1
|
Lindh E, Meller A, Raekallio M. Effects of vatinoxan in rats sedated with a combination of medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl. Acta Vet Scand 2024; 66:23. [PMID: 38822394 PMCID: PMC11141047 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00744-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists (α2-agonists) are widely used in animals as sedatives and for pre-anaesthetic medication. Medetomidine has often been given subcutaneously (SC) to rats, although its absorption rate is slow and the individual variation in serum drug concentrations is high via this route. In addition, α2-agonists have various effects on metabolic and endocrine functions such as hypoinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia and diuresis. Vatinoxan is a peripherally acting α2-adrenoceptor antagonist that, as a hydrophilic molecule, does not cross the blood-brain barrier in significant quantities and thus alleviates peripheral cardiovascular effects and adverse metabolic effects of α2-agonists. Aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of vatinoxan on sedation, blood glucose concentration, voiding and heart and respiratory rates and arterial oxygen saturation in rats sedated with subcutaneous medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl. RESULTS Onset of sedation and loss of righting reflex occurred significantly faster with vatinoxan [5.35 ± 1.08 (mean ± SD) versus 12.97 ± 6.18 min and 6.53 ± 2.18 versus 14.47 ± 7.28 min, respectively]. No significant differences were detected in heart and respiratory rates and arterial oxygen saturation between treatments. Blood glucose concentration (18.3 ± 3.6 versus 11.8 ± 1.2 mmol/L) and spontaneous urinary voiding [35.9 (15.1-41.6), range (median) versus 0.9 (0-8.0) mL /kg/min] were significantly higher without vatinoxan. CONCLUSIONS Acceleration of induction of sedation, alleviation of hyperglycaemia and prevention of profuse diuresis by vatinoxan may be beneficial when sedating rats for clinical and experimental purposes with subcutaneous medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Lindh
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Koetilantie 4, P.O.Box 57, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Anna Meller
- Laboratory Animal Center, Mustialankatu 1 G, P.O.Box 29, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Marja Raekallio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Koetilantie 4, P.O.Box 57, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hallman IAM, Raekallio MR, Koho N, Weckman MJ, Karikoski NP. Effects of alpha-2-adrenoceptor agonism and antagonism on equine blood insulin and glucose concentrations after oral carbohydrate load. Vet J 2024; 304:106080. [PMID: 38360134 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Alpha-2-adrenoceptor agonist detomidine is a commonly used sedative agent in horses. In addition to the sedative effect, detomidine has been reported to elicit changes in energy metabolism such as hypoinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia. This study aimed to investigate the effects of detomidine with and without peripherally acting alpha-2-adrenoceptor antagonist vatinoxan on insulin and blood glucose (BG) concentrations in horses after a standard dose of oral carbohydrates. Sixteen horses were assigned to four intravenous treatments in a randomised cross-over design: saline (SAL), detomidine (0.02 mg/kg; DET), vatinoxan (0.2 mg/kg; VAT), and a combination of detomidine and vatinoxan (DET+VAT). Horses were administered corn syrup (0.45 mL/kg) immediately before each treatment. Blood samples were collected until 360 min. The differences between treatments were evaluated with repeated measures analysis of covariance and change from baseline was used as a response. P<0.05 was considered significant. After oral carbohydrate load, DET reduced insulin (median 30 min nadir 3.7, min-max 0.6-7.4 µIU/mL) significantly compared with SAL (P<0.0001; 17.4, 9.3-65.4 µIU/mL) and DET+VAT (P=0.0005; 6.4, 2.9-12.9 µIU/mL). BG increased significantly after DET (peak; 130.5, 8.8-15.8 mmol/L) compared with SAL (P<0.0001; 8.7, 6.9-12.4 mmol/L) and DET+VAT (P<0.0001; 8.5, 6.8-10.6 mmol/L). Vatinoxan alone reduced BG (peak median 7.6, 7.0-9.9 mmol/L) compared with SAL (P=0.02) and delayed insulin responses to carbohydrates. In conclusion, vatinoxan alleviated the detomidine-induced changes (DET+VAT compared to DET) in insulin and BG after oral carbohydrate load. Additionally, vatinoxan is potentially able to modulate BG concentration and insulin response after oral carbohydrate administration in horses, but more research is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I A M Hallman
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, Finland.
| | - M R Raekallio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, Finland
| | - N Koho
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, Finland
| | - M J Weckman
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, Finland
| | - N P Karikoski
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 57, FI-00014, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hunt A, Olin S, Whittemore JC, Esteller-Vico A, Springer C, Giori L. The effects of selected sedatives on basal and stimulated serum cortisol concentrations in healthy dogs. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16955. [PMID: 38406286 PMCID: PMC10885794 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Hormone assessment is typically recommended for awake, unsedated dogs. However, one of the most commonly asked questions from veterinary practitioners to the endocrinology laboratory is how sedation impacts cortisol concentrations and the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test. Butorphanol, dexmedetomidine, and trazodone are common sedatives for dogs, but their impact on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of butorphanol, dexmedetomidine, and trazodone on serum cortisol concentrations. Methods Twelve healthy beagles were included in a prospective, randomized, four-period crossover design study with a 7-day washout. ACTH stimulation test results were determined after saline (0.5 mL IV), butorphanol (0.3 mg/kg IV), dexmedetomidine (4 µg/kg IV), and trazodone (3-5 mg/kg PO) administration. Results Compared to saline, butorphanol increased basal (median 11.75 µg/dL (range 2.50-23.00) (324.13 nmol/L; range 68.97-634.48) vs 1.27 µg/dL (0.74-2.10) (35.03 nmol/L; 20.41-57.93); P < 0.0001) and post-ACTH cortisol concentrations (17.05 µg/dL (12.40-26.00) (470.34 nmol/L; 342.07-717.24) vs 13.75 µg/dL (10.00-18.90) (379.31 nmol/L; 275.96-521.38); P ≤ 0.0001). Dexmedetomidine and trazodone did not significantly affect basal (1.55 µg/dL (range 0.75-1.55) (42.76 nmol/L; 20.69-42.76); P = 0.33 and 0.79 µg/dL (range 0.69-1.89) (21.79 nmol/L; 19.03-52.14); P = 0.13, respectively, vs saline 1.27 (0.74-2.10) (35.03 nmol/L; 20.41-57.93)) or post-ACTH cortisol concentrations (14.35 µg/dL (range 10.70-18.00) (395.86 nmol/L; 295.17-496.55); (P = 0.98 and 12.90 µg/dL (range 8.94-17.40) (355.86 nmol/L; 246.62-480); P = 0.65), respectively, vs saline 13.75 µg/dL (10.00-18.60) (379.31 nmol/L; 275.86-513.10). Conclusion Butorphanol administration should be avoided prior to ACTH stimulation testing in dogs. Further evaluation of dexmedetomidine and trazodone's effects on adrenocortical hormone testing in dogs suspected of HPA derangements is warranted to confirm they do not impact clinical diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hunt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Shelly Olin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | | | - Alejandro Esteller-Vico
- University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, TN, United States of America
| | - Cary Springer
- Research Computing Support, Office of Information Technology, University of Tennessee–Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Luca Giori
- University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, TN, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tisotti T, Sanchez A, Nickell J, Smith CK, Hofmeister E. Retrospective evaluation of acute hyperkalemia of unknown origin during general anesthesia in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2023; 50:129-135. [PMID: 36658066 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report and characterize cases of acute hyperkalemia of unknown origin in dogs under anesthesia. STUDY DESIGN Multicentric retrospective clinical study. ANIMALS Medical records of 19 client-owned dogs that developed acute hyperkalemia during anesthesia. METHODS Anesthetic records of dogs developing acute hyperkalemia from January 2015 to December 2022 were evaluated. Data collected included demographics, duration of anesthesia until the episode, electrolytes and blood gas measurements, electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities, drugs used as part of the anesthetic protocol, hyperkalemia treatment and outcome. RESULTS A total of 13 cases met the inclusion criteria with documented acute hyperkalemia with no apparent underlying cause during anesthesia. Dogs were [mean ± standard deviation (range)] 6.5 ± 5.0 (3-10) years old and weighed 18.0 ± 14.3 (5.1-40.0) kg. All dogs were administered dexmedetomidine and an opioid as part of the premedication. All dogs had inhalation anesthesia of >60 minutes' duration. The first clinical sign was bradycardia that was minimally responsive to anticholinergic administration and was often accompanied by moderate/severe hypotension. These signs were rapidly followed by ECG changes compatible with hyperkalemia and/or cardiac arrest. Rapid identification and treatment for hyperkalemia, with or without dexmedetomidine reversal, resulted in survival of 12 dogs and one fatality. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Unknown origin hyperkalemia is a life-threatening complication that can occur during general anesthesia. In healthy dogs, preanesthetic administration of dexmedetomidine in association with an opioid and followed by inhalation anesthesia of more than 1 hour duration may predispose to this complication. A sudden decrease in heart rate >90 minutes after dexmedetomidine administration, or ECG changes, may warrant measurement of blood potassium concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tainor Tisotti
- Western Veterinary Specialist and Emergency Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Andrea Sanchez
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Christopher K Smith
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Erik Hofmeister
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Costa RS, Jones T. Anesthetic Considerations in Dogs and Cats with Diabetes Mellitus. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:581-589. [PMID: 36854634 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of diabetes and hyperglycemia on hydration, acid-base status, and immune function is paramount to safely anesthetizing diabetic cats and dogs. Preoperative stabilization of glucose concentrations, hydration, and electrolyte imbalances is key to minimizing morbidity and mortality. Blood glucose monitoring perioperatively will help guide insulin and dextrose administration. Specific anesthetic considerations, and peri-anesthetic management of animals with diabetes mellitus, including anesthetic drugs and recommended insulin protocols are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata S Costa
- Specialty Medicine, Midwestern University, 5715 West Utopia Road, Office 323-K, Glendale, AZ 85308, USA.
| | - Teela Jones
- Anesthesiologist, Summit Veterinary Referral Center, 2505 South 80th Street, Tacoma, WA 98409, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gavet M, Conde Ruiz C. Partial intravenous anaesthesia and opioid‐sparing analgesia in a dog undergoing surgical management of insulinoma. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
7
|
Qeva E, Sollazzo C, Bilotta F. Insulin signaling in the central nervous system, a possible pathophysiological mechanism of anesthesia-induced delayed neurocognitive recovery/postoperative neurocognitive disorder: a narrative review. Expert Rev Neurother 2022; 22:839-847. [PMID: 36332201 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2022.2144234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impairment in neurocognitive functions ranges between delayed neurocognitive recovery (DNR) and postoperative neurocognitive disorders (pNCD). Incidence varies from 11% after noncardiac surgery to 60% after cardiac surgery. AREAS COVERED Insulin receptors (IRs) signaling pathway in the central nervous system (CNS) could be a possible pathophysiological mechanism of anesthesia-induced DNR/pNCD and perioperative intranasal insulin administration could be a preventive approach. This hypothesis is supported by the following evidence: effects of IRs-CNS signaling pathway on neuromodulation; higher incidence of DNR/pNCD in patients with insulin resistance; neurotoxicity of IRs signaling pathways after anesthetic exposure; improvement of neurocognitive impairment after insulin exposure. This narrative review was conducted after a literature search of PubMed, EMBASE and SCOPUS online medical data performed in May 2022. EXPERT OPINION Perioperative intranasal insulin is shown to be protective and future studies should address: the role of insulin as a neuromodulator; its integration into neuroprotection approaches; patient populations that might benefit from this approach; a well-defined protocol of intranasal insulin administration in a perioperative background and other disciplines; and possible collateral effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ega Qeva
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 'Policlinico Umberto I' Hospital, 00161 Rome, Italy.,Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, University of Turin, 'Città Della Salute e Della Scienza' Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Camilla Sollazzo
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 'Policlinico Umberto I' Hospital, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Bilotta
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 'Policlinico Umberto I' Hospital, 00161 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rubio M, Satué K, Carrillo JM, Hernández Guerra Á, Cuervo B, Chicharro D, Damiá E, Del Romero A, Sopena J. Changes in Hematological and Biochemical Profiles in Ovariohysterectomized Bitches Using an Alfaxalone–Midazolam–Morphine–Sevoflurane Protocol. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070914. [PMID: 35405902 PMCID: PMC8997066 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Laboratory tests are an integral part of the overall diagnostic procedures for both physiological and pathological conditions. Ovariohysterectomy (OHE) in bitches is an invasive procedure, producing moderate to severe pain. The response to surgical stress is characterized by a series of neuroendocrine and metabolic changes that can be represented on hematological and biochemical profiles. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological response to surgical stress, predict the presence of possible post-surgical complications, and where appropriate, establish the appropriate treatment based on the hematochemical changes during and after OHE in healthy bitches. OHE in this study induced transient changes in certain hematological and biochemical parameters. Knowledge of the hematochemical changes in response to stress and trauma induced by OHE in healthy dogs would allow to predict possible post-surgical complications. Abstract The aim of this study was to monitor hematochemical changes during and after OHE in bitches. Twenty-four females were anesthetized with alfaxalone, midazolam, morphine and sevoflurane. Blood samples were taken before anesthesia (T0), at 30 (T1), and 60 min (T2), at 3 (T3), 6 (T4), 12 (T5), and 24 h (T6), and at 3 (T7) and 7 days (T8) from the start of surgery. Red blood cells (RBC) and packed cell volume (PCV) decreased significantly from T1 to T5 and hemoglobin (HB) concentration from T4 to T6. Both the white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil (NFS) count increased significantly from T3 to T6, monocyte (MON) from T2 to T5, and eosinophil (EOS) at T5. Platelet (PLT) and plateletcrit (PCT) significantly decreased at T5 and increased from T6 to T8; platelet distribution width (PDW) increased significantly from T3 to T6. Creatine kinase (CK) activity increased significantly from T5 to T7. Glucose (GLU) concentrations increased significantly at T2 and P from T2 to T3. TG levels decreased from T2 to T4 and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels from T1 to T7, subsequently increasing until T8. Changes possibly resulting from stress and surgical trauma, as well as hemodilution and splenic storage, are due to anesthesia and surgery. In healthy bitches, these changes tend to gradually stabilize after the ending of OHE. A post-operative follow-up is essential to detect possible post-operative complications.
Collapse
|
9
|
Cordeiro JF, Sanches MC, Rusch E, Xavier NV, Cassoli AA, Fahlman Å, Carregaro AB. Intranasal oxygen reverses hypoxaemia in immobilised free-ranging capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260441. [PMID: 34847151 PMCID: PMC8631649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) is the main host of tick-borne pathogens causing Brazilian spotted fever; therefore, controlling its population is essential, and this may require chemical restraint. We assessed the impact of chemical restraint protocols on the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) and other blood variables in 36 capybaras and the effect of different flows of nasal oxygen (O2) supplementation. The capybaras were hand-injected with dexmedetomidine (5 μg/kg) and midazolam (0.1 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) (DMB, n = 18) or methadone (0.1 mg/kg) (DMM, n = 18). One-third of the animals were maintained in ambient air throughout the procedure, and one-third were administered intranasal 2 L/min O2 after 30 min whereas the other third were administered 5 L/min O2. Arterial blood gases, acid-base status, and electrolytes were assessed 30 and 60 min after drug injection. The DMB and DMM groups did not vary based on any of the evaluated variables. All animals developed hypoxaemia (PaO2 44 [30; 73] mmHg, SaO2 81 [62; 93] %) 30 min before O2 supplementation. Intranasal O2 at 2 L/min improved PaO2 (63 [49; 97] mmHg and SaO2 [92 [85; 98] %), but 9 of 12 capybaras remained hypoxaemic. A higher O2 flow of 5 L/min was efficient in treating hypoxaemia (PaO2 188 [146; 414] mmHg, SaO2 100 [99; 100] %) in all the 12 animals that received it. Both drug protocols induced hypoxaemia, which could be treated with intranasal oxygen supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson F. Cordeiro
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana C. Sanches
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Elidiane Rusch
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Nathalia V. Xavier
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Angélica Cassoli
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Åsa Fahlman
- Swedish Biodiversity Centre, Department of Urban and Rural Development, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adriano B. Carregaro
- Veterinary Medicine Department, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhou W, Wang J, Yang D, Tian S, Tan C, Yang Y, Sui W, Sun J, Zhang Z. Effects of dexmedetomidine on glucose-related hormones and lactate in non-diabetic patients under general anesthesia: a randomized controlled trial. Minerva Anestesiol 2021; 88:8-15. [PMID: 34709010 DOI: 10.23736/s0375-9393.21.15734-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the effects of dexmedetomidine on glucose-related hormones and lactate levels in non-diabetic patients undergoing malignant gastrointestinal tumor radical resection. METHODS Groups D1 and D2 received dexmedetomidine loading dose 1 μg/kg and maintenance dose 0.25 and 0.5 μg/kg/h, respectively. Group C received saline solution. Glucose, lactate, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine levels were measured before dexmedetomidine infusion (T1), 1 h after surgery beginning (T2), at surgery ending (T3), and 1 h after transfer to the post-anesthesia care unit (T4). RESULTS Compared with group C, glucose levels increased in group D2 at T2 and reduced in groups D1 and D2 at T4. Lactate levels reduced in groups D1 and D2 at T4. A positive correlation between glucose and lactate levels was found in all groups. Compared with group C, insulin level reduced in group D2 at T2; glucagon levels reduced in groups D1 and D2 at T4; cortisol levels reduced in group D1 at T4 and in group D2 at T3 and T4; epinephrine and norepinephrine levels reduced in group D1 at T4 and in group D2 at T2 and T4; and dopamine level reduced in group D2 at T4. CONCLUSIONS Dexmedetomidine loading dose 1 μg/kg and maintenance dose 0.25 μg/kg/h produces a stable insulin level and significant postoperative decreases in glucagon, cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion with stable maintenance of intraoperative and postoperative blood glucose levels and decreased postoperative lactate levels in non-diabetic patients under general anesthesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiahua Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shunping Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chao Tan
- School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei Sui
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianhong Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China -
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Adam M, Lindén J, Raekallio M, Meller A, Mannerström B, Abu-Shahba A, Seppänen-Kaijansinkko R, Salla K. Effects of vatinoxan on xylazine-induced pulmonary alterations in sheep. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 45:117-125. [PMID: 34478172 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It was hypothesized that premedication with vatinoxan, a peripheral α2 -adrenoceptor antagonist, would mitigate xylazine-induced pulmonary alterations in sheep. Fourteen adult sheep were allotted into two equal groups and premedicated with either vatinoxan (750 µg/kg IV) or saline and sedated 10 min later with xylazine (500 µg/kg IV). Arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2 ) was measured and respiratory rate (RR) counted at intervals. The sheep were euthanized with IV pentobarbital 10 min after xylazine administration. The severity of pulmonary parenchymal alterations was assessed and graded grossly and histologically and correlations of the morphological changes with SpO2 evaluated. Following xylazine injection, SpO2 was significantly higher and RR significantly lower with vatinoxan than with saline and the sheep administered vatinoxan exhibited significantly smaller quantities of tracheal foam than those receiving saline. No significant differences in macroscopic oedema scores were detected between treatments. In contrast, the vatinoxan-treated animals exhibited significantly graver microscopic interstitial alveolar oedema and haemorrhage than saline-treated animals. The histological severity scores did not correlate with changes in SpO2 . In conclusion, xylazine induced a marked reduction in SpO2 which was abolished by the prior administration of vatinoxan. The histologically detected alterations after pentobarbital euthanasia with vatinoxan premedication need to be studied further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdy Adam
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Jere Lindén
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience, Faculty of veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Finnish Centre for Laboratory Animal Pathology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja Raekallio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Meller
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bettina Mannerström
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ahmed Abu-Shahba
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Riitta Seppänen-Kaijansinkko
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kati Salla
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Safaei F, Tamaddonfard E, Nafisi S, Imani M. Effects of intraperitoneal and intracerebroventricular injection of cinnamaldehyde and yohimbine on blood glucose and serum insulin concentrations in ketamine-xylazine induced acute hyperglycemia. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2021; 12:149-156. [PMID: 34345380 PMCID: PMC8328254 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2019.106805.2538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effects of peripheral [intraperitoneal (IP)] and central [intracerebroventricular (ICV)] administration of cinnamaldehyde on concentrations of blood glucose and serum insulin in the acute hyperglycemia induced by ketamine/xylazine. Yohimbine (a α2-adrenoceptor antagonist) was used alone and in combination with cinnamaldehyde to explore the α2-adrenergic receptor contribution. A total of 48 rats were divided into eight groups with six rats in each for IP administration of normal saline, vehicle, cinnamaldehyde (25.00, 50.00 and 100 mg kg-1), yohimbine (0.50 and 2.00 mg kg-1) and cinnamaldehyde plus yohimbine. These rats were used again for ICV administration 15 days after the completion of IP experiment. During this 15 days period, the lateral ventricle of the brain was surgically cannulated for ICV administration of normal saline, vehicle, cinna-maldehyde (25.00, 50.00 and 100 µg per rat), yohimbine (5.00 and 20.00 µg per rat) and cinnamaldehyde plus yohimbine. Blood glucose levels were measured from tail blood using a glucometer and serum insulin concentrations were determined via enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay kit. The increased levels of blood glucose and the decreased concentrations of serum insulin were significantly decreased and increased, respectively, by separate and combined IP and ICV administrations of cinnamaldehyde and yohimbine. The systemic effects of these chemical compounds were significantly greater than the central ones. Based on the results, it can be argued that cinnamaldehyde has a potential to induce anti-hyperglycemic and antihypoinsulinemic effects. Peripheral and central α2-adrenegic receptors might be involved in these effects of cinnamaldehyde.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farshad Safaei
- PhD Candidate, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Esmaeal Tamaddonfard
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Saeed Nafisi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mehdi Imani
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Box JR, Karikoski NP, Tanskanen HE, Raekallio MR. The effects of an alpha-2-adrenoceptor agonist, antagonist, and their combination on the blood insulin, glucose, and glucagon concentrations in insulin sensitive and dysregulated horses. Vet J 2021; 269:105610. [PMID: 33593492 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-2-adrenoceptor agonists are sedatives that can cause fluctuations in serum insulin and blood glucose (BG) concentrations in horses. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of detomidine and vatinoxan on BG, insulin, and glucagon concentrations in horses with and without insulin dysregulation (ID). In a blinded cross-over design, eight horses with ID and eight horses without ID were assigned to each of four treatments: detomidine (0.02 mg/kg; DET), vatinoxan (0.2 mg/kg; VAT), detomidine + vatinoxan (DET + VAT), and saline control (SAL). Blood samples were taken at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h. Change from baseline was used as the response in modelling, and the differences between treatments were evaluated with repeated measures analysis of covariance. P values ≤0.05 were considered significant. Comparing DET vs. SAL and DET vs. DET + VAT, insulin was higher at 2 h in the non-ID group and 2 and 4 h in the ID group. There was no difference in insulin between SAL and DET + VAT or VAT. Comparing DET vs. SAL, BG was higher at 1 and 2 h then was lower at 4 h in both ID and non-ID groups. At 1 h in both groups, BG after DET + VAT was lower than after DET but higher than after SAL. Comparing DET vs. SAL, glucagon was lower at 1 h in the ID group and 1 and 2 h in the non-ID group. Vatinoxan was effective in preventing detomidine-induced hyperglycaemia as well as the subsequent insulin increase in horses with ID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Box
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PL 57, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - N P Karikoski
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PL 57, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - H E Tanskanen
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PL 57, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - M R Raekallio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, PL 57, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Whitehead MC, Petritz OA, Doerr M, Stoskopf MK, Harrison TM. Biochemical Effects of Routine Gonadectomy on Blood of Domestic Ferrets ( Mustela putorius furo). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020; 59:567-574. [PMID: 32586412 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We studied domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) to evaluate the physiologic effects of routine surgery. Standard plasma biochemistry panels and 1H-NMR spectroscopy of heparinized whole blood were performed on samples taken 24 h prior to and immediately after surgery from female and male ferrets undergoing routine gonadectomy. Increases in plasma glucose, phosphorus, potassium, and creatine kinase concentrations associated with the duration of surgery were identified on plasma biochemistry panels. Whole-blood NMR spectra allowed us to identify 42 metabolites and one drug residue. Variations between pre- and postoperative metabolite concentrations were most pronounced for female ferrets, which underwent more prolonged surgery than males. Affected metabolites included organic acids and osmolytes (betaine, methylmalonate, <small>D</small>-lactate), fatty acids and lipids (2-hydroxy-3-methylbutyric acid), and amino acid groups (acetylglycine, alloisoleucine, leucine, and isoleucine). These findings indicate that 1H-NMR spectroscopy of whole blood provides insight into metabolic perturbations in domestic ferrets undergoing surgery that are not detected in routine clinical chemistry panels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Whitehead
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Environmental Medicine Consortium, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Olivia A Petritz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Environmental Medicine Consortium, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina;,
| | - Mary Doerr
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Environmental Medicine Consortium, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Michael K Stoskopf
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Environmental Medicine Consortium, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Center for Marine Science and Technology, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, North Carolina
| | - Tara M Harrison
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Environmental Medicine Consortium, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bouillon J, Duke T, Focken AP, Snead EC, Cosford KL. Effects of dexmedetomidine on glucose homeostasis in healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:344-349. [PMID: 31090471 PMCID: PMC10814663 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19847282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alpha(α)2-agonist administration has been documented to increase blood glucose concentrations in many species. The aim of this study was to further describe the effect of dexmedetomidine on glucose and its regulatory hormones in healthy cats. METHODS A randomized crossover study using eight healthy cats with a 14 day washout period was used to assess the effect of dexmedetomidine (10 μg/kg IV) and saline on glucose, cortisol, insulin, glucagon and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations at 0, 20, 60, 120 and 180 mins post-administration. Glucose:insulin ratios were calculated for each time point. RESULTS Within the dexmedetomidine group, significant differences (P <0.05) were detected: increased median (range) blood glucose concentrations at 60 mins (11.55 mmol/l [5.9-16.6 mmol/l]) and 120 mins (12.0 mmol/l [6.1-13.8 mmol/l]) compared with baseline (6.05 mmol/l [4.8-13.3 mmol/l]); decreased glucagon concentrations at 120 mins (3.8 pmol/l [2.7-8.8 pmol/l]) and 180 mins (4.7 pmol/l [2.1-8.2 pmol/l]) compared with baseline (11.85 pmol/l [8.3-17.2 pmol/l]); decreased NEFA concentrations at 60 mins (0.281 mmol/l [0.041-1.357 mmol/l]) and 120 mins (0.415 mmol/l [0.035-1.356 mmol/l]) compared with baseline (0.937 mmol/l [0.677-1.482 mmol/l]); and significantly larger (P <0.05) glucose:insulin ratios at 60 mins compared with baseline. Insulin and cortisol concentrations were not significantly changed after dexmedetomidine administration. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Feline practitioners should be aware of the endocrine effects associated with the use of α2-agonists, particularly when interpreting blood glucose concentrations. The transient effects of dexmedetomidine on glucose homeostasis are unlikely to significantly affect clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Bouillon
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine/University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Tanya Duke
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine/University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Alexandra P Focken
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine/University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Elisabeth C Snead
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine/University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Kevin L Cosford
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine/University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tapio H, Raekallio MR, Mykkänen A, Männikkö S, Scheinin M, Bennett RC, Vainio O. Effects of vatinoxan on cardiorespiratory function and gastrointestinal motility during constant-rate medetomidine infusion in standing horses. Equine Vet J 2019; 51:646-652. [PMID: 30793362 PMCID: PMC6767159 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Medetomidine suppresses cardiovascular function and reduces gastrointestinal motility in horses mainly through peripheral α2‐adrenoceptors. Vatinoxan, a peripheral α2‐antagonist, has been shown experimentally to alleviate the adverse effects of some α2‐agonists in horses. However, vatinoxan has not been investigated during constant‐rate infusion (CRI) of medetomidine in standing horses. Objectives To evaluate effects of vatinoxan on cardiovascular function, gastrointestinal motility and on sedation level during CRI of medetomidine. Study design Experimental, randomised, blinded, cross‐over study. Methods Six healthy horses were given medetomidine hydrochloride, 7 μg/kg i.v., without (MED) and with (MED+V) vatinoxan hydrochloride, 140 μg/kg i.v., followed by CRI of medetomidine at 3.5 μg/kg/h for 60 min. Cardiorespiratory variables were recorded and borborygmi and sedation levels were scored for 120 min. Plasma drug concentrations were measured. The data were analysed using repeated measures ANCOVA and paired t‐tests as appropriate. Results Initially heart rate (HR) was significantly lower and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) significantly higher with MED compared with MED+V. For example at 10 min HR (mean ± s.d.) was 26 ± 2 and 31 ± 5 beats/minute (P = 0.04) and MAP 129 ± 15 and 103 ± 13 mmHg (P<0.001) respectively. At 10 min, cardiac index was lower (P = 0.02) and systemic vascular resistance higher (P = 0.001) with MED than with MED+V. Borborygmi were reduced after MED; this effect was attenuated by vatinoxan (P<0.001). All horses were sedated with medetomidine, but the mean sedation scores were reduced with MED+V until 20 min (6.8 ± 0.8 and 4.5 ± 1.5 with MED and MED+V, respectively, at 10 min, P = 0.001). Plasma concentration of dexmedetomidine was significantly lower in the presence of vatinoxan (P = 0.01). Main limitations Experimental study with healthy, unstimulated animals. Conclusions Vatinoxan administered i.v. with a loading dose of medetomidine improved cardiovascular function and gastrointestinal motility during medetomidine CRI in healthy horses. Sedation was slightly yet significantly reduced during the first 20 min.. The Summary is available in Portuguese – see Supporting Information
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Tapio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M R Raekallio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Mykkänen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - M Scheinin
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - R C Bennett
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - O Vainio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kasten JI, Messenger KM, Campbell NB. Sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of buccally administered detomidine gel and reversal with atipamezole in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:1253-1260. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.12.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate hemodynamic, respiratory, and sedative effects of buccally administered detomidine gel and reversal with atipamezole in dogs.
ANIMALS 8 adult purpose-bred dogs.
PROCEDURES Arterial and venous catheters were placed. Baseline heart rate, respiratory rate, cardiac output (determined via lithium dilution with pulse contour analysis), oxygen delivery, systemic vascular resistance, arterial blood gas values, and sedation score were obtained. Detomidine gel (2.0 mg/m2) was administered on the buccal mucosa. Cardiopulmonary data and sedation scores were obtained at predetermined times over 180 minutes. Atipamezole (0.1 mg/kg) was administered IM at 150 minutes. Reversal of sedation was timed and scored. Data were analyzed with an ANOVA.
RESULTS Compared with baseline values, heart rate was lower at 45 to 150 minutes, cardiac output and oxygen delivery were lower at 30 to 150 minutes, and systemic vascular resistance was increased at 30 to 150 minutes. There were no significant changes in Paco2, Pao2, or lactate concentration at any time point, compared with baseline values, except for lactate concentration at 180 minutes. All dogs became sedated; maximum sedation was detected 75 minutes after administration of detomidine. Mean ± SD time to recovery after atipamezole administration was 7.55 ± 1.89 minutes; sedation was completely reversed in all dogs. No adverse events were detected.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Buccally administered detomidine gel was associated with reliable and reversible sedation in dogs, with hemodynamic effects similar to those induced by other α2-adrenoceptor agonists. Buccally administered detomidine gel could be an alternative to injectable sedatives in healthy dogs.
Collapse
|
18
|
Kallio-Kujala I, Bennett R, Raekallio M, Yatkin E, Meierjohann A, Savontaus E, Scheinin M, Spillmann T, Vainio O. Effects of dexmedetomidine and MK-467 on plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon in a glibenclamide-induced canine hypoglycaemia model. Vet J 2018; 242:33-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
19
|
Life-threatening hyperkalaemia in a diabetic dog undergoing anaesthesia for elective phacoemulsification. Vet Anaesth Analg 2018; 45:881-882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
20
|
Adam M, Raekallio MR, Salla KM, Honkavaara JM, Männikkö S, Scheinin M, Kajula M, Mölsä SH, Vainio OM. Effects of the peripherally acting α2-adrenoceptor antagonist MK-467 on cardiopulmonary function in sheep sedated by intramuscular administration of medetomidine and ketamine and reversed by intramuscular administration of atipamezole. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:921-932. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.9.921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
21
|
Pakkanen SAE, de Vries A, Raekallio MR, Mykkänen AK, Palviainen MJ, Sankari SM, Vainio OM. Changes in energy metabolism, and levels of stress-related hormones and electrolytes in horses after intravenous administration of romifidine and the peripheral α-2 adrenoceptor antagonist vatinoxan. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:27. [PMID: 29743097 PMCID: PMC5944056 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Romifidine, an α-2 adrenoceptor agonist, is a widely-used sedative in equine medicine. Besides the desired sedative and analgesic actions, α-2 adrenoceptor agonists have side effects like alterations of plasma concentrations of glucose and certain stress-related hormones and metabolites in various species. Vatinoxan (previously known as MK-467), in turn, is an antagonist of α-2 adrenoceptors. Because vatinoxan does not cross the blood brain barrier in significant amounts, it has only minor effect on sedation induced by α-2 adrenoceptor agonists. Previously, vatinoxan is shown to prevent the hyperglycaemia, increase of plasma lactate concentration and the decrease of insulin and non-esterified free fatty acids (FFAs) caused by α-2 adrenoceptor agonists in different species. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of intravenous romifidine and vatinoxan, alone and combined, on plasma concentrations of glucose and some stress-related hormones and metabolites in horses. Results Plasma glucose concentration differed between all intravenous treatments: romifidine (80 μg/kg; ROM), vatinoxan (200 μg/kg; V) and the combination of these (ROM + V). Glucose concentration was the highest after ROM and the lowest after V. Serum FFA concentration was higher after V than after ROM or ROM + V. The baseline serum concentration of insulin varied widely between the individual horses. No differences were detected in serum insulin, cortisol or plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations between the treatments. Plasma lactate, serum triglyceride or blood sodium and chloride concentrations did not differ from baseline or between the treatments. Compared with baseline, plasma glucose concentration increased after ROM and ROM + V, serum cortisol, FFA and base excess increased after all treatments and plasma ACTH concentration increased after V. Serum insulin concentration decreased after V and blood potassium decreased after all treatments. Conclusions Romifidine induced hyperglycaemia, which vatinoxan partially prevented despite of the variations in baseline levels of serum insulin. The effects of romifidine and vatinoxan on the insulin concentration in horses need further investigation.
Collapse
|
22
|
Bennett RC, Salla KM, Raekallio MR, Scheinin M, Vainio OM. Effects of the α2-adrenoceptor agonist medetomidine on the distribution and clearance of alfaxalone during coadministration by constant rate infusion in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:956-964. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.8.956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
23
|
Effects of constant rate infusions of dexmedetomidine or MK-467 on the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:755-765. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
24
|
Plasma concentration and cardiovascular effects of intramuscular medetomidine combined with three doses of the peripheral alpha2-antagonist MK-467 in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:417-426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
25
|
Fandos Esteruelas N, Cattet M, Zedrosser A, Stenhouse GB, Küker S, Evans AL, Arnemo JM. A Double-Blinded, Randomized Comparison of Medetomidine-Tiletamine-Zolazepam and Dexmedetomidine-Tiletamine-Zolazepam Anesthesia in Free-Ranging Brown Bears (Ursus Arctos). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170764. [PMID: 28118413 PMCID: PMC5261618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared anesthetic features, blood parameters, and physiological responses to either medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam or dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam using a double-blinded, randomized experimental design during 40 anesthetic events of free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) either captured by helicopter in Sweden or by culvert trap in Canada. Induction was smooth and predictable with both anesthetic protocols. Induction time, the need for supplemental drugs to sustain anesthesia, and capture-related stress were analyzed using generalized linear models, but anesthetic protocol did not differentially affect these variables. Arterial blood gases and acid-base status, and physiological responses were examined using linear mixed models. We documented acidemia (pH of arterial blood < 7.35), hypoxemia (partial pressure of arterial oxygen < 80 mmHg), and hypercapnia (partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide ≥ 45 mmHg) with both protocols. Arterial pH and oxygen partial pressure were similar between groups with the latter improving markedly after oxygen supplementation (p < 0.001). We documented dose-dependent effects of both anesthetic protocols on induction time and arterial oxygen partial pressure. The partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide increased as respiratory rate increased with medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam, but not with dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam, demonstrating a differential drug effect. Differences in heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature among bears could not be attributed to the anesthetic protocol. Heart rate increased with increasing rectal temperature (p < 0.001) and ordinal day of capture (p = 0.002). Respiratory rate was significantly higher in bears captured by helicopter in Sweden than in bears captured by culvert trap in Canada (p < 0.001). Rectal temperature significantly decreased over time (p ≤ 0.05). Overall, we did not find any benefit of using dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam instead of medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam in the anesthesia of brown bears. Both drug combinations appeared to be safe and reliable for the anesthesia of free-ranging brown bears captured by helicopter or by culvert trap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Núria Fandos Esteruelas
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Elverum, Norway
| | - Marc Cattet
- RGL Recovery Wildlife Health & Veterinary Services, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Department of Environmental and Health Studies, University College of Southeast Norway, Porsgrunn, Norway
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Susanne Küker
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Elverum, Norway
| | - Alina L. Evans
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Elverum, Norway
| | - Jon M. Arnemo
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Elverum, Norway
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang Y, Ran K, Zhang SB, Jiang L, Wang D, Li ZJ. Dexmedetomidine may upregulate the expression of caveolin‑1 in lung tissues of rats with sepsis and improve the short‑term outcome. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:635-642. [PMID: 28000867 PMCID: PMC5364843 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.6050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine (DXM) is a selective α2-adrenoceptor (α2‑AR) and imidazoline receptor (IR) agonist that has been reported to regulate inflammatory responses mediated by diverse signaling pathways through α2‑AR. The majority of the reported receptors or downstream molecules have been demonstrated to locate with caveolin‑1, a protein suggested to participate in regulating Toll‑like receptor 4 (TLR4)‑mediated inflammatory responses and the pathogen endocytosis capability of macrophages. The present study hypothesized that DXM may influence these pathways by regulating the expression of caveolin‑1 and mediating the subsequent effects. Using a cecal‑ligation and puncture‑induced rat sepsis model, it was initially observed that pre‑emptive DXM is able to upregulate and stabilize the amount of caveolin‑1 expression, which may be partly antagonized by both α2‑AR and the IR antagonist atepamezole (APZ). The pathophysiological parameters indicated that DXM is able to inhibit secondary lung injury, in addition to the rise of body temperature and arterial lactate accumulation, however it marginally increased arterial glucose and the murine sepsis score, which can be largely antagonized by APZ. The overall effect was beneficial and improved the 24‑h cumulative survival rate of rats with sepsis. In conclusion, preemptive clinical sedative doses of DXM may upregulate the expression of caveolin‑1 downregulated by sepsis, which may contribute to the inhibition of inflammatory pathways such as TLR4‑mediated pathways. Furthermore, DXM may favor the improvement of short‑term outcomes by the regulation of other metabolic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Ke Ran
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Bin Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266005, P.R. China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Jian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second XiangYa Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ralph CR, Tilbrook AJ. INVITED REVIEW: The usefulness of measuring glucocorticoids for assessing animal welfare. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:457-70. [PMID: 27065116 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (corticosterone in birds and rodents and cortisol in all other mammals) are glucoregulatory hormones that are synthesized in response to a range of stimuli including stress and are regularly measured in the assessment of animal welfare. Glucocorticoids have many normal or non-stress-related functions, and glucocorticoid synthesis can increase in response to pleasure, excitement, and arousal as well as fear, anxiety, and pain. Often, when assessing animal welfare, little consideration is given to normal non-stress-related glucocorticoid functions or the complex mechanisms that regulate the effects of glucocorticoids on physiology. In addition, it is rarely acknowledged that increased glucocorticoid synthesis can indicate positive welfare states or that a stress response can increase fitness and improve the welfare of an animal. In this paper, we review how and when glucocorticoid synthesis increases, the actions mediated through type I and type II glucocorticoid receptors, the importance of corticosteroid-binding globulin, the role of 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and the key aspects of neurophysiology relevant to activating the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. This is discussed in the context of animal welfare assessment, particularly under the biological functioning and affective states frameworks. We contend that extending the assessment of animal welfare to key brain regions afferent to the hypothalamus and incorporating the aspects of glucocorticoid physiology that affect change in target tissue will advance animal welfare science and inspire more comprehensive assessment of the welfare of animals.
Collapse
|
28
|
Bennett RC, Hokkanen J, Raekallio MR, Vainio OM. The impact of medetomidine on the protein-binding characteristics of MK-467 in canine plasma. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 39:405-7. [PMID: 26763140 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the unbound fraction of the peripheral α2 -adrenoceptor antagonist MK-467 alone and combined with medetomidine. MK-467 (0.1, 1 and 10 μm) was incubated in canine plasma with and without medetomidine (molar ratio 20:1), with human serum albumin (HSA) and with α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP). Rapid equilibrium dialysis was used for the measurement of protein binding. All samples were analysed by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry to obtain the unbound fraction (fu ) of MK-467. Unbound fractions (fu ) of MK-467 in canine plasma (mean ± standard deviation) were 27.6 ± 3.5%, 26.6 ± 0.9% and 42.4 ± 1.2% at 0.1, 1.0 and 10 μm concentrations, respectively. In the presence of medetomidine, fu were 27.5 ± 0.4%, 26.6 ± 0.9% and 41.0 ± 2.4%. The fu of MK-467 in HSA were 50.1 ± 2.5% at 0.1 μm, 49.4 ± 1.2% at 1.0 μm and 56.7 ± 0.5% at 10 μm. fu of MK-467 in AGP was 56.3 ± 3.7% at 0.1 μm, 54.6 ± 5.6% at 1.0 μm and 65.3 ± 0.4% at 10 μm. Protein binding of MK-467 was approximately 70% between 0.1 and 1.0 μm. Medetomidine had no apparent effect on the protein binding of MK-467.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C Bennett
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland.,University Veterinary Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - M R Raekallio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - O M Vainio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bennett RC, Salla KM, Raekallio MR, Hänninen L, Rinne VM, Scheinin M, Vainio OM. Effects of MK-467 on the antinociceptive and sedative actions and pharmacokinetics of medetomidine in dogs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 39:336-43. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. C. Bennett
- University Veterinary Hospital; UCD; Dublin Ireland
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - K. M. Salla
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - M. R. Raekallio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - L. Hänninen
- Department of Production Animal Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - V. M. Rinne
- Department of Pharmacology; Drug Development and Therapeutics; University of Turku and Unit of Clinical Pharmacology; Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - M. Scheinin
- Department of Pharmacology; Drug Development and Therapeutics; University of Turku and Unit of Clinical Pharmacology; Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - O. M. Vainio
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Phillips BE, Harms CA, Messenger KM. Oral Transmucosal Detomidine Gel for the Sedation of the Domestic Ferret (Mustela putorius furo). J Exot Pet Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
31
|
Ruohonen ST, Ranta-Panula V, Bastman S, Chrusciel P, Scheinin M, Streng T. Potentiation of Glibenclamide Hypoglycaemia in Mice by MK-467, a Peripherally Acting Alpha2-Adrenoceptor Antagonist. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2015; 117:392-8. [PMID: 26132275 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological antagonism and genetic depletion of pancreatic α2A-adrenoceptors increase insulin secretion in mice and enhance the insulinotropic action of glibenclamide, a representative of the sulphonylurea class of insulin secretagogues used in the therapy of type 2 diabetes. Antagonism of α2-adrenoceptors in the central nervous system (CNS) causes tachycardia and hypertension, making generalized α2-adrenoceptor blockade unfavourable for clinical use despite its potential to decrease blood glucose levels. The purpose of this study was to test the acute effects of the peripherally acting α2-adrenoceptor antagonist MK-467 alone and in combination with glibenclamide in non-diabetic C57BL/6N mice. Cardiovascular safety was assessed in freely moving mice with radiotelemetry. Dose-dependent decreases in blood glucose and increases in plasma insulin concentrations were seen with the combination of MK-467 and glibenclamide; the combinations were much more potent than glibenclamide or MK-467 alone. Furthermore, MK-467 had no effect on mean arterial pressure or heart rate in freely moving mice and did not prevent the centrally mediated hypotensive effect of the α2-adrenoceptor agonist medetomidine. Thus, peripheral blockade of α2-adrenoceptors does not evoke the same cardiovascular adverse effects as antagonism of CNS α2-adrenoceptors. The current results indicate that the combined use of small doses of a peripherally acting α2-adrenoceptor antagonist with a sulphonylurea drug could provide a novel option for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, especially in patients with increased tonic α2-adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition of insulin secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suvi T Ruohonen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ville Ranta-Panula
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sanna Bastman
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Paulina Chrusciel
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Scheinin
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tomi Streng
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Biology, Laboratory of Animal Physiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zeiler GE. A review of clinical approaches to antagonism of alpha2-adrenoreceptor agonists in the horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. E. Zeiler
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies; Faculty of Veterinary Science; University of Pretoria; Onderstepoort South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jena B, Das J, Nath I, Sardar KK, Sahoo A, Beura SS, Painuli A. Clinical evaluation of total intravenous anaesthesia using xylazine or dexmedetomidine with propofol in surgical management of canine patients. Vet World 2014. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2014.671-680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
|
34
|
Rezende ML, Grimsrud KN, Stanley SD, Steffey EP, Mama KR. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous dexmedetomidine in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 38:15-23. [PMID: 25066475 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to describe the pharmacokinetics and selected pharmacodynamics of intravenous dexmedetomidine in horses. Eight adult horses received 5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine IV. Blood samples were collected before and for 10 h after drug administration to determine dexmedetomidine plasma concentrations. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis. Data from one outlier were excluded from the statistical summary. Behavioral and physiological responses were recorded before and for 6 h after dexmedetomidine administration. Dexmedetomidine concentrations decreased rapidly (elimination half-life of 8.03 ± 0.84 min). Time of last detection varied from 30 to 60 min. Bradycardia was noted at 4 and 10 min after drug administration (26 ± 8 and 29 ± 8 beats/min respectively). Head height decreased by 70% at 4 and 10 min and gradually returned to baseline. Ability to ambulate was decreased for 60 min following drug administration, and mechanical nociceptive threshold was increased during 30 min. Blood glucose peaked at 30 min (134 ± 24 mg/dL) and borborygmi were decreased for the first hour after dexmedetomidine administration. Dexmedetomidine was quickly eliminated as indicated by the rapid decrease in plasma concentrations. Physiological, behavioral, and analgesic effects observed after dexmedetomidine administration were of short duration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L Rezende
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Aro E, Bastman S, Andersson KE, Streng T. Is there a peripheral site of action contributing to the voiding effects of α2-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists? World J Urol 2014; 33:433-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00345-014-1336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
36
|
Restitutti F, Laitinen MR, Raekallio MR, Vainionpää M, O’Brien RT, Kuusela E, Vainio OM. Effect of MK‐467 on organ blood flow parameters detected by contrast‐enhanced ultrasound in dogs treated with dexmedetomidine. Vet Anaesth Analg 2013; 40:e48-56. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
37
|
Xue FS, Cheng Y, Li RP. Safety of dexmedetomidine sedation in postoperative cardiac surgery patients. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2013; 17:435. [PMID: 23759078 PMCID: PMC3706974 DOI: 10.1186/cc12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|