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Meiseberg LK, Delarocque J, de Buhr N, Ohnesorge B. Clinical variability of equine asthma phenotypes and analysis of diagnostic steps in phenotype differentiation. Acta Vet Scand 2024; 66:51. [PMID: 39294710 PMCID: PMC11409572 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00773-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine asthma is a common, non-infectious, chronic lung disease that affects up to 80% of the horse population. Strict phenotyping and identification of subclinically asthmatic horses can be challenging. The aim of this study was to describe equine asthma phenotypes (mild, moderate, and severe asthma) defined by BALF cytology and occurrence of clinical signs in a population of privately owned horses and to identify the variables and examination steps with best discriminative potential. The standardised examination protocol included clinical examinations, blood work, airway endoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis, arterial blood gas analysis and radiography under clinical conditions performed by one veterinarian. RESULTS Out of 26 horses, four were diagnosed with mild (subclinical), seven with moderate, and seven with severe asthma based on clinical examination and BALF cytology. Eight horses served as controls. Cough with history of coughing was the strongest variable in phenotype differentiation. Factor analysis revealed an increasing clinical variability with disease severity and an overlapping of clinical presentations between phenotypes. Elevated mast cell (4/4 horses) and neutrophil counts (3/4 horses) in bronchoalveolar lavage cytology differentiated mild asthmatic horses from healthy horses. Moderate and severe asthmatic horses were characterised by clinical signs and neutrophil counts. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that medical history, clinical examination and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology are minimum indispensable steps to diagnose equine asthma and that phenotypes are clinically overlapping. A differentiation of three phenotypes without neutrophil and mast cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage cytology is not sufficient for clinical diagnostics. A comparably exact diagnosis cannot be achieved by relying on alternative examinations used in this study. Screenings of inconspicuous horses with bronchoalveolar lavage can aid in diagnosing subclinically affected animals, however, group size was small, the procedure is invasive and clinical relevance of slightly elevated cells in bronchoalveolar lavage remains unclear. Clinical relevance could not be clarified in this study, since follow-up examinations or lung function testing were not performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Kristin Meiseberg
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Julien Delarocque
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole de Buhr
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ohnesorge
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany
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Barbazanges P, Richard EA, Lemonnier LC, Wouters CP, Toquet MP, Couroucé A. Cytological diagnosis of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage: Comparison of tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage in standardbred racehorses. Vet Rec 2024; 194:e3826. [PMID: 38291664 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytology of airway samples is sensitive for diagnosis of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH), but the association between tracheal wash (TW) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine whether diagnosis of EIPH, using haemosiderophages/macrophages (H/M) ratio, differs when based on TW or BALF. METHODS A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 102 standardbred horses in training. TW and BALF were collected concomitantly from all horses at rest (at least 24 hours after their last training or race), and their H/M ratios were calculated. Spearman's correlation, Cohen's kappa and Gwet's coefficient tests were performed to evaluate the association between TW and BALF samples. RESULTS With BALF, 21 horses met the cytological inclusion criteria for an EIPH diagnosis from individual and/or pooled samples. With TW, 20 horses had occasional (H/M < 10%) haemosiderophages, and nine, one and three horses had small (10%-25%), moderate (25%-50%) and large (>50%) proportions, respectively. Poor correlations and inconsistent concordances between TW and BALF were found for H/M ratio. LIMITATIONS Limitations include the use of a single staining method and the absence of a total haemosiderin score. CONCLUSION No association between TW and BALF was found for the cytological diagnosis of EIPH. Based on H/M ratio, BALF remains the sample type of choice for cytological diagnosis of EIPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Barbazanges
- Department of Equine Internal Medicine, Equine Clinic, ONIRIS, National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Eric A Richard
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), Caen, France
- Université de Caen Normandie, BIOTARGEN UR7450, Caen, France
| | - Louise C Lemonnier
- Department of Equine Internal Medicine, Equine Clinic, ONIRIS, National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - Clovis P Wouters
- Department of Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marie-Pierre Toquet
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), Caen, France
- Université de Caen Normandie, BIOTARGEN UR7450, Caen, France
| | - Anne Couroucé
- Department of Equine Internal Medicine, Equine Clinic, ONIRIS, National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
- Université de Caen Normandie, BIOTARGEN UR7450, Caen, France
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Lemonnier LC, Couroucé A, Cessans M, Petit L, Cardwell JM, Barbazanges P, Toquet MP, Richard EA. Detection of fungi in the airways of horses according to the sample site: a methodological study. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:345-355. [PMID: 37704768 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10213-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Fungal detection in equine airways may be performed on either tracheal wash (TW) or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) by either cytology or culture. However, method comparisons are sparse. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of fungi in airways of horses according to the sample site and laboratory methodology. Sixty-two adult horses, investigated in the field or referred for respiratory disease, were included. Tracheal wash, and BALF collected separately from both lungs, were collected using a videoendoscope. Fungi were detected in cytologic samples examined by light microscopy, and by fungal culture. Hay was sampled in the field. Prevalence of fungi was of 91.9% in TW and 37.1% in BALF. Fungi were cultured from 82.3% of TW and 20.9% of BALF. Fungal elements were observed cytologically in 69.4% of TW and 22.6% of BALF. In 50% of horses, the same fungi were detected in both TW and hay, but fungi detected in BALF and hay differed in all horses. Poor agreement was found for the detection of fungi between TW and BALF and between fungal culture and cytologic examination (Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ) < 0.20). Moderate agreement was found between cytologic examination of left and right lungs (κ = 0.47). The prevalence of fungi detected cytologically on pooled BALF was significantly different (p = 0.023) than on combined left and right BALF. Fungi were more prevalent in the TW than BALF, and results suggest that hay might not be the primary source of fungi of the lower respiratory tract of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Lemonnier
- CISCO-ONIRIS, Department of Equine Internal Medicine, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Oniris, 44300, Nantes, France.
| | - A Couroucé
- CISCO-ONIRIS, Department of Equine Internal Medicine, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Oniris, 44300, Nantes, France
- Université de Caen Normandie, BIOTARGEN UR7450, F-14000, Caen, France
| | - M Cessans
- CISCO-ONIRIS, Department of Equine Internal Medicine, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Oniris, 44300, Nantes, France
| | - L Petit
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), 1 route de Rosel, 14053, Caen, France
| | - J M Cardwell
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - P Barbazanges
- CISCO-ONIRIS, Department of Equine Internal Medicine, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Oniris, 44300, Nantes, France
| | - M -P Toquet
- Université de Caen Normandie, BIOTARGEN UR7450, F-14000, Caen, France
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), 1 route de Rosel, 14053, Caen, France
| | - E A Richard
- Université de Caen Normandie, BIOTARGEN UR7450, F-14000, Caen, France
- LABÉO (Frank Duncombe), 1 route de Rosel, 14053, Caen, France
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Hamouzová P, Drábková Z, Stehlíková Š, Řeháková K, Čížek P, Dobešová O, Jahn P, Doubek J. Regulatory T lymphocytes and selected cytokines in horses with mild to severe equine asthma and different inflammatory cytology profiles. Res Vet Sci 2023; 163:104998. [PMID: 37651940 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.104998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
This study determined Tregs and inflammatory cytokines in BALF and peripheral blood (PB) of adult horses with mild and severe asthma and different BALF cytological inflammation profiles. Horses of diverse breeds with asthma (age range: 2-20 years, n = 24) were divided into groups according to the number of points obtained in a standardized clinical scoring system (mild-moderate equine asthma - MEA, severe equine asthma - SEA) and according to the inflammation type based on cytological finding. Plasma levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17 and MMP-9 in the BALF were determined by ELISA. Tregs in the BALF and PB were detected by flow cytometry. Horses with SEA were older than horses with MEA and had higher concentrations of MMP-9 in the BALF (P < 0.05). The neutrophilic inflammation group was characterised by higher age, grade of clinical score, percentage of Tregs and MMP-9 concentration in the BALF compared to the mastocytic inflammation group (P < 0.05). Age positively correlated with neutrophils, grade of score, Tregs in the BALF and in the PB. The grade of score positively correlated with MMP-9. The percentage of Tregs in the BALF positively correlated with Tregs in the PB. Tregs in the BALF and PB positively correlated with neutrophils and MMP-9 in the BALF and with IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 in the plasma. IFN-γ and IL-10 in the plasma positively correlated with the age. The results indicate that the evaluation of selected parameters in PB, the collection of which is less invasive than the collection of BALF, is of potential importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Hamouzová
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Drábková
- Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Šárka Stehlíková
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Kristína Řeháková
- Small Animal Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Čížek
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Olga Dobešová
- Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jahn
- Equine Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jaroslav Doubek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; Small Animal Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Kozłowska N, Wierzbicka M, Pawliński B, Domino M. Co-Occurrence of Severe Equine Asthma and Palatal Disorders in Privately Owned Pleasure Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1962. [PMID: 37370472 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the "unified or united airway disease" theory, diseases in the upper and lower airways frequently co-occur because they represent a single morphological and functional unit. Palatal disorders (PDs) and severe equine asthma (SEA) are frequent diseases that, respectively, affect upper and lower equine airways; however, clinical studies focusing on the co-occurrence of PDs and SEA are limited. The present study investigated the prevalence of PDs in horses affected by SEA, and whether prevalence decreased after SEA treatment. Forty-six privately owned horses affected by SEA in exacerbation were included. For each horse, the severity of the asthma clinical signs was assessed using a previously described scoring system, and the co-occurrence of palatal disorders was investigated using overground endoscopy, before and after treatment for SEA. Before treatment (in exacerbation), 67.4% of SEA-affected horses showed evidence of PDs, including 39.1% showing evidence of palatal instability (PI) and 28.3% of dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP). Airway inflammation (neutrophil percentage in the tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid) was worse in horses with co-occurring PDs. After treatment (in remission), no horses showed evidence of PI, while DDSP was diagnosed in 8.7% of horses. These findings suggest that palatal disorders respond to asthma treatment, supporting the hypothesis that both diseases could be manifestation of a common underlying disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kozłowska
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wierzbicka
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Pawliński
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Domino
- Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
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Woodrow JS, Hines M, Sommardahl C, Flatland B, Lo Y, Wang Z, Sheats MK, Lennon EM. Initial investigation of molecular phenotypes of airway mast cells and cytokine profiles in equine asthma. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:997139. [PMID: 36713876 PMCID: PMC9875299 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.997139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine asthma is a naturally occurring lung disease characterized by chronic, partially reversible airway obstruction, pulmonary remodeling, and lower airway inflammation. Asthma is currently divided into two major groups, mild to moderate asthma (mEA) and severe asthma (sEA), but further subtyping by phenotype (i.e., clinical presentation) and/or endotype (i.e., cellular mechanisms) may be warranted. For this study, we were interested in further investigation of cellular and inflammatory characteristics of EA, including airway mast cells. The purpose of this study was to: (1) compare mast cell protease mRNA expression between healthy and asthmatic horses, (2) analyze the cytokine profile present in BALF of currently defined equine asthma groups, and (3) use these data to evaluate potential biomarkers of defined asthma groups. We hypothesized that there would be significant differences in the cellular mast cell phenotypes (i.e., mucosal vs. connective tissue) and cytokine profiles in the BALF of asthmatic vs. healthy horses and across asthma groups. We assert these characteristics may inform additional subtypes of equine asthma. Adult horses were recruited from the institution's teaching herd and clinical caseload. Mast cell protease gene expression of the BALF cellular component and multiplex bead immunoassay for cytokine concentrations in the BALF supernatant were investigated. Airway mast cells primarily expressed tryptase, with low levels of chymase. No significant changes in protease expression were detected across groups. Horses with severe asthma had increased TNF-α, CXCL-8, and IFN-γ concentrations in BALF supernatant. Multidimensional analysis demonstrated healthy and mEA horses have overlapping characteristics, with sEA separating from the other groups. This difference was primarily due to BALF neutrophil and lymphocyte concentrations. These study results further inform understanding of EA immunopathology, and future studies designed to investigate asthma phenotypes and endotypes. Ultimately, a better understanding of these groups could help identify novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane S. Woodrow
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States,Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Melissa Hines
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Carla Sommardahl
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Bente Flatland
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Yancy Lo
- Bioinformatics Core, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Bioinformatics Core, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mary Katie Sheats
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Lennon
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Elizabeth M. Lennon ✉
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Lo Feudo CM, Stucchi L, Stancari G, Alberti E, Conturba B, Zucca E, Ferrucci F. Associations between Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage (EIPH) and Fitness Parameters Measured by Incremental Treadmill Test in Standardbred Racehorses. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040449. [PMID: 35203157 PMCID: PMC8868235 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) frequently affects racehorses worldwide and has been widely associated with poor performance; however, scientific evidence supporting this observation is low. The present retrospective study aims to evaluate objectively whether the presence and grade of EIPH could affect some fitness parameters, measured during an incremental treadmill test, in poorly performing Standardbred racehorses. For this purpose, the association between EIPH and the results of a treadmill metabolic test (including blood lactate analysis and venous blood gas analysis) were evaluated in 81 Standardbred racehorses. No relationship between EIPH and aerobic/anaerobic capacity was observed, suggesting that EIPH may affect performance in a different manner. However, EIPH-affected horses were shown to reach higher hematocrit values during exercise compared to EIPH-negative horses; therefore, it may be hypothesized that hemoconcentration may take part in the pathogenesis of EIPH by increasing the pulmonary capillary pressure. Abstract Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) is a condition affecting up to 95% of racehorses, diagnosed by detecting blood in the trachea after exercise and/or the presence of hemosiderophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf). Although EIPH is commonly associated with poor performance, scientific evidence is scarce. The athletic capacity of racehorses can be quantified through some parameters obtained during an incremental treadmill test; in particular, the speed at a heart rate of 200 bpm (V200), and the speed (VLa4) and the heart rate (HRLa4) at which the blood lactate concentration reaches 4 mmol/L are considered good fitness indicators. The present retrospective study aims to evaluate whether EIPH could influence fitness parameters in poorly performing Standardbreds. For this purpose, data from 81 patients regarding their V200, VLa4, HRLa4, peak lactate, maximum speed, minimum pH, and maximum hematocrit were reviewed; EIPH scores were assigned based on tracheobronchoscopy and BALf cytology. The association between the fitness parameters and EIPH was evaluated through Spearman’s correlation analysis. No relationship between EIPH and V200, VLa4, and HRLa4 was observed. Interestingly, EIPH-positive horses showed higher hematocrit values (p = 0.0072, r = 0.47), suggesting the possible influence of the hemoconcentration on the increase of pulmonary capillary pressure as a part of the pathogenesis of EIPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Maria Lo Feudo
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory “Franco Tradati”, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.M.L.F.); (E.A.); (E.Z.)
| | - Luca Stucchi
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.S.); (G.S.); (B.C.)
| | - Giovanni Stancari
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.S.); (G.S.); (B.C.)
| | - Elena Alberti
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory “Franco Tradati”, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.M.L.F.); (E.A.); (E.Z.)
| | - Bianca Conturba
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.S.); (G.S.); (B.C.)
| | - Enrica Zucca
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory “Franco Tradati”, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.M.L.F.); (E.A.); (E.Z.)
| | - Francesco Ferrucci
- Equine Sports Medicine Laboratory “Franco Tradati”, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (C.M.L.F.); (E.A.); (E.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0250334146
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Shawaf T, Almubarak A, Alhumam N, Almathen F, Hussen J. Cytological analysis of tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in health and respiratory disease in dromedary camels. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11723. [PMID: 34249521 PMCID: PMC8256809 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tracheal wash (TW) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) have proven to be useful tools for the identification of disease-associated changes in the respiratory tract in human and different animal species. In the dromedary camel, little is known about cytological analysis of TW and BAL in health and disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytological composition of TW and BAL in health and respiratory disease in dromedary camels. Methods TW and BAL samples were collected from dromedary camels and cytological analysis was performed by microscopic examination of prepared smears. Camels with clinical respiratory disease (n = 18) were compared with apparently healthy (control) camels (n = 9). Results In the apparently healthy camels, differential cytological analysis of TW samples identified macrophages and neutrophils as the main cell populations with lesser proportions of lymphocytes and epithelial cells and very rare abundance of eosinophils and mast cells. In the TW of camels with respiratory disease, neutrophils were the most abundant cells followed by macrophages and lymphocytes. In the BAL of healthy camels, macrophages represented the main cell type followed by lymphocytes and neutrophils. In respiratory-diseased camels, BAL samples contained higher percentages of neutrophils with reduced percentages of macrophages and lymphocytes in comparison to camels from the control group. Collectively, the results of the current study revealed higher abundance of neutrophils in the TW and BAL from dromedary camels than many other veterinary species. The cytological patterns of TW and BAL from camels with respiratory diseases were characterized by increased proportion of neutrophils and decreased proportion of macrophages in comparison to healthy camels. The proportion of lymphocytes was also decreased in TW samples from diseased camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turke Shawaf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Almubarak
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naser Alhumam
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Almathen
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,The Camel Research Center, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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Hansen S, Laustsen L, Otten ND, Skovgaard K, Bech R, Byrgesen S, Hopster-Iversen C, Fjeldborg J. Evaluation of Treatment With Respiratory Gene Technology and Serum in a Group of Standard Bred Racehorses With Cytological Evidence of Mild Equine Asthma. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 101:103435. [PMID: 33993937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Alternative treatment options to glucocorticoids for equine asthma is desirable due to withdrawal time. The objective was to evaluate if serum and Respiratory Gene Technology (RGT), a commercial kit to produce autologous conditioned serum, was effective in reducing bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) neutrophils and mast cells in racehorses with cytological evidence of mild equine asthma . Thirty-six Standardbred trotters in active training were enrolled in this randomized clinical trial; a healthy control group (n=11), a RGT group (n=12) and a serum group (n=13). Endoscopy including tracheal wash (TW) and BAL was performed before (T0), after a 6-week treatment period including 12 intramuscular injections of RGT or serum (T6) and as a follow-up 10 weeks after treatment (T16). A significant decrease in BAL neutrophils for the RGT group was found between T0 and T6 (P = .002, d=-1.51, CI: -2.43;-0.59) and for the serum group between T0-T6 (P = .002, d=-1.36, CI: -2.26;-0.46). Further, a significant decrease in BAL mast cells between T0-T6 for the both the RGT group (P = .019, d=-1.23, CI: -1.22;-0.34) and the serum group (P= .004, d=-0.81, CI: -1.65;0.04), and further between T0-T16 (RGT P= .011, d=-1.55, CI: -2.62;-0.48; serum P= .044, d=-0.65, CI: -1.68;-0.37). No significant difference in TW cytology was found for any of the time-points. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were regulated according to treatment. The control group showed no cytological differences between any time-point. Study results showed that intramuscular treatment with both RGT and serum was effective associated with reduction of BAL neutrophils and mast cells in horses with cytological evidence of mild equine asthma. Further large-scale studies are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanni Hansen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, DK Taastrup.
| | | | - Nina D Otten
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, DK Frederiksberg C
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, DK Kongens Lyngby
| | - Rune Bech
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, DK Taastrup
| | - Simon Byrgesen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, DK Taastrup
| | - Charlotte Hopster-Iversen
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, DK Taastrup
| | - Julie Fjeldborg
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, DK Taastrup
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Laing G, Christley R, Stringer A, Ashine T, Cian F, Aklilu N, Newton R, Radford A, Pinchbeck G. Pathology, infectious agents and horse- and management-level risk factors associated with signs of respiratory disease in Ethiopian working horses. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:670-681. [PMID: 32853420 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory disease is a common cause for presentation of working horses to clinics in Ethiopia and a priority concern for owners. OBJECTIVES To identify risk factors for and association of pathogens with respiratory signs in working horses. STUDY DESIGN Unmatched case-control study. METHODS Cases were those animals recently coughing (last 7 days) or observed with coughing, nasal discharge or altered respiration at the time of examination. A physical exam and respiratory endoscopy were performed including a tracheal wash sample to detect the presence of pathogens and serology performed on blood. An owner questionnaire was administered. Risk factors were determined using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Data on 108 cases and 93 unmatched control horses were obtained. Case horses often had underlying lower airway pathology and were significantly more likely to have Streptococcus zooepidemicus detected (OR: 12.4, 95% CI: 3.6-42.4). There was no evidence of a major role for viral respiratory pathogens. Risk factors included completion of strenuous work (OR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.2-6.3), drinking from stagnant water sources (OR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.0-5.2) or being housed on a cobbled floor (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.1-3.8). There were increased odds of respiratory disease in young and old horses in this population. MAIN LIMITATIONS Samples for pathogen detection and cytology were only taken from the trachea. CONCLUSION S. zooepidemicus, a common commensal, may play a role in clinical respiratory disease in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Laing
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert Christley
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew Stringer
- Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
| | - Tibebu Ashine
- SPANA (Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad), Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | | | - Nigatu Aklilu
- SPANA (Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad), Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
| | | | - Alan Radford
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gina Pinchbeck
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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The Relationship between Lung Inflammation and Aerobic Threshold in Standardbred Racehorses with Mild-Moderate Equine Asthma. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081278. [PMID: 32727062 PMCID: PMC7459439 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Horses can be affected by equine asthma, a disease that shares several similarities with human asthma. Young racehorses can be affected by a mild form of equine asthma, which can have a negative impact on racing performance. In this study, we evaluated the relation between the increase in inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of horses affected by poor performance due to equine asthma and the speed at which the horse blood lactate reaches the value of 4 mmol/L, which is a parameter of athletic capacity. With this aim, we evaluated the results of a treadmill test with blood lactate analysis of 30 horses that had a bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology consistent with a mild form of equine asthma. The results showed a significant relation between the increase in the differential count of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage and the decrease in the speed at 4 mmol/L of lactate. This confirm the negative impact of neutrophilic lung inflammation in the presence of equine asthma on athletic capacity and, consequently, on racing performance. Abstract Mild–moderate equine asthma (MEA) is a common disease of young racehorses characterized by inflammation of the lower airways diagnosed by cytological examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and it is considered an important cause of poor performance. The most common parameter of athletic capacity associated with horse performance is the speed at 4 mmol/L of lactate (VLA4). The aim of the present work was to evaluate the relation between the different BALF inflammatory cells and VLA4 in racehorses affected by MEA. A population of Standardbred racehorses that underwent an accurate protocol for poor performance evaluation was collected for a retrospective study. Horses with any other alteration potentially influencing performance were excluded, thus considering only subjects with BALF cytology consistent with MEA. A sample of 30 horses (3.4 ± 1.0 years old) was selected. The relationship between BALF inflammatory cell differential count and VLA4 was evaluated by means of linear regression. Statistical analysis showed a significant relation (p = 0.015, r2 = 0.19) between the increase in the differential count of neutrophils in BALF and the decrease in VLA4. The results obtained suggested that the accumulation of neutrophils in the airways of MEA horses may have a direct impact on athletic capacity, possibly due to impaired alveolar blood-gas exchanges during strenuous exercise.
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12
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Bond SL, Greco-Otto P, MacLeod J, Galezowski A, Bayly W, Léguillette R. Efficacy of dexamethasone, salbutamol, and reduced respirable particulate concentration on aerobic capacity in horses with smoke-induced mild asthma. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:979-985. [PMID: 31953974 PMCID: PMC7096652 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mild asthma in horses decreases racing performance and impairs gas exchange. The efficacy of treatment on performance is unknown. Hypothesis Treatment targeting lung inflammation improves V˙O2peak in horses with mild asthma. Animals Thoroughbred polo horses (n = 12) with smoke‐induced mild asthma. Horses were exposed to increased ambient particulate matter (35.51 μg/m3 [PM2.5]; day mean, centrally measured) from day −33 to 0, from bushfire smoke (natural model). Methods Prospective, randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blinded clinical trial. All horses completed 3 V˙O2peak tests, measuring aerobic and anaerobic variables: day 0 ‐baseline; day 16 ‐after dexamethasone (20 mg IM q24h; DEX, n = 6) or saline treatment (SALINE, n = 6), under improved ambient PM2.5 concentrations (7.04 μg/m3); day 17‐15‐30mins after inhaled salbutamol (1500 μg). Bronchoalveolar lavage and mucus scoring were performed on day −8 and day 20. Linear mixed effects models were used to examine the effects of timepoint and treatment group on BAL differential cell counts, mucus scores, aerobic and anaerobic variables. Results Horses’ mucus scores improved significantly from day −8 to 20 by 1.27 ± .38 (P = .01). There was a significant increase in V˙O2peak of 15.5 ± 4.0 mL(min.kg)−1 from day 0 to 17 (P = .002), representing an average (mean) increase in V˙O2peak of 13.2%. There was no difference in V˙O2peak between treatment groups (SALINE versus DEX) at any timepoint. Conclusions and Clinical Importance This study highlighted the key role of improved air quality on functionally important airway inflammation. Evidence provided is central to increasing owner compliance regarding improved air quality for the treatment and prevention of mild asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Bond
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Jacqueline MacLeod
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Angelica Galezowski
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Warwick Bayly
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Renaud Léguillette
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Allen KJ, Tennant KV, Franklin SH. Effect of inclusion or exclusion of epithelial cells in equine respiratory cytology analysis. Vet J 2019; 254:105405. [PMID: 31836172 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.105405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Published studies vary as to whether epithelial cells are included in differential counts for tracheal wash (TW) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology in horses. The aim of this study was to determine whether inclusion or exclusion of epithelial cells affects interpretation of airway cytology. Using criteria of >20% TW neutrophils, >10% BAL neutrophils and/or >5% BAL mast cells to indicate airway inflammation, there was a change in categorisation from 'normal' to 'abnormal' in 21%, 4% and 8% horses, respectively, when epithelial cells were excluded from differential counts. It is recommended that future equine respiratory research studies explicitly state whether epithelial cells are included or excluded in differential counts. A consensus on epithelial cell inclusion during cytology reporting is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Allen
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK.
| | - K V Tennant
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK
| | - S H Franklin
- Equine Health and Performance Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia 5371, Australia
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14
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Secombe CJ, van Eps AW, Bruce M, Lester GD. The relationship between bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology and airway hyper-reactivity in a population of Australian horses presented for poor performance. Aust Vet J 2019; 97:343-350. [PMID: 31286483 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology, particularly mast cells, and airway hyper-reactivity in athletic horses presented for poor performance that included a respiratory tract evaluation in two disparate locations in Australia. DESIGN Multi-centre, retrospective and prospective cross-sectional study METHODS: Eighty four adult horses underwent both pulmonary function testing and histamine bronchoprovocation with a commercial flowmetric plethysmography system. A bronchoalveolar lavage was performed four to twelve hours later. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology was categorised using two differing classification systems to define mild equine asthma. Statistical analysis was used to assess associations between bronchoalveolar lavage fluid relative inflammatory cell percentages, and airway hyper-reactivity and their associated categorisations. RESULTS Sixty four percent (54/84) of horses displayed airway hyper-reactivity, as defined by PC35 < 6 mg/ml of histamine. A relative mastocytosis was the most common bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytological abnormality. Horses with a sole mast cell response of ≥ 5% within their bronchoalveolar lavage fluid displayed airway hyper-reactivity at a lower dose of nebulized histamine than horses with normal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology. Horses with mixed cell responses (relative mast cell percentage > 2% and/or relative neutrophil percentage > 5% and/or eosinophil relative cell percentage ≥ 1%) displayed airway hyper-reactivity at a lower dose of nebulized histamine than horses with normal bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology. CONCLUSION In the Australian context, recently revised increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology relative cell percentage cut offs appear appropriate for sole mast cell responses. The historical lower cut offs appear to be appropriate for mixed inflammatory cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Secombe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - A W van Eps
- Equine Specialist Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Bruce
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - G D Lester
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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Hansen S, Fjeldborg J, Hansen AJ, Baptiste KE. Reliability of cytological evaluation of mast cells from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in horses: Intraobserver agreement and mast cell identification. EQUINE VET EDUC 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Hansen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Department of Large Animal Sciences University of Copenhagen Taastrup Denmark
| | - J. Fjeldborg
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences Department of Large Animal Sciences University of Copenhagen Taastrup Denmark
| | | | - K. E. Baptiste
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Danish Medicine Agency Copenhagen Denmark
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17
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Karagianni AE, Summers KM, Couroucé A, Depecker M, McGorum BC, Hume DA, Pirie RS. The Effect of Race Training on the Basal Gene Expression of Alveolar Macrophages Derived From Standardbred Racehorses. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 75:48-54. [PMID: 31002092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mild-to-moderate equine asthma is prevalent in young racehorses, particularly early in their training period. Although the precise etiopathogenesis remains undetermined, it is possible that the susceptibility of this population might partly reflect an exercise-associated immune derangement at the level of the airway. We performed a genome-wide basal gene expression scan on alveolar macrophages (AMs) isolated from Standardbred racehorses before and after commencement of competition race training with a view to identifying any exercise-associated gene expression modulation consistent with functional alterations, which might reflect training-associated immunological derangement. Microarray technology was used to analyze the basal gene expression profiles of bronchoalveolar fluid-derived AMs, harvested from six systemically healthy Standardbred racehorses before (T0) and after (T1) entry into training. In addition, AM lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-α and IL-10 release at T0 and T1 was assessed. Although the data revealed significant interhorse heterogeneity in relation to the magnitude of individual gene expression at each timepoint, within each horse, several inflammatory-related genes [e.g., chemokine ligands, interferons, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFKB)] declined in expression from T0 to T1. Entry into training did not significantly alter AM LPS-induced TNF-α or IL-10 release. The data support a direct effect of training on AM basal gene expression, particularly with respect to immune-related genes. The pattern of training-associated differential gene expression may indicate relative downregulation of inflammatory-related genes, consistent with an immunosuppressive effect of training and an increased susceptibility to opportunistic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Karagianni
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK.
| | - Kim M Summers
- Mater Research Institute-UQ, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Anne Couroucé
- LUNAM Université, ONIRIS, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation de Nantes-Atlantique, UPSP 5304 Laboratoire de Physiopathologie animale et de Pharmacologie fonctionnelle, Nantes, France
| | - Marianne Depecker
- LUNAM Université, ONIRIS, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation de Nantes-Atlantique, UPSP 5304 Laboratoire de Physiopathologie animale et de Pharmacologie fonctionnelle, Nantes, France
| | - Bruce C McGorum
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - David A Hume
- Mater Research Institute-UQ, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - R Scott Pirie
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
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18
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Ivester KM, Couëtil LL, Moore GE. An observational study of environmental exposures, airway cytology, and performance in racing thoroughbreds. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1754-1762. [PMID: 30222207 PMCID: PMC6189343 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mild equine asthma is presumed to arise in response to environmental exposures but the relative impact of differing inflammatory phenotypes upon performance are largely unexplored. Hypotheses: Airway inflammation negatively affects performance and cytological phenotype varies with environmental exposure. Animals Thoroughbred racehorses in active training and racing. Methods Thoroughbreds were recruited 24‐48 hours before racing. Each horse was eligible for re‐enrollment with each race entry. Within one hour of race completion, physical examination, respiratory endoscopy, and BAL were performed. Respirable and inhalable dust, respirable endotoxin, and respirable β‐glucan exposures were measured at the breathing zone within one week after racing. Controlling for age, trainer, and pulmonary hemorrhage, the relationship between performance, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology, and measures of exposure were modeled. Results Performance and BALF data were collected on 64 individual horses from 8 stables for a total of 98 race performances and 79 dust exposure assessments. Evidence of mild equine asthma was found in 80% (78/98) of BALF samples from 52/64 horses. For each percent increase in BALF mast cell and neutrophil proportions, speed figures were reduced by 2.9 (P = .012) and 1.4 (P = .046) points, respectively. Respirable dust concentration was associated with BALF neutrophil proportions (P = .015). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid mast cell proportions were only associated with respirable β‐glucan exposures (P = .030). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Mild equine asthma is common in racing horses and negatively impacts performance. The data support that respirable, rather than inhalable, dust exposure measures are pertinent to equine airway health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Ivester
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue College of Veterinary Medicine, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Laurent L Couëtil
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue College of Veterinary Medicine, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - George E Moore
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue College of Veterinary Medicine, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, Indiana
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Almeida S, Bastos F, Barussi F, Lessa D, Alencar N, Michelotto P. Airway endoscopy and tracheal cytology of two-year-old Thoroughbred horses during the first year of race training. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/cep180004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The immunological status of the respiratory tract is critical to racehorses’ performance. Respiratory diseases in young Thoroughbred (TB) racehorses are a major concern during their early athletic career. This study investigated the airway adaptations occurring in young TB race horses during their first year of race training. Eighteen animals were evaluated at five different time points over a one-year follow-up period. A physical examination was performed, followed by airway endoscopy, in which tracheal mucus (TM) and pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia (PLH) were observed. Differential cytology of the tracheal wash (TW) was also performed. The physical parameters in the five assessments and TM grade did not vary. The PLH grade was lower at time-points 3 (T3) and 4 (T4) than at the initial evaluation (T0) (P=0.028 and P=0.036, respectively). The cytological analysis revealed that neutrophil count decreased at T4 as compared with T0 (P=0.022). Epithelial cell count was increased, and macrophage count decreased, at T3 and T4, compared with T0 (P=0.004 and P=0.031, respectively). Haemosiderophage count was higher at T1 (P=0.020) and lower at T2 (P=0.003), compared to T0. A statistical correlation between mucus and all cell types was found, showing a non-specific immune response. In conclusion, young TB racehorses underwent airway modifications during the initial months of race training, and a thorough follow-up is needed during the initial period after stabling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.R.P. Almeida
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba, Paraná 80215901, Brazil
| | - F.Z. Bastos
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba, Paraná 80215901, Brazil
| | - F.C.M. Barussi
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba, Paraná 80215901, Brazil
| | - D.A.B. Lessa
- School of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brasil Filho 64, Vital Brasil, Niteroi, 24230-340, Brazil
| | - N.X. Alencar
- School of Veterinary, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brasil Filho 64, Vital Brasil, Niteroi, 24230-340, Brazil
| | - P.V. Michelotto
- Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Rua Imaculada Conceição 1155, Curitiba, Paraná 80215901, Brazil
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Rossi H, Virtala AM, Raekallio M, Rahkonen E, Rajamäki MM, Mykkänen A. Comparison of Tracheal Wash and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytology in 154 Horses With and Without Respiratory Signs in a Referral Hospital Over 2009-2015. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:61. [PMID: 29632867 PMCID: PMC5879091 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Most equine lower respiratory diseases present as increased airway neutrophilia, which can be detected in tracheal wash (TW) or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology samples. The aim was to compare the TW and BALF results in a population of client-owned horses with and without clinical respiratory disease signs. A secondary aim was to determine the sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of TW and BALF neutrophilia in detecting respiratory disease. The cutoff values for neutrophils were also evaluated. Retrospective data from 154 horses of various breeds that had been subject to both TW and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) sampling at rest during 2009−2015 were used. The horses were divided into three groups based on the presenting signs, physical examination, and endoscopy mucus score. Neutrophil counts of >20% in TW and >5% in BAL were considered abnormal. Cytology results between groups, correlations between TW and BALF cell types, and tracheal mucus score were analyzed. Two graph receiving operating characteristic (ROC) curves of the neutrophil percentage values of TW and BALF were created to determine the optimal cutoff values and to calculate the diagnostic Se and Sp for diagnosing airway inflammation in horses with and without clinical respiratory signs. The Se and Sp of TW and BALF neutrophil percentages were further estimated using a two-test one-population Bayesian latent class model. The two tests showed substantial agreement, and only 17.5% of the horses were classified differently (healthy vs. diseased). The neutrophil percentage was found to correlate between TW and BALF. The Se and Sp of TW were generally higher than for BAL when estimated with area under the curve or Bayesian model. Cutoff values of 17.7% for TW and 7% for BALF were indicated by the ROCs. We conclude that TW is a more sensitive and specific method in our patient population. We suggest that the current neutrophil cutoff values of 20% for TW and 5% for BALF would still be appropriate to use in clinical diagnosis of airway inflammation. However, further studies with other cell types and in other populations are warranted to determine the best sampling method for individual horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heini Rossi
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna-Maija Virtala
- Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja Raekallio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emmi Rahkonen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna M Rajamäki
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Mykkänen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Karagianni A, Kapetanovic R, Summers K, McGorum B, Hume D, Pirie R. Comparative transcriptome analysis of equine alveolar macrophages. Equine Vet J 2017; 49:375-382. [PMID: 27096353 PMCID: PMC5412682 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are the first line of defence against pathogens in the lungs of all mammalian species and thus may constitute appropriate therapeutic target cells in the treatment and prevention of opportunistic airway infections. Therefore, acquiring a better understanding of equine macrophage biology is of paramount importance in addressing this issue in relation to the horse. OBJECTIVES To compare the transcriptome of equine AMs with that of equine peritoneal macrophages (PMs) and to investigate the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on equine AM. STUDY DESIGN Gene expression study of equine AMs. METHODS Cells from both bronchoalveolar and peritoneal lavage fluid were isolated from systemically healthy horses that had been submitted to euthanasia. Cells were cryopreserved. RNA was extracted and comparative microarray analyses were performed in AMs and PMs, and in AMs treated and untreated with LPS. Comparisons with published data derived from human AM studies were made, with particular focus on LPS-induced inflammatory status. RESULTS The comparison between AMs and PMs revealed the differential basal expression of 451 genes. Gene expression analysis revealed an alternative (M2) macrophage polarisation profile in AMs and a hybrid macrophage activation profile in PMs, a phenomenon potentially attributable to a degree of induced endotoxin tolerance. The gene expression profile of equine AMs following LPS stimulation revealed significant changes in the expression of 240 genes, including well-known upregulated inflammatory genes. This LPS-induced gene expression profile of equine AMs more closely resembles that of human rather than murine macrophages. CONCLUSIONS This study improves current understanding of equine macrophage biology. These data suggest that the horse may represent a suitable animal model for the study of human macrophage-associated lung inflammation and data derived from human macrophage studies may have significant relevance to the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.E. Karagianni
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghUK
- Present address: Moredun Research InstitutePentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, PenicuikMidlothianEH26 0PZUK
| | - R. Kapetanovic
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghUK
- Present address: Institute for Molecular BioscienceUniversity of QueenslandSt LuciaQueensland4072Australia
| | - K.M. Summers
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghUK
| | - B.C. McGorum
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghUK
| | - D.A. Hume
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghUK
| | - R.S. Pirie
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghUK
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Doubli-Bounoua N, Richard EA, Léon A, Pitel PH, Pronost S, Fortier G. Multiple molecular detection of respiratory viruses and associated signs of airway inflammation in racehorses. Virol J 2016; 13:197. [PMID: 27899161 PMCID: PMC5129218 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0657-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The potential involvement of viruses in inflammatory airway disease (IAD) was previously investigated through either serology or PCR from nasopharyngeal swabs (NS). The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence and incidence of viral genome detection by qPCR in the equine airways, and their association with respiratory clinical signs. Methods Both NS and tracheal washes (TW) were collected monthly on 52 Standardbred racehorses at training, over 27 consecutive months (581 samples). Equid herpesviruses (EHV)-1, −4, −2 and −5, equine rhinitis virus-A and -B (ERBV), equine adenovirus-1 and −2, equine coronavirus and equine influenza virus were systematically investigated in both NS and TW. Nasal discharge, coughing, tracheal mucus score and TW neutrophil proportions were simultaneously recorded. Results Genome for 7/10 viruses were detected at least once throughout the study; up to 4 different viruses being also concomitantly detected. Monthly incidence in TW was respectively 27.9% (EHV-5), 24.8% (EHV-2), 7.1% (ERBV), 3.8% (EHV-4), 1.9% (EAdV1) and 0.2% (EHV-1; ERAV). Neither agreement nor correlation between NS and TW was found for respectively genome detection and viral loads. Detection of viral genome in NS was not associated with any clinical sign. Coughing was significantly associated with TW detection of EHV-2 DNA (OR 3.1; P = 0.01) and ERBV RNA (OR 5.3; P < 0.001). Detection of EHV-2 DNA in TW was also significantly associated with excess tracheal mucus (OR 2.1; P = 0.02). Conclusions Detection and quantification of EHV-2 and ERBV by qPCR in TW, but not in NS, should be considered when investigating horses with IAD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0657-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Doubli-Bounoua
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, UNICAEN, EA 4655, U2RM, Caen, France
| | | | - Albertine Léon
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, UNICAEN, EA 4655, U2RM, Caen, France
| | | | - Stéphane Pronost
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, UNICAEN, EA 4655, U2RM, Caen, France
| | - Guillaume Fortier
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, UNICAEN, EA 4655, U2RM, Caen, France
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Santos NFDSD, Viscardi V, Caruso ACP, Torres Filho RDA, Alencar NXD, Lessa DAB. EQUINE TRACHEOBRONCHIAL WASH FILTRATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON DIFFERENTIAL CELL COUNT. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1089-6891v17i231988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Tracheobronchial wash (TBW) is a method to recover cell samples from the airways. The cytology of TBW fluid is an important technique for the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases in horses. Excessive mucus in TBW may cause cell damage and morphological changes that hinder cell type recognition, resulting in a misdiagnosis. The aim of this study was to compare the results of differential cell count in a tracheobronchial wash of filtered and non-filtered samples. Endoscopy and TBW procedures were performed in thirty horses. Each TBW sample was split into two aliquots. Two groups were formed: non-filtrated aliquots (NF) and filtrated aliquots (F). The filtration was performed using a hydrophilic gauze pad. After centrifugation, the differential cell count was performed considering 300 nucleated cells. The filtrated aliquots results presented a significant increase of macrophages count and a significant decrease in neutrophils count comparing to the results of non-filtrated aliquots. These findings were consistent with results of filtered bronchoalveolar wash published studies. Therefore, the filtration of TBW is not an efficient method.
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Salz RO, Ahern BJ, Boston R, Begg LM. Association of tracheal mucus or blood and airway neutrophilia with racing performance in Thoroughbred horses in an Australian racing yard. Aust Vet J 2016; 94:96-100. [PMID: 26952960 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the variation of tracheal mucus scores, tracheal blood scores and transendoscopic tracheal wash (TW) cytology in a population of Thoroughbred (TB) racehorses and assess their association with racing performance. METHODS A total of 220 endoscopic examinations were performed and TWs obtained from 155 TB racehorses. Samples were collected 60-120 min following gallop work. Tracheal mucus score, tracheal blood score and TW cytology were analysed and their association with racing performance assessed. RESULTS Of the total examinations and samples, 194 from 135 horses fitted the criteria for inclusion. The overall prevalence of visible tracheal mucus was 2.5% (5/194) and of increased tracheal mucus was 0%. The prevalence of visible tracheal blood was 8.8% (17/194) and of increased tracheal blood was 4.6% (9/194). A total of 36% (70/194) of TWs contained elevated percentages of neutrophils and of these, 96% (67/70) occurred in the absence of any visible tracheal mucus. There was no significant association between tracheal mucus score or TW cytology and subsequent racing performance. There was a statistically significant association (P = 0.004) between increased tracheal blood scores and poor racing performance. CONCLUSIONS Visible tracheal blood seen after strenuous exercise in clinically normal TB racehorses was a risk factor for poor racing performance, but the presence of airway neutrophilia was not. No horses in this study were found to have increased tracheal mucus, so the association of increased tracheal mucus with racing performance could not be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O Salz
- Randwick Equine Centre, 3 Jane Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.
| | - B J Ahern
- Randwick Equine Centre, 3 Jane Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - R Boston
- Randwick Equine Centre, 3 Jane Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - L M Begg
- Randwick Equine Centre, 3 Jane Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
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Couëtil L, Cardwell J, Gerber V, Lavoie J, Léguillette R, Richard E. Inflammatory Airway Disease of Horses--Revised Consensus Statement. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:503-15. [PMID: 26806374 PMCID: PMC4913592 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this manuscript is to revise and update the previous consensus statement on inflammatory airway disease (IAD) in horses. Since 2007, a large number of scientific articles have been published on the topic and these new findings have led to a significant evolution of our understanding of IAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.L. Couëtil
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary MedicinePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN
| | - J.M. Cardwell
- Department of Production and Population HealthRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldHertfordshireUK
| | - V. Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine MedicineUniversity of Berne and AgroscopeBerneSwitzerland
| | - J.‐P. Lavoie
- Faculté de Médicine VétérinaireDépartement de Sciences CliniquesUniversité de MontrealSt‐HyacintheQuébecCanada
| | - R. Léguillette
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
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Depecker M, Couroucé-Malblanc A, Leleu C, Genneviève V, Pitel PH, Richard EA. Comparison of two cytological methods for detecting pulmonary haemorrhage in horses. Vet Rec 2015; 177:305. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.103332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Depecker
- LUNAM Université, CISCO- ONIRIS, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation de Nantes-Atlantique; Atlanpôle - La Chantrerie, BP40706 Nantes 44307 France
| | - A. Couroucé-Malblanc
- LUNAM Université, CISCO- ONIRIS, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation de Nantes-Atlantique; Atlanpôle - La Chantrerie, BP40706 Nantes 44307 France
| | - C. Leleu
- EQUI-TEST, La Lande; Grez en Bouère 53 290 France
| | - V. Genneviève
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, SF 4206 ICORE/LABÉO Frank Duncombe; 1 route de Rosel 14053 Caen cedex 4 France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; 2 rue de la Milétrie Poitiers 86021 France
| | - P. -H. Pitel
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, SF 4206 ICORE/LABÉO Frank Duncombe; 1 route de Rosel 14053 Caen cedex 4 France
| | - E. A. Richard
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, SF 4206 ICORE/LABÉO Frank Duncombe; 1 route de Rosel 14053 Caen cedex 4 France
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Cian F, Monti P, Durham A. Cytology of the lower respiratory tract in horses: An updated review. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Cian
- Animal Health Trust; Newmarket Suffolk UK
| | - P. Monti
- Dick White Referrals; Six Mile Bottom Suffolk UK
| | - A. Durham
- Liphook Equine Hospital; Liphook Hampshire UK
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Richard EA, Depecker M, Defontis M, Leleu C, Fortier G, Pitel PH, Couroucé-Malblanc A. Cytokine concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from horses with neutrophilic inflammatory airway disease. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1838-44. [PMID: 25269933 PMCID: PMC4895612 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple cytological patterns occur in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of horses with inflammatory airway disease (IAD). Only few data on BALF cytokine profiles are available for horses with IAD, and are limited to mRNA expression. Hypothesis/Objective Cytological profiles of IAD are associated with different BALF immunological pathways. To investigate BALF cytokine concentrations in a large number of horses with neutrophilic IAD. Animals One hundred and thirty‐eight client‐owned Standardbred racehorses in active training. Methods Prospective observational study. BALF samples were obtained from left and right lungs. Interleukin (IL)‐4, interferon (IFN)‐γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α concentrations were determined by ELISA. Results Fourteen horses had normal BALF cytological profiles and 56 exhibited evidence of bilateral neutrophilic IAD. Twenty‐four horses showed BALF with, respectively, IAD‐ and CTL consistent cytology and were excluded; as were 44 horses because of evidence of pulmonary hemorrhage. TNF‐α (56 ± 115 pg/mL; P = .034) and IFN‐γ concentrations (104 ± 247 pg/mL; P = .044) were significantly higher for IAD horses, compared with controls (respectively 19 ± 41 and 80 ± 116 pg/mL). Horses with ‘neutrophil’ subtype had significantly higher IFN‐γ concentrations (110 ± 154 pg/mL), than ‘neutrophil/metachromatic’ (56 ± 54 pg/mL; P = .028) and ‘neutrophil/metachromatic/eosinophil’ subtypes (44 ± 23 pg/mL; P = .012). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Cytokine concentrations in BALF suggested that neutrophilic IAD is associated with activation of the innate immune system and a possible T‐helper (Th)‐1 polarized response. This study also suggested that immunological pathways vary according to cytological IAD subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Richard
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, SF 4206 ICORE/LABÉO Frank Duncombe, 14053, Caen Cedex 4, France
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Kirschvink N. Statistics and epidemiological studies: emerging fields in veterinary research and medicine. Vet J 2014; 200:6-7. [PMID: 24529888 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Kirschvink
- Integrated Veterinary Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, B-5000 Namur, Belgium.
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Depecker M, Richard EA, Pitel PH, Fortier G, Leleu C, Couroucé-Malblanc A. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in Standardbred racehorses: Influence of unilateral/bilateral profiles and cut-off values on lower airway disease diagnosis. Vet J 2014; 199:150-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Spelta CW, Axon JE, Begg A, Diallo ISI, Carrick JB, Russell CM, Collins NM. Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in three horses in Australia. Aust Vet J 2013; 91:274-80. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CW Spelta
- Townsville Vet Clinic; 32-34 Anne St; Aitkenvale; Queensland 4814; Australia
| | - JE Axon
- Scone Equine Hospital; Scone; New South Wales; Australia
| | - A Begg
- Vetnostics; Kotara; New South Wales; Australia
| | - ISI Diallo
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland; Department of Employment, Economic Development and Innovation; Queensland Government, Health and Food Sciences Precinct; Coopers Plains; Queensland; Australia
| | - JB Carrick
- Equine Specialist Consulting; Scone; New South Wales; Australia
| | - CM Russell
- Scone Equine Hospital; Scone; New South Wales; Australia
| | - NM Collins
- Scone Equine Hospital; Scone; New South Wales; Australia
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Experimental model of equine alveolar macrophage stimulation with TLR ligands. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 155:30-7. [PMID: 23815824 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary diseases are common in horses and have a major economic impact on the equine industry. Some of them could be associated with an inadequate immune response in the lung, but methods to evaluate this response in horses are lacking. The aim of this study was to develop and validate an experimental model that could be applied in several physiological and pathological conditions to assess the innate immune response of equine pulmonary cells. Equine alveolar macrophages (AMs) obtained from bronchoalveolar lavages were isolated from other cells by adhesion. TLR2, 3, and 4 expression in AMs was studied and their responses to commercial ligands (respectively FSL-1, Poly(I:C), and LPS) were evaluated after determination of the appropriate dose and time of incubation. TLR responses were assessed by measuring cytokine production using (1) gene expression of TNFα, IFNβ, Il-1β, and IFNα by qPCR (indirect method); and (2) cytokine production for TNFα and IFNβ by ELISA (direct method). TLR 2, 3, and 4 were expressed by AMs. TLR 2 stimulation with 10 ng/mL of FSL-1 during 3h significantly increased IL-1β and TNFα gene expression. TLR 3 stimulation with 1000 ng/mL of Poly(I:C) during 1h increased IFNβ, IFNα, Il-1β and TNFα expression. TLR 4 stimulation with 100 ng/mL of LPS during 3h increased TNFα, IFNβ, and Il-1β expression. Results obtained by ELISA quantification of TNFα and IFNβ produced by AMs following stimulation during 6h were similar: FSL-1 increased TNFα production but not IFNβ, Poly(I:C) and LPS increased production of IFNβ and TNFα. In conclusion, pulmonary innate immunity of horses can be assessed ex vivo by measuring cytokine production following stimulation of AMs with TLR agonists. This experimental model could be applied under several conditions especially to improve the understanding of equine respiratory disease pathogenesis, and to suggest novel therapeutic opportunities.
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Abstract
AIMS To determine which viruses circulate among selected populations of New Zealand horses and whether or not viral infections were associated with development of respiratory disease. METHODS Nasal swabs were collected from 33 healthy horses and 52 horses with respiratory disease and tested by virus isolation and/or PCR for the presence of equine herpesviruses (EHV) and equine rhinitis viruses. RESULTS Herpesviruses were the only viruses detected in nasal swab samples. When both the results of nasal swab PCR and virus isolation were considered together, a total of 41/52 (79%) horses with respiratory disease and 2/32 (6%) healthy horses were positive for at least one virus. As such, rates of virus detection were significantly higher (p<0.001) in samples from horses with respiratory disease than from healthy horses. More than half of the virus-positive horses were infected with multiple viruses. Infection with EHV-5 was most common (28 horses), followed by EHV-2 (27 horses), EHV-4 (21 horses) and EHV-1 (3 horses). CONCLUSIONS Herpesviruses were more commonly detected in nasal swabs from horses with respiratory disease than from healthy horses suggesting their aetiological involvement in the development of clinical signs among sampled horses. Further investigation to elucidate the exact relationships between these viruses and respiratory disease in horses is warranted. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Equine respiratory disease has been recognised as an important cause of wastage for the equine industry worldwide. It is likely multifactorial, involving complex interactions between different microorganisms, the environment and the host. Ability to control, or minimise, the adverse effects of equine respiratory disease is critically dependent on our understanding of microbial agents involved in these interactions. The results of the present study update our knowledge on the equine respiratory viruses currently circulating among selected populations of horses in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A McBrearty
- Institute of Veterinary Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Tee SY, Dart AJ, MacDonald MH, Perkins NR, Horadagoda N, Jeffcott LB. Effects of collecting serial tracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage samples on the cytological findings of subsequent fluid samples in healthy Standardbred horses. Aust Vet J 2012; 90:247-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2012.00950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Courouce-Malblanc A, Deniau V, Rossignol F, Corde R, Leleu C, Maillard K, Pitel PH, Pronost S, Fortier G. Physiological measurements and prevalence of lower airway diseases in Trotters with dorsal displacement of the soft palate. Equine Vet J 2011:246-55. [PMID: 21059014 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) is one of the most common obstructive conditions of the upper respiratory tract in the racehorse. This condition has a complex aetiology which may be caused or exacerbated by pharyngeal inflammation. Additionally, lower respiratory airway diseases may be associated with DDSP thereby contributing to exercise intolerance in these horses. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to measure physiological variables during a standardised exercise test and to assess the prevalence and consequences of lower respiratory airway disease in horses with DDSP. METHODS A total of 46 horses were included in this study: 22 in the control and 24 in the DDSP groups. All horses performed a SET with measurement of heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentration. One hour post exercise, respiratory samples were collected for cytological and bacteriological analysis. RESULTS During exercise, the DDSP group had higher blood lactate concentration than the control group. According to BAL results, 50 and 63% of control and DDSP group horses, respectively, had evidence of inflammatory airway disease (IAD). In the DDSP group, 42% of horses had a syndrome of tracheal inflammation (STI) with 71% of this group having bacteria isolated at >10(5) CFU/ml. CONCLUSIONS Horses with DDSP showed evidence of a high prevalence of IAD and STI with an associated positive bacteriology in 55% of the cases. Even if DDSP is treated by surgery, the authors' recommendation would be to investigate the possibility of lower respiratory airway problems which may also be impacting the horse's performance and/or surgery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Courouce-Malblanc
- ONIRIS, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation de Nantes Atlantique, UPSP, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie Animale et de Pharmacologie Fonctionnelle, Atlanpôle, La Chantrerie, Nantes cedex, France.
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Kutasi O, Balogh N, Lajos Z, Nagy K, Szenci O. Diagnostic Approaches for the Assessment of Equine Chronic Pulmonary Disorders. J Equine Vet Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Beekman L, Tohver T, Dardari R, Léguillette R. Evaluation of suitable reference genes for gene expression studies in bronchoalveolar lavage cells from horses with inflammatory airway disease. BMC Mol Biol 2011; 12:5. [PMID: 21272375 PMCID: PMC3039571 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-12-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The stability of reference genes has a tremendous effect on the results of relative quantification of genes expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Equine Inflammatory Airway Disease (IAD) is a common condition often treated with corticosteroids. The diagnosis of IAD is based on clinical signs and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid cytology. The aim of this study was to identify reference genes with the most stable mRNA expression in the BAL cells of horses with IAD irrespective of corticosteroids treatment. Results The expression stability of seven candidate reference genes (B2M, HPRT, GAPDH, ACTB, UBB, RPL32, SDHA) was determined by qRT-PCR in BAL samples taken pre- and post- treatment with dexamethasone and fluticasone propionate for two weeks in 7 horses with IAD. Primers' efficiencies were calculated using LinRegPCR. NormFinder, GeNorm and qBasePlus softwares were used to rank the genes according to their stability. GeNorm was also used to determine both the ideal number and the best combination of reference genes. GAPDH was found to be the most stably expressed gene with the three softwares. GeNorm ranked B2M as the least stable gene. Based on the pair-wise variation cut-off value determined with GeNorm, the number of genes required for optimal normalization was four and included GAPDH, SDHA, HPRT and RPL32. Conclusion The geometric mean of GAPDH, HPRT, SDHA and RPL32 is recommended for accurate normalization of quantitative PCR data in BAL cells of horses with IAD treated with corticosteroids. If only one reference gene can be used, then GAPDH is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Beekman
- Departement of Veterinary Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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Kirschvink N. Respiratory fluid analysis in horses: An indispensable diagnostic tool in equine respiratory medicine. Vet J 2010; 185:100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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