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Dominguez J, Mendes AI, Pacheco AR, Peixoto MJ, Pedrosa J, Fraga AG. Repurposing of statins for Buruli Ulcer treatment: antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium ulcerans. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1266261. [PMID: 37840746 PMCID: PMC10570734 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1266261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium ulcerans causes Buruli Ulcer, a neglected infectious skin disease that typically progresses from an early non-ulcerative lesion to an ulcer with undermined edges. If not promptly treated, these lesions can lead to severe disfigurement and disability. The standard antibiotic regimen for Buruli Ulcer treatment has been oral rifampicin combined with intramuscular streptomycin administered daily for 8 weeks. However, there has been a recent shift toward replacing streptomycin with oral clarithromycin. Despite the advantages of this antibiotic regimen, it is limited by low compliance, associated side effects, and refractory efficacy for severe ulcerative lesions. Therefore, new drug candidates with a safer pharmacological spectrum and easier mode of administration are needed. Statins are lipid-lowering drugs broadly used for dyslipidemia treatment but have also been reported to have several pleiotropic effects, including antimicrobial activity against fungi, parasites, and bacteria. In the present study, we tested the susceptibility of M. ulcerans to several statins, namely atorvastatin, simvastatin, lovastatin and fluvastatin. Using broth microdilution assays and cultures of M. ulcerans-infected macrophages, we found that atorvastatin, simvastatin and fluvastatin had antimicrobial activity against M. ulcerans. Furthermore, when using the in vitro checkerboard assay, the combinatory additive effect of atorvastatin and fluvastatin with the standard antibiotics used for Buruli Ulcer treatment highlighted the potential of statins as adjuvant drugs. In conclusion, statins hold promise as potential treatment options for Buruli Ulcer. Further studies are necessary to validate their effectiveness and understand the mechanism of action of statins against M. ulcerans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Dominguez
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana I. Mendes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana R. Pacheco
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Peixoto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jorge Pedrosa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Alexandra G. Fraga
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Borbora SM, Rajmani RS, Balaji KN. PRMT5 epigenetically regulates the E3 ubiquitin ligase ITCH to influence lipid accumulation during mycobacterial infection. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010095. [PMID: 35658060 PMCID: PMC9200362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), triggers enhanced accumulation of lipids to generate foamy macrophages (FMs). This process has been often attributed to the surge in the expression of lipid influx genes with a concomitant decrease in those involved in lipid efflux. Here, we define an Mtb-orchestrated modulation of the ubiquitination of lipid accumulation markers to enhance lipid accretion during infection. We find that Mtb infection represses the expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase, ITCH, resulting in the sustenance of key lipid accrual molecules viz. ADRP and CD36, that are otherwise targeted by ITCH for proteasomal degradation. In line, overexpressing ITCH in Mtb-infected cells was found to suppress Mtb-induced lipid accumulation. Molecular analyses including loss-of-function and ChIP assays demonstrated a role for the concerted action of the transcription factor YY1 and the arginine methyl transferase PRMT5 in restricting the expression of Itch gene by conferring repressive symmetrical H4R3me2 marks on its promoter. Consequently, siRNA-mediated depletion of YY1 or PRMT5 rescued ITCH expression, thereby compromising the levels of Mtb-induced ADRP and CD36 and limiting FM formation during infection. Accumulation of lipids within the host has been implicated as a pro-mycobacterial process that aids in pathogen persistence and dormancy. In line, we found that perturbation of PRMT5 enzyme activity resulted in compromised lipid levels and reduced mycobacterial survival in mouse peritoneal macrophages (ex vivo) and in a therapeutic mouse model of TB infection (in vivo). These findings provide new insights into the role of PRMT5 and YY1 in augmenting mycobacterial pathogenesis. Thus, we posit that our observations could help design novel adjunct therapies and combinatorial drug regimen for effective anti-TB strategies. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection leads to the formation of lipid-laden cells (foamy macrophages-FMs) that offer a favorable shelter for its persistence. During infection, we observe a significant reduction in the expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase, ITCH. This repression allows the sustenance of key lipid accretion molecules (ADRP and CD36), by curbing their proteasomal degradation. Further, we show the repression of ITCH to be dependent on the concerted action of the bifunctional transcription factor, YY1 and the arginine methyl transferase, PRMT5. NOTCH signaling pathway was identified as a master-regulator of YY1 expression. In vitro and in vivo analyses revealed the significance of PRMT5 in regulating FM formation and consequently mycobacterial burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salik Miskat Borbora
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Raju S. Rajmani
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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3
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Català M, Prats C, López D, Cardona PJ, Alonso S. A reaction-diffusion model to understand granulomas formation inside secondary lobule during tuberculosis infection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239289. [PMID: 32936814 PMCID: PMC7494083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative agent for tuberculosis, the most extended infectious disease around the world. When Mtb enters inside the pulmonary alveolus it is rapidly phagocytosed by the alveolar macrophage. Although this controls the majority of inhaled microorganisms, in this case, Mtb survives inside the macrophage and multiplies. A posterior chemokine and cytokine cascade generated by the irruption of monocytes, neutrophils and posteriorly, by T-cells, does not necessarily stop the growth of the granuloma. Interestingly, the encapsulation process built by fibroblasts is able to surround the lesion and stop its growing. The success of this last process determines if the host enters in an asymptomatic latent state or continues into a life-threatening and infective active tuberculosis disease (TB). Understanding such dichotomic process is challenging, and computational modeling can bring new ideas. Thus, we have modeled the different stages of the infection, first in a single alveolus (a sac with a radius of 0.15 millimeters) and, second, inside a secondary lobule (a compartment of the lungs of around 3 cm3). We have employed stochastic reaction-diffusion equations to model the interactions among the cells and the diffusive transport to neighboring alveolus. The whole set of equations have successfully described the encapsulation process and determine that the size of the lesions depends on its position on the secondary lobule. We conclude that size and shape of the secondary lobule are the relevant variables to control the lesions, and, therefore, to avoid the evolution towards TB development. As lesions appear near to interlobular connective tissue they are easily controlled and their growth is drastically stopped, in this sense secondary lobules with a more flattened shape could control better the lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Català
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol. Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Clara Prats
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol. Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel López
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol. Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Experimental Tuberculosis Unit (UTE), Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Alonso
- Department of Physics, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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4
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Bickett TE, Karam SD. Tuberculosis-Cancer Parallels in Immune Response Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176136. [PMID: 32858811 PMCID: PMC7503600 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and cancer are two diseases with proclivity for the development of resistance to the host immune system. Mechanisms behind resistance can be host derived or disease mediated, but they usually depend on the balance of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory immune signals. Immunotherapies have been the focus of efforts to shift that balance and drive the response required for diseases eradication. The immune response to tuberculosis has widely been thought to be T cell dependent, with the majority of research focused on T cell responses. However, the past decade has seen greater recognition of the importance of the innate immune response, highlighting factors such as trained innate immunity and macrophage polarization to mycobacterial clearance. At the same time, there has been a renaissance of immunotherapy treatments for cancer since the first checkpoint inhibitor passed clinical trials, in addition to work highlighting the importance of innate immune responses to cancer. However, there is still much to learn about host-derived responses and the development of resistance to new cancer therapies. This review examines the similarities between the immune responses to cancer and tuberculosis with the hope that their commonalities will facilitate research collaboration and discovery.
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Fernández-García M, Rey-Stolle F, Boccard J, Reddy VP, García A, Cumming BM, Steyn AJC, Rudaz S, Barbas C. Comprehensive Examination of the Mouse Lung Metabolome Following Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Using a Multiplatform Mass Spectrometry Approach. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:2053-2070. [PMID: 32285670 PMCID: PMC7199213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms whereby Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) rewires the host metabolism in vivo are surprisingly unexplored. Here, we used three high-resolution mass spectrometry platforms to track altered lung metabolic changes associated with Mtb infection of mice. The multiplatform data sets were merged using consensus orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (cOPLS-DA), an algorithm that allows for the joint interpretation of the results from a single multivariate analysis. We show that Mtb infection triggers a temporal and progressive catabolic state to satisfy the continuously changing energy demand to control infection. This causes dysregulation of metabolic and oxido-reductive pathways culminating in Mtb-associated wasting. Notably, high abundances of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), produced by the host from the bacterial metabolite trimethylamine upon infection, suggest that Mtb could exploit TMAO as an electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions. Overall, these new pathway alterations advance our understanding of the link between Mtb pathogenesis and metabolic dysregulation and could serve as a foundation for new therapeutic intervention strategies. Mass spectrometry data has been deposited in the Metabolomics Workbench repository (data-set identifier: ST001328).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Fernández-García
- Centro
de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de
Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU
Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte 28660, Spain
| | - Fernanda Rey-Stolle
- Centro
de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de
Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU
Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte 28660, Spain
| | - Julien Boccard
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Lausanne and University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Vineel P. Reddy
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Antonia García
- Centro
de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de
Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU
Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte 28660, Spain
| | | | - Adrie J. C. Steyn
- Department
of Microbiology, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
- Africa
Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa
- UAB
Centers for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Serge Rudaz
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Lausanne and University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centro
de Metabolómica y Bioanálisis (CEMBIO), Facultad de
Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU
Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte 28660, Spain
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6
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Kotzé LA, Young C, Leukes VN, John V, Fang Z, Walzl G, Lutz MB, du Plessis N. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and myeloid-derived suppressor cells: Insights into caveolin rich lipid rafts. EBioMedicine 2020; 53:102670. [PMID: 32113158 PMCID: PMC7047144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is likely the most successful human pathogen, capable of evading protective host immune responses and driving metabolic changes to support its own survival and growth. Ineffective innate and adaptive immune responses inhibit effective clearance of the bacteria from the human host, resulting in the progression to active TB disease. Many regulatory mechanisms exist to prevent immunopathology, however, chronic infections result in the overproduction of regulatory myeloid cells, like myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), which actively suppress protective host T lymphocyte responses among other immunosuppressive mechanisms. The mechanisms of M.tb internalization by MDSC and the involvement of host-derived lipid acquisition, have not been fully elucidated. Targeted research aimed at investigating MDSC impact on phagocytic control of M.tb, would be advantageous to our collective anti-TB arsenal. In this review we propose a mechanism by which M.tb may be internalized by MDSC and survive via the manipulation of host-derived lipid sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh A Kotzé
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carly Young
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Vinzeigh N Leukes
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Vini John
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Zhuo Fang
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Manfred B Lutz
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nelita du Plessis
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
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7
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Kumar R, Singh P, Kolloli A, Shi L, Bushkin Y, Tyagi S, Subbian S. Immunometabolism of Phagocytes During Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:105. [PMID: 31681793 PMCID: PMC6803600 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains as a leading killer among infectious diseases worldwide. The nature of the host immune response dictates whether the initial Mtb infection is cleared or progresses toward active disease, and is ultimately determined by intricate host-pathogen interactions that are yet to be fully understood. The early immune response to infection is mediated by innate immune cells, including macrophages and neutrophils that can phagocytose Mtb and mount an antimicrobial response. However, Mtb can exploit these innate immune cells for its survival and dissemination. Recently, it has become clear that the immune response and metabolic remodeling are interconnected, which is highlighted by the rapid evolution of the interdisciplinary field of immunometabolism. It has been proposed that the net outcome to Mtb infection—clearance or chronic disease—is likely a result of combined immunologic and metabolic activities of the immune cells. Indeed, host cells activated by Mtb infection have strikingly different metabolic requirements than naïve/non-infected cells. Macrophages activated by Mtb-derived molecules or upon phagocytosis acquire a phenotype similar to M1 with elevated production of pro-inflammatory molecules and rely on glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway to meet their bioenergetic and metabolic requirements. In these macrophages, oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation are dampened. However, the non-infected/naive, M2-type macrophages are anti-inflammatory and derive their energy from oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation. Similar metabolic adaptations also occur in other phagocytes, including dendritic cells, neutrophils upon Mtb infection. This metabolic reprogramming of innate immune cells during Mtb infection can differentially regulate their effector functions, such as the production of cytokines and chemokines, and antimicrobial response, all of which can ultimately determine the outcome of Mtb-host interactions within the granulomas. In this review, we describe key immune cells bolstering host innate response and discuss the metabolic reprogramming in these phagocytes during Mtb infection. We focused on the major phagocytes, including macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils and the key regulators involved in metabolic reprogramming, such as hypoxia-inducible factor-1, mammalian target of rapamycin, the cellular myelocytomatosis, peroxisome proliferator-activator receptors, sirtuins, arginases, inducible nitric acid synthase and sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Kumar
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Pooja Singh
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Afsal Kolloli
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Lanbo Shi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Yuri Bushkin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Sanjay Tyagi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
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8
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Nazarova EV, Montague CR, Huang L, La T, Russell D, VanderVen BC. The genetic requirements of fatty acid import by Mycobacterium tuberculosis within macrophages. eLife 2019; 8:e43621. [PMID: 30735132 PMCID: PMC6368401 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) imports and metabolizes fatty acids to maintain infection within human macrophages. Although this is a well-established paradigm, the bacterial factors required for fatty acid import are poorly understood. Previously, we found that LucA and Mce1 are required for fatty acid import in Mtb (Nazarova et al., 2017). Here, we identified additional Mtb mutants that have a reduced ability to import a fluorescent fatty acid substrate during infection within macrophages. This screen identified the novel genes as rv2799 and rv0966c as be necessary for fatty acid import and confirmed the central role for Rv3723/LucA and putative components of the Mce1 fatty acid transporter (Rv0200/OmamB, Rv0172/Mce1D, and Rv0655/MceG) in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya V Nazarova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Christine R Montague
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Thuy La
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - David Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Brian C VanderVen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
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9
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Maurya RK, Bharti S, Krishnan MY. Triacylglycerols: Fuelling the Hibernating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 8:450. [PMID: 30687647 PMCID: PMC6333902 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has the remarkable ability to persist with a modified metabolic status and phenotypic drug tolerance for long periods in the host without producing symptoms of active tuberculosis. These persisters may reactivate to cause active disease when the immune system becomes disrupted or compromised. Thus, the infected hosts with the persisters serve as natural reservoir of the deadly pathogen. Understanding the host and bacterial factors contributing to Mtb persistence is important to devise strategies to tackle the Mtb persisters. Host lipids act as the major source of carbon and energy for Mtb. Fatty acids derived from the host cells are converted to triacylglycerols (triglycerides or TAG) and stored in the bacterial cytoplasm. TAG serves as a dependable, long-term energy source of lesser molecular mass than other storage molecules like glycogen. TAG are found in substantial amounts in the mycobacterial cell wall. This review discusses the production, accumulation and possible roles of TAG in mycobacteria, pointing out the aspects that remain to be explored. Finally, the essentiality of TAG synthesis for Mtb is discussed with implications for identification of intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar Maurya
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Suman Bharti
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Manju Y Krishnan
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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10
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Grajchen E, Hendriks JJA, Bogie JFJ. The physiology of foamy phagocytes in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:124. [PMID: 30454040 PMCID: PMC6240956 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0628-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system characterized by massive infiltration of immune cells, demyelination, and axonal loss. Active MS lesions mainly consist of macrophages and microglia containing abundant intracellular myelin remnants. Initial studies showed that these foamy phagocytes primarily promote MS disease progression by internalizing myelin debris, presenting brain-derived autoantigens, and adopting an inflammatory phenotype. However, more recent studies indicate that phagocytes can also adopt a beneficial phenotype upon myelin internalization. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge on the spatiotemporal physiology of foamy phagocytes in MS lesions, and elaborate on extrinsic and intrinsic factors regulating their behavior. In addition, we discuss and link the physiology of myelin-containing phagocytes to that of foamy macrophages in other disorders such atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elien Grajchen
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium/School of Life Sciences, Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jerome J A Hendriks
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium/School of Life Sciences, Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jeroen F J Bogie
- Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium/School of Life Sciences, Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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11
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Parihar SP, Ozturk M, Marakalala MJ, Loots DT, Hurdayal R, Maasdorp DB, Van Reenen M, Zak DE, Darboe F, Penn-Nicholson A, Hanekom WA, Leitges M, Scriba TJ, Guler R, Brombacher F. Protein kinase C-delta (PKCδ), a marker of inflammation and tuberculosis disease progression in humans, is important for optimal macrophage killing effector functions and survival in mice. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:496-511. [PMID: 28832027 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that protein kinase C-δ (PKCδ) is critical for immunity against Listeria monocytogenes, Leishmania major, and Candida albicans infection in mice. However, the functional relevance of PKCδ during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is unknown. PKCδ was significantly upregulated in whole blood of patients with active tuberculosis (TB) disease. Lung proteomics further revealed that PKCδ was highly abundant in the necrotic and cavitory regions of TB granulomas in multidrug-resistant human participants. In murine Mtb infection studies, PKCδ-/- mice were highly susceptible to tuberculosis with increased mortality, weight loss, exacerbated lung pathology, uncontrolled proinflammatory cytokine responses, and increased mycobacterial burdens. Moreover, these mice displayed a significant reduction in alveolar macrophages, dendritic cells, and decreased accumulation of lipid bodies (lungs and macrophages) and serum fatty acids. Furthermore, a peptide inhibitor of PKCδ in wild-type mice mirrored lung inflammation identical to infected PKCδ-/- mice. Mechanistically, increased bacterial growth in macrophages from PKCδ-/- mice was associated with a decline in killing effector functions independent of phagosome maturation and autophagy. Taken together, these data suggest that PKCδ is a marker of inflammation during active TB disease in humans and required for optimal macrophage killing effector functions and host protection during Mtb infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Parihar
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M Ozturk
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M J Marakalala
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - D T Loots
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - R Hurdayal
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - D Beukes Maasdorp
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - M Van Reenen
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - D E Zak
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - F Darboe
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM) & Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Penn-Nicholson
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM) & Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - W A Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM) & Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M Leitges
- PKC Research Consult, Cologne, Germany
| | - T J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM) & Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - R Guler
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - F Brombacher
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, Cape Town, South Africa
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12
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Knight M, Braverman J, Asfaha K, Gronert K, Stanley S. Lipid droplet formation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected macrophages requires IFN-γ/HIF-1α signaling and supports host defense. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006874. [PMID: 29370315 PMCID: PMC5800697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplet (LD) formation occurs during infection of macrophages with numerous intracellular pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is believed that M. tuberculosis and other bacteria specifically provoke LD formation as a pathogenic strategy in order to create a depot of host lipids for use as a carbon source to fuel intracellular growth. Here we show that LD formation is not a bacterially driven process during M. tuberculosis infection, but rather occurs as a result of immune activation of macrophages as part of a host defense mechanism. We show that an IFN-γ driven, HIF-1α dependent signaling pathway, previously implicated in host defense, redistributes macrophage lipids into LDs. Furthermore, we show that M. tuberculosis is able to acquire host lipids in the absence of LDs, but not in the presence of IFN-γ induced LDs. This result uncouples macrophage LD formation from bacterial acquisition of host lipids. In addition, we show that IFN-γ driven LD formation supports the production of host protective eicosanoids including PGE2 and LXB4. Finally, we demonstrate that HIF-1α and its target gene Hig2 are required for the majority of LD formation in the lungs of mice infected with M. tuberculosis, thus demonstrating that immune activation provides the primary stimulus for LD formation in vivo. Taken together our data demonstrate that macrophage LD formation is a host-driven component of the adaptive immune response to M. tuberculosis, and suggest that macrophage LDs are not an important source of nutrients for M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Knight
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Braverman
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kaleb Asfaha
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Karsten Gronert
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah Stanley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- School of Public Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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14
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Cardona PJ. Pathogenesis of tuberculosis and other mycobacteriosis. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2017; 36:38-46. [PMID: 29198784 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The evolution between Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and active tuberculosis is multifactorial and involves different biological scales. The synthesis of ESAT-6 or the induction of alveolar macrophage necrosis are key, but to understand it, it is necessary to consider the dynamics of endogenous and exogenous reinfection, drainage of lung parenchyma and respiratory mechanics, local fibrosis processes and blood supply. Paradoxically, the immune response generated by the infection is highly protective (90%) against active tuberculosis, although as it is essentially based on the proliferation of Th1 lymphocytes, it cannot prevent reinfection. Severe immunosuppression can only explain 10% of active tuberculosis cases, while the remainder are attributable to comorbidities, a proinflammatory environment and an unknown genetic propensity. The pathogenic capacity of environmental mycobacteria is discrete, linked to deficits in the innate and acquired immune response. The ability to generate biofilms and the ability of M. ulcerans to generate the exotoxin mycolactone is remarkable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere-Joan Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, España.
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15
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Vermeulen I, Baird M, Al-Dulayymi J, Smet M, Verschoor J, Grooten J. Mycolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis modulate the flow of cholesterol for bacillary proliferation in murine macrophages. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:709-718. [PMID: 28193630 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m073171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of macrophages into lipid-filled foam cells is a hallmark of the lung granuloma that forms in patients with active tuberculosis (TB). Mycolic acids (MAs), the abundant lipid virulence factors in the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), can induce this foam phenotype possibly as a way to perturb host cell lipid homeostasis to support the infection. It is not exactly clear how MAs allow differentiation of foam cells during Mtb infection. Here we investigated how chemically synthetic MAs, each with a defined stereochemistry similar to natural Mtb-associated mycolates, influence cell foamy phenotype and mycobacterial proliferation in murine host macrophages. Using light and laser-scanning-confocal microscopy, we assessed the influence of MA structure first on the induction of granuloma cell types, second on intracellular cholesterol accumulation, and finally on mycobacterial growth. While methoxy-MAs (mMAs) effected multi-vacuolar giant cell formation, keto-MAs (kMAs) induced abundant intracellular lipid droplets that were packed with esterified cholesterol. Macrophages from mice treated with kMA were permissive to mycobacterial growth, whereas cells from mMA treatment were not. This suggests a separate yet key involvement of oxygenated MAs in manipulating host cell lipid homeostasis to establish the state of TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilke Vermeulen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent Zwijnaarde 9052, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Mark Baird
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | - Juma Al-Dulayymi
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | - Muriel Smet
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent Zwijnaarde 9052, Belgium
| | - Jan Verschoor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Johan Grooten
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent Zwijnaarde 9052, Belgium.
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16
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Abuhammad A. Cholesterol metabolism: a potential therapeutic target in Mycobacteria. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2194-2208. [PMID: 28002883 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), although a curable disease, is still one of the most difficult infections to treat. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infects 10 million people worldwide and kills 1.5 million people each year. Reactivation of a latent infection is the major cause of TB. Cholesterol is a critical carbon source during latent infection. Catabolism of cholesterol contributes to the pool of propionyl-CoA, a precursor that is incorporated into lipid virulence factors. The M. tuberculosis genome contains a large regulon of cholesterol catabolic genes suggesting that the microorganism can utilize host sterol for infection and persistence. The protein products of these genes present ideal targets for rational drug discovery programmes. This review summarizes the development of enzyme inhibitors targeting the cholesterol pathway in M. tuberculosis. This knowledge is essential for the discovery of novel agents to treat M. tuberculosis infection. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Drug Metabolism and Antibiotic Resistance in Micro-organisms. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.14/issuetoc.
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17
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Santucci P, Bouzid F, Smichi N, Poncin I, Kremer L, De Chastellier C, Drancourt M, Canaan S. Experimental Models of Foamy Macrophages and Approaches for Dissecting the Mechanisms of Lipid Accumulation and Consumption during Dormancy and Reactivation of Tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:122. [PMID: 27774438 PMCID: PMC5054039 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a slight decline since 2014, tuberculosis (TB) remains the major deadly infectious disease worldwide with about 1.5 million deaths each year and with about one-third of the population being latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of TB. During primo-infection, the recruitment of immune cells leads to the formation of highly organized granulomas. Among the different cells, one outstanding subpopulation is the foamy macrophage (FM), characterized by the abundance of triacylglycerol-rich lipid bodies (LB). M. tuberculosis can reside in FM, where it acquires, from host LB, the neutral lipids which are subsequently processed and stored by the bacilli in the form of intracytosolic lipid inclusions (ILI). Although host LB can be viewed as a reservoir of nutrients for the pathogen during latency, the molecular mechanisms whereby intraphagosomal mycobacteria interact with LB and assimilate the LB-derived lipids are only beginning to be understood. Past studies have emphasized that these physiological processes are critical to the M. tuberculosis infectious-life cycle, for propagation of the infection, establishment of the dormancy state and reactivation of the disease. In recent years, several animal and cellular models have been developed with the aim of dissecting these complex processes and of determining the nature and contribution of their key players. Herein, we review some of the in vitro and in vivo models which allowed to gain significant insight into lipid accumulation and consumption in M. tuberculosis, two important events that are directly linked to pathogenicity, granuloma formation/maintenance and survival of the tubercle bacillus under non-replicative conditions. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of each model, hoping that this will serve as a guide for future investigations dedicated to persistence and innovative therapeutic approaches against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Santucci
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, EIPL Marseille, France
| | - Feriel Bouzid
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, EIPLMarseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, URMITEMarseille, France
| | - Nabil Smichi
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, EIPLMarseille, France; Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique FRE3689, Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Poncin
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, EIPL Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique FRE3689, Université de MontpellierMontpellier, France; Centre d'études d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche MédicaleMontpellier, France
| | - Chantal De Chastellier
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, EIPL Marseille, France
| | - Michel Drancourt
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, URMITE Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Canaan
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, EIPL Marseille, France
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Cardona PJ. The Progress of Therapeutic Vaccination with Regard to Tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1536. [PMID: 27733848 PMCID: PMC5039189 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A major problem with tuberculosis (TB) control is the long duration of drug therapy-both for latent and for active TB. Therapeutic vaccination has been postulated to improve this situation, and to this end there are several candidates already in clinical phases of development. These candidates follow two main designs, namely bacilli-directed therapy based on inactivated -whole or -fragmented bacillus (Mycobacterium w and RUTI) or fusion proteins that integrate non-replicating bacilli -related antigens (H56 vaccine), and host-directed therapy to reduce the tissue destruction. The administration of inactivated Mycobacterium vaccae prevents the "Koch phenomenon" response, and oral administration of heat-killed Mycobacterium manresensis prevents excessive neutrophilic infiltration of the lesions. This review also tries to explain the success of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by reviewing its evolution from infection to disease, and highlights the lack of a definitive understanding of the natural history of TB pathology and the need to improve our knowledge on TB immunology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere-Joan Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERES, Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol Badalona, Spain
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19
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McClean CM, Tobin DM. Macrophage form, function, and phenotype in mycobacterial infection: lessons from tuberculosis and other diseases. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw068. [PMID: 27402783 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in mycobacterial pathogenesis. Recent work has highlighted the importance of diverse macrophage types and phenotypes that depend on local environment and developmental origins. In this review, we highlight how distinct macrophage phenotypes may influence disease progression in tuberculosis. In addition, we draw on work investigating specialized macrophage populations important in cancer biology and atherosclerosis in order to suggest new areas of investigation relevant to mycobacterial pathogenesis. Understanding the mechanisms controlling the repertoire of macrophage phenotypes and behaviors during infection may provide opportunities for novel control of disease through modulation of macrophage form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M McClean
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC 3020, Durham, NC 27710, USA Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David M Tobin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC 3020, Durham, NC 27710, USA Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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20
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Gopalakrishnan A, Salgame P. Toll-like receptor 2 in host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: to be or not to be-that is the question. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 42:76-82. [PMID: 27326654 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 is expressed on immune cells and respiratory epithelial cells lining the lung. TLR2 is not critical for protection during acute Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection but it has a significant multi-faceted role in containing chronic infection. This review highlights the contribution of TLR2 to host protection, immune evasion by Mtb and immune regulation during chronic Mtb infection. The TLR2-triggered pro-inflammatory cytokines initiate protective mechanisms and limit Mtb replication while the immune evasion pathways counterattack anti-bacterial effector mechanisms. The immune regulation pathways that are activated dampen TLR2 signaling. The combinatorial effect of these functional responses is persistence of Mtb with minimal immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Padmini Salgame
- Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
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21
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Rastogi S, Agarwal P, Krishnan MY. Use of an adipocyte model to study the transcriptional adaptation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to store and degrade host fat. Int J Mycobacteriol 2016; 5:92-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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22
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Manipulator of Protective Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:131. [PMID: 26927066 PMCID: PMC4813124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is one of the most successful pathogens in human history and remains a global health challenge. MTB has evolved a plethora of strategies to evade the immune response sufficiently to survive within the macrophage in a bacterial-immunological equilibrium, yet causes sufficient immunopathology to facilitate its transmission. This review highlights MTB as the driver of disease pathogenesis and presents evidence of the mechanisms by which MTB manipulates the protective immune response into a pathological productive infection.
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23
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Cardona P, Marzo-Escartín E, Tapia G, Díaz J, García V, Varela I, Vilaplana C, Cardona PJ. Oral Administration of Heat-Killed Mycobacterium manresensis Delays Progression toward Active Tuberculosis in C3HeB/FeJ Mice. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1482. [PMID: 26779140 PMCID: PMC4700139 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-dose tolerance using heat-killed mycobacteria has been tested as a means of stopping progression toward active tuberculosis (TB) lesions in a human-like murine model using C3HeB/FeJ mice. In the present study, we studied the effect of different treatment schedules with heat-killed non-tuberculous-mycobacteria (NTM) species when given orally, based on the hypothesis of generating oral tolerance. This study included M. manresensis, a new species belonging to the fortuitum group, present in drinking water. Oral treatment with M. manresensis for 2 weeks was able to induce a PPD-specific Tregs population, which has been related to a decrease in the neutrophilic infiltration found in TB lesions. Further mechanistic analysis using PPD-stimulated splenocytes links this 2-week treatment with heat-killed M. manresensis to IL-10 production and memory PPD-specific Tregs, and also to a weak PPD-specific global immune response stimulation, increasing IL-6, TNF, and IFN-γ production. In lungs, this treatment decreased the bacillary load, granulomatous infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-17). Oral administration of M. manresensis during standard treatment for TB also significantly reduced the relapse of active TB after ending the treatment. Overall the data suggest that the use of heat-killed M. manresensis could be a new and promising tool for avoiding active TB induction and as adjunctive to TB treatment. This supports the usefulness of generating a new kind of protection based on a complex balanced immune response focused on both destroying the bacilli and including control of an excessive inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Badalona, Spain
| | - Elena Marzo-Escartín
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Badalona, Spain
| | - Gustavo Tapia
- Pathology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol Badalona, Spain
| | - Jorge Díaz
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Badalona, Spain
| | - Vanessa García
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Badalona, Spain
| | - Ismael Varela
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Badalona, Spain
| | - Cristina Vilaplana
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Badalona, Spain
| | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Fundació Institut Germans Trias i Pujol, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Badalona, Spain
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24
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Pathology and immune reactivity: understanding multidimensionality in pulmonary tuberculosis. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 38:153-66. [PMID: 26438324 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heightened morbidity and mortality in pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) are consequences of complex disease processes triggered by the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb modulates inflammation at distinct stages of its intracellular life. Recognition and phagocytosis, replication in phagosomes and cytosol escape induce tightly regulated release of cytokines [including interleukin (IL)-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-10], chemokines, lipid mediators, and type I interferons (IFN-I). Mtb occupies various lung lesions at sites of pathology. Bacteria are barely detectable at foci of lipid pneumonia or in perivascular/bronchiolar cuffs. However, abundant organisms are evident in caseating granulomas and at the cavity wall. Such lesions follow polar trajectories towards fibrosis, encapsulation and mineralization or liquefaction, extensive matrix destruction, and tissue injury. The outcome is determined by immune factors acting in concert. Gradients of cytokines and chemokines (CCR2, CXCR2, CXCR3/CXCR5 agonists; TNF/IL-10, IL-1/IFN-I), expression of activation/death markers on immune cells (TNF receptor 1, PD-1, IL-27 receptor) or abundance of enzymes [arginase-1, matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-1, MMP-8, MMP-9] drive genesis and progression of lesions. Distinct lesions coexist such that inflammation in TB encompasses a spectrum of tissue changes. A better understanding of the multidimensionality of immunopathology in TB will inform novel therapies against this pulmonary disease.
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25
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Cardona PJ. The key role of exudative lesions and their encapsulation: lessons learned from the pathology of human pulmonary tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:612. [PMID: 26136741 PMCID: PMC4468931 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A review of the pathology of human pulmonary TB cases at different stages of evolution in the pre-antibiotic era suggests that neutrophils play an instrumental role in the progression toward active TB. This progression is determined by the type of lesion generated. Thus, exudative lesions, in which neutrophils are the major cell type, are both triggered by and induce local high bacillary load, and tend to enlarge and progress toward liquefaction and cavitation. In contrast, proliferative lesions are triggered by low bacillary loads, mainly comprise epithelioid cells and fibroblasts and tend to fibrose, encapsulate and calcify, thus controlling the infection. Infection of the upper lobes is key to the progression toward active TB for two main reasons, namely poor breathing amplitude, which allows local bacillary accumulation, and the high mechanical stress to which the interlobular septae (which enclose secondary lobes) are submitted, which hampers their ability to encapsulate lesions. Overall, progressing factors can be defined as internal (exudative lesion, local bronchogenous dissemination, coalescence of lesions), with lympho-hematological dissemination playing a very limited role, or external (exogenous reinfection). Abrogating factors include control of the bacillary load and the local encapsulation process, as directed by interlobular septae. The age and extent of disease depend on the quality and speed with which lesions liquefy and disseminate bronchially, the volume of the slough, and the amount and distribution of the sloughing debris dispersed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere-Joan Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental, Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias Badalona, Spain
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Silge A, Abdou E, Schneider K, Meisel S, Bocklitz T, Lu-Walther HW, Heintzmann R, Rösch P, Popp J. Shedding light on host niches: label-freein situdetection ofMycobacterium gordonaevia carotenoids in macrophages by Raman microspectroscopy. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:832-42. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Silge
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 Jena D-07743 Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena; Center for Applied Research; Philosophenweg 7 Jena D-07743 Germany
| | - Elias Abdou
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 Jena D-07743 Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena; Center for Applied Research; Philosophenweg 7 Jena D-07743 Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care; University Hospital Jena; Erlanger Alee 101 Jena D-07747 Germany
| | - Kilian Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 Jena D-07743 Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena; Center for Applied Research; Philosophenweg 7 Jena D-07743 Germany
| | - Susann Meisel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 Jena D-07743 Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena; Center for Applied Research; Philosophenweg 7 Jena D-07743 Germany
| | - Thomas Bocklitz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 Jena D-07743 Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena; Center for Applied Research; Philosophenweg 7 Jena D-07743 Germany
| | - Hui-Wen Lu-Walther
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9 Jena D-07745 Germany
| | - Rainer Heintzmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 Jena D-07743 Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9 Jena D-07745 Germany
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics; King's College London; London SE1 1UL UK
| | - Petra Rösch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 Jena D-07743 Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena; Center for Applied Research; Philosophenweg 7 Jena D-07743 Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Helmholtzweg 4 Jena D-07743 Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena; Center for Applied Research; Philosophenweg 7 Jena D-07743 Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9 Jena D-07745 Germany
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Raffetseder J, Pienaar E, Blomgran R, Eklund D, Patcha Brodin V, Andersson H, Welin A, Lerm M. Replication rates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human macrophages do not correlate with mycobacterial antibiotic susceptibility. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112426. [PMID: 25386849 PMCID: PMC4227709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard treatment of tuberculosis (TB) takes six to nine months to complete and this lengthy therapy contributes to the emergence of drug-resistant TB. TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and the ability of this bacterium to switch to a dormant phenotype has been suggested to be responsible for the slow clearance during treatment. A recent study showed that the replication rate of a non-virulent mycobacterium, Mycobacterium smegmatis, did not correlate with antibiotic susceptibility. However, the question whether this observation also holds true for Mtb remains unanswered. Here, in order to mimic physiological conditions of TB infection, we established a protocol based on long-term infection of primary human macrophages, featuring Mtb replicating at different rates inside the cells. During conditions that restricted Mtb replication, the bacterial phenotype was associated with reduced acid-fastness. However, these phenotypically altered bacteria were as sensitive to isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol as intracellularly replicating Mtb. In support of the recent findings with M. smegmatis, we conclude that replication rates of Mtb do not correlate with antibiotic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Raffetseder
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58185, Sweden
| | - Elsje Pienaar
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58185, Sweden
| | - Robert Blomgran
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58185, Sweden
| | - Daniel Eklund
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58185, Sweden
| | - Veronika Patcha Brodin
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58185, Sweden
| | - Henrik Andersson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58185, Sweden
| | - Amanda Welin
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58185, Sweden
| | - Maria Lerm
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58185, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Pagán AJ, Ramakrishnan L. Immunity and Immunopathology in the Tuberculous Granuloma. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 5:cshperspect.a018499. [PMID: 25377142 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a018499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Granulomas, organized aggregates of immune cells, are a defining feature of tuberculosis (TB). Granuloma formation is implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory disorders. However, the tuberculous granuloma has been assigned the role of a host protective structure which "walls-off" mycobacteria. Work conducted over the past decade has provided a more nuanced view of its role in pathogenesis. On the one hand, pathogenic mycobacteria accelerate and exploit granuloma formation for their expansion and dissemination by manipulating host immune responses to turn leukocyte recruitment and cell death pathways in their favor. On the other hand, granuloma macrophages can preserve granuloma integrity by exerting a microbicidal immune response, thus preventing an even more rampant expansion of infection in the extracellular milieu. Even this host-beneficial immune response required to maintain the bacteria intracellular must be tempered, as an overly vigorous immune response can also cause granuloma breakdown, thereby directly supporting bacterial growth extracellularly. This review will discuss how mycobacteria manipulate inflammatory responses to drive granuloma formation and will consider the roles of the granuloma in pathogenesis and protective immunity, drawing from clinical studies of TB in humans and from animal models--rodents, zebrafish, and nonhuman primates. A deeper understanding of TB pathogenesis and immunity in the granuloma could suggest therapeutic approaches to abrogate the host-detrimental aspects of granuloma formation to convert it into the host-beneficial structure that it has been thought to be for nearly a century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Pagán
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Lalita Ramakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Dias FF, Zarantonello VC, Parreira GG, Chiarini-Garcia H, Melo RCN. The intriguing ultrastructure of lipid body organelles within activated macrophages. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2014; 20:869-878. [PMID: 24786359 DOI: 10.1017/s143192761400066x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are widely distributed immune system cells with essential functions in tissue homeostasis, apoptotic cell clearance, and first defense in infections. A distinguishing feature of activated macrophages participating in different situations such as inflammatory and metabolic diseases is the presence of increased numbers of lipid-rich organelles, termed lipid bodies (LBs) or lipid droplets, in their cytoplasm. LBs are considered structural markers of activated macrophages and are involved in different functions such as lipid metabolism, intracellular trafficking, and synthesis of inflammatory mediators. In this review, we revisit the distinct morphology of LB organelles actively formed within macrophages in response to infections and cell clearance, taking into account new insights provided by ultrastructural studies. We also discuss the LB interactions within macrophages, revealed by transmission electron microscopy, with a focus on the remarkable LB-phagosome association and discuss potential links between structural aspects and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe F Dias
- 1Laboratory of Cellular Biology,Department of Biology,Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF),Juiz de Fora,MG 36036-900,Brazil
| | - Victor C Zarantonello
- 1Laboratory of Cellular Biology,Department of Biology,Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF),Juiz de Fora,MG 36036-900,Brazil
| | - Gleydes G Parreira
- 2Laboratory of Structural Biology and Reproduction,Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG),Belo Horizonte,MG 31270-901,Brazil
| | - Hélio Chiarini-Garcia
- 2Laboratory of Structural Biology and Reproduction,Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG),Belo Horizonte,MG 31270-901,Brazil
| | - Rossana C N Melo
- 1Laboratory of Cellular Biology,Department of Biology,Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF),Juiz de Fora,MG 36036-900,Brazil
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Gomes AF, Magalhães KG, Rodrigues RM, de Carvalho L, Molinaro R, Bozza PT, Barbosa HS. Toxoplasma gondii-skeletal muscle cells interaction increases lipid droplet biogenesis and positively modulates the production of IL-12, IFN-g and PGE2. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:47. [PMID: 24457118 PMCID: PMC3904159 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The interest in the mechanisms involved in Toxoplasma gondii lipid acquisition has steadily increased during the past few decades, but it remains not completely understood. Here, we investigated the biogenesis and the fate of lipid droplets (LD) of skeletal muscle cells (SkMC) during their interaction with T. gondii by confocal and electron microscopy. We also evaluated whether infected SkMC modulates the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), cytokines interleukin-12 (IL-12) and interferon-gamma (INF-g), and also the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene induction. Methods Primary culture of skeletal muscle cells were infected with tachyzoites of T. gondii and analysed by confocal microscopy for observation of LD. Ultrastructural cytochemistry was also used for lipid and sarcoplasmatic reticulum (SR) detection. Dosage of cytokines (IL-12 and INF-g) by ELISA technique and enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA) for PGE2 measurement were employed. The COX-2 gene expression analysis was performed by real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results We demonstrated that T. gondii infection of SkMC leads to increase in LD number and area in a time course dependent manner. Moreover, the ultrastructural analysis demonstrated that SR and LD are in direct contact with parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM), within the vacuolar matrix, around it and interacting directly with the membrane of parasite, indicating that LD are recruited and deliver their content inside the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) in T. gondii-infected SkMC. We also observed a positive modulation of the production of IL-12 and IFN-g, increase of COX-2 mRNA levels in the first hour of T. gondii-SkMC interaction and an increase of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis from 6 h up to 48 h of infection. Conclusions Taken together, the close association between SR and LD with PV could represent a source of lipids as well as other nutrients for the parasite survival, and together with the increased levels of IL-12, INF-g and inflammatory indicators PGE2 and COX-2 might contribute to the establishment and maintenance of chronic phase of the T. gondii infection in muscle cell.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Helene S Barbosa
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Abstract
In the current issue of Infection and Immunity, Caire-Brändli and coworkers (Infect. Immun. 82:476-490, 2014, doi:10.1128/IAI.01196-13) describe a novel cell system for studying mycobacterial interactions with foamy macrophages and provide a magnificent series of electron microscopy-based observations providing major insight into the microbiology and cell biology of these interactions.
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de Mattos KA, Sarno EN, Pessolani MCV, Bozza PT. Deciphering the contribution of lipid droplets in leprosy: multifunctional organelles with roles in Mycobacterium leprae pathogenesis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 107 Suppl 1:156-66. [PMID: 23283467 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000900023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that affects the skin and nerves, presenting a singular clinical picture. Across the leprosy spectrum, lepromatous leprosy (LL) exhibits a classical hallmark: the presence of a collection of M. leprae-infected foamy macrophages/Schwann cells characterised by their high lipid content. The significance of this foamy aspect in mycobacterial infections has garnered renewed attention in leprosy due to the recent observation that the foamy aspect represents cells enriched in lipid droplets (LD) (also known as lipid bodies). Here, we discuss the contemporary view of LD as highly regulated organelles with key functions in M. leprae persistence in the LL end of the spectrum. The modern methods of studying this ancient disease have contributed to recent findings that describe M. leprae-triggered LD biogenesis and recruitment as effective mycobacterial intracellular strategies for acquiring lipids, sheltering and/or dampening the immune response and favouring bacterial survival, likely representing a fundamental aspect of M. leprae pathogenesis. The multifaceted functions attributed to the LD in leprosy may contribute to the development of new strategies for adjunctive anti-leprosy therapies.
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Sanjurjo L, Amézaga N, Vilaplana C, Cáceres N, Marzo E, Valeri M, Cardona PJ, Sarrias MR. The scavenger protein apoptosis inhibitor of macrophages (AIM) potentiates the antimicrobial response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by enhancing autophagy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79670. [PMID: 24223991 PMCID: PMC3817138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis inhibitor of macrophages (AIM), a scavenger protein secreted by tissue macrophages, is transcriptionally regulated by the nuclear receptor Liver X Receptor (LXR) and Retinoid X Receptor (RXR) heterodimer. Given that LXR exerts a protective immune response against M. tuberculosis, here we analyzed whether AIM is involved in this response. In an experimental murine model of tuberculosis, AIM serum levels peaked dramatically early after infection with M. tuberculosis, providing an in vivo biological link to the disease. We therefore studied the participation of AIM in macrophage response to M. tuberculosis in vitro. For this purpose, we used the H37Rv strain to infect THP-1 macrophages transfected to stably express AIM, thereby increasing infected macrophage survival. Furthermore, the expression of this protein enlarged foam cell formation by enhancing intracellular lipid content. Phagocytosis assays with FITC-labeled M. tuberculosis bacilli indicated that this protein was not involved in bacterial uptake; however, AIM expression decreased the number of intracellular cfus by up to 70% in bacterial killing assays, suggesting that AIM enhances macrophage mycobactericidal activity. Accordingly, M. tuberculosis-infected AIM-expressing cells upregulated the production of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, real-time PCR analysis showed increased mRNA levels of the antimicrobial peptides cathelicidin and defensin 4B. These increases were concomitant with greater cellular concentrations of the autophagy-related molecules Beclin 1 and LC3II, as well as enhanced acidification of mycobacterial phagosomes and LC3 co-localization. In summary, our data support the notion that AIM contributes to key macrophage responses to M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Sanjurjo
- Innate Immunity Group, Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Núria Amézaga
- Innate Immunity Group, Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Cristina Vilaplana
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental (UTE), Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto Carlos III, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Neus Cáceres
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental (UTE), Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto Carlos III, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Elena Marzo
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental (UTE), Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto Carlos III, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Marta Valeri
- Microscopy Platform, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere-Joan Cardona
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental (UTE), Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto Carlos III, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Maria-Rosa Sarrias
- Innate Immunity Group, Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Schaale K, Brandenburg J, Kispert A, Leitges M, Ehlers S, Reiling N. Wnt6 Is Expressed in Granulomatous Lesions ofMycobacterium tuberculosis–Infected Mice and Is Involved in Macrophage Differentiation and Proliferation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5182-95. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Caceres N, Vilaplana C, Prats C, Marzo E, Llopis I, Valls J, Lopez D, Cardona PJ. Evolution and role of corded cell aggregation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2013; 93:690-8. [PMID: 24011631 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the evolution and role of corded cell aggregation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures according to growth time and conditions. Thus, in standard culture using aerated 7H9 Middlebrook broth supplemented with 0.05% Tween 80, a dramatic CFU decrease was observed at the end of the exponential phase. This phase was followed by a stable stationary phase that led to dissociation between the optical density (O.D.) and CFU values, together with the formation of opaque colonies in solid culture. Further analysis revealed that this was due to cording. Scanning electron microscopy showed that cording led to the formation of very stable coiled structures and corded cell aggregations which proved impossible to disrupt by any of the physical means tested. Modulation of cording with a high but non-toxic concentration of Tween 80 led to a slower growth rate, avoidance of a sudden drop-off to the stationary phase, the formation of weaker cording structures and the absence of opaque colonies, together with a lower survival at later time-points. An innovative automated image analysis technique has been devised to characterize the cording process. This analysis has led to important practical consequences for the elaboration of M. tuberculosis inocula and suggests the importance of biofilm formation in survival of the bacilli in the extracellular milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Caceres
- Unitat de Tuberculosi Experimental (UTE), Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERES, Crtra. de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles s/n, Edifici Escoles, 08916 Badalona, Spain
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Gopinath K, Venclovas C, Ioerger TR, Sacchettini JC, McKinney JD, Mizrahi V, Warner DF. A vitamin B₁₂ transporter in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Open Biol 2013; 3:120175. [PMID: 23407640 PMCID: PMC3603451 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.120175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B12-dependent enzymes function in core biochemical pathways in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an obligate pathogen whose metabolism in vivo is poorly understood. Although M. tuberculosis can access vitamin B12in vitro, it is uncertain whether the organism is able to scavenge B12 during host infection. This question is crucial to predictions of metabolic function, but its resolution is complicated by the absence in the M. tuberculosis genome of a direct homologue of BtuFCD, the only bacterial B12 transport system described to date. We applied genome-wide transposon mutagenesis to identify M. tuberculosis mutants defective in their ability to use exogenous B12. A small proportion of these mapped to Rv1314c, identifying the putative PduO-type ATP : co(I)rrinoid adenosyltransferase as essential for B12 assimilation. Most notably, however, insertions in Rv1819c dominated the mutant pool, revealing an unexpected function in B12 acquisition for an ATP-binding cassette (ABC)-type protein previously investigated as the mycobacterial BacA homologue. Moreover, targeted deletion of Rv1819c eliminated the ability of M. tuberculosis to transport B12 and related corrinoids in vitro. Our results establish an alternative to the canonical BtuCD-type system for B12 uptake in M. tuberculosis, and elucidate a role in B12 metabolism for an ABC protein implicated in chronic mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamoorthy Gopinath
- MRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit and DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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37
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The response of the fibrinolytic system to mycobacteria infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2012; 92:497-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Stehr M, Elamin AA, Singh M. Cytosolic lipid inclusions formed during infection by viral and bacterial pathogens. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:1227-37. [PMID: 22982567 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipid inclusions play an important role in several pathological processes. Intracellular bacterial pathogens, such as members of the Mycobacterium and Chlamydia species are able to trigger the formation of lipid-laden foamy macrophages. Lipid droplet accumulation in the host constitutes a reservoir used by the bacilli for long-term persistence. Viruses need lipid droplets as assembly platform. We present the current knowledge about structural, functional and regulatory aspects of lipid inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Stehr
- Department of Gene Regulation and Differentiation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Martens GW, Vallerskog T, Kornfeld H. Hypercholesterolemic LDL receptor-deficient mice mount a neutrophilic response to tuberculosis despite the timely expression of protective immunity. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 91:849-57. [PMID: 22227965 PMCID: PMC3360472 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0311164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia is rising in industrialized and developing countries. We reported previously that host defense against Mtb was impaired by hypercholesterolemia in ApoE(-/-) mice, raising the possibility that people with HC could be more vulnerable to TB. The present study examined whether TB immunity was similarly impaired in a different hypercholesterolemic model, LDL-R(-/-) mice, which developed comparable elevation of total serum cholesterol as ApoE(-/-)mice when fed HC or LC diets. Like ApoE(-/-) mice, LDL-R(-/-) mice had an exaggerated lung inflammatory response to Mtb with increased tissue necrosis. Inflammation, foamy macrophage formation, and tissue necrosis in LDL-R(-/-) mice increased with the degree of hypercholesterolemia. Unlike ApoE(-/-) mice, LDL-R(-/-) mice fed a HC diet mounted a timely and protective adaptive immune response that restricted mycobacterial replication comparably with WT mice. Thus, ApoE(-/-) and LDL-R(-/-) mice share a cholesterol-dependent hyperinflammatory TB phenotype but do not share the impairment of adaptive immunity found in ApoE(-/-) mice. The impact of hypercholesterolemia on TB immunity is more complex than appreciated by total cholesterol alone, possibly reflecting the different functional effect of specific lipoprotein particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W. Martens
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Therese Vallerskog
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hardy Kornfeld
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Harriff MJ, Purdy GE, Lewinsohn DM. Escape from the Phagosome: The Explanation for MHC-I Processing of Mycobacterial Antigens? Front Immunol 2012; 3:40. [PMID: 22566923 PMCID: PMC3342008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is thought to live in an altered phagosomal environment. In this setting, the mechanisms by which mycobacterial antigens access the major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) processing machinery remain incompletely understood. There is evidence that Mtb antigens can be processed in both endocytic and cytosolic environments, with different mechanisms being proposed for how Mtb antigens can access the cytosol. Recently, electron microscopy was used to demonstrate that Mtb has the potential to escape the phagosome and reside in the cytosol. This was postulated as the primary mechanism by which Mtb antigens enter the MHC-I processing and presentation pathway. In this commentary, we will review data on the escape of Mtb from the cytosol and whether this escape is required for antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells.
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Low dose aerosol fitness at the innate phase of murine infection better predicts virulence amongst clinical strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29010. [PMID: 22235258 PMCID: PMC3250398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Evaluation of a quick and easy model to determine the intrinsic ability of clinical strains to generate active TB has been set by assuming that this is linked to the fitness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain at the innate phase of the infection. Thus, the higher the bacillary load, the greater the possibility of inducting liquefaction, and thus active TB, once the adaptive response is set. Methodology/Principal Findings The virulence of seven clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in Spain was tested by determining the bacillary concentration in the spleen and lung of mice at weeks 0, 1 and 2 after intravenous (IV) inoculation of 104 CFU, and by determining the growth in vitro until the stationary phase had been reached. Cord distribution automated analysis showed two clear patterns related to the high and low fitness in the lung after IV infection. This pattern was not seen in the in vitro fitness tests, which clearly favored the reference strain (H37Rv). Subsequent determination using a more physiological low-dose aerosol (AER) inoculation with 102 CFU showed a third pattern in which the three best values coincided with the highest dissemination capacity according to epidemiological data. Conclusions/Significance The fitness obtained after low dose aerosol administration in the presence of the innate immune response is the most predictive factor for determining the virulence of clinical strains. This gives support to a mechanism of the induction of active TB derived from the dynamic hypothesis of latent tuberculosis infection.
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González-Juarrero M, O'Sullivan MP. Optimization of inhaled therapies for tuberculosis: the role of macrophages and dendritic cells. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91:86-92. [PMID: 20888298 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled therapies in the form of drugs or vaccines for tuberculosis treatment were reported about a decade ago. Experts around the world met to discuss the scientific progress in inhaled therapies at the international symposium "Optimization of inhaled Tuberculosis therapies and implications for host-pathogen interactions" held in New Delhi, India on November 3-5, 2009. The meeting was organized by the Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) Lucknow, India. The lung is the main route for infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli and the primary site of reactivation of latent disease. The only available vaccine BCG is relatively ineffective at preventing tuberculosis disease and current therapy requires prolonged treatment with drugs which results in low patient compliance. Consequently, there is a need to design new vaccines and therapies for this disease. Recently there has been increased interest in the development of inhaled formulations to deliver anti-mycobacterial drugs and vaccines directly to the lung and many of these therapies are designed to target lung macrophages and dendritic cells. However, the development of effective inhaled therapies requires an understanding of the unique function and immunosuppressive environment of the lung which is driven, in part, by alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells. In this review, we will discuss the role of alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells in the host immune response to M. tuberculosis infection and the ways in which inhaled therapies might enhance the anti-microbial response of phagocytes and boost pulmonary immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes González-Juarrero
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Sever-Chroneos Z, Tvinnereim A, Hunter RL, Chroneos ZC. Prolonged survival of scavenger receptor class A-deficient mice from pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91 Suppl 1:S69-74. [PMID: 22088322 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2011.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that the scavenger receptor SR-A modulates granuloma formation in response to pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). To test this hypothesis, we monitored survival and histopathology in WT and SR-A-deficient mice following aerosol infection with MTB Rv. SR-A-deficient (SR-A-/-) mice infected with MTB survived significantly longer than WT mice; the mean survival of SR-A-/- mice exceeded 430 days compared to 230 days for WT mice. Early granuloma formation was not impaired in SR-A-/- mice. The extended survival of SR-A-/- mice was associated with 13- and 3-fold higher number of CD4+ lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells in SR-A-/- lungs compared to WT mice 280 after infection. The histopathology of chronically infected SR-A-/- lungs, however, was marked by abundant cholesterol clefts in parenchymal lesions containing infection in multinucleated giant cells. The present study indicates SR-A as a candidate gene of the innate immune system influencing the chronic phase of M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvjezdana Sever-Chroneos
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, The Center for Biomedical Research, 11937 US Highway 271, Tyler, TX 75708-3154, United States.
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Mattos KA, Oliveira VGC, D'Avila H, Rodrigues LS, Pinheiro RO, Sarno EN, Pessolani MCV, Bozza PT. TLR6-driven lipid droplets in Mycobacterium leprae-infected Schwann cells: immunoinflammatory platforms associated with bacterial persistence. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2548-58. [PMID: 21813774 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for nerve injury in leprosy need further elucidation. We recently demonstrated that the foamy phenotype of Mycobacterium leprae-infected Schwann cells (SCs) observed in nerves of multibacillary patients results from the capacity of M. leprae to induce and recruit lipid droplets (LDs; also known as lipid bodies) to bacterial-containing phagosomes. In this study, we analyzed the parameters that govern LD biogenesis by M. leprae in SCs and how this contributes to the innate immune response elicited by M. leprae. Our observations indicated that LD formation requires the uptake of live bacteria and depends on host cell cytoskeleton rearrangement and vesicular trafficking. TLR6 deletion, but not TLR2, completely abolished the induction of LDs by M. leprae, as well as inhibited the bacterial uptake in SCs. M. leprae-induced LD biogenesis correlated with increased PGE(2) and IL-10 secretion, as well as reduced IL-12 and NO production in M. leprae-infected SCs. Analysis of nerves from lepromatous leprosy patients showed colocalization of M. leprae, LDs, and cyclooxygenase-2 in SCs, indicating that LDs are sites for PGE(2) synthesis in vivo. LD biogenesis Inhibition by the fatty acid synthase inhibitor C-75 abolished the effect of M. leprae on SC production of immunoinflammatory mediators and enhanced the mycobacterial-killing ability of SCs. Altogether, our data indicated a critical role for TLR6-dependent signaling in M. leprae-SC interactions, favoring phagocytosis and subsequent signaling for induction of LD biogenesis in infected cells. Moreover, our observations reinforced the role of LDs favoring mycobacterial survival and persistence in the nerve. These findings give further support to a critical role for LDs in M. leprae pathogenesis in the nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Mattos
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brazil
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Marino S, El-Kebir M, Kirschner D. A hybrid multi-compartment model of granuloma formation and T cell priming in tuberculosis. J Theor Biol 2011; 280:50-62. [PMID: 21443879 PMCID: PMC3740747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a worldwide health problem with 2 billion people infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb, the bacteria causing TB). The hallmark of infection is the emergence of organized structures of immune cells forming primarily in the lung in response to infection. Granulomas physically contain and immunologically restrain bacteria that cannot be cleared. We have developed several models that spatially characterize the dynamics of the host-mycobacterial interaction, and identified mechanisms that control granuloma formation and development. In particular, we published several agent-based models (ABMs) of granuloma formation in TB that include many subtypes of T cell populations, macrophages as well as key cytokine and chemokine effector molecules. These ABM studies emphasize the important role of T-cell related mechanisms in infection progression, such as magnitude and timing of T cell recruitment, and macrophage activation. In these models, the priming and recruitment of T cells from the lung draining lymph node (LN) was captured phenomenologically. In addition to these ABM studies, we have also developed several multi-organ models using ODEs to examine trafficking of cells between, for example, the lung and LN. While we can predict temporal dynamic behaviors, those models are not coupled to the spatial aspects of granuloma. To this end, we have developed a multi-organ model that is hybrid: an ABM for the lung compartment and a non-linear system of ODE representing the lymph node compartment. This hybrid multi-organ approach to study TB granuloma formation in the lung and immune priming in the LN allows us to dissect protective mechanisms that cannot be achieved using the single compartment or multi-compartment ODE system. The main finding of this work is that trafficking of important cells known as antigen presenting cells from the lung to the lymph node is a key control mechanism for protective immunity: the entire spectrum of infection outcomes can be regulated by key immune cell migration rates. Our hybrid multi-organ implementation suggests that effector CD4+ T cells can rescue the system from a persistent infection and lead to clearance once a granuloma is fully formed. This could be effective as an immunotherapy strategy for latently infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeone Marino
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 1150 West Medical Ctr Dr, 6730 MSB2, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Huynh KK, Joshi SA, Brown EJ. A delicate dance: host response to mycobacteria. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:464-72. [PMID: 21726990 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an enormously successful human pathogen that can infect its host for decades without causing clinical disease, only to reactivate when host immunity is compromised. A normal immune response thus contains bacterial spread without inducing sterilizing immunity, therefore benefitting both host and pathogen. Recent work has begun to outline the complexity of this host-pathogen interaction and to reveal how the homeostatic balance between the two is achieved. This review focuses on two significant aspects of this delicate dance: the host's initial innate response and the mature granuloma that later contains the pathogen. Here, we review the fine balance of inflammatory events triggered or controlled by both the host and bacteria and implications for the survival of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassidy K Huynh
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Hoff DR, Ryan GJ, Driver ER, Ssemakulu CC, De Groote MA, Basaraba RJ, Lenaerts AJ. Location of intra- and extracellular M. tuberculosis populations in lungs of mice and guinea pigs during disease progression and after drug treatment. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17550. [PMID: 21445321 PMCID: PMC3061964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The lengthy treatment regimen for tuberculosis is necessary to eradicate a small sub-population of M. tuberculosis that persists in certain host locations under drug pressure. Limited information is available on persisting bacilli and their location within the lung during disease progression and after drug treatment. Here we provide a comprehensive histopathological and microscopic evaluation to elucidate the location of bacterial populations in animal models for TB drug development.To detect bacilli in tissues, a new combination staining method was optimized using auramine O and rhodamine B for staining acid-fast bacilli, hematoxylin QS for staining tissue and DAPI for staining nuclei. Bacillary location was studied in three animal models used in-house for TB drug evaluations: C57BL/6 mice, immunocompromised GKO mice and guinea pigs. In both mouse models, the bacilli were found primarily intracellularly in inflammatory lesions at most stages of disease, except for late stage GKO mice, which showed significant necrosis and extracellular bacilli after 25 days of infection. This is also the time when hypoxia was initially visualized in GKO mice by 2-piminidazole. In guinea pigs, the majority of bacteria in lungs are extracellular organisms in necrotic lesions and only few, if any, were ever visualized in inflammatory lesions. Following drug treatment in mice a homogenous bacillary reduction across lung granulomas was observed, whereas in guinea pigs the remaining extracellular bacilli persisted in lesions with residual necrosis. In summary, differences in pathogenesis between animal models infected with M. tuberculosis result in various granulomatous lesion types, which affect the location, environment and state of bacilli. The majority of M. tuberculosis bacilli in an advanced disease state were found to be extracellular in necrotic lesions with an acellular rim of residual necrosis. Drug development should be designed to target this bacillary population and should evaluate drug regimens in the appropriate animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R. Hoff
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Gavin J. Ryan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Emily R. Driver
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Cornelius C. Ssemakulu
- Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), CSIR Biosciences,
Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mary A. De Groote
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Randall J. Basaraba
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Anne J. Lenaerts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cardona PJ, Ivanyi J. The secret trumps, impelling the pathogenicity of tubercle bacilli. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2011; 29 Suppl 1:14-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s0213-005x(11)70013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Pathogenesis, immunology, and diagnosis of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2011:814943. [PMID: 21234341 PMCID: PMC3017943 DOI: 10.1155/2011/814943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis of tubercle bacilli by antigen-presenting cells in human lung alveoli initiates a complex infection process by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and a potentially protective immune response by the host. M. tuberculosis has devoted a large part of its genome towards functions that allow it to successfully establish latent or progressive infection in the majority of infected individuals. The failure of immune-mediated clearance is due to multiple strategies adopted by M. tuberculosis that blunt the microbicidal mechanisms of infected immune cells and formation of distinct granulomatous lesions that differ in their ability to support or suppress the persistence of viable M. tuberculosis. In this paper, current understanding of various immune processes that lead to the establishment of latent M. tuberculosis infection, bacterial spreading, persistence, reactivation, and waning or elimination of latent infection as well as new diagnostic approaches being used for identification of latently infected individuals for possible control of tuberculosis epidemic are described.
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Ahmad S. New approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Respir Res 2010; 11:169. [PMID: 21126375 PMCID: PMC3004849 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With nearly 9 million new active disease cases and 2 million deaths occurring worldwide every year, tuberculosis continues to remain a major public health problem. Exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis leads to active disease in only ~10% people. An effective immune response in remaining individuals stops M. tuberculosis multiplication. However, the pathogen is completely eradicated in ~10% people while others only succeed in containment of infection as some bacilli escape killing and remain in non-replicating (dormant) state (latent tuberculosis infection) in old lesions. The dormant bacilli can resuscitate and cause active disease if a disruption of immune response occurs. Nearly one-third of world population is latently infected with M. tuberculosis and 5%-10% of infected individuals will develop active disease during their life time. However, the risk of developing active disease is greatly increased (5%-15% every year and ~50% over lifetime) by human immunodeficiency virus-coinfection. While active transmission is a significant contributor of active disease cases in high tuberculosis burden countries, most active disease cases in low tuberculosis incidence countries arise from this pool of latently infected individuals. A positive tuberculin skin test or a more recent and specific interferon-gamma release assay in a person without overt signs of active disease indicates latent tuberculosis infection. Two commercial interferon-gamma release assays, QFT-G-IT and T-SPOT.TB have been developed. The standard treatment for latent tuberculosis infection is daily therapy with isoniazid for nine months. Other options include therapy with rifampicin for 4 months or isoniazid + rifampicin for 3 months or rifampicin + pyrazinamide for 2 months or isoniazid + rifapentine for 3 months. Identification of latently infected individuals and their treatment has lowered tuberculosis incidence in rich, advanced countries. Similar approaches also hold great promise for other countries with low-intermediate rates of tuberculosis incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhail Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
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