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García-Peña LM, Abel ED, Pereira RO. Mitochondrial Dynamics, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease. Diabetes 2024; 73:151-161. [PMID: 38241507 PMCID: PMC10796300 DOI: 10.2337/dbi23-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria undergo repeated cycles of fusion and fission that regulate their size and shape by a process known as mitochondrial dynamics. Numerous studies have revealed the importance of this process in maintaining mitochondrial health and cellular homeostasis, particularly in highly metabolically active tissues such as skeletal muscle and the heart. Here, we review the literature on the relationship between mitochondrial dynamics and the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Importantly, we emphasize divergent outcomes resulting from downregulating distinct mitochondrial dynamics proteins in various tissues. This review underscores compensatory mechanisms and adaptive pathways that offset potentially detrimental effects, resulting instead in improved metabolic health. Finally, we offer a perspective on potential therapeutic implications of modulating mitochondrial dynamics proteins for treatment of diabetes and CVD. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel García-Peña
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - E. Dale Abel
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Renata O. Pereira
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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Tincknell JB, Kugler BA, Spicuzza H, Berger N, Yan H, You T, Zou K. High-intensity interval training attenuates impairment in regulatory protein machinery of mitochondrial quality control in skeletal muscle of diet-induced obese mice. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:236-249. [PMID: 37852013 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality control processes are essential in governing mitochondrial integrity and function. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of 10 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the regulatory protein machinery of skeletal muscle mitochondrial quality control and whole-body glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were assigned to low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) group. After 10 weeks, HFD-fed mice were divided into sedentary and HIIT (HFD + HIIT) groups for another 10 weeks (n = 9/group). Graded exercise test, glucose and insulin tolerance tests, mitochondrial respiration, and protein markers of mitochondrial quality control processes were determined. HFD-fed mice exhibited lower ADP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration (p < 0.05). However, 10 weeks of HIIT prevented this impairment (p < 0.05). Importantly, the ratio of Drp1(Ser616) over Drp1(Ser637) phosphorylation, an indicator of mitochondrial fission, was significantly higher in HFD-fed mice (p < 0.05), but such increase was attenuated in HFD-HIIT compared to HFD (-35.7%, p < 0.05). Regarding autophagy, skeletal muscle p62 content was lower in the HFD group than the LFD group (-35.1%, p < 0.05); however, such reduction was disappeared in the HFD + HIIT group. In addition, LC3B II/I ratio was higher in the HFD group than the LFD group (15.5%, p < 0.05) but was ameliorated in the HFD + HIIT group (-29.9%, p < 0.05). Overall, our study demonstrated that 10 weeks of HIIT was effective in improving skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration and the regulatory protein machinery of mitochondrial quality control in diet-induced obese mice through the alterations of mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 phosphorylations and p62/LC3B-mediated regulatory machinery of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Tincknell
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesManning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Benjamin A Kugler
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesManning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Haley Spicuzza
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesManning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Nicolas Berger
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesManning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Huimin Yan
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesManning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Tongjian You
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesManning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Kai Zou
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesManning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
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Kopp EL, Deussen DN, Cuomo R, Lorenz R, Roth DM, Mahata SK, Patel HH. Modeling and Phenotyping Acute and Chronic Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus In Vitro in Rodent Heart and Skeletal Muscle Cells. Cells 2023; 12:2786. [PMID: 38132105 PMCID: PMC10741513 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has a complex pathophysiology which makes modeling the disease difficult. We aimed to develop a novel model for simulating T2D in vitro, including hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and variably elevated insulin levels targeting muscle cells. We investigated insulin resistance (IR), cellular respiration, mitochondrial morphometry, and the associated function in different T2D-mimicking conditions in rodent skeletal (C2C12) and cardiac (H9C2) myotubes. The physiological controls included 5 mM of glucose with 20 mM of mannitol as osmotic controls. To mimic hyperglycemia, cells were exposed to 25 mM of glucose. Further treatments included insulin, palmitate, or both. After short-term (24 h) or long-term (96 h) exposure, we performed radioactive glucose uptake and mitochondrial function assays. The mitochondrial size and relative frequencies were assessed with morphometric analyses using electron micrographs. C2C12 and H9C2 cells that were treated short- or long-term with insulin and/or palmitate and HG showed IR. C2C12 myotubes exposed to T2D-mimicking conditions showed significantly decreased ATP-linked respiration and spare respiratory capacity and less cytoplasmic area occupied by mitochondria, implying mitochondrial dysfunction. In contrast, the H9C2 myotubes showed elevated ATP-linked and maximal respiration and increased cytoplasmic area occupied by mitochondria, indicating a better adaptation to stress and compensatory lipid oxidation in a T2D environment. Both cell lines displayed elevated fractions of swollen/vacuolated mitochondria after T2D-mimicking treatments. Our stable and reproducible in vitro model of T2D rapidly induced IR, changes in the ATP-linked respiration, shifts in energetic phenotypes, and mitochondrial morphology, which are comparable to the muscles of patients suffering from T2D. Thus, our model should allow for the study of disease mechanisms and potential new targets and allow for the screening of candidate therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena L. Kopp
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Munich (LMU Munich), 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel N. Deussen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Munich (LMU Munich), 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Raphael Cuomo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Reinhard Lorenz
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - David M. Roth
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hemal H. Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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Tian J, Fan J, Zhang T. Mitochondria as a target for exercise-mitigated type 2 diabetes. J Mol Histol 2023; 54:543-557. [PMID: 37874501 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-023-10158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of most common metabolic diseases and continues to be a leading cause of death worldwide. Although great efforts have been made to elucidate the pathogenesis of diabetes, the underlying mechanism still remains unclear. Notably, overwhelming evidence has demonstrated that mitochondria are tightly correlated with the development of T2DM, and the defects of mitochondrial function in peripheral insulin-responsive tissues, such as skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue, are crucial drivers of T2DM. Furthermore, exercise training is considered as an effective stimulus for improving insulin sensitivity and hence is regarded as the best strategy to prevent and treat T2DM. Although the precise mechanisms by which exercise alleviates T2DM are not fully understood, mitochondria may be critical for the beneficial effects of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Tian
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingcheng Fan
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Tan Zhang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai, China.
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Kugler BA, Lourie J, Berger N, Lin N, Nguyen P, DosSantos E, Ali A, Sesay A, Rosen HG, Kalemba B, Hendricks GM, Houmard JA, Sesaki H, Gona P, You T, Yan Z, Zou K. Partial skeletal muscle-specific Drp1 knockout enhances insulin sensitivity in diet-induced obese mice, but not in lean mice. Mol Metab 2023; 77:101802. [PMID: 37690520 PMCID: PMC10511484 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) is the key regulator of mitochondrial fission. We and others have reported a strong correlation between enhanced Drp1 activity and impaired skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. This study aimed to determine whether Drp1 directly regulates skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and whole-body glucose homeostasis. METHODS We employed tamoxifen-inducible skeletal muscle-specific heterozygous Drp1 knockout mice (mDrp1+/-). Male mDrp1+/- and wildtype (WT) mice were fed with either a high-fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet (LFD) for four weeks, followed by tamoxifen injections for five consecutive days, and remained on their respective diet for another four weeks. In addition, we used primary human skeletal muscle cells (HSkMC) from lean, insulin-sensitive, and severely obese, insulin-resistant humans and transfected the cells with either a Drp1 shRNA (shDrp1) or scramble shRNA construct. Skeletal muscle and whole-body insulin sensitivity, skeletal muscle insulin signaling, mitochondrial network morphology, respiration, and H2O2 production were measured. RESULTS Partial deletion of the Drp1 gene in skeletal muscle led to improved whole-body glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity (P < 0.05) in diet-induced obese, insulin-resistant mice but not in lean mice. Analyses of mitochondrial structure and function revealed that the partial deletion of the Drp1 gene restored mitochondrial dynamics, improved mitochondrial morphology, and reduced mitochondrial Complex I- and II-derived H2O2 (P < 0.05) under the condition of diet-induced obesity. In addition, partial deletion of Drp1 in skeletal muscle resulted in elevated circulating FGF21 (P < 0.05) and in a trend towards increase of FGF21 expression in skeletal muscle tissue (P = 0.095). In primary myotubes derived from severely obese, insulin-resistant humans, ShRNA-induced-knockdown of Drp1 resulted in enhanced insulin signaling, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and reduced cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content compared to the shScramble-treated myotubes from the same donors (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that partial loss of skeletal muscle-specific Drp1 expression is sufficient to improve whole-body glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity under obese, insulin-resistant conditions, which may be, at least in part, due to reduced mitochondrial H2O2 production. In addition, our findings revealed divergent effects of Drp1 on whole-body metabolism under lean healthy or obese insulin-resistant conditions in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Kugler
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jared Lourie
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicolas Berger
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nana Lin
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul Nguyen
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edzana DosSantos
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abir Ali
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amira Sesay
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Grace Rosen
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Baby Kalemba
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory M Hendricks
- Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Joseph A Houmard
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA; Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Philimon Gona
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tongjian You
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute Center for Exercise Medicine Research, Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kai Zou
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Robert and Donna Manning College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA.
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Salagre D, Raya Álvarez E, Cendan CM, Aouichat S, Agil A. Melatonin Improves Skeletal Muscle Structure and Oxidative Phenotype by Regulating Mitochondrial Dynamics and Autophagy in Zücker Diabetic Fatty Rat. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1499. [PMID: 37627494 PMCID: PMC10451278 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-induced skeletal muscle (SKM) inflexibility is closely linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of melatonin on the red vastus lateralis (RVL) muscle in obese rat models at the molecular and morphological levels. Five-week-old male Zücker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and their age-matched lean littermates (ZL) were orally treated either with melatonin (10 mg/kg body weight (BW)/24 h) (M-ZDF and M-ZL) or non-treated (control) (C-ZDF and C-ZL) for 12 weeks. Western blot analysis showed that mitochondrial fission, fusion, and autophagy were altered in the C-ZDF group, accompanied by reduced SIRT1 levels. Furthermore, C-ZDF rats exhibited depleted ATP production and nitro-oxidative stress, as indicated by increased nitrites levels and reduced SOD activity. Western blotting of MyH isoforms demonstrated a significant decrease in both slow and fast oxidative fiber-specific markers expression in the C-ZDF group, concomitant with an increase in the fast glycolytic fiber markers. At the tissue level, marked fiber atrophy, less oxidative fibers, and excessive lipid deposition were noted in the C-ZDF group. Interestingly, melatonin treatment partially restored mitochondrial fission/fusion imbalance in the RVL muscle by enhancing the expression of fission (Fis1 and DRP1) markers and decreasing that of fusion (OPA1 and Mfn2) markers. It was also found to restore autophagy, as indicated by increased p62 protein level and LC3BII/I ratio. In addition, melatonin treatment increased SIRT1 protein level, mitochondrial ATP production, and SOD activity and decreased nitrites production. These effects were associated with enhanced oxidative phenotype, as evidenced by amplified oxidative fiber-specific markers expression, histochemical reaction for NADH enzyme, and muscular lipid content. In this study, we showed that melatonin might have potential therapeutic implications for obesity-induced SKM metabolic inflexibility among patients with obesity and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Salagre
- Department of Pharmacology, BioHealth Institute Granada (IBs Granada), Neuroscience Institute (CIBM), School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Enrique Raya Álvarez
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Clinic San Cecilio, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Cruz Miguel Cendan
- Department of Pharmacology, BioHealth Institute Granada (IBs Granada), Neuroscience Institute (CIBM), School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Samira Aouichat
- Department of Pharmacology, BioHealth Institute Granada (IBs Granada), Neuroscience Institute (CIBM), School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (D.S.)
| | - Ahmad Agil
- Department of Pharmacology, BioHealth Institute Granada (IBs Granada), Neuroscience Institute (CIBM), School of Medicine, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; (D.S.)
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Implications of mitochondrial fusion and fission in skeletal muscle mass and health. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 143:46-53. [PMID: 35168898 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The continuous dynamic reshaping of mitochondria by fusion and fission events is critical to keep mitochondrial quality and function under control in response to changes in energy and stress. Maintaining a functional, highly interconnected mitochondrial reticulum ensures rapid energy production and distribution. Moreover, mitochondrial networks act as dynamic signaling hub to adapt to the metabolic demands imposed by contraction, energy expenditure, and general metabolism. However, excessive mitochondrial fusion or fission results in the disruption of the skeletal muscle mitochondrial network integrity and activates a retrograde response from mitochondria to the nucleus, leading to muscle atrophy, weakness and influencing whole-body homeostasis. These actions are mediated via the secretion of mitochondrial-stress myokines such as FGF21 and GDF15. Here we will summarize recent discoveries in the role of mitochondrial fusion and fission in the control of muscle mass and in regulating physiological homeostasis and disease progression.
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Tincknell JB, Kugler B, Spicuzza H, Yan H, You T, Zou K. High-Intensity Interval Training Attenuates Impairment in Regulatory Protein Machinery of Mitochondrial Quality Control in Skeletal Muscle of Diet-Induced Obese Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.28.546902. [PMID: 37425824 PMCID: PMC10326985 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.28.546902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality control processes are essential in governing mitochondrial integrity and function. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of 10 weeks of HIIT on the regulatory protein machinery of skeletal muscle mitochondrial quality control and whole-body glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to a low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) group. After 10 weeks, HFD-fed mice were divided into sedentary and HIIT (HFD+HIIT) groups and remained on HFD for another 10 weeks (n=9/group). Graded exercise test, glucose and insulin tolerance tests, mitochondrial respiration and regulatory protein markers of mitochondrial quality control processes were determined by immunoblots. Ten weeks of HIIT enhanced ADP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration in diet-induced obese mice (P < 0.05) but did not improve whole-body insulin sensitivity. Importantly, the ratio of Drp1(Ser 616 ) over Drp1(Ser 637 ) phosphorylation, an indicator of mitochondrial fission, was attenuated in HFD-HIIT compared to HFD (-35.7%, P < 0.05). Regarding autophagy, skeletal muscle p62 content was lower in HFD group than LFD group (-35.1%, P < 0.05), however, such reduction was disappeared in HFD+HIIT group. In addition, LC3B II/I ratio was higher in HFD than LFD group (15.5%, P < 0.05) but was ameliorated in HFD+HIIT group (-29.9%, P < 0.05). Overall, our study demonstrated that 10 weeks of HIIT was effective in improving skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration and the regulatory protein machinery of mitochondrial quality control in diet-induced obese mice through the alterations of mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 activity and p62/LC3B-mediated regulatory machinery of autophagy.
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Axelrod CL, Dantas WS, Kirwan JP. Sarcopenic obesity: emerging mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Metabolism 2023:155639. [PMID: 37380015 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenic obesity, or the loss of muscle mass and function associated with excess adiposity, is a largely untreatable medical condition associated with diminished quality of life and increased risk of mortality. To date, it remains somewhat paradoxical and mechanistically undefined as to why a subset of adults with obesity develop muscular decline, an anabolic stimulus generally associated with retention of lean mass. Here, we review evidence surrounding the definition, etiology, and treatment of sarcopenic obesity with an emphasis on emerging regulatory nodes with therapeutic potential. We review the available clinical evidence largely focused on diet, lifestyle, and behavioral interventions to improve quality of life in patients with sarcopenic obesity. Based upon available evidence, relieving consequences of energy burden such as oxidative stress, myosteatosis, and/or mitochondrial dysfunction is a promising area for therapeutic development in the treatment and management of sarcopenic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Axelrod
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Wagner S Dantas
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - John P Kirwan
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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Sinha S, Haque M, Lugova H, Kumar S. The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Insulin Resistance. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1322. [PMID: 37374105 PMCID: PMC10305526 DOI: 10.3390/life13061322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a critical pathophysiological process in the onset and advancement of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is well-recognized that alterations in the metabolism of lipids and aberrant fat buildup effectively trigger the development of resistance to insulin. Adjusting one's eating habits and managing weight appropriately are crucial for treating, controlling, and reducing the risk of T2DM because obesity and a lack of physical exercise are the primary factors responsible for the worldwide rise in T2DM. Omega-3 fatty acid is one of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) that include long-chain omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, commonly found in fish oils. Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs; 3 and 6 PUFAs) are essential for human health because they serve as metabolic precursors of eicosanoids, a class of signaling molecules that are essential for controlling a body's inflammation. Since humans are unable to produce any of the omega-3 or omega-6 PUFAs, they both constitute imperative nutritional ingredients. Long-standing concerns about long-chain omega-3 fatty acids' impact on diabetes management have been supported by experimental investigations that found significant increases in fasting glucose following omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and foods rich in PUFA and omega-3 fatty acid. Cellular explanations to explain the connection between inflammation and IR include mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and oxidative stress. Modifications in the lipid composition of mitochondrial membranes and/or receptor-mediated signaling may be part of the mechanism behind the activation of mitochondrial fusion by fish oil/omega-3 PUFA. The exact molecular processes by which omega-3 PUFAs control mitochondrial activity to defend against IR are still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Sinha
- Department of Physiology, Khulna City Medical College and Hospital, 33 KDA Avenue, Hotel Royal Crossing, Khulna Sadar, Khulna 9100, Bangladesh
| | - Mainul Haque
- The Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Department of Scientific Research Center (KSRC), Karnavati School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar 382422, India
| | - Halyna Lugova
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UCSI University Springhill (Seremban/PD) Campus, No. 2, Avenue 3, Persiaran Springhill, Port Dickson 71010, Malaysia
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Karnavati School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, A/907, Adalaj-Uvarsad Rd, Gandhinagar 382422, India
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Castro-Sepulveda M, Fernández-Verdejo R, Zbinden-Foncea H, Rieusset J. Mitochondria-SR interaction and mitochondrial fusion/fission in the regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism. Metabolism 2023; 144:155578. [PMID: 37164310 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria-endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) interaction and mitochondrial fusion/fission are critical processes that influence substrate oxidation. This narrative review summarizes the evidence on the effects of substrate availability on mitochondrial-SR interaction and mitochondria fusion/fission dynamics to modulate substrate oxidation in human skeletal muscle. Evidence shows that an increase in mitochondria-SR interaction and mitochondrial fusion are associated with elevated fatty acid oxidation. In contrast, a decrease in mitochondria-SR interaction and an increase in mitochondrial fission are associated with an elevated glycolytic activity. Based on the evidence reviewed, we postulate two hypotheses for the link between mitochondrial dynamics and insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle. First, glucose and fatty acid availability modifies mitochondria-SR interaction and mitochondrial fusion/fission to help the cell to adapt substrate oxidation appropriately. Individuals with an impaired response to these substrate challenges will accumulate lipid species and develop insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Second, a chronically elevated substrate availability (e.g. overfeeding) increases mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species and induced mitochondrial fission. This decreases fatty acid oxidation, thus leading to the accumulation of lipid species and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Altogether, we propose mitochondrial dynamics as a potential target for disturbances associated with low fatty acid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Castro-Sepulveda
- Laboratorio de Fisiología del Ejercicio y Metabolismo (LABFEM), Escuela de Kinesiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Fernández-Verdejo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología del Ejercicio y Metabolismo (LABFEM), Escuela de Kinesiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hermann Zbinden-Foncea
- Laboratorio de Fisiología del Ejercicio y Metabolismo (LABFEM), Escuela de Kinesiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Salud Deportiva, Clinica Santa Maria, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jennifer Rieusset
- CarMeN Laboratory, UMR INSERM U1060/INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France
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Kirwan JP, Heintz EC, Rebello CJ, Axelrod CL. Exercise in the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:4559-4585. [PMID: 36815623 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a systemic, multifactorial disease that is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Despite a rise in the number of available medications and treatments available for management, exercise remains a first-line prevention and intervention strategy due to established safety, efficacy, and tolerability in the general population. Herein we review the predisposing risk factors for, prevention, pathophysiology, and treatment of type 2 diabetes. We emphasize key cellular and molecular adaptive processes that provide insight into our evolving understanding of how, when, and what types of exercise may improve glycemic control. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:1-27, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Kirwan
- Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Heintz
- Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Candida J Rebello
- Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Christopher L Axelrod
- Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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13
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de Almeida ME, Nielsen J, Petersen MH, Wentorf EK, Pedersen NB, Jensen K, Højlund K, Ørtenblad N. Altered intramuscular network of lipid droplets and mitochondria in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C39-C57. [PMID: 36409174 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00470.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Excessive storage of lipid droplets (LDs) in skeletal muscles is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. However, LD morphology displays a high degree of subcellular heterogeneity and varies between single muscle fibers, which impedes the current understanding of lipid-induced insulin resistance. Using quantitative transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we conducted a comprehensive single-fiber morphological analysis to investigate the intramuscular network of LDs and mitochondria, and the effects of 8 wk of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) targeting major muscle groups, in patients with type 2 diabetes and nondiabetic obese and lean controls. We found that excessive storage of intramuscular lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes was exclusively explained by extremely large LDs situated in distinct muscle fibers with a location-specific deficiency in subsarcolemmal mitochondria. After HIIT, this intramuscular deficiency was improved by a remodeling of LD size and subcellular distribution and mitochondrial content. Analysis of LD morphology further revealed that individual organelles were better described as ellipsoids than spheres. Moreover, physical contact between LD and mitochondrial membranes indicated a dysfunctional interplay between organelles in the diabetic state. Taken together, type 2 diabetes should be recognized as a metabolic disease with high cellular heterogeneity in intramuscular lipid storage, underlining the relevance of single-cell technologies in clinical research. Furthermore, HIIT changed intramuscular LD storage toward nondiabetic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Eisemann de Almeida
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Joachim Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Houborg Petersen
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Emil Kleis Wentorf
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niklas Bigum Pedersen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kurt Jensen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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14
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Wu Y, Lan H, Zhang D, Hu Z, Zhang J, Li Z, Xia P, Tang X, Cai X, Yu P. Research progress on ncRNAs regulation of mitochondrial dynamics in diabetes. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:4112-4131. [PMID: 36125936 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and its complications are major health concerns worldwide that should be routinely monitored for evaluating disease progression. And there is currently much evidence to suggest a critical role for mitochondria in the common pathogenesis of diabetes and its complications. Mitochondrial dynamics are involved in the development of diabetes through mediating insulin signaling and insulin resistance, and in the development of diabetes and its complications through mediating endothelial impairment and other closely related pathophysiological mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are closely linked to mitochondrial dynamics by regulating the expression of mitochondrial dynamic-associated proteins, or by regulating key proteins in related signaling pathways. Therefore, this review summarizes the research progress on the regulation of Mitochondrial Dynamics by ncRNAs in diabetes and its complications, which is a promising area for future antibodies or targeted drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huixin Lan
- Huankui College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Deju Zhang
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ziyan Hu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhangwang Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Panpan Xia
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoyi Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xia Cai
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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15
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Prenatal Low-Protein Diet Affects Mitochondrial Structure and Function in the Skeletal Muscle of Adult Female Offspring. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061158. [PMID: 35334815 PMCID: PMC8954615 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational low-protein (LP) diet leads to glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in adult offspring. We had earlier demonstrated that LP programming affects glucose disposal in females. Mitochondrial health is crucial for normal glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle. In this study, we sought to analyze mitochondrial structure, function, and associated genes in skeletal muscles to explore the molecular mechanism of insulin resistance LP-programmed female offspring. On day four of pregnancy, rats were assigned to a control diet containing 20% protein or an isocaloric 6% protein-containing diet. Standard laboratory diet was given to the dams after delivery until the end of weaning and to pups after weaning. Gestational LP diet led to changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure in the gastrocnemius muscles, including a nine-fold increase in the presence of giant mitochondria along with unevenly formed cristae. Further, functional analysis showed that LP programming caused impaired mitochondrial functions. Although the mitochondrial copy number did not show significant changes, key genes involved in mitochondrial structure and function such as Fis1, Opa1, Mfn2, Nrf1, Nrf2, Pgc1b, Cox4b, Esrra, and Vdac were dysregulated. Our study shows that prenatal LP programming induced disruption in mitochondrial ultrastructure and function in the skeletal muscle of female offspring.
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16
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Durr AJ, Hathaway QA, Kunovac A, Taylor AD, Pinti MV, Rizwan S, Shepherd DL, Cook CC, Fink GK, Hollander JM. Manipulation of the miR-378a/mt-ATP6 regulatory axis rescues ATP synthase in the diabetic heart and offers a novel role for lncRNA Kcnq1ot1. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C482-C495. [PMID: 35108116 PMCID: PMC8917913 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00446.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus has been linked to an increase in mitochondrial microRNA-378a (miR-378a) content. Enhanced miR-378a content has been associated with a reduction in mitochondrial genome-encoded mt-ATP6 abundance, supporting the hypothesis that miR-378a inhibition may be a therapeutic option for maintaining ATP synthase functionality during diabetes mellitus. Evidence also suggests that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), including lncRNA potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily Q member 1 overlapping transcript 1 (Kcnq1ot1), participate in regulatory axes with microRNAs (miRs). Prediction analyses indicate that Kcnq1ot1 has the potential to bind miR-378a. This study aimed to determine if loss of miR-378a in a genetic mouse model could ameliorate cardiac dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to ascertain whether Kcnq1ot1 interacts with miR-378a to impact ATP synthase functionality by preserving mt-ATP6 levels. MiR-378a was significantly higher in patients with T2DM and 25-wk-old Db/Db mouse mitochondria, whereas mt-ATP6 and Kcnq1ot1 levels were significantly reduced when compared with controls. Twenty-five-week-old miR-378a knockout Db/Db mice displayed preserved mt-ATP6 and ATP synthase protein content, ATP synthase activity, and preserved cardiac function, implicating miR-378a as a potential therapeutic target in T2DM. Assessments following overexpression of the 500-bp Kcnq1ot1 fragment in established mouse cardiomyocyte cell line (HL-1) cardiomyocytes overexpressing miR-378a revealed that Kcnq1ot1 may bind and significantly reduce miR-378a levels, and rescue mt-ATP6 and ATP synthase protein content. Together, these data suggest that Kcnq1ot1 and miR-378a may act as constituents in an axis that regulates mt-ATP6 content, and that manipulation of this axis may provide benefit to ATP synthase functionality in type 2 diabetic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrya J. Durr
- 1Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia,2Mitochondria, Metabolism & Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Quincy A. Hathaway
- 1Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia,2Mitochondria, Metabolism & Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia,3Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Amina Kunovac
- 1Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia,2Mitochondria, Metabolism & Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia,3Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Andrew D. Taylor
- 1Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia,2Mitochondria, Metabolism & Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Mark V. Pinti
- 2Mitochondria, Metabolism & Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia,4West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, West Virginia,5Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia
University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Saira Rizwan
- 1Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia,2Mitochondria, Metabolism & Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Danielle L. Shepherd
- 1Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Chris C. Cook
- 6Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Garrett K. Fink
- 1Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - John M. Hollander
- 1Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia,2Mitochondria, Metabolism & Bioenergetics Working Group, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia,3Center for Inhalation Toxicology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Wang K, Wu J, Chen S, Zhao H, He P, Tu Y, Li B. Transcriptome analysis provides insights into the anti-diabetic mechanism of theaflavins in high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced mice. Food Funct 2022; 13:2033-2043. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03856g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Black tea exhibits potential to improve hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, and theaflavins (TFs) are one of its characteristic components. The aim of this study was to explore the anti-diabetic mechanism...
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18
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Wang D, Jiang DM, Yu RR, Zhang LL, Liu YZ, Chen JX, Chen HC, Liu YP. The Effect of Aerobic Exercise on the Oxidative Capacity of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria in Mice with Impaired Glucose Tolerance. J Diabetes Res 2022; 2022:3780156. [PMID: 35712028 PMCID: PMC9197611 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3780156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into six different experimental groups (8 animals/group): (1) normal group (NOR), (2) normal control group (NC), (3) normal + exercise group (NE), (4) IGT group (IGT), (5) IGT control group (IC), and (6) IGT+ exercise group (IE).The exercise group received aerobic exercise for 8 weeks. After the intervention, a blood glucose meter was used to detect the level of glucose tolerance in the mouse's abdominal cavity; a biochemical kit was used to detect serum lipid metabolism indicators, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase levels; the ELISA method was used to detect serum insulin and mouse gastrocnemius homogenate LDH, PDH, SDH, and CCO levels. Western blot method was used to detect the protein expression levels of NOX4, PGC-1α, and Mfn2 in the gastrocnemius muscle of mice. RESULTS (1) Mice with high-fat diet for 30 weeks showed impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and lipid metabolism disorders. The level of LDH, PDH, SDH, and CCO in the gastrocnemius homogenate of mice was reduced. The expressions of NOX4 protein were significantly upregulated, while the expressions of PGC-1α and Mfn2 proteins were significantly downregulated. (2) 8-week aerobic exercise improved the disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism in IGT mice and increased homogenized LDH, PDH, SDH, and CCO levels, and the expressions of NOX4, PGC-1α, and Mfn2 proteins in the gastrocnemius muscle of mice were reversed. It is speculated that aerobic exercise can accelerate energy metabolism. CONCLUSION (1) C57BL/6 mice were fed high fat for 30 weeks and successfully constructed a mouse model of reduced diabetes; the mice with reduced diabetes have impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and lipid metabolism disorders; (2) 8 weeks of aerobic exercise improve glucose tolerance, reduce glucose tolerance in mice, reduce insulin resistance, improve lipid metabolism disorders, and reduce oxidative stress; (3) 8-week aerobic exercise reduces skeletal muscle NOX4 expression and increases glucose tolerance; reduces the expression of LDH, PDH, SDH, and CCO in mouse skeletal muscle; increases the expression level of mitochondrial fusion protein 2 and PGC-1α; improves glucose tolerance; reduces energy metabolism of mouse skeletal muscle; reduces oxidative stress; and reduces insulin resistance. It is speculated that aerobic exercise can accelerate energy metabolism. This process may involve two aspects: firstly, increase the expression level of oxidative metabolism enzymes and promote the tricarboxylic acid cycle; secondly, increase the expression of Mfn2 and accelerate mitochondria fission or fusion to regulate energy metabolism, thereby reducing oxidative stress and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kinesiological Evaluation General Administration of Sport of China, Fujian Province, China
| | - Dong-Mou Jiang
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kinesiological Evaluation General Administration of Sport of China, Fujian Province, China
| | - Rong-Rong Yu
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kinesiological Evaluation General Administration of Sport of China, Fujian Province, China
| | - Lin-Lin Zhang
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kinesiological Evaluation General Administration of Sport of China, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yan-Zhong Liu
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kinesiological Evaluation General Administration of Sport of China, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jia-Xin Chen
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kinesiological Evaluation General Administration of Sport of China, Fujian Province, China
| | - Hai-Chun Chen
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kinesiological Evaluation General Administration of Sport of China, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yi-Ping Liu
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Kinesiological Evaluation General Administration of Sport of China, Fujian Province, China
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19
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Energy transfer between the mitochondrial network and lipid droplets in insulin resistant skeletal muscle. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 24:100487. [PMID: 35274067 PMCID: PMC8903156 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2022.100487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria and lipid droplets in the insulin resistant skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic individuals have both been heavily investigated independently and are characterized by more fragmented, dysfunctional mitochondrial networks and larger lipid droplets compared to skeletal muscle of healthy individuals. Specialized contacts between mitochondrial and lipid droplet membranes are known to decrease in diabetic muscle, though it remains unclear how energy transfer at the remaining mitochondria-lipid droplet contact sites may be altered by type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent data on mitochondrial structure and function and lipid droplet dynamics in type 2 diabetic skeletal muscle and to underscore the need for more detailed investigations into the functional nature of mitochondria-lipid droplet interactions in type 2 diabetes.
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20
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The Imbalance of Mitochondrial Fusion/Fission Drives High-Glucose-Induced Vascular Injury. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121779. [PMID: 34944423 PMCID: PMC8698575 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence shows that mitochondria fusion/fission imbalance is related to the occurrence of hyperglycemia-induced vascular injury. To study the temporal dynamics of mitochondrial fusion and fission, we observed the alteration of mitochondrial fusion/fission proteins in a set of different high-glucose exposure durations, especially in the early stage of hyperglycemia. The in vitro results show that persistent cellular apoptosis and endothelial dysfunction can be induced rapidly within 12 hours’ high-glucose pre-incubation. Our results show that mitochondria maintain normal morphology and function within 4 hours’ high-glucose pre-incubation; with the extended high-glucose exposure, there is a transition to progressive fragmentation; once severe mitochondria fusion/fission imbalance occurs, persistent cellular apoptosis will develop. In vitro and in vivo results consistently suggest that mitochondrial fusion/fission homeostasis alterations trigger high-glucose-induced vascular injury. As the guardian of mitochondria, AMPK is suppressed in response to hyperglycemia, resulting in imbalanced mitochondrial fusion/fission, which can be reversed by AMPK stimulation. Our results suggest that mitochondrial fusion/fission’s staged homeostasis may be a predictive factor of diabetic cardiovascular complications.
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21
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Eshima H. Influence of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes on Calcium Handling by Skeletal Muscle: Spotlight on the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria. Front Physiol 2021; 12:758316. [PMID: 34795598 PMCID: PMC8592904 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.758316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes have been shown to interfere with energy metabolism and cause peripheral insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. However, recent studies have focused on the effect metabolic insult has on the loss of muscle size, strength, and physical function. Contractile dysfunction has been linked to impaired intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) regulation. In skeletal muscle, [Ca2+]i homeostasis is highly regulated by Ca2+ transport across the sarcolemma/plasma membrane, the golgi apparatus, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), and mitochondria. Particularly, the SR and or mitochondria play an important role in the fine-tuning of this metabolic process. Recent studies showed that obesity and insulin resistance are associated with interactions between the SR and mitochondrial networks (the dynamic tubular reticulum formed by mitochondria), suggesting that metabolic disorders alter Ca2+ handling by these organelles. These interactions are facilitated by specific membrane proteins, including ion channels. This review considers the impact of metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, on the regulation of [Ca2+]i in skeletal muscle. It also discusses the mechanisms by which this occurs, focusing chiefly on the SR and mitochondria networks. A deeper understanding of the effect of metabolic disorders on calcium handling might be useful for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Eshima
- Department of International Tourism, Nagasaki International University, Nagasaki, Japan
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22
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Axelrod CL, Fealy CE, Erickson ML, Davuluri G, Fujioka H, Dantas WS, Huang E, Pergola K, Mey JT, King WT, Mulya A, Hsia D, Burguera B, Tandler B, Hoppel CL, Kirwan JP. Lipids activate skeletal muscle mitochondrial fission and quality control networks to induce insulin resistance in humans. Metabolism 2021; 121:154803. [PMID: 34090870 PMCID: PMC8277749 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A diminution in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function due to ectopic lipid accumulation and excess nutrient intake is thought to contribute to insulin resistance and the development of type 2 diabetes. However, the functional integrity of mitochondria in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle remains highly controversial. METHODS 19 healthy adults (age:28.4 ± 1.7 years; BMI:22.7 ± 0.3 kg/m2) received an overnight intravenous infusion of lipid (20% Intralipid) or saline followed by a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp to assess insulin sensitivity using a randomized crossover design. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained after the overnight lipid infusion to evaluate activation of mitochondrial dynamics proteins, ex-vivo mitochondrial membrane potential, ex-vivo oxidative phosphorylation and electron transfer capacity, and mitochondrial ultrastructure. RESULTS Overnight lipid infusion increased dynamin related protein 1 (DRP1) phosphorylation at serine 616 and PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) expression (P = 0.003 and P = 0.008, respectively) in skeletal muscle while reducing mitochondrial membrane potential (P = 0.042). The lipid infusion also increased mitochondrial-associated lipid droplet formation (P = 0.011), the number of dilated cristae, and the presence of autophagic vesicles without altering mitochondrial number or respiratory capacity. Additionally, lipid infusion suppressed peripheral glucose disposal (P = 0.004) and hepatic insulin sensitivity (P = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that activation of mitochondrial fission and quality control occur early in the onset of insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle. Targeting mitochondrial dynamics and quality control represents a promising new pharmacological approach for treating insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02697201, ClinicalTrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Axelrod
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; Department of Translational Services, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ciaran E Fealy
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Melissa L Erickson
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Gangarao Davuluri
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; Sarcopenia and Malnutrition Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Hisashi Fujioka
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy Core, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA; Center for Mitochondrial Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Wagner S Dantas
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Emily Huang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Kathryn Pergola
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; Department of Translational Services, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Jacob T Mey
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - William T King
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; Department of Translational Services, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Anny Mulya
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Daniel Hsia
- Clinical Trials Unit, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Bartolome Burguera
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Bernard Tandler
- Center for Mitochondrial Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Charles L Hoppel
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; Center for Mitochondrial Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA
| | - John P Kirwan
- Integrated Physiology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA; Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Hayashi T, Kudo T, Fujita R, Fujita SI, Tsubouchi H, Fuseya S, Suzuki R, Hamada M, Okada R, Muratani M, Shiba D, Suzuki T, Warabi E, Yamamoto M, Takahashi S. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) deficiency accelerates fast fibre type transition in soleus muscle during space flight. Commun Biol 2021; 4:787. [PMID: 34168270 PMCID: PMC8225765 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microgravity induces skeletal muscle atrophy, particularly in the soleus muscle, which is predominantly composed of slow-twitch myofibre (type I) and is sensitive to disuse. Muscle atrophy is commonly known to be associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species. However, the role of NRF2, a master regulator of antioxidative response, in skeletal muscle plasticity during microgravity-induced atrophy, is not known. To investigate the role of NRF2 in skeletal muscle within a microgravity environment, wild-type and Nrf2-knockout (KO) mice were housed in the International Space Station for 31 days. Gene expression and histological analyses demonstrated that, under microgravity conditions, the transition of type I (oxidative) muscle fibres to type IIa (glycolytic) was accelerated in Nrf2-KO mice without affecting skeletal muscle mass. Therefore, our results suggest that NRF2 affects myofibre type transition during space flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuto Hayashi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center in Transborder Medical Research Center, and Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center in Transborder Medical Research Center, and Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Ryo Fujita
- Divsion of Regenerative Medicine, Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Fujita
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Department of Genome Biology, Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hirona Tsubouchi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center in Transborder Medical Research Center, and Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sayaka Fuseya
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center in Transborder Medical Research Center, and Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Riku Suzuki
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center in Transborder Medical Research Center, and Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Michito Hamada
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center in Transborder Medical Research Center, and Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Risa Okada
- JEM Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, JAXA, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masafumi Muratani
- Department of Genome Biology, Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Dai Shiba
- JEM Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, JAXA, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takafumi Suzuki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eiji Warabi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center in Transborder Medical Research Center, and Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center in Transborder Medical Research Center, and Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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24
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Chen LK. The vicious cycle in the development of diabetes mellitus and sarcopenia in older persons. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2021; 95:104437. [PMID: 34029928 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2021.104437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Kung Chen
- Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei Municipal Gan-Dau Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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25
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Kugler BA, Deng W, Duguay AL, Garcia JP, Anderson MC, Nguyen PD, Houmard JA, Zou K. Pharmacological inhibition of dynamin-related protein 1 attenuates skeletal muscle insulin resistance in obesity. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14808. [PMID: 33904649 PMCID: PMC8077121 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp1) is a key regulator in mitochondrial fission. Excessive Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission in skeletal muscle under the obese condition is associated with impaired insulin action. However, it remains unknown whether pharmacological inhibition of Drp1, using the Drp1-specific inhibitor Mitochondrial Division Inhibitor 1 (Mdivi-1), is effective in alleviating skeletal muscle insulin resistance and improving whole-body metabolic health under the obese and insulin-resistant condition. We subjected C57BL/6J mice to a high-fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet (LFD) for 5-weeks. HFD-fed mice received Mdivi-1 or saline injections for the last week of the diet intervention. Additionally, myotubes derived from obese insulin-resistant humans were treated with Mdivi-1 or saline for 12 h. We measured glucose area under the curve (AUC) from a glucose tolerance test (GTT), skeletal muscle insulin action, mitochondrial dynamics, respiration, and H2 O2 content. We found that Mdivi-1 attenuated impairments in skeletal muscle insulin signaling and blood glucose AUC from a GTT induced by HFD feeding (p < 0.05). H2 O2 content was elevated in skeletal muscle from the HFD group (vs. LFD, p < 0.05), but was reduced with Mdivi-1 treatment, which may partially explain the improvement in skeletal muscle insulin action. Similarly, Mdivi-1 enhanced the mitochondrial network structure, reduced reactive oxygen species, and improved insulin action in myotubes from obese humans (vs. saline, p < 0.05). In conclusion, inhibiting Drp1 with short-term Mdivi-1 administration attenuates the impairment in skeletal muscle insulin signaling and improves whole-body glucose tolerance in the setting of obesity-induced insulin resistance. Targeting Drp1 may be a viable approach to treat obesity-induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Kugler
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesCollege of Nursing and Health SciencesUniversity of Massachusetts BostonBostonMAUSA
| | - Wenqian Deng
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesCollege of Nursing and Health SciencesUniversity of Massachusetts BostonBostonMAUSA
- School of Sports Medicine and HealthChengdu Sport InstituteChengduChina
| | - Abigail L. Duguay
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesCollege of Nursing and Health SciencesUniversity of Massachusetts BostonBostonMAUSA
| | - Jessica P. Garcia
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesCollege of Nursing and Health SciencesUniversity of Massachusetts BostonBostonMAUSA
| | - Meaghan C. Anderson
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesCollege of Nursing and Health SciencesUniversity of Massachusetts BostonBostonMAUSA
| | - Paul D. Nguyen
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesCollege of Nursing and Health SciencesUniversity of Massachusetts BostonBostonMAUSA
| | - Joseph A. Houmard
- Department of KinesiologyEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNCUSA
- Human Performance LaboratoryEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNCUSA
| | - Kai Zou
- Department of Exercise and Health SciencesCollege of Nursing and Health SciencesUniversity of Massachusetts BostonBostonMAUSA
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26
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Kim KS, Choi YK, Kim MJ, Hwang JW, Min K, Jung SY, Kim SK, Choi YS, Cho YW. Umbilical Cord-Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Conditioned Medium Improves Insulin Resistance in C2C12 Cell. Diabetes Metab J 2021; 45:260-269. [PMID: 32662257 PMCID: PMC8024157 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2019.0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium (UC-MSC-CM) has emerged as a promising cell-free therapy. The aim of this study was to explore the therapeutic effects of UC-MSC-CM on insulin resistance in C2C12 cell. METHODS Insulin resistance was induced by palmitate. Effects of UC-MSC-CM on insulin resistance were evaluated using glucose uptake, glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation, the insulin-signaling pathway, and mitochondrial contents and functions in C2C12 cell. RESULTS Glucose uptake was improved by UC-MSC-CM. UC-MSC-CM treatment increased only in membranous GLUT4 expression, not in cytosolic GLUT4 expression. It restored the insulin-signaling pathway in insulin receptor substrate 1 and protein kinase B. Mitochondrial contents evaluated by mitochondrial transcription factor A, mitochondrial DNA copy number, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha were increased by UC-MSC-CM. In addition, UC-MSC-CM significantly decreased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and increased fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial membrane potential. There was no improvement in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contents, but ATP synthesis was improved by UC-MSC-CM. Cytokine and active factor analysis of UC-MSC-CM showed that it contained many regulators inhibiting insulin resistance. CONCLUSION UC-MSC-CM improves insulin resistance with multiple mechanisms in C2C12 cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Soo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yeon Kyung Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Mi Jin Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jung Wook Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Kyunghoon Min
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Sang Youn Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Soo-Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yong-Wook Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
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27
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Houzelle A, Jörgensen JA, Schaart G, Daemen S, van Polanen N, Fealy CE, Hesselink MKC, Schrauwen P, Hoeks J. Human skeletal muscle mitochondrial dynamics in relation to oxidative capacity and insulin sensitivity. Diabetologia 2021; 64:424-436. [PMID: 33258025 PMCID: PMC7801361 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05335-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Mitochondria operate in networks, adapting to external stresses and changes in cellular metabolic demand and are subject to various quality control mechanisms. On the basis of these traits, we here hypothesise that the regulation of mitochondrial networks in skeletal muscle is hampered in humans with compromised oxidative capacity and insulin sensitivity. METHODS In a cross-sectional design, we compared four groups of participants (selected from previous studies) ranging in aerobic capacity and insulin sensitivity, i.e. participants with type 2 diabetes (n = 11), obese participants without diabetes (n = 12), lean individuals (n = 10) and endurance-trained athletes (n = 12); basal, overnight fasted muscle biopsies were newly analysed for the current study and we compared the levels of essential mitochondrial dynamics and quality control regulatory proteins in skeletal muscle tissue. RESULTS Type 2 diabetes patients and obese participants were older than lean participants and athletes (58.6 ± 4.0 and 56.7 ± 7.2 vs 21.8 ± 2.5 and 25.1 ± 4.3 years, p < 0.001, respectively) and displayed a higher BMI (32.4 ± 3.7 and 31.0 ± 3.7 vs 22.1 ± 1.8 and 21.0 ± 1.5 kg/m2, p < 0.001, respectively) than lean individuals and endurance-trained athletes. Fission protein 1 (FIS1) and optic atrophy protein 1 (OPA1) protein content was highest in muscle from athletes and lowest in participants with type 2 diabetes and obesity, respectively (FIS1: 1.86 ± 0.79 vs 0.79 ± 0.51 AU, p = 0.002; and OPA1: 1.55 ± 0.64 vs 0.76 ± 0.52 AU, p = 0.014), which coincided with mitochondrial network fragmentation in individuals with type 2 diabetes, as assessed by confocal microscopy in a subset of type 2 diabetes patients vs endurance-trained athletes (n = 6). Furthermore, lean individuals and athletes displayed a mitonuclear protein balance that was different from obese participants and those with type 2 diabetes. Mitonuclear protein balance also associated with heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) protein levels, which were higher in athletes when compared with participants with obesity (p = 0.048) and type 2 diabetes (p = 0.002), indicative for activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. Finally, OPA1, FIS1 and HSP60 correlated positively with aerobic capacity (r = 0.48, p = 0.0001; r = 0.55, p < 0.001 and r = 0.61, p < 0.0001, respectively) and insulin sensitivity (r = 0.40, p = 0.008; r = 0.44, p = 0.003 and r = 0.48, p = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Collectively, our data suggest that mitochondrial dynamics and quality control in skeletal muscle are linked to oxidative capacity in humans, which may play a role in the maintenance of muscle insulin sensitivity. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY: numbers NCT00943059, NCT01298375 and NL1888 Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Houzelle
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Johanna A Jörgensen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gert Schaart
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Sabine Daemen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Nynke van Polanen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ciarán E Fealy
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schrauwen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Hoeks
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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28
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Heo JW, No MH, Cho J, Choi Y, Cho EJ, Park DH, Kim TW, Kim CJ, Seo DY, Han J, Jang YC, Jung SJ, Kang JH, Kwak HB. Moderate aerobic exercise training ameliorates impairment of mitochondrial function and dynamics in skeletal muscle of high-fat diet-induced obese mice. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21340. [PMID: 33455027 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002394r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine whether moderate aerobic exercise training improves high-fat diet-induced alterations in mitochondrial function and structure in the skeletal muscle. Male 4-week-old C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups: control (CON), control plus exercise (CON + EX), high-fat diet (HFD), and high-fat diet plus exercise (HFD + EX). After obesity was induced by 20 weeks of 60% HFD, treadmill exercise training was performed at 13-16 m/min, 40-50 min/day, and 6 days/week for 12 weeks. Mitochondrial structure, function, and dynamics, and mitophagy were analyzed in the skeletal muscle fibers from the red gastrocnemius. Exercise training increased mitochondrial number and area and reduced high-fat diet-induced obesity and hyperglycemia. In addition, exercise training attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction in the permeabilized myofibers, indicating that HFD-induced decrease of mitochondrial O2 respiration and Ca2+ retention capacity and increase of mitochondrial H2 O2 emission were attenuated in the HFD + EX group compared to the HFD group. Exercise also ameliorated HFD-induced imbalance of mitochondrial fusion and fission, demonstrating that HFD-induced decrease in fusion protein levels was elevated, and increase in fission protein levels was reduced in the HFD + EX groups compared with the HFD group. Moreover, dysregulation of mitophagy induced by HFD was mitigated in the HFD + EX group, indicating a decrease in PINK1 protein level. Our findings demonstrated that moderate aerobic exercise training mitigated obesity-induced insulin resistance by improving mitochondrial function, and reversed obesity-induced mitochondrial structural damage by improving mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy, suggesting that moderate aerobic exercise training may play a therapeutic role in protecting the skeletal muscle against mitochondrial impairments and insulin resistance induced by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Won Heo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Sports & Arts Convergence, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hyun No
- Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkyung Cho
- Institute of Sports & Arts Convergence, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngju Choi
- Institute of Sports & Arts Convergence, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jeong Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Sports & Arts Convergence, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Sports & Arts Convergence, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Woon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ju Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yun Seo
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young C Jang
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Su-Jeen Jung
- Department of Leisure Sports, Seoil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Sports & Arts Convergence, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bum Kwak
- Department of Biomedical Science, Program in Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Sports & Arts Convergence, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Kinesiology, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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29
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A maternal high-fat/low-fiber diet impairs glucose tolerance and induces the formation of glycolytic muscle fibers in neonatal offspring. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:2709-2718. [PMID: 33386892 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In our previous study, the maternal high-fat/low-fiber (HF-LF) diet was suggested to induce metabolic disorders and placental dysfunction of the dam, but the effects of this diet on glucose metabolism of neonatal offspring remain largely unknown. Here, a neonatal pig model was used to evaluate the effects of maternal HF-LF diet during pregnancy on glucose tolerance, transition of skeletal muscle fiber types, and mitochondrial function in offspring. METHODS A total of 66 pregnant gilts (Guangdong Small-ear Spotted pig) at day 60 of gestation were randomly divided into two groups: control group (CON group; 2.86% crude fat, 9.37% crude fiber), and high-fat/low-fiber diet group (HF-LF group; 5.99% crude fat, 4.13% crude fiber). RESULTS The maternal HF-LF diet was shown to impair the glucose tolerance of neonatal offspring, downregulate the protein level of slow-twitch fiber myosin heavy chain I (MyHC I), and upregulate the protein levels of fast-twitch fiber myosin heavy chain IIb (MyHC IIb) and IIx (MyHC IIx) in soleus muscle. Additionally, compared with the CON group, the HF-LF offspring showed inhibition of insulin signaling pathway and decrease in mitochondrial function in liver and soleus muscle. CONCLUSION Maternal HF-LF diet during pregnancy impairs glucose tolerance, induces the formation of glycolytic muscle fibers, and decreases the hepatic and muscular mitochondrial function in neonatal piglets.
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30
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Hu C, Jin P, Yang Y, Yang L, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Yin Y, Tan C. Effects of different maternal feeding strategies from day 1 to day 85 of gestation on glucose tolerance and muscle development in both low and normal birth weight piglets. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:5403-5411. [PMID: 32542826 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal nutrition during gestation plays a vital role in fetal development. The effects of different maternal feeding strategies from day 1 to day 85 of gestation on glucose tolerance and muscle development in low and normal birth weight offspring were investigated by using 80 gilts randomly allotted to T1 and T2 groups and treated respectively with a gradual-increase (T1) and a convex transition (T2) feeding strategy, with no difference in total feed intake. RESULTS T2 group was seen to have a higher percentage of piglets with birth weight less than 500 g, while T1 group was shown to have a higher percentage of piglets with birth weight over 700 g. Meanwhile, for both low and normal birth weight piglets, T1 group was higher than T2 group in terms of muscle free amino acid concentration, mRNA expression levels of muscle growth-related factors, relative muscle fiber number and cross-sectional area. We must emphasize that the T2 group was shown to improve glucose tolerance, slow-twitch muscle fiber protein levels, and muscle mitochondrial function only in low birth weight piglets. CONCLUSION The convex transition feeding strategy can decrease the percentage of piglets with birth weight over 700 g, while improving glucose tolerance, slow-twitch muscle fiber protein levels, and muscle mitochondrial function in low birth weight piglets. Our findings provide new evidence for the potential importance of nutritional strategies during gestation, especially for improving the glucose tolerance and muscle development of low birth weight neonatal. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunyu Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linfang Yang
- Guangdong Yihao Foodstuffs Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- Guangdong Yihao Foodstuffs Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Chengquan Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Institute of Subtropical Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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31
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Purushottam Dharaskar S, Paithankar K, Kanugovi Vijayavittal A, Shabbir Kara H, Amere Subbarao S. Mitochondrial chaperone, TRAP1 modulates mitochondrial dynamics and promotes tumor metastasis. Mitochondrion 2020; 54:92-101. [PMID: 32784002 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. However, the present understanding of mitochondria has changed from its unipotent functions to pluripotent and insists on understanding the role of mitochondria not only in regulating the life and death of cells, but in pathological conditions such as cancer. Unlike other cellular organelles, subtle alterations in mitochondrial organization may significantly influence the balance between metabolic networks and cellular behavior. Therefore, the delicate balance between the fusion and fission dynamics of mitochondrion can indicate cell fate. Here, we present mitochondrial chaperone TRAP1 influence on mitochondrial architecture and its correlation with tumor growth and metastasis. We show that TRAP1 overexpression (TRAP1 OE) promotes mitochondrial fission, whereas, TRAP1 knockdown (TRAP1 KD) promotes mitochondrial fusion. Interestingly, TRAP1 OE or KD had a negligible effect on mitochondrial integrity. However, TRAP1 OE cells exhibited enhanced proliferative potential, while TRAP1 KD cells showing increased doubling time. Further, TRAP1 dependent mitochondrial dynamic alterations appeared to be unique since mitochondrial localization of TRAP1 is a mandate for dynamic changes. The expression patterns of fusion and fission genes have failed to correlate with TRAP1 expression, indicating a possibility that the dynamic changes can be independent of these genes. In agreement with enhanced proliferative potential, TRAP1 OE cells also exhibited enhanced migration in vitro and tumor metastasis in vivo. Further, TRAP1 OE cells showed altered homing properties, which may challenge site-specific anticancer treatments. Our findings unravel the TRAP1 role in tumor metastasis, which is in addition to altered energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant Purushottam Dharaskar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India; AcSIR - Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Government of India, India
| | - Khanderao Paithankar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India
| | | | - Hatim Shabbir Kara
- Presently at Life Sciences & Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen gGmbh, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sreedhar Amere Subbarao
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, Telangana, India.
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32
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Lewis MT, Kasper JD, Bazil JN, Frisbee JC, Wiseman RW. Quantification of Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation in Metabolic Disease: Application to Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5271. [PMID: 31652915 PMCID: PMC6862501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a growing health concern with nearly 400 million affected worldwide as of 2014. T2D presents with hyperglycemia and insulin resistance resulting in increased risk for blindness, renal failure, nerve damage, and premature death. Skeletal muscle is a major site for insulin resistance and is responsible for up to 80% of glucose uptake during euglycemic hyperglycemic clamps. Glucose uptake in skeletal muscle is driven by mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and for this reason mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in T2D. In this review we integrate mitochondrial function with physiologic function to present a broader understanding of mitochondrial functional status in T2D utilizing studies from both human and rodent models. Quantification of mitochondrial function is explained both in vitro and in vivo highlighting the use of proper controls and the complications imposed by obesity and sedentary lifestyle. This review suggests that skeletal muscle mitochondria are not necessarily dysfunctional but limited oxygen supply to working muscle creates this misperception. Finally, we propose changes in experimental design to address this question unequivocally. If mitochondrial function is not impaired it suggests that therapeutic interventions and drug development must move away from the organelle and toward the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T Lewis
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Jonathan D Kasper
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
- Present address: Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
| | - Jason N Bazil
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Jefferson C Frisbee
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
| | - Robert W Wiseman
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery restores insulin-mediated glucose partitioning and mitochondrial dynamics in primary myotubes from severely obese humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 44:684-696. [PMID: 31624314 PMCID: PMC7050434 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Impaired insulin-mediated glucose partitioning is an intrinsic metabolic defect in skeletal muscle from severely obese humans (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2). Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery has been shown to improve glucose metabolism in severely obese humans. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of RYGB surgery on glucose partitioning, mitochondrial network morphology, and markers of mitochondrial dynamics skeletal muscle from severely obese humans. Subject/Methods: Human skeletal muscle cells were isolated from muscle biopsies obtained from RYGB patients (BMI = 48.0 ± 2.1, n=7) prior to, 1-month and 7-months following surgery and lean control subjects (BMI = 22.4 ± 1.1, n=7). Complete glucose oxidation, non-oxidized glycolysis rates, mitochondrial respiratory capacity, mitochondrial network morphology and regulatory proteins of mitochondrial dynamics were determined in differentiated human myotubes. Results: Myotubes derived from severely obese humans exhibited enhanced glucose oxidation (13.5%; 95%CI [7.6, 19.4], P = 0.043) and reduced non-oxidized glycolysis (−1.3%; 95%CI [−11.1, 8.6]) in response to insulin stimulation at 7-months after RYGB when compared to the pre-surgery state (−0.6%; 95%CI [−5.2, 4.0] and 19.5%; 95%CI [4.0, 35.0], P =0.006), and were not different from the lean controls (16.7%; 95%CI [11.8, 21.5] and 1.9%; 95%CI [−1.6, 5.4], respectively). Further, number of fragmented mitochondria and Drp1(Ser616) phosphorylation and were trended to reduced/reduced (0.0104, 95%CI [0.0085, 0.0126], P = 0.091 and 0.0085, 95%CI [0.0068, 0.0102], P = 0.05) in myotubes derived from severely obese humans at 7-months after RYGB surgery in comparison to the pre-surgery state. Finally, Drp1(Ser616) phosphorylation was negatively correlated with insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation (r = −0.49, P = 0.037). Conclusion/Interpretation: These data indicate that an intrinsic metabolic defect of glucose partitioning in skeletal muscle from severely obese humans is restored by RYGB surgery. The restoration of glucose partitioning may be regulated through reduced mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 phosphorylation.
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Abrigo J, Simon F, Cabrera D, Vilos C, Cabello-Verrugio C. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Skeletal Muscle Pathologies. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2019; 20:536-546. [PMID: 30947668 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190402100902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Several molecular mechanisms are involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle function. Among them, mitochondrial activity can be identified. The mitochondria is an important and essential organelle in the skeletal muscle that is involved in metabolic regulation and ATP production, which are two key elements of muscle contractibility and plasticity. Thus, in this review, we present the critical and recent antecedents regarding the mechanisms through which mitochondrial dysfunction can be involved in the generation and development of skeletal muscle pathologies, its contribution to detrimental functioning in skeletal muscle and its crosstalk with other typical signaling pathways related to muscle diseases. In addition, an update on the development of new strategies with therapeutic potential to inhibit the deleterious impact of mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Abrigo
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.,Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Integrative Physiopathology, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniel Cabrera
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Bernardo O Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Vilos
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Targeted Delivery, Center for Medical Research, School of Medicine. Universidad d e Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.,Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Gundersen AE, Kugler BA, McDonald PM, Veraksa A, Houmard JA, Zou K. Altered mitochondrial network morphology and regulatory proteins in mitochondrial quality control in myotubes from severely obese humans with or without type 2 diabetes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:283-293. [PMID: 31356754 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Healthy mitochondrial networks are maintained via balanced integration of mitochondrial quality control processes (biogenesis, fusion, fission, and mitophagy). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of severe obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) on mitochondrial network morphology and expression of proteins regulating mitochondrial quality control processes in cultured human myotubes. Primary human skeletal muscle cells were isolated from biopsies from lean, severely obese nondiabetic individuals and severely obese type 2 diabetic individuals (n = 8-9/group) and were differentiated to myotubes. Mitochondrial network morphology was determined in live cells via confocal microscopy and protein markers of mitochondrial quality control were measured by immunoblotting. Myotubes from severely obese nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic humans exhibited fragmented mitochondrial networks (P < 0.05). Mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 (Ser616) phosphorylation was higher in myotubes from severely obese nondiabetic humans when compared with the lean controls (P < 0.05), while mitophagy protein Parkin expression was lower in myotubes from severely obese individuals with T2D in comparison to the other groups (P < 0.05). These data suggest that regulatory proteins in mitochondrial quality control processes, specifically mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 (Ser616) phosphorylation and mitophagy protein Parkin, are intrinsically dysregulated at cellular level in skeletal muscle from severely obese nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic humans, respectively. These differentially expressed mitochondrial quality control proteins may play a role in mitochondrial fragmentation evident in skeletal muscle from severely obese and type 2 diabetic humans. Novelty Mitochondrial network morphology and mitochondrial quality control proteins are intrinsically dysregulated in skeletal muscle cells from severely obese humans with or without T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders E Gundersen
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Benjamin A Kugler
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Paul M McDonald
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Alexey Veraksa
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Joseph A Houmard
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.,East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA
| | - Kai Zou
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
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36
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Frisbee JC, Lewis MT, Wiseman RW. Skeletal muscle performance in metabolic disease: Microvascular or mitochondrial limitation or both? Microcirculation 2018; 26:e12517. [PMID: 30471168 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the clearly established health outcomes associated with chronic metabolic diseases (eg, type II diabetes mellitus) is that the ability of skeletal muscle to maintain contractile performance during periods of elevated metabolic demand is compromised as compared to the fatigue-resistance of muscle under normal, healthy conditions. While there has been extensive effort dedicated to determining the major factors that contribute to the compromised performance of skeletal muscle with chronic metabolic disease, the extent to which this poor outcome reflects a dysfunctional state of the microcirculation, where the delivery and distribution of metabolic substrates can be impaired, versus derangements to normal metabolic processes and mitochondrial function, versus a combination of the two, represents an area of considerable unknown. The purpose of this manuscript is to present some of the current concepts for dysfunction to both the microcirculation of skeletal muscle as well as to mitochondrial metabolism under these conditions, such that these diverse issues can be merged into an integrated framework for future investigation. Based on an interpretation of the current literature, it may be hypothesized that the primary site of dysfunction with earlier stages of metabolic disease may lie at the level of the vasculature, rather than at the level of the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson C Frisbee
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew T Lewis
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Robert W Wiseman
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Department of Radiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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