1
|
Jongejan F, Berger L, Reck J, Ferreira PT, de Jesus MS, Scott FB, de Avelar BR, Guimarães BG, Correia TR, Muhanguzi D, Vudriko P, Byaruhanga J, Tumwebaze M, Nagagi Y, Temba V, Biguezoton AS, Farougou S, Adehan S, Jumba H, Homminga L, Hulsebos I, Petersen A, Klafke G. RaTexT®: a novel rapid tick exposure test for detecting acaricide resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus ticks in Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:365. [PMID: 39198870 PMCID: PMC11360494 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06448-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acaricide resistance in cattle ticks is a significant concern in (sub)tropical regions, particularly Brazil. The Larval Packet Test (LPT) is the standard laboratory bioassay for resistance diagnosis, which requires triplicates of seven acaricidal dilutions plus controls to cover larval mortalities ranging between 0 and 100%. The value of the LPT lies in providing resistance ratios based on the ratio between the LC50 calculated with potentially resistant and susceptible ticks. However, LC50 ratios are difficult to translate into practical advice for farmers. Moreover, LPT requires laboratory facilities to maintain susceptible tick colonies, and it takes 6 weeks to obtain the larvae to be tested by LPT derived from engorged female ticks collected from cattle in the field. Our novel approach was twofold: first, we upgraded the LPT to the Resistance Intensity Test (RIT) by adopting the latest WHO guidelines for resistance detection in mosquitoes, which combines a 1 × recommended dose with 5 × and 10 × concentrated doses to reveal low, moderate and high resistance intensity, respectively. This reduced the number of test papers and tick larvae and, more importantly, provided relevant information on the resistance level. Our second innovative step was to abolish testing larvae entirely and expose partly engorged adult ticks to the same acaricidal doses immediately after removing them from cattle in the field. This resulted in the Rapid Tick exposure Test (RaTexT®), wherein partly engorged adult ticks were exposed to an acaricide-impregnated, specially designed matrix providing test results within 24 h. This approach directly compared resistance detection in tick larvae in the RIT with resistance in adult ticks in RaTexT®. METHODS Laboratory validation was conducted in Brazil with resistant and susceptible colonies of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. For field validation, adult R. microplus ticks collected from different cattle farms in Brazil were evaluated for resistance to RaTexT®, and the results regarding their larval progenies were compared with those for the RIT. Partly engorged adult ticks derived from cattle infested with laboratory and field strains of R. microplus were exposed to deltamethrin in RaTexT® containers, which contained six rows of four interconnected compartments, accommodating five to eight semi-engorged female ticks with a preferred size ranging between 5 and 8 mm. The corresponding larvae of each strain were exposed in the RIT to the same deltamethrin concentrations in filter papers. RESULTS In RaTexT®, mortality in adult ticks from a resistant strain of R. microplus from Seropédica in Brazil was 38.4%, 54.2% and 75.0% at the 1 ×, 5 × and 10 × doses of deltamethrin, respectively. In RIT, mortality of larvae from the same resistant strain was 2.0%, 4.9% and 19.5% at 1 ×, 5 × and 10 × doses, respectively. The results of RaTexT® and RIT agreed since both tests identified a high level of resistance based on a cut-off of 90% mortality. In RaTexT®, mortality of adult ticks from a susceptible strain originating from Porto Alegre was 73.8%, 92.9% and 97.6% at the 1 ×, 5 × and 10 × doses, respectively. In RIT, mortality of larvae from the susceptible strain was 95.2%, 95.2% and 96.8% at the 1 ×, 5 × and 10 × doses, respectively. Interestingly, both tests identified a low number of unexpected resistant individuals in the susceptible strain since the mortality of neither larvae nor adults reached 100%. This effect remained unnoticed in the LPT, wherein a resistance ratio of 159.5 was found based on the LC50 of the resistant strain divided by the LC50 of the susceptible strain. Next, RaTexT® was compared with RIT using adult and larval ticks derived from three field strains of R. microplus in Brazil. RaTexT® detected high levels of resistance to deltamethrin in adult ticks in all strains, which was confirmed in larvae tested by the RIT. Both tests agreed on the same resistance level with significantly lower mortality rates in larvae than in adult ticks. CONCLUSIONS RaTexT® is a novel rapid pen-site test for detecting acaricide resistance in adult livestock ticks. It potentially replaces laborious tests using larval ticks and provides results within 24 h relevant to acaricide resistance management of livestock ticks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frans Jongejan
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, Republic of South Africa.
- TBD International BV, BioScience Center, Wageningen University & Research, Runderweg 6, 8219 PK, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - Laura Berger
- TBD International BV, BioScience Center, Wageningen University & Research, Runderweg 6, 8219 PK, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - José Reck
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Priscila Teixeira Ferreira
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Mariana Silveira de Jesus
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Fabio Barbour Scott
- Instituto de Veterinária da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, BR-465, Brazil
| | - Barbara Rauta de Avelar
- Instituto de Veterinária da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, BR-465, Brazil
| | - Brena Gava Guimarães
- Instituto de Veterinária da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, BR-465, Brazil
| | - Thais Ribeiro Correia
- Instituto de Veterinária da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, BR-465, Brazil
| | - Dennis Muhanguzi
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Patrick Vudriko
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joseph Byaruhanga
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Maria Tumwebaze
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Yakob Nagagi
- Tanzania Plant Health and Pesticides Authority (TPHPA), P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Violet Temba
- Tanzania Plant Health and Pesticides Authority (TPHPA), P.O. Box 3024, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Abel S Biguezoton
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES) Bobo-Dioulasso, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Souaïbou Farougou
- Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Université Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Republic of Benin
| | - Safiou Adehan
- Ecole Polytechnique d'Abomey-Calavi, Université Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Republic of Benin
| | - Humphrey Jumba
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O.Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Laura Homminga
- TBD International BV, BioScience Center, Wageningen University & Research, Runderweg 6, 8219 PK, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Hulsebos
- TBD International BV, BioScience Center, Wageningen University & Research, Runderweg 6, 8219 PK, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Alita Petersen
- TBD International BV, BioScience Center, Wageningen University & Research, Runderweg 6, 8219 PK, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Guilherme Klafke
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, 92990-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lifschitz A, Nava S, Miró V, Canton C, Alvarez L, Lanusse C. Macrocyclic lactones and ectoparasites control in livestock: Efficacy, drug resistance and therapeutic challenges. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 26:100559. [PMID: 39128184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Macrocyclic lactones (MLs) are the cornerstone of parasite control in livestock due to their broad-spectrum activity against endo (nematodes) and ecto (lice, ticks, mites) parasites. These molecules, introduced into the veterinary pharmaceutical market 40 years ago, have substantially improved animal welfare and productivity by offering extended high efficacy, reducing treatment frequency, and displaying a favorable safety profile. However, their widespread and intensive use has led to a significant challenge nowadays: the development of parasite resistance. This review focuses on the critical link between drug pharmacokinetics (variation in concentration profiles and exposure over time) and pharmacodynamics (drug efficacy) and the ability of both avermectin and milbemycin MLs families to control livestock ectoparasites. This review discusses the integrated assessment of drug behavior in the host, its diffusion into target parasites, and the impact of different pharmaceutical formulations on enhancing drug delivery to infection sites. These are considered critical research/development areas to optimize the use of MLs, preventing treatment failures and finally extending the lifespan of these essential pharmaceutical ingredients. Finally, the importance of the rational use of MLs, guided by parasite epidemiology and pharmacological knowledge, is emphasized as a key strategy to preserve the antiparasitic efficacy of these still very useful molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Lifschitz
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - S Nava
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL)(INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, INTA E.E.A, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - V Miró
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Canton
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - L Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Lanusse
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Campus Universitario, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Idhirij S, Ward FA. Policy analysis for informing climate adaptation, environmental resilience, and irrigation demands in the Rio Grande Basin. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 365:121528. [PMID: 38909571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Water policymakers internationally face the challenge of adapting to climate, supporting environmental resource needs, and meeting irrigation demands for food security in the world's arid and semi-arid regions. Much recent work has assessed the economic performance of environmental river flows to support endangered species habitat protection. However, little published work to date has systematically formulated and applied methods to identify the economic performance of various policy measures that adapt to climate, support endangered species, and meet irrigation demands for water. This work's original contribution with international relevance is to address those gaps by identifying the economic performance of various water shortage sharing methods for handling climate water stress while supporting protection of critical habitat to protect the endangered Southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) along with Willow tree (Salix bonplandiana) habitat in the middle part of the Rio Grande Basin in North America, a region facing a number of conflicts between commercial uses of water and protection of key ecological assets. It develops a hydroeconomic optimization model containing information on crop water use and endangered species requirements in that region to identify the economic performance of three climate adaptation policy scenarios for handling water shortages while respecting endangered species habitat protection requirements. Results show how water shortages as well as policy responses for handing those shortages affect the economic value of water in agriculture for food security both with and without critical habitat to support the endangered flycatcher. This work's international relevance comes from its capacity to inform policy debates on the costs of protecting endangered species habitat under various climate scenarios and climate policy adaptation measures. Findings provide a general framework to address existing gaps in understanding and measuring the economic performance of measures to promote environmental resilience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Idhirij
- Water Science and Management Program, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA.
| | - Frank A Ward
- Agricultural Economics and Agricultural Business, Water Science and Management, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Klafke GM, Golo PS, Monteiro CMO, Costa-Júnior LM, Reck J. Brazil's battle against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks: current strategies and future directions. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2024; 33:e001423. [PMID: 38922203 PMCID: PMC11253825 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612024026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Ticks are parasitic arthropods that cause significant economic losses to livestock production worldwide. Although Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, the cattle tick, occurs throughout the Brazilian territory, there is no official program to control this tick, which is the vector of tick fever pathogens. We address the situation of R. (B.) microplus resistance to synthetic acaricides in Brazil, including cattle tick management; the status of tick resistance per Brazilian state; the history of resistance occurrence of different acaricides; multiple resistance occurrence; and the main strategies for integrated tick management. Tick control in Brazil is characterized by management errors. Local laboratories affiliated with federal and state research institutions and universities employ the Adult Immersion Test as a primary diagnostic method to assess acaricide resistance to topically applied drugs. Only three states (Acre, Amapá, and Amazonas) have no reports on resistant populations. Misinformation on tick control strategies, misuse of available products for tick control, no adoption of Integrated Parasite Management (IPM) practices, low technical support to producers, and the high-speed emergence of acaricide-resistant tick populations are the main problems. We also propose a list of needs and priorities for cattle tick control regarding communication, research, and policies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrícia Silva Golo
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro – UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | | | | | - José Reck
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor – IPVDF, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nava S, Rossner MV, Toffaletti JR, Da Luz M, Rossner MB, Signorini M, Morel N. Strategic control of the cattle tick Rhipicephlaus microplus applied to rotational and silvopastoral grazing systems in subtropical areas. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:232. [PMID: 38847882 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
This work evaluated if strategic control based on no more than three or four annual treatments is useful to control Rhipicephalus microplus infestations on cattle when it is applied to intensive rotational grazing and silvopastoral systems with high stocking rates in subtropical areas. In the intensive rotational grazing system, three annual treatments with chemical acaricides were applied on cattle in two different schemes: between spring and early summer and from late winter and late spring. Strategic control based on three treatments with chemical acaricides from late winter to late spring plus an additional fourth treatment in summer was tested in the silvopastoral system. In the intensive rotational grazing systems, the control schemes allow to reach a significant reduction in the tick load on cattle considering a time interval from spring to autumn. However, the efficacy levels were not high enough in some specific moments, namely, the tick counts of summer and autumn (there were not significant differences between treated and control groups). The scheme evaluated in the silvopastoral grazing system yielded better results than those tested for the intensive rotational system, because significant differences in tick load between treated and control groups were observed in all post-treatment counts and when the analysis was performed for the whole study period. However, values of efficacy in the count-by-count comparison were disparate, ranging from 64.1 to 99.7. Although the efficacy values obtained in the silvopastoral system were better than those of the rotational grazing systems, the total tick load on treated cattle in autumn was not low enough (mean abundance values 25.14 and 38.14). Ticks were more evenly distributed among hosts in late summer and autumn than in spring or early summer, where few hosts carry most of the ticks. Some management strategies as intensive rotational systems or silvopastoral structures can lead to a more efficient forage use, but they imply greater tick challenge than in extensive grazing systems. In these situations, the schemes of strategic control bases on three or four annual treatments should be complemented with additional tactical treatments in late summer or autumn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Nava
- IDICAL (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) E.E.A. Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Maria V Rossner
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) E.E.A. El Colonia Benítez, Colonia Benítez, Chaco, Argentina
| | - Jose R Toffaletti
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) E.E.A. El Colorado, El Colorado, Formosa, Argentina
| | - Miguel Da Luz
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Cerro Azul, Misiones, Argentina
| | - M Belen Rossner
- Universidad del Salvador, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Delegación Corrientes, Gobernador Virasoro, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Signorini
- IDICAL (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) E.E.A. Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Morel
- IDICAL (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) E.E.A. Rafaela, Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Morel N, Torrents J, Nava S. Comparative analysis of Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888) infestation in pure breed (Hereford) and cross breed (Braford) cattle herds subjected to the same chemical treatments. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2024; 93:71-79. [PMID: 38811383 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00922-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to analyze the R. microplus (Canestrini, 1888) infestation in two bovine herds with different degrees of natural resistance (i.e., Hereford and Braford) to ticks subjected to an identical chemical treatment scheme to ticks at the same farm, to demonstrate the impact on tick control of the incorporation of a more resistant bovine breed. Two groups of ten Hereford and Braford cows each were subjected to eleven chemical treatments between August 2022 and October 2023 (four fluazuron, two fipronil 1%, one ivermectin 3.15% and four immersion in a dipping vat with a combination of cypermethrin 10% and ethion 40%). Tick population was shown to be susceptible to ivermectin, fluazuron and the mix cypermethrin 10%-ethion 40% and resistant to fipronil according to in vitro tests. Tick infestation was significantly greater in the Hereford cows than in the Braford cows. Tick infestation in both Hereford and Braford breeds was similar when treatment with functional drugs was applied, but when a block of the treatments was done with drugs with decreased functionality due to resistance (i.e. fipronil), treatment failure was manifested more strongly in the most susceptible breed. The incorporation of cattle breeds with moderate or high resistance to R. microplus is instrumental to optimize the efficacy and sustainability of chemical control of ticks in a scenario where resistance to one or more chemical groups is almost ubiquitous, because it favors the biological control of this parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Morel
- Instituto de Investigación de La Cadena Láctea (IDICAL, INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), CC 22, CP 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Torrents
- Instituto de Investigación de La Cadena Láctea (IDICAL, INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), CC 22, CP 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Santiago Nava
- Instituto de Investigación de La Cadena Láctea (IDICAL, INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), CC 22, CP 2300, Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alimi D, Hraoui M, Hajri A, Taamalli W, Selmi S, Sebai H. Bioactivity and molecular docking studies of selected plant compounds. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:4391-4399. [PMID: 38323805 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The shortcomings of synthetic pesticides are becoming increasingly evident. In the pursuit of looking for alternative, environmentally friendly pesticides, the potential use of two naturally occurring sesquiterpenes, α-bisabolol and bisabolol oxide A, as bactericides or acaricides, was investigated against three gram-positive and three gram-negative bacteria, and the eggs and larvae of the cattle tick Hyalomma scupense, respectively. The primary targeted site of synthetic insecticides is acetylcholinesterase (AChE), so the inhibitory activity of both sesquiterpenes was evaluated. Then, molecular docking and molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) studies were performed to gain insight into their binding mode in the AChE active site. RESULTS Bisabolol oxide A showed good activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enteritidis with inhibition zones ranging from 16 to 34 mm and minimal inhibitory concentration (CIM) of 3.125 mg mL-1. Ovicidal and larvicidal assays revealed promising activity of α-bisabolol and bisabolol oxide A against H. scupense, with bisabolol oxide A being more effective against larval ticks with lethal concentration (LC50) value of 0.78%. Both compounds also displayed potent anti-AChE activity with inhibition concentration (IC50) values of 37.09 and 28.14 μg mL-1, respectively. Furthermore, α-bisabolol and bisabolol oxide A exhibited good and comparable docking scores (-7.289 and -7.139 Kcal mol-1, respectively) and were found to accommodate in the active-site gorge of AChE via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. CONCLUSION Bisabolol oxide A and, to a lesser degree, α-bisabolol are active against bacteria and ectoparasites and may represent an economical and sustainable alternative to toxic synthetic pesticides to control pathogens. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhouha Alimi
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio-resources (LR23ES08), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, Beja, Tunisia
- University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Manel Hraoui
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio-resources (LR23ES08), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, Beja, Tunisia
- University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Azhar Hajri
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio-resources (LR23ES08), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, Beja, Tunisia
- University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Wael Taamalli
- Laboratory of Olive Biotechnology, Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Slimen Selmi
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio-resources (LR23ES08), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, Beja, Tunisia
- University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Hichem Sebai
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio-resources (LR23ES08), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja, Beja, Tunisia
- University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bisht N, Fular A, Saini M, Kumar S, Sankar M, Sharma AK, Ghosh S. Effect of ivermectin, amitraz and fipronil on midgut epithelium and digestive enzyme profile in Rhipicephalus microplus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2024; 92:851-870. [PMID: 38642307 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00913-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Blood feeding and digestion are vital physiological activities essential for the survival and reproduction of ticks. Chemical acaricides viz., ivermectin, amitraz and fipronil, are known to act on the central nervous system, resulting in the mortality of ticks. The present study is focused on the effect of these acaricides on the midgut and gut enzymes of Rhipicephalus microplus. The ultra-thin sections of midgut of ivermectin-treated ticks showed irregular basal membrane and ruptured digestive vesicles. Amitraz treatment resulted in a notable decrease in digestive cells with pleats in the basal membrane, while fipronil-exposed ticks exhibited reduced digestive cells, loss of cellular integrity, and disintegration of the basal membrane and muscle layer. The gut tissue homogenate of ivermectin and fipronil treated ticks showed a significant reduction of cathepsin D level, 76.54 ± 3.20 μg/mL and 92.67 ± 3.72 μg/mL, respectively, as compared to the control group (150.0 ± 3.80 μg/mL). The leucine aminopeptidase level (4.27 ± 0.08 units/mL) was significantly decreased in the ivermectin treated ticks compared to other treatment groups. The acid phosphatase activity (29.16 ± 0.67 μmole/min/L) was reduced in the ivermectin treated group whereas, increased activity was observed in the fipronil and amitraz treated groups. All the treatment groups revealed increased alkaline phosphatase levels (17.47-26.72 μmole/min/L). The present finding suggests that in addition to the established mechanism of action of the tested acaricides on the nervous system, the alterations in the cellular profile of digestive cells and enzymes possibly affect the blood digestion process and thus the synthesis of vital proteins which are essential for vitellogenesis, and egg production in ticks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Bisht
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Ashutosh Fular
- Temperate Animal Husbandry Division, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand, 263138, India.
| | - Mohini Saini
- Division of Animal Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Satyanshu Kumar
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi, Anand, Gujarat, 387310, India
| | - M Sankar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India
- School of Agriculture, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Anjos OO, Gomes MN, Tavares CP, Sousa DM, Mendonça CJS, Reck J, Maciel AP, Costa-Junior LM. Polymeric films of corn starch enhance the lethal effects of thymol and carvacrol terpenes upon Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110149. [PMID: 38412588 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The tick Rhipicephalus microplus is a parasite of great importance in cattle breeding. It is responsible for huge economic losses. The application of synthetic acaricides is used as a form of control. However, resistant strains have been selected over the years, making it necessary to search for new alternative formulations. The present study aimed to formulate biodegradable films impregnated with the terpenes carvacrol and thymol and evaluate their efficacy on larvae and adults of R. microplus through in vitro tests. The following formulations were prepared: Film 1 (starch based); Film 2 (based on starch and glycerol); Film 1 + Carvarcol or Thymol; Film 2 + Carvarcol or Thymol. Terpenes had a final concentration of 5.0 mg/mL. To evaluate the formulations on larvae, the immersion test was performed by dividing into six groups according to the concentration of terpenes: 5.0, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.313, 0.156 mg/mL and the control groups: 1% ethanol solution; 10% ethanol solution; Film 1; and Film 2. For the evaluations on adult ticks, ten experimental groups (n = 10) were used: 1) Carvacrol; 2) Film 1 + Carvacrol; 3) Film 2 + Carvacrol; 4) Thymol; 5) Film 1 + Thymol; 6) Film 2 + Thymol; 7) Distilled water; 8) 10% ethanol solution; 9) Film 1; and 10) Film 2. In experimental groups 1-6, carvacrol and thymol (free or incorporated in two different biodegradable film formulations) were evaluated at the same concentration (5.0 mg/mL). Each group of ticks was immersed in their respective solutions for five minutes. The results of the tests on larvae showed that the Film 1 + thymol and Film 2 + carvacrol formulations had the lowest lethal concentrations (0.076 and 0.255 mg/mL, respectively), values up to 9.0-fold lower than the monoterpenes tested outside the formulation. Carvacrol and thymol at the concentrations tested were effective in controlling engorged females with a percentage of 32.2% and 63.8%, respectively. When incorporated into biodegradable film formulations, these monoterpenes showed much greater efficacy. Film 1 + carvacrol and Film 2 + carvacrol with control percentages of 71.6% and 97.2%, respectively, while the formulations Film 1 + thymol and Film 2 + thymol showed values of 96.9% and 100.0%. The tick control activity of the biopolymer formulations with thymol and carvacrol was demonstrated through the high mortality rates of larvae and engorged females of the tick R. microplus. Therefore, the results obtained indicate that these formulations have great potential for tick control mainly because of the percentage of control up to 100% in engorged females in in vitro tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga O Anjos
- Parasite Control Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil; Fuel, Catalysis and Environmental Center, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Matheus N Gomes
- Parasite Control Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Caio P Tavares
- Parasite Control Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Dauana M Sousa
- Parasite Control Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | | | - José Reck
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Adeilton P Maciel
- Fuel, Catalysis and Environmental Center, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Livio M Costa-Junior
- Parasite Control Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Heylen DJA, Labuschagne M, Meiring C, van der Mescht L, Klafke G, Costa Junior LM, Strydom T, Wentzel J, Shacklock C, Halos L, Maree F, Fourie J, Madder M, Evans A. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of acaricide resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus field isolates from South Africa and Brazil. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 24:100519. [PMID: 38168594 PMCID: PMC10797136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is one of the most successful ticks infesting cattle around the world. This highly-invasive species transmits cattle parasites that cause cattle fever leading to a high socio-economic burden. Tick eradication programs have often failed, due to the development of acaricide resistance. Here we characterize acaricide resistance in a large number of tick isolates from regions in South Africa (KwaZulu Natal, Mpumalanga, Western & Eastern Cape provinces) and two Brazilian regions. By means of Larval Packet Tests (LPT's) acaricide resistance was evaluated against five commonly used acaricides (chlorfenvinphos, fipronil, deltamethrin, amitraz, and ivermectin). Furthermore, the coding region containing the knock down resistance (kdr) mutation, known to result in pyrethroid resistance, was sequenced. Resistance to at least one acaricide class was reported in each of the five regions, and a high proportion of tick isolates exhibited multi-resistance to at least two acaricide classes (range: 22.2-80.0%). Furthermore, resistance ratios (RR) showed high spatial variation (intercontinental, as well as regional) but low regional spatial autocorrelation. Previous and current acaricide use correlated with current RR, and several combinations of acaricide RR were positively correlated. Moreover, fipronil resistance tended to be higher in farms with more intense acaricide use. The kdr-mutations provided the ticks a fitness advantage under the selection pressure of synthetic pyrethroids based on population (kdr-allele frequency) and individual level data (genotypes). The data show the threat of acaricide (multi-)resistance is high in Brazil and South Africa, but acaricide specific levels need to be assessed locally. For this purpose, gathering complementary molecular information on mutations that underlie resistance can reduce costs and expedite necessary actions. In an era of human-caused habitat alterations, implementing molecular data-driven programs becomes essential in overcoming tick-induced socio-economic losses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter J A Heylen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Michel Labuschagne
- Clinomics, P.O. Box 11186, Universitas, Bloemfontein, 9321, Uitzich Road, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, 9338, South Africa; Clinglobal, B03/04, The Tamarin Commercial Hub, Jacaranda Avenue, Tamarin, 90903, Mauritius.
| | - Christina Meiring
- Clinomics, P.O. Box 11186, Universitas, Bloemfontein, 9321, Uitzich Road, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, 9338, South Africa; Clinglobal, B03/04, The Tamarin Commercial Hub, Jacaranda Avenue, Tamarin, 90903, Mauritius.
| | - Luther van der Mescht
- Clinvet International Pty (Ltd), Uitzich Road, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, 9338, South Africa; Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
| | - Guilherme Klafke
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Estrada do Conde 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, 92990-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Tom Strydom
- MSD ANIMAL HEALTH, Private Bag X2026, Isando, 1600, South Africa.
| | - Jeanette Wentzel
- Hans Hoheisen Wildlife Research Station, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | | | - Lénaig Halos
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Francois Maree
- Clinomics, P.O. Box 11186, Universitas, Bloemfontein, 9321, Uitzich Road, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, 9338, South Africa.
| | - Josephus Fourie
- Clinvet International Pty (Ltd), 1479 Talmadge Hill South, Waverly, NY, 14892, USA.
| | - Maxime Madder
- Clinglobal, B03/04, The Tamarin Commercial Hub, Jacaranda Avenue, Tamarin, 90903, Mauritius.
| | - Alec Evans
- Clinglobal, B03/04, The Tamarin Commercial Hub, Jacaranda Avenue, Tamarin, 90903, Mauritius.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Reckziegel GH, de Freitas MG, Tutija JF, Rodrigues VD, Borges DGL, de Freitas MDB, Gallina T, Lopes WDZ, de Castro Rodrigues D, de Oliveira Arriero Amaral H, Strydom T, Torres S, de Almeida Borges F. Efficiency of fluralaner pour-on in different strategic control protocols against Rhipicephalus microplus on Brangus cattle in a tropical area. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:110. [PMID: 38449052 PMCID: PMC10916271 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The occurrence of higher winter temperatures in Brazilian areas with tropical and highland climates may result in a fifth peak of tick populations during winter in addition to the four generations previously described. Therefore, a strategic control protocol was developed with treatments in two seasons with the objective of controlling the generations of ticks that occur in spring/summer and those that occur in autumn/winter. METHODS The study was conducted in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, from the beginning of the rainy season, November 2020, to October 2021. In a randomized block design, 36 calves were distributed into three groups: (i) negative control; (ii) traditional strategic control in one season (SC1S), at the beginning of the rainy season; and (iii) strategic control in two seasons (SC2S), at the beginning and end of the rainy season. The SC1S strategic control group was treated on day 0, November 2020, and twice more with intervals of 42 days. The SC2S group received three more treatments beginning on day 182, May 2021, with intervals of 42 days. All treatments consisted of 5% fluralaner (Exzolt® 5%) delivered via a pour-on dose of 1 mL/20 kg body weight. Counts of semi-engorged female ticks were performed on day 3 and every 14 days thereafter, and the animals were weighed at the same time. RESULTS Fluralaner showed a mean efficacy of more than 95% up to day 294. The two treated groups showed a decrease (P < 0.05) in the average number of ticks on day 3. In the SC2S group, the means were close or equal to zero throughout the study, while in the SC1S group, the means did not differ (P > 0.05) from those of the control group from day 231 onward. The final mean weight gain of each group was 76.40 kg, 98.63 kg, and 115.38 kg for the control, SC1S, and SC2S groups, respectively, differing (P < 0.05) from each other. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, three applications of fluralaner, with one application every 42 days from the beginning of the rainy season in the middle spring, resulted in effective tick control for 224 days. When three additional treatments were given in autumn/winter with intervals of 42 days between applications, tick counts were reduced throughout the year. This strategic control approach may be indicated in years with climatic conditions that allow that population peaks are expected to occur in the autumn/winter period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Henrique Reckziegel
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tom Strydom
- MSD Animal Health, 20 Spartan Road, Kempton Park, Isando, 1619, South Africa
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gallina T, Dos Santos Lagranha C, Bilo G, Malavolta C, Ferreira LL, de Almeida Borges F, de Castro Rodrigues D, Strydom T, Torres S, Arnhold E, Lopes WDZ. Control of Rhipicephalus microplus on taurine cattle with fluralaner in a subtropical region. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:101. [PMID: 38429835 PMCID: PMC10908041 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, a region with a subtropical climate, Rhipicephalus microplus is present in taurine cattle raised for beef and milk. In addition, ticks resistant to multiple acaricides are present in this region. Recently, fluralaner (isoxazoline) was launched on the market. Thus, there is a need to evaluate the effects of fluralaner for the control of R. microplus on taurine cattle. In addition, occurrence of myiasis by Cochliomyia hominivorax larvae after tick parasitism and weight gain of cattle during the experimental period were evaluated. METHODS Thirty naturally infested cattle were divided into two experimental groups: T01, treated with fluralaner (2.5 mg/kg) pour-on; T02, control. T01 received fluralaner on Days 0 (early summer in January), 42 and 84 (early autumn), whereas T02, a control group, received palliative treatment with a spray formulation when the group mean was ≥ 30 ticks. Counts of R. microplus females and calculation of the efficacy of fluralaner were performed on Days 3, 7, 14, 28, 35, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, 112 and 126. The occurrence of myiasis was assessed throughout the study period. In addition, the weight, weight gain and daily weight gain of the animals were evaluated. RESULTS In the 12 evaluations performed, the parasitic load of T01 was near zero. Fluralaner showed 99.5% efficacy on the 3rd day after the first treatment and 100% efficacy from Day 7 to Day 126. Cochliomyia hominivorax larvae (n = 6; p = 0.0251) were found only in the control group (T02). At the end of the study, the animals subjected to treatments with fluralaner gained 32.8 kg more than the animals in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Application of fluralaner in summer and autumn, with 42-day intervals between treatments, was effective to control R. microplus on taurine cattle, which also gained more weight than control cattle. Additionally, no cases of myasis were documented in animals treated with fluralaner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Gallina
- Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Giancarlo Bilo
- Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Miotti C, Morel N, Signorini ML, Nava S. Stochastic modelling to predict a priori the potential outcomes of different control schemes against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Vet Parasitol 2024; 326:110095. [PMID: 38142468 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Stochastic models are valuable tools to describe and analyze tick population dynamic in a given area, and to evaluate different control schemes. The objective of this study was to provide a tool to predict a priori how a control scheme could affect the abundance of Rhipicephalus microplus in an area highly favourable for its development, through the building of a stochastic model of the population dynamic of this tick. The dynamic was stochastically modelled using field data of the parasitic and non-parasitic phases of R. microplus. The host susceptibility to tick infestations was also considered by including representative values of natural resistance of three different breeds (Bos indicus, B. taurus and B. indicus x B. taurus). Two different control schemes (strategic and threshold methods) using three annual applications of synthetic acaricides in different moments were evaluated. Furthermore, we have evaluated the impact of different moments of pasture spelling as a tool for tick control on the dynamic of the non-parasitic phases of R. microplus. The results showed that the model appropriately fits to field data and can simulate the annual variability in female ticks count in animals from different ecological characteristics. The model has also captured the variability that host susceptibility has on tick abundance. This fact was expressed in the different levels of tick abundance obtained for the three breeds of bovines. According to the model, strategic control applications of chemical acaricides have more efficacy than the threshold control method. The model indicates that a pasture spelling started in early or mid-summer generates a higher reduction in the number of available eggs in pastures. Analysis of the results allows to conclude that the model developed in this study was useful to predict a priori the performance of different control methods based on the strategic application of chemical acaricides or by applying pasture spelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Miotti
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA - CONICET), Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela (C.P. 2300), Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Morel
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA - CONICET), Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela (C.P. 2300), Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Lisandro Signorini
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA - CONICET), Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela (C.P. 2300), Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Santiago Nava
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (INTA - CONICET), Ruta 34 Km 227, Rafaela (C.P. 2300), Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pérez-Otáñez X, Vanwambeke SO, Orozco-Alvarez G, Arciniegas-Ortega S, Ron-Garrido L, Rodríguez-Hidalgo R. Widespread acaricide resistance and multi-resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus in Ecuador and associated environmental and management risk factors. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2024; 15:102274. [PMID: 37918285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus is a cattle tick widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. Various acaricides are used and applied to control the ticks, but resistance is common. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the spatial distribution of resistance to the most commonly applied acaricides (amitraz, ivermectin, and alpha-cypermethrin) in ticks and assess potential risk factors associated with tick resistance in a strip between ±0.5° latitude of the continental part of Ecuador. Larval package tests were used to evaluate the level of acaricide resistance in 96 cattle farms. The association between 11 farm management and 8 ecological variables and acaricide resistance and multi-resistance was evaluated. Dose-response models were used to study the level of resistance. 72 % (69/96), 70 % (67/96), and 64 % (61/96) of farms had ticks resistant to amitraz, ivermectin, and alpha-cypermethrin, respectively. Multi-resistance was also widespread. Larger herds and dairy farms had a significantly higher probability of resistance for three commonly used acaricides. Environmental factors related to rainfall were also associated with acaricidal resistance presence. Ivermectin resistance was associated with use of the acaricide (OR = 8.9909; 7.7519-10.2300), mean temperature (OR = 1.3205;1.0742-1.6799)), and inversely associated with paddock rotation (OR = 0.1753; 0.0294-0.7836), and precipitation of the wettest month (BIO13) (OR = 0.9903; 0.9839-0.9957); amitraz with use of the acaricide (OR = 4.3934; 3.3679-5.4188), precipitation seasonality (BIO15) (OR=0.9742; 0.9542-0.9925), and precipitation (OR = 0.9995; 0.9994-0.9999); and alpha-cypermethrin with precipitation (OR=0.9995; 0.9990-0.9999) and use of the acaricide (OR = 14.4597; 13.4343-15.4852). In conclusion, acaricide resistance was widespread in our study area. Better-integrated tick management and environmentally friendly control strategies are required to reduce the use of acaricides while limiting tick-associated damage in herds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Pérez-Otáñez
- Centre for Earth and Climate research, Earth & Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Sophie O Vanwambeke
- Centre for Earth and Climate research, Earth & Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Geoconda Orozco-Alvarez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Lenin Ron-Garrido
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Richar Rodríguez-Hidalgo
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador; Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Santos IS, Tavares CP, Klafke GM, Reck J, Monteiro CMO, Prata MCA, Golo PS, Silva AC, Costa-Junior LM. Automatic method based on deep learning to identify and account Rhipicephalus microplus larval hatching. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 37:665-674. [PMID: 37183718 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Reports of Rhipicephalus microplus resistant populations worldwide have increased extensively, making it difficult to control this ectoparasite. The adult immersion test, commonly used to screen for acaricide resistance, produces the results only after 40 days of the tick collection because it needs the eggs to be laid and larvae to hatch. The present study aims to develop an automatic method, based on deep learning, to predict the hatching of R. microplus larva based on egg morphology. Initially, the time course of embryonic development of tick eggs was performed to discriminate between viable and non-viable eggs. Secondly, using artificial intelligence deep learning techniques, a method was developed to classify and count the eggs. The larval hatching rate of three populations of R. microplus was evaluated for the software validation process. Groups of three and six images of eggs with 12 days of embryonic development were submitted to the software to predict the larval hatching percent automatically. The results obtained by the software were compared with the prediction results of the hatching percentage performed manually by the specialist and with the results of the hatching percentage of larvae obtained in the biological assay. The group with three images of each population submitted to the software for automatic prediction of the larval hatching percent presented mean values of 96.35% ± 3.33 (Piracanjuba population), 95.98% ± 3.5 (Desterro population) and 0.0% ± 0.0 (Barbalha population). For groups with six images, the values were 94.41% ± 3.84 (Piracanjuba population), 95.93% ± 2.36 (Desterro population) and 0.0% ± 0.0 (Barbalha population). Biological assays showed the following hatching percentage values: 98% ± 1.73 (Piracanjuba population); 96% ± 2.1 (Desterro population); and 0.14% ± 0.25 (Barbalha population). There was no statistical difference between the evaluated methods. The automatic method for predicting the hatching percentage of R. microplus larvae was validated and proved to be effective, with considerable reduction in time to obtain results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor S Santos
- Applied Computing Core, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Caio P Tavares
- Parasite Control Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Klafke
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF) - Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Eldorado do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Reck
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF) - Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Eldorado do Sul, Brazil
| | - Caio M O Monteiro
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia do Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia S Golo
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Aristófanes C Silva
- Applied Computing Core, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Livio M Costa-Junior
- Parasite Control Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gonzaga BCF, Barrozo MM, Coutinho AL, Pereira E Sousa LJM, Vale FL, Marreto L, Marchesini P, de Castro Rodrigues D, de Souza EDF, Sabatini GA, Costa-Júnior LM, Ferreira LL, Lopes WDZ, Monteiro C. Essential oils and isolated compounds for tick control: advances beyond the laboratory. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:415. [PMID: 37964392 PMCID: PMC10647118 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick control is a worldwide challenge due to its resistance to acaricides. Essential oils (EOs) and isolated compounds (EOCs) are potential alternatives for tick control technologies. METHODS A review with EOs and EOCs, under field and semi-field conditions, was performed based on Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases. Thirty-one studies published between 1991 and 2022 were selected. The search was performed using the following keywords: "essential oil" combined with "tick," "Ixodes," "Argas," "Rhipicephalus," "Amblyomma," "Hyalomma," "Dermacentor," "Haemaphysalis" and "Ornithodoros." The words "essential oil" and "tick" were searched in the singular and plural. RESULTS The number of studies increased over the years. Brazil stands out with the largest number (51.6%) of publications. The most studied tick species were Rhipicephalus microplus (48.4%), Ixodes scapularis (19.4%), Amblyomma americanum and R. sanguineus sensu lato (9.7% each). Cattle (70%) and dogs (13%) were the main target animal species. Regarding the application of EOs/EOCs formulations, 74% of the studies were conducted with topical application (spray, pour-on, foam, drop) and 26% with environmental treatment (spray). Efficacy results are difficult to evaluate because of the lack of information on the methodology and standardization. The nanotechnology and combination with synthetic acaricides were reported as an alternative to enhance the efficacy of EOs/EOCs. No adverse reactions were observed in 86.6% of the studies evaluating EOs/EOCs clinical safety. Studies regarding toxicity in non-target species and residues are scarce. CONCLUSIONS This article provides a comprehensive review on the use of EOs and EOCs to reduce tick infestations, in both the hosts and the environment. As future directions, we recommend the chemical characterization of EOs, methodology standardization, combination of EOs/EOCs with potential synergists, nanotechnology for new formulations and safety studies for target and non-target organisms, also considering the environmental friendliness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno César Ferreira Gonzaga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Colemar Natal e Silva, Rua 235, s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brasil
| | - Mayara Macêdo Barrozo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Ana Lúcia Coutinho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira E Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Francisca Letícia Vale
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Laís Marreto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Praça Universitária, no. 1166, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-220, Brasil
| | - Paula Marchesini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Lívio Martins Costa-Júnior
- Centro de Pesquisas do CCBS, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, no. 1966, São Luís, MA, 65080-805, Brasil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, no. 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brasil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia - Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás-, Campus Colemar Natal e Silva - Rua 235, s/n - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brasil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil.
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia - Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás-, Campus Colemar Natal e Silva - Rua 235, s/n - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brasil.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sarli M, Torrents J, Toffaletti JR, Morel N, Nava S. Evaluation of the impact of successive acaricide treatments on resistance evolution in Rhipicephalus microplus populations: Monodrugs versus drug combinations. Res Vet Sci 2023; 164:105040. [PMID: 37804667 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to comparatively evaluate the evolution of resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus tick populations exposed to successive treatments with monodrug-based formulations and combinations of them in the same commercial formulation. Thirty-six heifers, naturally infested with R. microplus, were divided into three groups (G) and subjected to three successive treatments, on days 0 (Nov-2021), 43 (Jan-2022) and 78 (Feb-2022), with the following formulations: I) ivermectin 3.15% (Ivomec Gold®) (GI), II) fipronil 1% (Ectoline®) (GII) and III) a combination of fipronil 2% and ivermectin 1% (Vaquero®) (GIII). From Nov-2021 to Dec-2022, counts of R. microplus were periodically performed to evaluate the tick infestation. Engorged females were collected at the beginning and end of the trial to determine the evolution of tick resistance to ivermectin and fipronil by in vitro bioassays. At the end of trial, GII and GIII had higher tick counts (39.18 ± 11.88 and 38.33 ± 14.31, respectively) than group I (5.11 ± 6.24) (P<0.05). The in vitro results shows that the resistance ratio (RR50) values after the treatments were higher for fipronil (5.584 and 5.649 for GII and GIII, respectively) than for ivermectin (1.165 and 1.088 for GI and GIII, respectively). In the group treated with the combination (GIII), the RR50 increased for both drugs simultaneously. These results suggest that the successive use of drug combinations could exacerbate the problem of multi-resistance of R. microplus to chemical acaricides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Sarli
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), Ruta 34 Km 227, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Jorgelina Torrents
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), Ruta 34 Km 227, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - José R Toffaletti
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria El Colorado, El Colorado, Formosa, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Morel
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), Ruta 34 Km 227, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Santiago Nava
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), Ruta 34 Km 227, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
DeRosa AA, Pullins A, Tena JK, Holzmer S, Packianathan R. Effectiveness of a fixed-dose combination injectable (0.2 mg/kg doramectin + 6.0 mg/kg levamisole hydrochloride) against Rhipicephalus microplus and sucking lice infesting cattle. Vet Parasitol 2023; 323S:110009. [PMID: 37635045 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Unmanaged tick and sucking lice infestations negatively impact the health and production potential of cattle. Described herein are two non-interference dose confirmation studies evaluating the efficacy of a single administration of a new fixed-dose combination injectable (FDCI) endectocide consisting of 0.2 mg/kg doramectin + 6.0 mg/kg levamisole hydrochloride, against either laboratory-induced Rhipicephalus microplus infestations in Australia or naturally acquired sucking lice (Linognathus vituli) infestations in the US. This FDCI is available as Dectomax V® in Australia and New Zealand and as Valcor® in the United States. To evaluate therapeutic efficacy against R. microplus, 12 calves were each exposed to 10 infestations of ∼5000 larvae per infestation between Days -24 and -2. Calves were either treated on Day 0 with the FDCI or left untreated (control). Additional R. microplus infestations of ∼5000 larvae were conducted on Day 2 and then three times weekly to also evaluate persistent efficacy of the FDCI. Tick collections were conducted daily from Day -3. Group mean live tick counts, egg production, and egg viability were analyzed for significant differences between the two groups. To determine efficacy of the FDCI against lice, 24 cattle with active sucking lice infestations based on Day -7 counts were allocated to two groups and treated on Day 0 with either saline (control) or the FDCI. Lice counts were conducted weekly from Day 14 through 42 and again on Day 56. Mean group lice counts on each count day were compared between treatment groups. In the R. microplus study presented here, cattle in Queensland, Australia treated with the FDCI (Dectomax V®) showed > 90 % reduction in tick counts based on arithmetic means within 48 h of treatment when compared to untreated cattle, and counts were > 95 % reduced from post-treatment Day 5 through Day 30. In the sucking lice study conducted in the US, the FDCI (Valcor®) displayed 100 % efficacy against sucking lice infestations (L. vituli) from first count day (Day 14 post-treatment) through Day 35 and then 99.9 % efficacy through Day 56 post-treatment. No treatment-related adverse events were reported for cattle in either study. Using R. microplus and sucking lice as representative ectoparasites, these studies demonstrate the ectoparasite activity of doramectin is retained in the new FDCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A DeRosa
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage St, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA.
| | - Aleah Pullins
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage St, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Jezaniah Kira Tena
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage St, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Susan Holzmer
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage St, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Raj Packianathan
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Level 6, 5 Rider Boulevard, Rhodes, NSW 2138, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
de la Fuente J, Estrada-Peña A, Rafael M, Almazán C, Bermúdez S, Abdelbaset AE, Kasaija PD, Kabi F, Akande FA, Ajagbe DO, Bamgbose T, Ghosh S, Palavesam A, Hamid PH, Oskam CL, Egan SL, Duarte-Barbosa A, Hekimoğlu O, Szabó MPJ, Labruna MB, Dahal A. Perception of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases Worldwide. Pathogens 2023; 12:1258. [PMID: 37887774 PMCID: PMC10610181 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this comprehensive review study, we addressed the challenge posed by ticks and tick-borne diseases (TBDs) with growing incidence affecting human and animal health worldwide. Data and perspectives were collected from different countries and regions worldwide, including America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. The results updated the current situation with ticks and TBD and how it is perceived by society with information bias and gaps. The study reinforces the importance of multidisciplinary and international collaborations to advance in the surveillance, communication and proposed future directions to address these challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain;
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Agustín Estrada-Peña
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Research Group in Emerging Zoonoses, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Rafael
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo 12, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain;
| | - Consuelo Almazán
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autonóma de Querétaro, Avenida de las Ciencias S/N Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico;
| | - Sergio Bermúdez
- Medical Entomology Research Department, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Research, Panama City 0816-02593, Panama;
| | - Abdelbaset E. Abdelbaset
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Graduate School of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Paul D. Kasaija
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute (NaLIRRI/NARO), Kampala P.O. Box 5704, Uganda; (P.D.K.); (F.K.)
| | - Fredrick Kabi
- National Livestock Resources Research Institute (NaLIRRI/NARO), Kampala P.O. Box 5704, Uganda; (P.D.K.); (F.K.)
| | - Foluke Adedayo Akande
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 111101, Ogun State, Nigeria;
| | - Dorcas Oluwakemi Ajagbe
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, College of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 111101, Ogun State, Nigeria;
| | - Timothy Bamgbose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Unit, Faculty of Science, Kings University, Ode-Omu City 221102, Osun State, Nigeria;
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India;
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37, Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Azhahianambi Palavesam
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai 600051, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Penny H. Hamid
- Department of Animal Science, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia;
| | - Charlotte L. Oskam
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (C.L.O.); (S.L.E.)
- Centre for One Health and Biosecurity, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia;
| | - Siobhon L. Egan
- School of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; (C.L.O.); (S.L.E.)
- Centre for One Health and Biosecurity, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia;
| | - Amanda Duarte-Barbosa
- Centre for One Health and Biosecurity, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia;
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Olcay Hekimoğlu
- Division of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara 06800, Turkey;
| | - Matias P. J. Szabó
- Laboratório de Ixodologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720/Campus Umuarama-Bloco 2T, Uberlândia 38400-902, Brazil;
| | - Marcelo B. Labruna
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-220, Brazil;
| | - Ananta Dahal
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Agriculture and Forestry University, Chitwan 44200, Nepal;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hakami MA, Malak N, Khan A, Ullah H, Cossío-Bayúgar R, Nasreen N, Niaz S, Khan A, Chen CC. In Silico Exploration and Experimental Validation of Camellia sinensis Extract against Rhipicephalus microplus and Sarcoptes scabiei: An Integrated Approach. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2040. [PMID: 37895422 PMCID: PMC10608266 DOI: 10.3390/life13102040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcoptes scabiei is an ectoparasite of humans and animals that causes scabies. The Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a blood-sucking ectoparasite that transmits various pathogens. These two parasites have caused great losses to a country's dairy and agriculture sectors. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro and in silico efficacy of Camellia sinensis plant extracts. Different concentrations of C. sinensis ethanolic plant extracts were prepared using the maceration method and were used against mites and ticks (in adult immersion test AIT and larval packet test LPT) to evaluate their in vitro acaricidal activity. Additionally, in silico molecular docking was performed to investigate the inhibitory interactions between the phytochemicals of the plant and S. scabiei and R. microplus glutathione transferase proteins (SsGST and RmGST). This study observed that the plant extract showed high efficacy in vitro against mites and different tick stages in adult immersion and larval packet tests. Additionally, the in silico study revealed a strong binding interaction between ellagic acid and SsGST protein, with a binding energy of -7.3 kcal/mol, with respect to permethrin (-6.7 kcal/mol), whereas quercetin and RmGST resulted in a docking score of -8.6 kcal/mol compared to deltamethrin (-8.2 kcal/mol). Overall, this study explored the potential of C. sinensis as a natural alternative for controlling tick and mite infestations and provided insights into the inhibitory mechanisms of its phytochemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ageeli Hakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh 11911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nosheen Malak
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Afshan Khan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Hidayat Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Raquel Cossío-Bayúgar
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal eInocuidad, INIFAP, Km 11 Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla, No. 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec 62550, Mexico
| | - Nasreen Nasreen
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Niaz
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Adil Khan
- Department of Zoology and Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24420, Pakistan
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Centre for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Martins VDC, Marchesini P, Duque L, França LP, Ferreira YDS, Souza MDC, Monteiro C, Godoy RLDO, de Carvalho MG. Acaricidal activity of a 2-methoxy-clovan-9-ol rich fraction from Eugenia copacabanensis (Myrtaceae) extract on Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Exp Parasitol 2023; 253:108604. [PMID: 37634843 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus (Ixodidae, canestrini, 1888) is an invasive ectoparasite of cattle which causes high economic losses in emerging countries such as Brazil. Phytochemical compounds have been tested as an alternative to synthetic acaricides due to potentially lower mammalian toxicity. This study evaluated the acaricidal activity against R. microplus of the 2-methoxy-clovan-9-ol rich fraction obtained from Eugenia copacabanensis Kiaersk.leaves, a little known Myrtaceae species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. This fraction was obtained by maceration with methanol, partition with n-hexane and purification by normal-phase column chromatography. GC-MS, 1H and 13C NMR and IR analysis contributed to the identification of a major compound as the sesquiterpene 2-methoxy-clovan-9-ol, reported for the first time for the Myrtaceae family. The fraction was tested against R. microplus unfed larvae and engorged females and a 93% larval mortality was observed at the concentration of 50 mg mL-1. Lower concentrations of the solution tested demonstrated a significant difference in egg mass weight, hatching and control percentage. Experiments with 50.0 mg mL-1 showed significative results, with lower concentration and maximum efficacy for both assays. The IC50 values for unfed larvae and engorged females were 21.76 and 11.13 mg mL-1, respectively. These results were similar to those obtained in other studies with isolated botanical compounds and essential oils. The lower IC50 for engorged females than for unfed R. microplus larvae had also been described for other plant materials, including plants from the same Myrtaceae family. The present result suggested different mechanisms of action of the compound on the reproductive biology of engorged females, improving its effect against egg viability. These results are important for tick control, suggesting that 2-methoxy-clovan-9-ol could be a potential natural acaricidal product against both R. microplus unfed larvae and engorged females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor de Carvalho Martins
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), BR-465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ, 23897-000, Brazil; Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UFRRJ, BR-465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ, 23897-000, Brazil; Laboratory of Liquid Chromatography, Embrapa Food Technology, Avenida das Américas, 29501, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23020-470, Brazil.
| | - Paula Marchesini
- Postgraduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, UFRRJ, BR-465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Lívia Duque
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, Animal Behavior and Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n, Juiz de Fora, Mg, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Liliana Princisval França
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UFRRJ, BR-465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Yasmim da Silva Ferreira
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UFRRJ, BR-465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Marcelo da Costa Souza
- RBR Herbarium, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, UFRRJ, BR-465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Avenida, Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Ronoel Luiz de Oliveira Godoy
- Laboratory of Liquid Chromatography, Embrapa Food Technology, Avenida das Américas, 29501, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 23020-470, Brazil
| | - Mario Geraldo de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Natural Product Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UFRRJ, BR-465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ, 23897-000, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
da Costa AJ, de Souza Martins JR, de Almeida Borges F, Vettorato LF, Barufi FB, de Oliveira Arriero Amaral H, Abujamra LC, de Castro Rodrigues D, Zanetti Lopes WD. First report of the efficacy of a fluralaner-based pour-on product (Exzolt® 5%) against ectoparasites infesting cattle in Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:336. [PMID: 37752574 PMCID: PMC10523720 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study describes the effectiveness of a novel active pharmaceutical ingredient, fluralaner (isoxazoline class), against important ectoparasites infesting cattle in Brazil. METHODS A total of 13 studies involving a 5% fluralaner-based pour-on formulation (Exzolt 5%; further referred to as Exzolt) were conducted. Specifically, the effectiveness of this formulation was studied against Rhipicephalus microplus (6 studies), Cochliomyia hominivorax larvae (4 studies), Dermatobia hominis larvae (1 study) and Haematobia irritans flies (2 studies). RESULTS The therapeutic efficacy of Exzolt was found to exceed 98% at 4 days post treatment (DPT), while persistent efficacy (> 90% efficacy) against repeated infestations of R. microplus was observed for up to 79 DPT. In field studies, ≥ 98% therapeutic efficacy was demonstrated at all study sites by 7 DPT, and a persistent efficacy (> 90% efficacy) was observed for 42, 49 or 56 DPT. Exzolt prevented C. hominivorax eggs from developing to the larval stage, thus mitigating the development of myiasis in cattle naturally and artificially infested with this screworm. The efficacy of Exzolt against D. hominis larvae was 98% at 3 DPT, while persistent efficacy (> 90% effectiveness) was found to last for up to 70 DPT. Against H. irritans, Exzolt showed therapeutic efficacy (≥ 90%) within the first day of treatment at both study sites, while persistent efficacy (≥ 90%) was observed for 7 DPT at one site and for 21 DPT at the other site. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results from these studies confirm that Exzolt is therapeutically efficacious against the most important ectoparasites infesting cattle in Brazil. The novel active pharmaceutical ingredient, fluralaner, provides a new treatment option for farmers to control cattle ectoparasites, especially where there is resistance to other chemical classes. In addition, an effective control of ectoparasites will improve overall cattle health and well-being as well as production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvimar José da Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando de Almeida Borges
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel de Castro Rodrigues
- MSD Saúde Animal, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rangubpit W, Suwan E, Sangthong D, Wongpanit K, Stich RW, Pongprayoon P, Jittapalapong S. Elucidating structure and dynamics of glutathione S-transferase from Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:7309-7317. [PMID: 36093982 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2120079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is tick parasite that affects the cattle industry worldwide. In R. (B.) microplus, acaricide resistance develops rapidly against many commercial acaricides. One of main resistance strategies is to enhance the metabolic detoxification mediated by R. (B.) microplus glutathione-S-transferase (RmGST). RmGST detoxifies acaricides by catalyzing the conjugation of glutathione to acaricides. Although structural and dynamic details of RmGST are expected to elucidate the biologic activity of this molecule, these data have not been available to date. Thus, Molecular Dynamics simulations were employed to study ligand-free RmGST at an atomic level. Like other m-class GSTs, the flexible m loop (m1) of RmGST was observed. M1 seems to shield the active sites from the bulk. A RmGST dimer is stabilized by the lock-and-key motif (F57 as "key") and hydrogen bonds of R82-E91 and R82-D98 at the dimer interface. Without substrates, conserved catalytic Y116 and N209 can interact with V112, G210 (for Y116) and F215 (for N209). Overall, most residues involving in RmGST function and stability are similar to other m-class GSTs. This implies similar structural stability and catalytic activity of RmGST to other GSTs. An insight obtained here will be useful for management of acaricide resistance and tick control.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warin Rangubpit
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eukote Suwan
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Danai Sangthong
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kannika Wongpanit
- Department of Agriculture and Resources, Faculty of Natural Resources and Agro-Industry, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Kasetsart University, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Roger W Stich
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Prapasiri Pongprayoon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sathaporn Jittapalapong
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nicaretta JE, de Melo Junior RD, Naves RB, de Morais IML, Salvador VF, Leal LLLL, Teixeira ALC, Ferreira LL, Klafke GM, Monteiro CMDO, Borges FDA, Costa Junior LM, Rodrigues DS, Lopes WDZ. Selective versus strategic control against Rhipicephalus microplus in cattle: A comparative analysis of efficacy, animal health, productivity, cost, and resistance management. Vet Parasitol 2023; 321:109999. [PMID: 37556962 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
This study compared selective control versus strategic control against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, under conditions of a real dairy farm. Strategic control requires that all animals be treated with acaricide at regular pre-determined intervals. Selective control only requires treatment of infested animals and only when they are at or above a pre-determined threshold. Tick counts on animals and in pasture were performed and the susceptibility of tick populations to the different treatment methods was evaluated at the beginning and end of the study using the Larval Packet Test, Larval Immersion Test, and Adult Immersion Test. Over the four years of the study strategic control was more advantageous than the selective control as the group experienced lower tick burden on animals and in pasture, absence of skin lesions and myiases, lower operating costs, treatments concentrated in fewer months of the year and lower resistance pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Eduardo Nicaretta
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Raphaela Barbosa Naves
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Marcondes Klafke
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor - Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Caio Marcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Almeida Borges
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Sobreira Rodrigues
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Campo Experimental Santa Rita, Prudente de Morais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shakya M, Sharma AK, Kumar S, Upadhaya D, Nagar G, Singh K, M S, Ghosh S. Acaricides resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus and expression profile of ABC-transporter genes in the sampled populations. Exp Parasitol 2023; 252:108584. [PMID: 37468088 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Currently, livestock owners manage tick infestations using chemicals, but the method is increasingly losing effectiveness as resistant tick populations have established in the field conditions. Thus, to develop effective tick management strategies, monitoring of resistance in most predominant tick species, Rhipicephalus microplus was targeted. The ticks were collected from eleven districts of Madhya Pradesh and one district of Punjab and tested against deltamethrin (DLM), cypermethrin (CYP), coumaphos (CMP), ivermectin (IVM) and fipronil (FIP), through adult immersion and larval packet tests. The field isolates were highly resistant to DLM [Resistance factor (RF) = 3.98-38.84]. Against CYP, resistance was observed in BWN (Barwani; RF = 2.81) and MND (Mandsaur; RF = 3.23) isolates. Surprisingly, most of the isolates were susceptible to CMP (0.34-1.58). Emerging level of resistance against IVM (1.05-4.98) and FIP (0.40-2.18) was also observed in all the isolates. Significantly elevated production of esterases (p < 0.01) was 90% correlated with RF of DLM while no positive correlation between production of monooxygenase and Glutathione S-transferase with RF to DLM was noted. Multiple sequence analysis of S4-5 linker region of the sodium channel gene of all the isolates revealed a point mutation at 190th position (C190A) which is associated with DLM resistance. Treatment of resistant LDH (Ludhiana) isolate with IVM resulted in upregulation of RmABCC2 gene and insignificant upregulation of RmABCC1 and RmABCB10 genes indicating the probability of linking IVM resistance with over-expression of RmABCC2 gene. The possible tick management strategies are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Shakya
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly- 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Deepak Upadhaya
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Gaurav Nagar
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Kaushlendra Singh
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Sankar M
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly- 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Teixeira ALC, Lima Marreto LCN, Vale FL, Pereira E Sousa LJM, Gonzaga BCF, Silva IS, Santos EF, da Silva Lopes FF, de Morais SM, Lopes WDZ, Gomes GA, Monteiro C. Combinations of amitraz with essential oils from Lippia sidoides and Thymus vulgaris, thymol and thymol acetate for Rhipicephalus microplus control: studies under laboratory and field conditions. Vet Parasitol 2023; 321:109997. [PMID: 37562084 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of combining amitraz with essential oils (EOs) from Thymus vulgaris and Lippia sidoides, as well as the monoterpenes thymol and thymol acetate, on Rhipicephalus microplus in laboratory conditions, and to select the most effective combination for testing in field conditions. The chemical analysis showed that EOs were mainly composed of monoterpenes, with thymol and p-cymene as the major compounds. In larval (LIT) and adult (AIT) immersion tests using different concentrations of the oils and terpenes mixed with amitraz, the results showed that both EOs and thymol improved the efficacy of amitraz against larvae and engorged females of R. microplus, whereas thymol acetate only enhanced activity against larvae. The most favorable outcome was obtained with the EO of L. sidoides combined with amitraz, resulting in 99 % and 100 % efficacy against larvae and engorged females, respectively. Furthermore, the combination of amitraz with thymol showed presented an efficacy of 94 % and 91 % against larvae and engorged females, respectively. Thus, for the other tests, the combination of thymol + amitraz was chosen due to the ease of working with pure thymol in bioassays, and easier standardization. The immersion test (thymol + amitraz) with semi-engorged females showed 100 % efficacy for the combination of thymol + amitraz, while in tests with different solvents (thymol + amitraz), ethanol being the most effective solvent among those tested (ethanol, Triton, and Tween), resulting in 95 % efficacy on engorged females. In the field test, in treatments with amitraz and thymol + amitraz, efficacy of 54 % and 74 % was observed on day + 3 and 33 % and 43 % on day + 7, respectively. Assessing the reproductive biology of females recovered from animals treated with amitraz or amitraz + thymol, in day + 7, efficacies of 33 % and 52 %, respectively, were observed. EOs from T. vulgaris and L. sidoides and thymol improved the acaricidal activity of amitraz on larvae and engorged females of R. microplus under laboratory conditions, while thymol acetate only enhanced activity against larvae. Thymol increased the efficacy of amitraz under field conditions, however for the development of a commercially available acaricide to R. microplus control, additional studies are needed to increase the efficacy. Further research is needed (by changing concentrations, adding other compounds and/or developing formulations) to increase acaricidal efficacy and develop new effective products to combat R. microplus infestations in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Coutinho Teixeira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Laís Carneiro Naziasene Lima Marreto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Praça Universitária, nº 1166, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Francisca Leticia Vale
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira E Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno César Ferreira Gonzaga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Isabela Santos Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Emilly Faria Santos
- Graduação em Biotecnologia - R. 235, s/n° - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Francisco Flávio da Silva Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700 - Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Selene Maia de Morais
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700 - Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás, R. 235, s/n° - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Geovany Amorim Gomes
- Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Av. da Universidade, 850 - Campus da Betânia, Sobral, CE 62.040-370, Brazil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás, R. 235, s/n° - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Saciloto-de-Oliveira LR, Broetto L, Alves CI, da Rosa RL, Calegari Alves YP, da Silva RC, Berger M, Macedo AJ, Dalberto PF, Bizarro CV, Guimarães JA, Yates JR, Santi L, Beys-da-Silva WO. Metarhizium anisopliae E6 secretome reveals molecular players in host specificity and toxicity linked to cattle tick infection. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1136-1145. [PMID: 37495304 PMCID: PMC10394656 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Although Metarhizium anisopliae is one of the most studied fungal biocontrol agents, its infection mechanism is far from being completely understood. Using multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT), we evaluated the differential secretome of M. anisopliae E6 induced by the host Rhipicephalus microplus cuticle. The proteomic result showed changes in the expression of 194 proteins after exposure to host cuticle, such as proteins involved in adhesion, penetration, stress and fungal defense. Further, we performed a comparative genomic distribution of differentially expressed proteins of the M. anisopliae secretome against another arthropod pathogen, using the Beauveria bassiana ARSEF2860 protein repertory. Among 47 analyzed protein families, thirty were overexpressed in the M. anisopliae E6 predicted genome compared to B. bassiana. An in vivo toxicity assay using a Galleria mellonella model confirmed that the M. anisopliae E6 secretome was more toxic in cattle tick infections compared to other secretomes, including B. bassiana with cattle ticks and M. anisopliae E6 with the insect Dysdereus peruvianus, which our proteomic results had also suggested. These results help explain molecular aspects associated with host infection specificity due to genetic differences and gene expression control at the protein level in arthropod-pathogenic fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rafael Lopes da Rosa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Yohana Porto Calegari Alves
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Markus Berger
- Research of Experimental Center, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Brazil; Tick-Pathogen Transmission Unit, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, MT, USA
| | - Alexandre José Macedo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - John R Yates
- Scripps Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, CA, United States
| | - Lucélia Santi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Walter Orlando Beys-da-Silva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Moraes N, Nicaretta JE, Rodrigues DDC, Gonzaga BCF, Barrozo MM, Vale FL, Pereira E Sousa LJ, Coutinho AL, Gomes GW, Teixeira WFP, Lopes WDZ, Monteiro C. Comparison of the efficacy of different methods to apply acaricides for control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102190. [PMID: 37167772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study compared the efficacy of different methods to apply an acaricide formulation to control Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. To compare the methods, an acaricide blend containing three active ingredients (a pyrethroid and two organophosphates) was used. In experiment 1 (farm 1: Goiânia, GO, Brazil), three methods were tested: a backpack sprayer (BS), power sprayer (PS) and spray race (SR). In experiment 2 (farm 2: São José do Rio Pardo, SP, Brazil), two methods were tested: BS and PS. In both experiments, 10 cattle with similar tick burdens were used. On day 0 in both experiments, the animals were treated with the acaricide. On day +1 (only in experiment 1), +3, +7, +14, +21, +28 and +35 (only in experiment 2), tick counts were performed to determine the control efficacy. The time application, pressure (KPa), volume applied (L) and ergonomic aspects of each spraying system were also evaluated. The adult immersion test (AIT) using three different acaricide blends (combinations of pyrethroid + organophosphate) was performed to compare the susceptibility of strains of each farm. In experiment 1, all treatments significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the number of ticks on the animals, and PS resulted in the greatest acaricide efficacy since day +1. In experiment 2, both treatments (PS and BS) reduced (p < 0.05) the tick burden, and as observed in experiment 1, PS resulted in the best reduction. The application times were 4.5, 150 and 330 s, while pressures were 306.8, 4,826.3 and 220.6 KPa for SR, PS and BS, respectively. In the AIT, the efficacy values were between 99.8 and 100% for the tick strain form farm 1 (Goiânia), while for tick strain from farm 2 (São José do Rio Pardo), the efficacy was between 67.2 and 80.9%. We conclude that the sprayer methods chosen influences the efficacy of the acaricide. All sprayer methods were efficient for acaricide application; the best efficacy was obtained using the PS, while the SR resulted in good efficacy and lower application time. The strain from farm 2 was less susceptible to all acaricides tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nélio Moraes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - João Eduardo Nicaretta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Castro Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil; MSD Saúde Animal, Avenida Dr. Chucri Zaidan, 246-96, 9o Andar, São Paulo, SP CEP: 04583-110 Brasil
| | - Bruno César Ferreira Gonzaga
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Campus Colemar Natal e Silva - Rua 235, s/n - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605-050 Brazil
| | - Mayara Macedo Barrozo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Francisca Letícia Vale
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Lainny Jordana Pereira E Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Coutinho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Webert Gomes
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Weslen Fabricio Pires Teixeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG). Rua 235, s/n, Setor Universitário, Campus Colemar e Silva, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG). Rua 235, s/n, Setor Universitário, Campus Colemar e Silva, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74605-050, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Waldman J, Klafke GM, Tirloni L, Logullo C, da Silva Vaz I. Putative target sites in synganglion for novel ixodid tick control strategies. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102123. [PMID: 36716581 PMCID: PMC10033424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Acaricide resistance is a global problem that has impacts worldwide. Tick populations with broad resistance to all commercially available acaricides have been reported. Since resistance selection in ticks and their role in pathogen transmission to animals and humans result in important economic and public health burden, it is essential to develop new strategies for their control (i.e., novel chemical compounds, vaccines, biological control). The synganglion is the tick central nervous system and it is responsible for synthesizing and releasing signaling molecules with different physiological functions. Synganglion proteins are the targets of the majority of available acaricides. In this review we provide an overview of the mode-of-action and resistance mechanisms against neurotoxic acaricides in ticks, as well as putative target sites in synganglion, as a supporting tool to identify new target proteins and to develop new strategies for tick control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Waldman
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Marcondes Klafke
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor - Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucas Tirloni
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Tick-Pathogen Transmission Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Carlos Logullo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, IBqM, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Barbieri A, Rico IB, Silveira C, Feltrin C, Dall Agnol B, Schrank A, Lozina L, Klafke GM, Reck J. Field efficacy of Metarhizium anisopliae oil formulations against Rhipicephalus microplus ticks using a cattle spray race. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102147. [PMID: 36893500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus tick is the main ectoparasite of cattle in Brazil. The exhaustive use of chemical acaricides to control this tick has favored the selection of resistant tick populations. Entomopathogenic fungi, as Metarhizium anisopliae, has been described as a potential biocontroller of ticks. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of two oil based formulations of M. anisopliae for the control of the cattle tick R. microplus under field conditions using a cattle spray race as a method of treatment. Initially, in vitro assays were carried out with an aqueous suspension of M. anisopliae, using mineral oil and/or silicon oil. A potential synergism between oils and fungus conidia for tick control was demonstrated. Additionally, the usefulness of silicon oil in order to reduce mineral oil concentration, while improving formulation efficacy was illustrated. Based on the in vitro results, two formulations were selected for use in the field trial: MaO1 (107 conidia/mL plus 5% mineral oil) and MaO2 (107 conidia/mL plus 2.5% mineral oil and 0.01% silicon oil). The adjuvants concentrations (mineral and silicon oils) were chosen since preliminary data indicate that higher concentrations caused significant mortality in adult ticks. For this, 30 naturally infested heifers were divided into three groups based on previous tick counts. The control group did not receive treatment. The selected formulations were applied on animals using a cattle spray race. Subsequently, tick load was evaluated weekly by counting. The MaO1 treatment significantly reduced the tick count only on day +21, reaching approximately 55% efficacy. On the other hand, MaO2 showed significantly lower tick counts on days +7, +14, and +21 after treatment, with weekly efficacy achieving 66%. The results showed a substantial reduction of tick infestation, up to day +28, using a novel formulation of M. anisopliae based in the mixture of two oils. Moreover, we have shown, for the first time, the feasibility of employing formulations of M. anisopliae for large-scale treatment methods, such as a cattle spray race, which in turn, may increase the use and adhesion to biological control tools among farmers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Barbieri
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | - I B Rico
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | | | - C Feltrin
- Fazenda Escola BIOTECH, Guaiba, RS, Brazil
| | - B Dall Agnol
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | - A Schrank
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste - UNNE, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - L Lozina
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - G M Klafke
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | - J Reck
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Malak N, Alotaibi BS, Khan A, Khan A, Ullah S, Nasreen N, Niaz S, Chen CC. Density Functional Theory Calculations and Molecular Docking Analyses of Flavonoids for Their Possible Application against the Acetylcholinesterase and Triose-Phosphate Isomerase Proteins of Rhipicephalus microplus. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083606. [PMID: 37110838 PMCID: PMC10145301 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks and tick-borne diseases constitute a substantial hazard to the livestock industry. The rising costs and lack of availability of synthetic chemical acaricides for farmers with limited resources, tick resistance to current acaricides, and residual issues in meat and milk consumed by humans further aggravate the situation. Developing innovative, eco-friendly tick management techniques, such as natural products and commodities, is vital. Similarly, searching for effective and feasible treatments for tick-borne diseases is essential. Flavonoids are a class of natural chemicals with multiple bioactivities, including the inhibition of enzymes. We selected eighty flavonoids having enzyme inhibitory, insecticide, and pesticide properties. Flavonoids' inhibitory effects on the acetylcholinesterase (AChE1) and triose-phosphate isomerase (TIM) proteins of Rhipicephalus microplus were examined utilizing a molecular docking approach. Our research demonstrated that flavonoids interact with the active areas of proteins. Seven flavonoids (methylenebisphloridzin, thearubigin, fortunellin, quercetagetin-7-O-(6-O-caffeoyl-β-d-glucopyranoside), quercetagetin-7-O-(6-O-p-coumaroyl-β-glucopyranoside), rutin, and kaempferol 3-neohesperidoside) were the most potent AChE1 inhibitors, while the other three flavonoids (quercetagetin-7-O-(6-O-caffeoyl-β-d-glucopyranoside), isorhamnetin, and liquiritin) were the potent inhibitors of TIM. These computationally-driven discoveries are beneficial and can be utilized in assessing drug bioavailability in both in vitro and in vivo settings. This knowledge can create new strategies for managing ticks and tick-borne diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nosheen Malak
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Bader S Alotaibi
- Department of Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Alquwayiyah 15273, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afshan Khan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Adil Khan
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24420, Pakistan
| | - Shakir Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Nasreen Nasreen
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Niaz
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Figueiredo A, Anholeto LA, Cola DF, Fantatto RR, Gainza YA, Dos Santos IB, Viçozzi GP, Ávila DS, Fraceto LF, Chagas ACDS. Acaricides containing zein nanoparticles: a tool for a lower impact control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Vet Parasitol 2023; 318:109918. [PMID: 37054578 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Nanoformulations containing zein nanoparticles (ZN) can promote the stability and protection of molecules with acaricidal activity. The present study sought to develop nanoformulations with ZN associated with cypermethrin (CYPE) + chlorpyrifos (CHLO) + a plant compound (citral, menthol or limonene), characterize them, and verify their efficacy against Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. Additionally, we aimed to assess its safety in nontarget nematodes found in soil at a site subjected to contamination by acaricides. The nanoformulations were characterized by dynamic light scattering and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Nanoformulations 1 (ZN+CYPE+CHLO+citral), 2 (ZN+CYPE+CHLO+menthol), and 3 (ZN+CYPE+CHLO+limonene) were measured for diameter, polydispersion, zeta potential, concentration, and encapsulation efficiency. Nanoformulations 1, 2, and 3 were evaluated in a range from 0.004 to 0.466 mg/mL on R. microplus larvae and caused mortality > 80% at concentrations above 0.029 mg/mL. The commercial acaricide Colosso® (CYPE 15 g + CHLO 25 g + citronellal 1 g) was evaluated also from 0.004 to 0.512 mg/mL and resulted in 71.9% larval mortality at 0.064 mg/mL. Formulations 1, 2, and 3 at 0.466 mg/mL showed acaricidal efficacy of 50.2%, 40.5%, and 60.1% on engorged females, respectively, while Colosso® at 0.512 mg/mL obtained only 39.4%. The nanoformulations exhibited long residual period of activity and lower toxicity to nontarget nematodes. ZN was able to protect the active compounds against degradation during the storage period. Thus, ZN can be an alternative for the development of new acaricidal formulations using lower concentrations of active compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Figueiredo
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Luís Adriano Anholeto
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Southeast Livestock Unit, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 234 s/n, Fazenda Canchim, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Diego Faria Cola
- Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Três de março, 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, SP 18087-180, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Regina Fantatto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, km 1, Campos Ville, Araraquara SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Yousmel Alemán Gainza
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Isabella Barbosa Dos Santos
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Pedroso Viçozzi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, Uruguaiana, RS 97501-970, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva Ávila
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, Uruguaiana, RS 97501-970, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto
- Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Três de março, 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, SP 18087-180, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina de Souza Chagas
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Southeast Livestock Unit, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 234 s/n, Fazenda Canchim, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
A comparison of two in vitro bioassays to detect resistance of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus to fipronil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2023; 37:100816. [PMID: 36623897 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to compare the sensitivity of two in vitro bioassays to detect resistant to fipronil in Argentinean populations of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Two different larval bioassays prepared with technical grade (97%) fipronil were compared: larval immersion test (LIT) and larval packet test (LPT). Seven strains from different provinces were treated with both assays. Colonia Tabay, Colonia Benítez, Intiyaco and Quimili strains were considered resistant in both LIT and LPT bioassays. The 95% confidence intervals (IC95) for lethal concentration 50% (LC50) did not overlap with the susceptible reference strain (SRS) and all the values of RR50 obtained were higher than 2. Garabato and Federal strains were considered as susceptible for both techniques because the IC95 for the LC50 overlapped with those of the SRS and the RR50 values were lesser than 2. An ambiguous situation occurs with Reconquista strain. This strain was considered as susceptible with LPT and with incipient resistant after LIT trial. The analysis of the results indicates that both LIT and LPT trials have enough sensibility to differentiate resistant and susceptible strains, but LIT was more sensitive than LPT when the resistance is incipient.
Collapse
|
34
|
Filgueiras MDG, Matos RS, Barreto LP, Mascarin GM, Rizzo PV, Freitas FMC, de Azevedo Prata MC, Monteiro C, Fernandes ÉKK. From the laboratory to the field: efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes to control the cattle tick. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:216-225. [PMID: 36129057 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The control of ticks is challenged by the resistance of tick populations to chemical acaricides. In this study, we evaluated, under laboratory conditions, the efficacy of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus engorged females with varying body weights (150, 200, 250, 300 or 350 mg per female) or from eight different geographical populations. We also determined the efficacy of H. bacteriophora for tick control under field conditions. RESULTS R. microplus engorged females with varying body weights exposed to 150 juveniles of H. bacteriophora resulted in a high control efficacy (97.5% to 98.4%). Tests with females from different geographical populations comprised eight tick strains treated with H. bacteriophora and their respective control groups. The biological parameters of females exposed to nematode treatments did not differ significantly and resulted in 89% to 99% of control efficacy. Trials conducted under field conditions were performed in field plots with Megathyrsus maximus grass. Treatment groups received eight cadavers of Tenebrio molitor fully colonized with H. bacteriophora at 1 week prior to the release of female ticks, whereas control groups were untreated. On the first day of the experiment, six engorged females were distributed in each plot. On day 42 and day 63, the apical portion of the grasses with R. microplus larvae were collected and quantified. The population of R. microplus larvae was reduced up to 73.1% in plots treated with H. bacteriophora at day 63 after treatment. CONCLUSION R. microplus engorged females with varying body weights or from different geographical populations were highly susceptible to H. bacteriophora. The field test demonstrated the efficacy of H. bacteriophora in reducing R. microplus larvae in infested pastures. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucas Prado Barreto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Caio Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Éverton Kort Kamp Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Saporiti T, Cabrera M, Bentancur J, Ferrari ME, Cabrera N, Pérez-Montfort R, Aguirre-Crespo FJ, Gil J, Cuore U, Matiadis D, Sagnou M, Alvarez G. Phenotypic and Target-Directed Screening Yields New Acaricidal Alternatives for the Control of Ticks. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248863. [PMID: 36557996 PMCID: PMC9781803 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus, the "common cattle tick", is the most important ectoparasite in livestock worldwide due to the economic and health losses it produces. This tick is a vector for pathogens of several tick-borne diseases. In Latin American countries, damages reach approximately USD 500 million annually due to tick infections, as well as tick-borne diseases. Currently, resistant populations for every chemical group of acaricides have been reported, posing a serious problem for tick control. This study aims to find new alternatives for controlling resistant ticks with compounds derived from small synthetic organic molecules and natural origins. Using BME26 embryonic cells, we performed phenotypic screening of 44 natural extracts from 10 Mexican plants used in traditional medicine, and 33 compounds selected from our chemical collection. We found 10 extracts and 13 compounds that inhibited cell growth by 50% at 50 µg/mL and 100 µM, respectively; the dose-response profile of two of them was characterized, and these compounds were assayed in vitro against different life stages of Rhipicephalus microplus. We also performed a target-directed screening of the activity of triosephosphate isomerase, using 86 compounds selected from our chemical collection. In this collection, we found the most potent and selective inhibitor of tick triosephosphate isomerase reported until now. Two other compounds had a potent acaricidal effect in vitro using adults and larvae when compared with other acaricides such as ivermectin and Amitraz. Those compounds were also selective to the ticks compared with the cytotoxicity in mammalian cells like macrophages or bovine spermatozoids. They also had a good toxicological profile, resulting in promising acaricidal compounds for tick control in cattle raising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Saporiti
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Bioactivas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Mauricio Cabrera
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Bioactivas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (G.A.)
| | - Josefina Bentancur
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Bioactivas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - María Elisa Ferrari
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Bioactivas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Nallely Cabrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | - Ruy Pérez-Montfort
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Estructural, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico
| | | | - Jorge Gil
- Laboratorio de Reproducción Animal, Producción y Reproducción de Rumiantes, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Ulises Cuore
- División de Laboratorios Veterinarios “Miguel C. Rubino”, Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Montevideo 91600, Uruguay
| | - Dimitris Matiadis
- National Center for Scientific Research ‘Demokritos’, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Sagnou
- National Center for Scientific Research ‘Demokritos’, Institute of Biosciences & Applications, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Guzmán Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Moléculas Bioactivas, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, CENUR Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (G.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sarli M, Torrents J, Morel N, Nava S. Analysis of sequence variations in the GABA gated chloride gene associated with resistance to fipronil in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks from Argentina. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:102030. [PMID: 36041297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the sequence variations of the GABA-Cl gene of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks from Argentina with different resistance levels to fipronil. Genomic DNA was obtained from engorged females (n = 50) of fipronil-susceptible and resistant tick field populations from five localities in northern Argentina. Tick populations were tested for fipronil resistance by in vitro larval packet test. DNA encoding amino acid residues 264-360 of the GABA-Cl was amplified by PCR. PCR products were sequenced and the translated amino acid sequences were aligned and compared among each other and with sequences of the GABA-Cl belonging to the Brazilian and Uruguayan reference strains fipronil-susceptible (Mozo) and resistant (RFSan and Juarez). All the GABA-Cl amino acid sequences obtained from the R. microplus specimens from Argentina were identical, regardless of the fipronil resistance-susceptibility status of each population. Mutations present in GABA-Cl sequence of RFSan and Juarez strains were not present in any of the populations from Argentina analyzed. These results indicate the failure of this gene as a molecular marker of resistance to fipronil, at least in the R. microplus populations from northern Argentina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Sarli
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Torrents
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Kreder 2805, CP 3080 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Morel
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Santiago Nava
- Instituto de Investigación de la Cadena Láctea (IdICaL) (INTA-CONICET), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela (INTA E.E.A. Rafaela), CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shakya M, Nandi A, Fular A, Kumar S, Bisht N, Sharma AK, Singh K, Kumar R, Kumar S, Juliet S, Ghosh S. Synergistic property of piperonyl butoxide, diethyl maleate, triphenyl phosphate and verapamil hydrochloride with deltamethrin and ivermectin against Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:102006. [PMID: 35917692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.102006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study was taken up to evaluate the synergistic properties of piperonyl butoxide (PBO), diethyl maleate (DEM), triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and verapamil (VER) with deltamethrin (DLM) and ivermectin (IVM) against DLM and IVM resistant tick populations collected from Madhya Pradesh and Punjab states of India. The collected field tick populations were resistant to DLM (Resistance Factor [RF] in the range of 21.71-32.98) and IVM (RF in the range of 1.89-4.98). A strong synergism between DLM and, IVM with PBO and IVM with VER was noticed. The synergistic efficacy of PBO and VER with IVM in reducing the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) value (1.69-5.72 times for PBO and 3.00-10.62 times for VER) of IVM in resistant ticks suggest that a combination of these synergists with IVM can significantly enhance the effectiveness of IVM against IVM-resistant Rhipicephlaus microplus populations gradually establishing in the different parts of the country. The synergistic efficiency of PBO with DLM in reducing the LC50 value was 2.65 and 18.01 times, respectively, against DLM- resistant two R. microplus populations (KTN and LDH). The study revealed the gradual establishment of DLM and IVM resistant populations in the surveyed states suggesting the need to adopt required resistance management strategies. The use of synergists with DLM and IVM has emerged as an effective approach for controlling the acaricide-resistant ticks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Shakya
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243112, India
| | - Abhijit Nandi
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243112, India
| | - Ashutosh Fular
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243112, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243112, India
| | - Nisha Bisht
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243112, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243112, India
| | - Kaushlendra Singh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243112, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Satyanshu Kumar
- ICAR-Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Boriavi, Anand, Gujarat 387310, India
| | - Sanis Juliet
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad, Kerala 673 576, India
| | - Srikanta Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh 243112, India.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Observing How Glutathione and S-Hexyl Glutathione Bind to Glutathione S-Transferase from Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112775. [PMID: 36361566 PMCID: PMC9655991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is one of the most widespread ticks causing a massive loss to livestock production. The long-term use of acaracides rapidly develops acaracide resistance. In R. microplus, enhancing the metabolic activity of glutathione S-transferase (RmGST) is one of the mechanisms underlying acaracide resistance. RmGST catalyzes the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) to insecticides causing an easy-to-excrete conjugate. The active RmGST dimer contains two active sites (hydrophobic co-substrate binding site (H-site) and GSH binding site (G-site)) in each monomer. To preserve the insecticide efficacy, s-hexyl glutathione (GTX), a GST inhibitor, has been used as a synergist. To date, no molecular information on the RmGST-GSH/GTX complex is available. The insight is important for developing a novel RmGST inhibitor. Therefore, in this work, molecular dynamics simulations (MD) were performed to explore the binding of GTX and GSH to RmGST. GSH binds tighter and sits rigidly inside the G-site, while flexible GTX occupies both active sites. In GSH, the backbone mainly interacts with W8, R43, W46, K50, N59, L60, Q72, and S73, while its thiol group directs to Y7. In contrast, the aliphatic hexyl of GTX protrudes into the H-site and allows a flexible peptide core to form various interactions. Such high GTX flexibility and the protrusion of its hexyl moiety to the H-site suggest the dual role of GTX in preventing the conjugation reaction and the binding of acaracide. This insight can provide a better understanding of an important insecticide-resistance mechanism, which may in turn facilitate the development of novel approaches to tick control.
Collapse
|
39
|
Wulff JP, Temeyer KB, Tidwell JP, Schlechte KG, Lohmeyer KH, Pietrantonio PV. Periviscerokinin (Cap 2b; CAPA) receptor silencing in females of Rhipicephalus microplus reduces survival, weight and reproductive output. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:359. [PMID: 36203198 PMCID: PMC9535995 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, is a vector of pathogens causative of babesiosis and anaplasmosis, both highly lethal bovine diseases that affect cattle worldwide. In Ecdysozoa, neuropeptides and their G-protein-coupled receptors play a critical integrative role in the regulation of all physiological processes. However, the physiological activity of many neuropeptides is still unknown in ticks. Periviscerokinins (CAP2b/PVKs) are neuropeptides associated with myotropic and diuretic activities in insects. These peptides have been identified only in a few tick species, such as Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes scapularis and R. microplus, and their cognate receptor only characterized for the last two. METHODS Expression of the periviscerokinin receptor (Rhimi-CAP2bR) was investigated throughout the developmental stages of R. microplus and silenced by RNA interference (RNAi) in the females. In a first experiment, three double-stranded (ds) RNAs, named ds680-805, ds956-1109 and ds1102-1200, respectively, were tested in vivo. All three caused phenotypic effects, but only the last one was chosen for subsequent experiments. Resulting RNAi phenotypic variables were compared to those of negative controls, both non-injected and dsRNA beta-lactamase-injected ticks, and to positive controls injected with beta-actin dsRNA. Rhimi-CAP2bR silencing was verified by quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR in whole females and dissected tissues. RESULTS Rhimi-CAP2bR transcript expression was detected throughout all developmental stages. Rhimi-CAP2bR silencing was associated with increased female mortality, decreased weight of surviving females and of egg masses, a delayed egg incubation period and decreased egg hatching (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS CAP2b/PVKs appear to be associated with the regulation of female feeding, reproduction and survival. Since the Rhimi-CAP2bR loss of function was detrimental to females, the discovery of antagonistic molecules of the CAP2b/PVK signaling system should cause similar effects. Our results point to this signaling system as a promising target for tick control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan P. Wulff
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2475 USA
| | - Kevin B. Temeyer
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX 78028-9184 USA
| | - Jason P. Tidwell
- Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, 22675 N. Moorefield Rd. Building 6419, Edinburg, TX 78541-5033 USA
| | - Kristie G. Schlechte
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX 78028-9184 USA
| | - Kimberly H. Lohmeyer
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX 78028-9184 USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gonzaga BCF, de Moraes NR, Gomes GW, Coutinho AL, Vale FL, E Sousa LJMP, Marreto L, de Castro Rodrigues D, de Azevedo Prata MC, Marchesini P, Lopes WDZ, Monteiro C. Combination of synthetic acaricides with (E)-cinnamaldehyde to control Rhipicephalus microplus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2022; 88:191-207. [PMID: 36346558 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-022-00743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This work had the objectives to (1) evaluate the susceptibility of various Rhipicephalus microplus populations to commercial acaricides, and (2) select commercial acaricides (50-80% effective) and evaluate the effects of binary combinations of the phenylpropanoid (E)-cinnamaldehyde with selected commercial acaricides to control R. microplus under laboratory and field conditions. Using adult immersion tests with 116 populations and 14 commercial acaricides, products showing 50-80% effectiveness (percent control) with the lowest number of active ingredients were selected. Acaricides containing amitraz or chlorfenvinphos were tested in combination with (E)-cinnamaldehyde on a field population (strain CM). We found that (E)-cinnamaldehyde enhanced the activity of both commercial acaricides against R. microplus larvae; however, the enhancement was more accentuated when using amitraz. Experiments combining (E)-cinnamaldehyde + amitraz on unfed larvae and engorged females from another population (strain Gyn) were performed, verifying (E)-cinnamaldehyde enhanced the activity of amitraz. In the field experiment, the application of (E)-cinnamaldehyde appeared toxic to the tick hosts (cattle). We concluded that (E)-cinnamaldehyde enhanced the activity of amitraz against unfed larvae and engorged females of R. microplus; however, in the field test this phenylpropanoid caused intoxication in the cattle. Studies searching for new combinations of compounds from essential oils with amitraz deserve attention, as well as studies to develop formulations using amitraz + (E)-cinnamaldehyde that will be efficient and will not have toxic effects in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno César Ferreira Gonzaga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil.
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235, s/n - Setor Leste Universitário, 74605-050, Goiânia, GO, Brasil.
| | - Nélio Roberto de Moraes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Gabriel Webert Gomes
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia - Goiânia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Ana Lúcia Coutinho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Francisca Letícia Vale
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira E Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Laís Marreto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 240, esq. com 5ª avenida - Setor Leste Universitário, 74605-220, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Daniel de Castro Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
- MSD Saúde Animal, Avenida Doutor Chucri Zaidan, 296, 9º Andar, 04583-110, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Paula Marchesini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, R. 235, s/n.º - Setor Leste Universitário, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil.
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, R. 235, s/n.º - Setor Leste Universitário, 74690-900, Goiânia, GO, Brasil.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Novato TP, Milhomem MN, Marchesini PBC, Coutinho AL, Silva IS, de Souza Perinotto WM, de Azevedo Prata MC, Ferreira LL, Lopes WDZ, Costa-Júnior LM, de Oliveira Monteiro CM. Acaricidal activity of carvacrol and thymol on acaricide-resistant Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) populations and combination with cypermethrin: Is there cross-resistance and synergism? Vet Parasitol 2022; 310:109787. [PMID: 36054968 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the acaricidal activity of thymol and carvacrol on Rhipicephalus microplus populations with different resistance profiles and investigated the synergistic effect of combinations of these monoterpenes with cypermethrin. The adult immersion test (AIT) was used to characterize the susceptibility of tick populations (45 field populations) to synthetic acaricides: deltamethrin, amitraz and chlorfenvinphos. The larval packet test (LPT) was used to determine the LC50 values for thymol (25 tick populations) and carvacrol (20 tick populations). The susceptible strain Porto Alegre (POA) was used as a reference for calculating the resistance ratio (RR). Subsequently, larval immersion tests (LIT) were performed with combinations of cypermethrin with thymol or carvacrol to assess a synergistic effect. In the AIT, deltamethrin showed efficacy > 90% in one (2.2%) population tested (mean: 12.1 and 11.1 for populations 1-25 and 26-40, respectively), whereas amitraz and chlorfenvinphos showed efficacy > 90% for two (4.4%) populations (mean: 61.3 and 47.3 for populations 1-25 and 26-40, respectively) and eight (17.7%) populations (mean: 69.7 and 59.7 for populations 1-25 and 26-40, respectively). In the LPT, the LC50 values for thymol and carvacrol varied from 0.67 to 2.12 mg/mL and 0.55-3.21 mg/mL, with an average LC50 for populations of 1.49 and 1.75 mg/mL, respectively. For thymol, no resistance was observed in any of the populations, values of RR50 > 1.5. There was no correlation between the LC50 values for thymol and the efficacy of the chemical acaricides tested. Regarding carvacrol, for only one tick population had the value of RR50 > 1.5, indicating an incipient resistance. No correlation was observed between the LC50 values for carvacrol and the efficacy of tested acaricides. The combination of thymol and carvacrol with cypermethrin showed a synergistic effect in the resistant population (Jaguar - thymol 4.19 and carvacrol 3.67), and no synergistic interaction were showed in the susceptible population. Answering the questions we conclude that: 1 - The comparison between the LC50 values for thymol and carvacrol in field populations and the susceptible strain POA suggests the absence of cross-resistance (ticks and terpenes), and the differences between the LC50 values for thymol and carvacrol in the different R. microplus populations are inherent to the characteristics of each population tested; 2 - the combination of thymol or carvacrol with cypermethrin showed a synergistic effect with different activity according to the population of ticks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Pinheiro Novato
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 7, Seropédica, RJ 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Marlise Neves Milhomem
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, Bacanga, São Luís, MA 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Paula Barroso Cruz Marchesini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO CEP 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Coutinho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO CEP 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Isabela Santos Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO CEP 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Wendell Marcelo de Souza Perinotto
- Programa de Pós-graduação Integrado em Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Rua Rui Barbosa, 710, Cruz das Almas, BA CEP 44380-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva. Escola de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO CEP 74690-900, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia do Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Lívio Martins Costa-Júnior
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Av. dos Portugueses, 1966, Bacanga, São Luís, MA 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Caio Márcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO CEP 74690-900, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia do Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74.690-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Araújo PS, Caixeta MB, Canedo A, Nunes EDS, Monteiro C, Rocha TL. Toxicity of plant-based silver nanoparticles to vectors and intermediate hosts: Historical review and trends. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155299. [PMID: 35439509 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Green nanoparticles (GNPs), mainly green silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), have been recommended as sustainable and eco-friendly technologies to control vectors and intermediate hosts. The aim of the current study is to carry out a historical and systematic literature review about the use of green plant-based Ag NPs (GP-Ag NPs) to control medically important mosquito, tick and gastropods. Data about the number of studies published per year, geographical distribution of studies (mailing address of the corresponding author), synthesis type (plant species, plant structure and extract types), physicochemical properties of GP-Ag NPs, experimental designs, developmental stages and the toxic effects on mosquitoes, ticks and gastropods were summarized and discussed. Revised data showed that GP-Ag NPs synthesis and toxicity in mosquitoes, ticks and snails depend on plant species, plant part, extract types, exposure condition and on the analyzed species. GP-Ag NPs induced mortality, tissue damage, biochemical and behavioral changes in mosquitoes and reduced their fecundity, oviposition, egg hatching and longevity. Ticks exposed to GP-Ag NPs presented increased mortality and reduced oviposition, while on snails, studies demonstrated mortality, oxidative stress, and DNA damage. Immune responses were also observed in snails after their exposure to GP-Ag NPs. GP-Ag NPs reduced the reproduction and population of several vectors and intermediate hosts. This finding confirms their potential to be used in gastropod control programs. Future studies about current gaps in knowledge are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sampaio Araújo
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Maxwell Batista Caixeta
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Aryelle Canedo
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Eloiza da Silva Nunes
- Laboratory of Materials and Electroanalytics, Goiano Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Biology, Ecology and Tick Control Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Thiago Lopes Rocha
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Fantatto RR, Gainza YA, Figueiredo A, Sorrechia R, Chagas ACDS, Pietro RCLR. The association of extracts of Achyrocline satureioides and the fungus Beauveria bassiana against the tick Rhipicephalus microplus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2022; 87:351-363. [PMID: 36001248 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-022-00736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini) is a major economic hurdle to the global livestock industry. The incorrect and indiscriminate control carried out by synthetic chemical compounds has contributed to the emergence of parasite resistance present today to many products available in the veterinary market. Effective, economically viable and potentially safe alternatives need to be investigated, including herbal medicine and biological control by entomopathogenic fungi. In this study, extracts from Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC. obtained by extraction with solvents of different polarities associated and not associated with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin were evaluated on different stages of the life cycle of R. microplus. The activity of plant extracts, fungus and their associations in ticks was analyzed in vitro through the adult immersion test, larval packet test and larval immersion test. The highest efficacy on engorged females (43.3%) was reached by the hexanic partition (ASh) at 5 mg/mL + fungus, reducing larval hatchability. ASh associated with B. bassiana also caused high mortality of larvae, reaching LC50 of 6.23 and 2.65 mg/mL in the packet and immersion tests, respectively. The results obtained showed that extracts, when used in combination with the fungus, have their action enhanced, reaching 100% mortality of larvae. Among the evaluated methodologies, it was observed that the larval immersion test allows better assessment, due to the time of contact with the larvae. The results obtained with A. satureioides associated with the fungus are considered promising and open new perspectives for future product development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Regina Fantatto
- Departament of Drugs and Medicines, São Paulo State University UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14800-903, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yousmel Alemán Gainza
- Southeastern Livestock Unit, EMBRAPA - Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 234, 13560-970, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Figueiredo
- Southeastern Livestock Unit, EMBRAPA - Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 234, 13560-970, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Sorrechia
- Departament of Drugs and Medicines, São Paulo State University UNESP, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1, 14800-903, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina de Souza Chagas
- Southeastern Livestock Unit, EMBRAPA - Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Rodovia Washington Luiz, km 234, 13560-970, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wulff JP, Temeyer KB, Tidwell JP, Schlechte KG, Xiong C, Lohmeyer KH, Pietrantonio PV. Pyrokinin receptor silencing in females of the southern cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is associated with a reproductive fitness cost. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:252. [PMID: 35818078 PMCID: PMC9272880 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05349-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhipicephalus microplus is the vector of deadly cattle pathogens, especially Babesia spp., for which a recombinant vaccine is not available. Therefore, disease control depends on tick vector control. However, R. microplus populations worldwide have developed resistance to available acaricides, prompting the search for novel acaricide targets. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in the regulation of many physiological processes and have been suggested as druggable targets for the control of arthropod vectors. Arthropod-specific signaling systems of small neuropeptides are being investigated for this purpose. The pyrokinin receptor (PKR) is a GPCR previously characterized in ticks. Myotropic activity of pyrokinins in feeding-related tissues of Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Ixodes scapularis was recently reported. METHODS The R. microplus pyrokinin receptor (Rhimi-PKR) was silenced through RNA interference (RNAi) in female ticks. To optimize RNAi, a dual-luciferase assay was applied to determine the silencing efficiency of two Rhimi-PKR double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA) prior to injecting dsRNA in ticks to be placed on cattle. Phenotypic variables of female ticks obtained at the endpoint of the RNAi experiment were compared to those of control female ticks (non-injected and beta-lactamase dsRNA-injected). Rhimi-PKR silencing was verified by quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR in whole females and dissected tissues. RESULTS The Rhimi-PKR transcript was expressed in all developmental stages. Rhimi-PKR silencing was confirmed in whole ticks 4 days after injection, and in the tick carcass, ovary and synganglion 6 days after injection. Rhimi-PKR silencing was associated with an increased mortality and decreased weight of both surviving females and egg masses (P < 0.05). Delays in repletion, pre-oviposition and incubation periods were observed (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Rhimi-PKR silencing negatively affected female reproductive fitness. The PKR appears to be directly or indirectly associated with the regulation of female feeding and/or reproductive output in R. microplus. Antagonists of the pyrokinin signaling system could be explored for tick control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan P. Wulff
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2475 USA
| | - Kevin B. Temeyer
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX 78028-9184 USA
| | - Jason P. Tidwell
- Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 22675 N. Moorefield Rd. Building 6419, Edinburg, TX 78541-5033 USA
| | - Kristie G. Schlechte
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX 78028-9184 USA
| | - Caixing Xiong
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2475 USA
| | - Kimberly H. Lohmeyer
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX 78028-9184 USA
| | - Patricia V. Pietrantonio
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), 2700 Fredericksburg Road, Kerrville, TX 78028-9184 USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Obaid MK, Islam N, Alouffi A, Khan AZ, da Silva Vaz I, Tanaka T, Ali A. Acaricides Resistance in Ticks: Selection, Diagnosis, Mechanisms, and Mitigation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:941831. [PMID: 35873149 PMCID: PMC9299439 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.941831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks are blood-feeding ecto-parasites that have a cosmopolitan distribution in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Ticks cause economic losses in the form of reduced blood, meat and dairy products, as well as pathogen transmission. Different acaricides such as organochlorines, organophosphates, formamidines (e.g. amitraz), synthetic pyrethroids, macrocyclic lactones, fipronil, and fluazuron are currently used sequentially or simultaneously to control tick infestations. Most acaricide treatments now face increasingly high chances of failure, due to the resistance selection in different tick populations against these drugs. Acaricide resistance in ticks can be developed in different ways, including amino acid substitutions that result in morphological changes in the acaricide target, metabolic detoxification, and reduced acaricide entry through the outer layer of the tick body. The current literature brings a plethora of information regarding the use of different acaricides for tick control, resistance selection, analysis of mutations in target sites, and resistance mitigation. Alternatives such as synergistic use of different acaricides, plant-derived phytochemicals, fungi as biological control agents, and anti-tick vaccines have been recommended to avoid and mitigate acaricide resistance. The purpose of this review was to summarize and discuss different acaricides applied for tick control, their mechanisms of action and resistance selection, genetic polymorphisms in their target molecules, as well as the approaches used for diagnosis and mitigation of acaricide resistance, specifically in Rhipicephalus microplus ticks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nabila Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alam Zeb Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia and Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tetsuya Tanaka
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Abid Ali
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Nanoformulations with synthetic and plant-derived compounds for cattle tick control. Vet Parasitol 2022; 309:109756. [PMID: 35749843 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanocarriers of acaricidal compounds improve the bioavailability, absorption, and tissue distribution of active ingredients, releasing them in a slow, targeted way and protecting them against premature degradation. Thus, this study aimed to develop formulations from solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), or nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) associated with cypermethrin (cip) + chlorpyrifos (chlo) and vegetable compounds (citral, menthol, or limonene). Particles were then characterised, and their efficacy was verified on R. microplus in comparison to nanoformulations without the plant-based compounds. Six different formulations were developed and characterised by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Formulations 1 (SLN+cyp+chlo+citral), 2 (SLN+cyp+chlo+menthol), 3 (SLN+cyp+chlo+limonene), 4 (NLC+cyp+chlo+citral), 5 (NLC+cyp+chlo+menthol) and 6 (NLC+cyp+chlo+limonene) had mean diameters from 286 to 304 nm; polydispersion from 0.16 to 0.18; zeta potential from -15.8 to -20 mV, concentration from 3.37 ± 0.24 × 1013 to 5.44 ± 0.18 × 1013 particles/mL and encapsulation efficiency (EE) > 98.01 % for all active ingredients. All formulations were evaluated for their acaricidal potential by the larval packet test (LPT) and compared with nanoformulations without the plant-based compounds. Formulations were also compared with positive (Colosso® at 512 µg/mL) and negative controls (distilled water and nanoparticles without active ingredients). The SLN (1, 2 and 3) and NLC (4, 5 and 6) formulations, at 7 µg/mL, resulted in 90.4 % , 75.9 % , 93.8 % , 100 % , 95.1 % and 72.7 % mortality. The data demonstrated that the addition of citral, menthol or limonene in the formulations improved their acaricide action against tick larvae. Except for formulation 4, for which it was not possible to determine lethal concentrations (LC). Formulations, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 reached LC50 and LC90 values of 3.3 and 7.2, 5.4 and 9.2, 4.0 and 8.1, 2.3 and 5.4 as well as 5.5 and 9.4 µg/mL, respectively. It was possible to encapsulate the active ingredients and characterise the lipid carrier systems. SLN and NLC protected the active ingredients against degradation in solution and increased the overall stability. A stabile solution is necessary for synthesizing commercial acaricidal products. It is hoped that these findings may contribute to new studies focused on the use of nanocarriers in tick formulations. By reducing the amount or concentration of active ingredients within commercial products, the risk of residues presents in food of animal origin or remaining in the environment is reduced. Nanocarriers help prevent these challenges, while still maintaining effective parasitic control. Utilizing a combination of natural and synthetic products can be part of integrated management solutions and can help overcome widespread acaricide resistance in populations of cattle ticks.
Collapse
|
47
|
Centenaro FC, Barbieri A, Rico IB, Gonchoroski GZ, Jardim FT, Doyle RL, Dall'Agnol B, Reck J, Webster A. Rotational and selective protocols using acaricides to control a multi-resistant strain of Rhipicephalus microplus under field conditions in Southern Brazil. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:101987. [PMID: 35751938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, causes severe economic losses to beef and dairy production in several countries. The control of the cattle tick is based mostly on chemical acaricides. Currently, there are reports of tick populations resistant to all six classes of acaricides available on the market. The aim of this work was to evaluate two protocols for the control of the cattle tick, R. microplus, under field conditions. For that, an acaricide rotational-based approach and selective (partial)-based protocols were tested against a multi-resistant tick strain. Eighteen Brangus cattle were divided into three experimental groups: Group 1, a rotational-based approach aiming at six treatments per year (spring-spring period) using four different classes of acaricide (IPV6 protocol); Group 2, a selective (partial) and rotational-based protocol, in which only half of the animals with the highest tick counts were treated (IPV7S protocol); and Group 3 (non-treated). The protocols were able to maintain low tick infestation during the 57 weeks of study. The two experimental groups showed lower tick counts than the non-treated group, but not between them. Weekly efficacy of the experimental protocols reached 95% in Group 1 and 88% in Group 2. Herein, we proposed two protocols of cattle tick control (IPV6 and IPV7S) for use in multi-resistant tick populations in Southern Brazil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Cassel Centenaro
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Antonela Barbieri
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Isabela Blumberg Rico
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Greice Zorzato Gonchoroski
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Tiberê Jardim
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Rovaina Laureano Doyle
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Bruno Dall'Agnol
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | - José Reck
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Anelise Webster
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Santos M, Fiorini L, Duarte F, Anjos K, Nassar A, Brito L, Pereira J, Mendes M. Resistance profile of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus to diazinon and cypermethrin and first report of sodium channel mutation - domain III S6 - T2134A, in field samples from the state of São Paulo, Brazil. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is one of the parasites that has an impact on livestock farming in Brazil. Bioassays using the larval packet test (LPT) impregnated with cypermethrin and diazinon at different concentrations were performed to characterize phenotypic resistance (resistance level, RL), molecular resistance (mutation in domain III - S6 T2134A) and enzymatic metabolism of diazinon and cypermethrin in some populations of R. microplus that were collected in different regions of the state of São Paulo. Among the 40 farms analyzed, 18 of them presented resistance factors for cypermethrin, with RL I (53%) and RL II (47%). Mutation of domain III T2134A was found for the first time in Brazil, on seven farms. Heterozygous larvae were found on six of them and resistant homozygous larvae on four. No differences (p>0.05) in enzymatic activity of α-esterase and β-esterase were found in tests with live and dead larvae at a cypermethrin concentration of 409.6μg/cm2. Ninety percent of the farms showed resistance to the active agent diazinon: RL I in 6%, RL II in 30% and RL III in 64%. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in enzymatic activity at the highest concentration (3.2μg/cm2).
Collapse
|
49
|
Ferreira LC, Lima EF, Silva ALP, Oliveira CSM, Silva Filho GM, Sousa LC, Klafke GM, Feitosa TF, Vilela VLR. Cross-resistance between macrocyclic lactones in populations of Rhipicephalus microplus in Brazil's semiarid region. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2022; 87:109-117. [PMID: 35817880 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-022-00730-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus, also known as the cattle tick, is the parasite with the greatest impact on cattle in Brazil. The most common method for controlling this tick is the application of synthetic chemical acaricides, especially ivermectin, which belongs to the group of macrocyclic lactones (MLs). However, because ivermectin is widely used, there is concern about the development of cross-resistance within this chemical class. Thus, engorged females were collected from farms with a history of resistance to ivermectin, which was the only one among the MLs that was used as an endectocide drug. Using larval immersion tests (LIT), bioassays were performed with ivermectin, moxidectin and eprinomectin on populations of R. microplus from the semiarid region of the states of Paraíba and Ceará, Brazil. Epidemiological questionnaires were applied to collect information about tick control management. All the evaluated populations showed cross-resistance between ivermectin and moxidectin, but only one population showed cross-resistance between ivermectin and eprinomectin. Weekly or monthly administration of injectable 1% ivermectin on farms was reported. It was concluded that the frequent use of ivermectin may lead to the development of cross-resistance to moxidectin. For eprinomectin, despite the structural similarity, cross-resistance was not observed in three tick populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Claudino Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Saúde Animal, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Avenida Universitária S/N, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Estefany Ferreira Lima
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba (IFPB), Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves s/n, Sousa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Ana Luzia Peixoto Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba (IFPB), Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves s/n, Sousa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Clarisse Silva Menezes Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba (IFPB), Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves s/n, Sousa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Moreira Silva Filho
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba (IFPB), Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves s/n, Sousa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Luana Carneiro Sousa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba (IFPB), Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves s/n, Sousa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Marcondes Klafke
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal (IPVDF), Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Estrada do Conde, 6000, Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thais Ferreira Feitosa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba (IFPB), Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves s/n, Sousa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Longo Ribeiro Vilela
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Saúde Animal, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Avenida Universitária S/N, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil.
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto Federal da Paraíba (IFPB), Avenida Presidente Tancredo Neves s/n, Sousa, Paraíba, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Waldman J, Xavier MA, Vieira LR, Logullo R, Braz GRC, Tirloni L, Ribeiro JMC, Veenstra JA, Silva Vaz ID. Neuropeptides in Rhipicephalus microplus and other hard ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2022; 13:101910. [PMID: 35121230 PMCID: PMC9477089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The synganglion is the central nervous system of ticks and, as such, controls tick physiology. It does so through the production and release of signaling molecules, many of which are neuropeptides. These peptides can function as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and/or neurohormones, although in most cases their functions remain to be established. We identified and performed in silico characterization of neuropeptides present in different life stages and organs of Rhipicephalus microplus, generating transcriptomes from ovary, salivary glands, fat body, midgut and embryo. Annotation of synganglion transcripts led to the identification of 32 functional categories of proteins, of which the most abundant were: secreted, energetic metabolism and oxidant metabolism/detoxification. Neuropeptide precursors are among the sequences over-represented in R. microplus synganglion, with at least 5-fold higher transcription compared with other stages/organs. A total of 52 neuropeptide precursors were identified: ACP, achatin, allatostatins A, CC and CCC, allatotropin, bursicon A/B, calcitonin A and B, CCAP, CCHamide, CCRFamide, CCH/ITP, corazonin, DH31, DH44, eclosion hormone, EFLamide, EFLGGPamide, elevenin, ETH, FMRFamide myosuppressin-like, glycoprotein A2/B5, gonadulin, IGF, inotocin, insulin-like peptides, iPTH, leucokinin, myoinhibitory peptide, NPF 1 and 2, orcokinin, proctolin, pyrokinin/periviscerokinin, relaxin, RYamide, SIFamide, sNPF, sulfakinin, tachykinin and trissin. Several of these neuropeptides have not been previously reported in ticks, as the presence of ETH that was first clearly identified in Parasitiformes, which include ticks and mites. Prediction of the mature neuropeptides from precursor sequences was performed using available information about these peptides from other species, conserved domains and motifs. Almost all neuropeptides identified are also present in other tick species. Characterizing the role of neuropeptides and their respective receptors in tick physiology can aid the evaluation of their potential as drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Waldman
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Amaral Xavier
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Rezende Vieira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel Logullo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gloria Regina Cardoso Braz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucas Tirloni
- Tick-Pathogen Transmission Unit, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - José Marcos C Ribeiro
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jan A Veenstra
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, UMR 5287 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|