated from symptomatic seedlings in forests in Panama and used inoculations to assess the pathogenicity and host ranges of 27 fungal isolates, and differences among tree species in susceptibility. Thirty-one of the 33 nonsingleton operational taxonomic units (OTUs) isolated from seedlings are multi-host. All 31 multi-host OTUs exhibit low to moderate specialization, and we observed phylogenetically overdispersed host use for 19 OTUs. The pathogenicity of 10 isolates was experimentally confirmed; nine caused disease in seedlings in multiple families. However, the outcome of infection differs among tree species susceptible to a given multi-host pathogen. Furthermore, some tree species were seemingly resistant to all fungi tested, while others were susceptible to multiple fungi. Tree species adapted to environments with lower disease pressure were most likely to exhibit disease. Our results suggest that generalist pathogens contribute to the maintenance of local and regional forest diversity via host-specific impacts and the exclusion of disease-sensitive trees from disease-prone habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin R Spear
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | - Kirk D Broders
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama
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44
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Lim JY, Wasserman MD, Veen J, Després-Einspenner ML, Kissling WD. Ecological and evolutionary significance of primates' most consumed plant families. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210737. [PMID: 34130500 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiosperms have been essential components of primate diets for millions of years, but the relative importance of different angiosperm families remains unclear. Here, we assess the contribution and ecological and evolutionary significance of plant families to diets of wild primates by compiling an unprecedented dataset of almost 9000 dietary records from 141 primary sources covering 112 primate species. Of the 205 angiosperm plant families recorded in primate diets, only 10 were consumed by more than half of primate species. Plants of the Moraceae and Fabaceae families were the most widely and frequently consumed, and they likely represent keystone resources for primates. Over 75% of species fed on these two families, and together they made up a median of approximately 13% of primate diets. By analysing the relative proportion of different plant parts consumed, we found that Moraceae was mainly eaten as fruit and Fabaceae as non-fruit parts, with the consumption of these two families not showing a significant phylogenetic signal across primate species. Moraceae consumption was associated with small home range sizes, even though more frugivorous primates tended to have larger home ranges compared to more folivorous species, possibly due to the year-round availability of moraceous fruits and the asynchrony in their phenology. Our results suggest that primates may be intricately and subtly shaped by the plant families that they have consumed over millions of years, and highlight the importance of detailed dietary studies to better understand primate ecology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ying Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Department of Theoretical and Computational Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael D Wasserman
- Department of Anthropology and Human Biology Program, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Jorin Veen
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Department of Theoretical and Computational Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - W Daniel Kissling
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Department of Theoretical and Computational Biology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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45
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Simon AL, Caulfield JC, Hammond-Kosack KE, Field LM, Aradottir GI. Identifying aphid resistance in the ancestral wheat Triticum monococcum under field conditions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13495. [PMID: 34188110 PMCID: PMC8241983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat is an economically, socially, and nutritionally important crop, however, aphid infestation can often reduce wheat yield through feeding and virus transmission. Through field phenotyping, we investigated aphid resistance in ancestral wheat Triticum monococcum (L.). Aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), Sitobion avenae (F.) and Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.)) populations and natural enemy presence (parasitised mummified aphids, ladybird adults and larvae and lacewing eggs and larvae) on two naturally susceptible wheat varieties, Triticum aestivum (L.) var. Solstice and T. monococcum MDR037, and three potentially resistant genotypes T. monococcum MDR657, MDR045 and MDR049 were monitored across three years of field trials. Triticum monococcum MDR045 and MDR049 had smaller aphid populations, whereas MDR657 showed no resistance. Overall, natural enemy presence was positively correlated with aphid populations; however, MDR049 had similar natural enemy presence to MDR037 which is susceptible to aphid infestation. It is hypothesised that alongside reducing aphid population growth, MDR049 also confers indirect resistance by attracting natural enemies. The observed resistance to aphids in MDR045 and MDR049 has strong potential for introgression into commercial wheat varieties, which could have an important role in Integrated Pest Management strategies to reduce aphid populations and virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amma L. Simon
- grid.418374.d0000 0001 2227 9389Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ Hertfordshire UK ,grid.4563.40000 0004 1936 8868Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD Leicestershire UK
| | - John C. Caulfield
- grid.418374.d0000 0001 2227 9389Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ Hertfordshire UK
| | - Kim E. Hammond-Kosack
- grid.418374.d0000 0001 2227 9389Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ Hertfordshire UK
| | - Linda M. Field
- grid.418374.d0000 0001 2227 9389Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ Hertfordshire UK
| | - Gudbjorg I. Aradottir
- grid.17595.3f0000 0004 0383 6532Department of Pathology, NIAB, Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE UK
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46
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Cunha S, Endres Júnior D, Silva VL, Droste A, Schmitt JL. Herbivory and leaf expansion of Cyathea phalerata Mart. (Cyatheaceae) in subtropical Atlantic Forest, southern Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e245386. [PMID: 34161461 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.245386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbivory is an interaction with great impact on plant communities since relationships between herbivores and plants are fundamental to the distribution and abundance of species over time and space. The aim of this study was to monitor the rate of leaf expansion in the tree fern Cyathea phalerata and evaluate the damage caused by herbivores to leaves of different ages and whether such damage is related to temperature and precipitation. The study was performed in a subtropical Atlantic Forest fragment located in the municipality of Caraá, in the northeast hillside of Rio Grande do Sul state, in southern Brazil. We monitored 24 mature individuals of C. phalerata with croziers in a population of approximately 50 plants. Leaf expansion rate, percentage of damaged leaves and leaf blade consumption rate by herbivory were calculated. Monthly means for temperature and accumulated rainfall were calculated from daily data. Croziers of C. phalerata were found to expand rapidly during the first and second months after emergence (3.98 cm day-1; 2.91 cm day-1, respectively). Damage caused by herbivory was observed in all of the monitored leaves, but none of the plants experienced complete defoliation. The highest percentage (57%) of damaged leaves was recorded at 60 days of monitoring, and also the highest monthly consumption rate of the blade (6.04%) occurred with young, newly-expanded leaves, while this rate remained between 1.50 and 2.21% for mature leaves. Rates of monthly leaf consumption and damaged leaves showed positive and strong relationship with each other and with temperature. The rapid leaf expansion observed for C. phalerata can be considered a phenological strategy to reduce damage to young leaves by shortening the developmental period and accelerating the increase of defenses in mature leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cunha
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Botânica, Programa de Pós-graduação em Qualidade Ambiental, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brasil
| | - D Endres Júnior
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Qualidade Ambiental, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brasil
| | - V L Silva
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Botânica, Programa de Pós-graduação em Qualidade Ambiental, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brasil
| | - A Droste
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Programa de Pós-graduação em Qualidade Ambiental, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brasil
| | - J L Schmitt
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Botânica, Programa de Pós-graduação em Qualidade Ambiental, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brasil
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47
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Twining CW, Bernhardt JR, Derry AM, Hudson CM, Ishikawa A, Kabeya N, Kainz MJ, Kitano J, Kowarik C, Ladd SN, Leal MC, Scharnweber K, Shipley JR, Matthews B. The evolutionary ecology of fatty-acid variation: Implications for consumer adaptation and diversification. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1709-1731. [PMID: 34114320 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The nutritional diversity of resources can affect the adaptive evolution of consumer metabolism and consumer diversification. The omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) have a high potential to affect consumer fitness, through their widespread effects on reproduction, growth and survival. However, few studies consider the evolution of fatty acid metabolism within an ecological context. In this review, we first document the extensive diversity in both primary producer and consumer fatty acid distributions amongst major ecosystems, between habitats and amongst species within habitats. We highlight some of the key nutritional contrasts that can shape behavioural and/or metabolic adaptation in consumers, discussing how consumers can evolve in response to the spatial, seasonal and community-level variation of resource quality. We propose a hierarchical trait-based approach for studying the evolution of consumers' metabolic networks and review the evolutionary genetic mechanisms underpinning consumer adaptation to EPA and DHA distributions. In doing so, we consider how the metabolic traits of consumers are hierarchically structured, from cell membrane function to maternal investment, and have strongly environment-dependent expression. Finally, we conclude with an outlook on how studying the metabolic adaptation of consumers within the context of nutritional landscapes can open up new opportunities for understanding evolutionary diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia W Twining
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany.,Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz, Konstanz-Egg, Germany
| | - Joey R Bernhardt
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alison M Derry
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cameron M Hudson
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Asano Ishikawa
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Naoki Kabeya
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology (TUMSAT, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Martin J Kainz
- WasserCluster Lunz-Inter-university Center for Aquatic Ecosystems Research, Lunz am See, Austria
| | - Jun Kitano
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Carmen Kowarik
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Nemiah Ladd
- Ecosystem Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miguel C Leal
- ECOMARE and CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Kristin Scharnweber
- Department of Ecology and Genetics; Limnology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,University of Potsdam, Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jeremy R Shipley
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany.,Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Blake Matthews
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag, Center of Ecology, Evolution and Biochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
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48
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Zhang Y, Deng T, Sun L, Landis JB, Moore MJ, Wang H, Wang Y, Hao X, Chen J, Li S, Xu M, Puno PT, Raven PH, Sun H. Phylogenetic patterns suggest frequent multiple origins of secondary metabolites across the seed-plant 'tree of life'. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 8:nwaa105. [PMID: 34691607 PMCID: PMC8288438 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the phylogenetic patterns of the distribution and evolution of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs), we selected 8 classes of PSMs and mapped them onto an updated phylogenetic tree including 437 families of seed plants. A significant phylogenetic signal was detected in 17 of the 18 tested seed-plant clades for at least 1 of the 8 PSM classes using the D statistic. The phylogenetic signal, nevertheless, indicated weak clustering of PSMs compared to a random distribution across all seed plants. The observed signal suggests strong diversifying selection during seed-plant evolution and/or relatively weak evolutionary constraints on the evolution of PSMs. In the survey of the current phylogenetic distributions of PSMs, we found that multiple origins of PSM biosynthesis due to external selective forces for diverse genetic pathways may have played important roles. In contrast, a single origin of PSMs seems rather uncommon. The distribution patterns for PSMs observed in this study may also be useful in the search for natural compounds for medicinal purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzeng Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Lu Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jacob B Landis
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael J Moore
- Department of Biology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
| | - Hengchang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuehua Wang
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xiaojiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jijun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Shenghong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Maonian Xu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Pema-Tenzin Puno
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | | | - Hang Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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49
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Lynch SC, Eskalen A, Gilbert GS. Host evolutionary relationships explain tree mortality caused by a generalist pest-pathogen complex. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1083-1094. [PMID: 33897822 PMCID: PMC8061262 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The phylogenetic signal of transmissibility (competence) and attack severity among hosts of generalist pests is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the phylogenetic effects on hosts differentially affected by an emergent generalist beetle-pathogen complex in California and South Africa. Host types (non-competent, competent and killed-competent) are based on nested types of outcomes of interactions between host plants, the beetles and the fungal pathogens. Phylogenetic dispersion analysis of each host type revealed that the phylogenetic preferences of beetle attack and fungal growth were a nonrandom subset of all available tree and shrub species. Competent hosts were phylogenetically narrower by 62 Myr than the set of all potential hosts, and those with devastating impacts were the most constrained by 107 Myr. Our results show a strong phylogenetic signal in the relative effects of a generalist pest-pathogen complex on host species, demonstrating that the strength of multi-host pest impacts in plants can be predicted by host evolutionary relationships. This study presents a unifying theoretical approach to identifying likely disease outcomes across multiple host-pest combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Colleen Lynch
- Department of Environmental StudiesUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Akif Eskalen
- Department of Plant PathologyUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Gregory S. Gilbert
- Department of Environmental StudiesUniversity of California Santa CruzSanta CruzCaliforniaUSA
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50
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Metabolome-Wide, Phylogenetically Controlled Comparison Indicates Higher Phenolic Diversity in Tropical Tree Species. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030554. [PMID: 33809437 PMCID: PMC7998528 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tropical plants are expected to have a higher variety of defensive traits, such as a more diverse array of secondary metabolic compounds in response to greater pressures of antagonistic interactions, than their temperate counterparts. We test this hypothesis using advanced metabolomics linked to a novel stoichiometric compound classification to analyze the complete foliar metabolomes of four tropical and four temperate tree species, which were selected so that each subset contained the same amount of phylogenetic diversity and evenness. We then built Bayesian phylogenetic multilevel models to test for tropical–temperate differences in metabolite diversity for the entire metabolome and for four major families of secondary compounds. We found strong evidence supporting that the leaves of tropical tree species have a higher phenolic diversity. The functionally closer group of polyphenolics also showed moderate evidence of higher diversity in tropical species, but there were no differences either for the entire metabolome or for the other major families of compounds analyzed. This supports the interpretation that this tropical–temperate contrast must be related to the functional role of phenolics and polyphenolics.
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