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Lanci A, Iacono E, Merlo B. Therapeutic Application of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Domestic Animals. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2147. [PMID: 39123673 PMCID: PMC11310970 DOI: 10.3390/ani14152147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, the therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been extensively studied in both human and veterinary medicine. EVs are nano-sized particles containing biological components commonly found in other biological materials. For that reason, EV isolation and characterization are critical to draw precise conclusions during their investigation. Research on EVs within veterinary medicine is still considered in its early phases, yet numerous papers were published in recent years. The conventional adult tissues for deriving MSCs include adipose tissue and bone marrow. Nonetheless, alternative sources such as synovial fluid, endometrium, gingiva, and milk have also been intermittently used. Fetal adnexa are amniotic membrane/fluid, umbilical cord and Wharton's jelly. Cells derived from fetal adnexa exhibit an intermediate state between embryonic and adult cells, demonstrating higher proliferative and differentiative potential and longer telomeres compared to cells from adult tissues. Summarized here are the principal and recent preclinical and clinical studies performed in domestic animals such as horse, cattle, dog and cat. To minimize the use of antibiotics and address the serious issue of antibiotic resistance as a public health concern, they will undoubtedly also be utilized in the future to treat infections in domestic animals. A number of concerns, including large-scale production with standardization of EV separation and characterization techniques, must be resolved for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliai Lanci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sora 50, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (E.I.); (B.M.)
| | - Eleonora Iacono
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sora 50, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (E.I.); (B.M.)
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Merlo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sora 50, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (E.I.); (B.M.)
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy
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2
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Miron RJ, Estrin NE, Sculean A, Zhang Y. Understanding exosomes: Part 2-Emerging leaders in regenerative medicine. Periodontol 2000 2024; 94:257-414. [PMID: 38591622 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are the smallest subset of extracellular signaling vesicles secreted by most cells with the ability to communicate with other tissues and cell types over long distances. Their use in regenerative medicine has gained tremendous momentum recently due to their ability to be utilized as therapeutic options for a wide array of diseases/conditions. Over 5000 publications are currently being published yearly on this topic, and this number is only expected to dramatically increase as novel therapeutic strategies continue to be developed. Today exosomes have been applied in numerous contexts including neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's disease, central nervous system, depression, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, post-traumatic stress disorders, traumatic brain injury, peripheral nerve injury), damaged organs (heart, kidney, liver, stroke, myocardial infarctions, myocardial infarctions, ovaries), degenerative processes (atherosclerosis, diabetes, hematology disorders, musculoskeletal degeneration, osteoradionecrosis, respiratory disease), infectious diseases (COVID-19, hepatitis), regenerative procedures (antiaging, bone regeneration, cartilage/joint regeneration, osteoarthritis, cutaneous wounds, dental regeneration, dermatology/skin regeneration, erectile dysfunction, hair regrowth, intervertebral disc repair, spinal cord injury, vascular regeneration), and cancer therapy (breast, colorectal, gastric cancer and osteosarcomas), immune function (allergy, autoimmune disorders, immune regulation, inflammatory diseases, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis). This scoping review is a first of its kind aimed at summarizing the extensive regenerative potential of exosomes over a broad range of diseases and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Miron
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nathan E Estrin
- Advanced PRF Education, Venice, Florida, USA
- School of Dental Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, Florida, USA
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, University of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
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3
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Irep N, Inci K, Tokgun PE, Tokgun O. Exosome inhibition improves response to first-line therapy in small cell lung cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18138. [PMID: 38353469 PMCID: PMC10865916 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are recognized as important mediators of cell-to-cell communication, facilitating carcinogenesis. Although there have been significant advancements in exosome research in recent decades, no drugs that target the inhibition of sEV secretion have been approved for human use. For this study, we employed GW4869 and Nexinhib20 as inhibitors of exosome synthesis and trafficking combined. First, we found that Nexinhib20 and GW4869 effectively inhibited RAB27A and neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) nsMase2. Interestingly, the inhibition of nsMase2 and RAB27A decreased expression of CD9, CD63 and Tsg101, both at RNA and protein levels. We used a combination treatment strategy of cisplatin/etoposide plus GW4869 or Nexinhib20 on small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cell lines. The combination treatment of GW4869 or Nexinhib20 effectively enhanced the inhibitory effects of first-line chemotherapy on the SCLC cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that reducing exosome release through GW4869 and Nexinhib20 treatment effectively reduced cellular proliferation and significantly induced apoptosis in SCLC cells. Also, we showed that combining exosome inhibition with chemotherapy has a significant synergistic effect on cellular proliferation. We also found increased p53 and p21 expressions with western blot and significantly changing Bax, BCL2, caspase-3 and caspase-9 expressions. Inhibiting the exosome pathway offers opportunities for developing novel, effective treatment strategies for SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrin Irep
- Department of Cancer Molecular Biology, Institution of Health SciencesPamukkale UniversityDenizliTurkey
| | - Kubilay Inci
- Department of Cancer Molecular Biology, Institution of Health SciencesPamukkale UniversityDenizliTurkey
| | - Pervin Elvan Tokgun
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of MedicinePamukkale UniversityDenizliTurkey
| | - Onur Tokgun
- Department of Cancer Molecular Biology, Institution of Health SciencesPamukkale UniversityDenizliTurkey
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of MedicinePamukkale UniversityDenizliTurkey
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4
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Soukup R, Gerner I, Gültekin S, Baik H, Oesterreicher J, Grillari J, Jenner F. Characterisation of Extracellular Vesicles from Equine Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5858. [PMID: 35628667 PMCID: PMC9145091 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized lipid bilayer-encapsulated particles secreted by virtually all cell types. EVs play an essential role in cellular crosstalk in health and disease. The cellular origin of EVs determines their composition and potential therapeutic effect. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC)-derived EVs have shown a comparable therapeutic potential to their donor cells, making them a promising tool for regenerative medicine. The therapeutic application of EVs circumvents some safety concerns associated with the transplantation of viable, replicating cells and facilitates the quality-controlled production as a ready-to-go, off-the-shelf biological therapy. Recently, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) suggested a set of minimal biochemical, biophysical and functional standards to define extracellular vesicles and their functions to improve standardisation in EV research. However, nonstandardised EV isolation methods and the limited availability of cross-reacting markers for most animal species restrict the application of these standards in the veterinary field and, therefore, the species comparability and standardisation of animal experiments. In this study, EVs were isolated from equine bone-marrow-derived MSCs using two different isolation methods, stepwise ultracentrifugation and size exclusion chromatography, and minimal experimental requirements for equine EVs were established and validated. Equine EVs were characterised using a nanotracking analysis, fluorescence-triggered flow cytometry, Western blot and transelectron microscopy. Based on the ISEV standards, minimal criteria for defining equine EVs are suggested as a baseline to allow the comparison of EV preparations obtained by different laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Soukup
- VETERM, Equine Surgery Unit, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (R.S.); (I.G.); (S.G.); (H.B.)
| | - Iris Gerner
- VETERM, Equine Surgery Unit, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (R.S.); (I.G.); (S.G.); (H.B.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sinan Gültekin
- VETERM, Equine Surgery Unit, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (R.S.); (I.G.); (S.G.); (H.B.)
| | - Hayeon Baik
- VETERM, Equine Surgery Unit, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (R.S.); (I.G.); (S.G.); (H.B.)
| | - Johannes Oesterreicher
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria;
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florien Jenner
- VETERM, Equine Surgery Unit, Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (R.S.); (I.G.); (S.G.); (H.B.)
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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Hotham WE, Thompson C, Szu‐Ting L, Henson FMD. The anti-inflammatory effects of equine bone marrow stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles on autologous chondrocytes. Vet Rec Open 2021; 8:e22. [PMID: 34795904 PMCID: PMC8580791 DOI: 10.1002/vro2.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) in the horse is an economic and welfare issue and there are no current disease modifying drugs available. Stem cells have been suggested as a therapeutic intervention for OA, originally on the basis of their regenerative capacity. However, it is hypothesised that mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) exert their effects via paracrine factors including the production of extracellular vesicles that can themselves recapitulate the MSC effects in the joint. OBJECTIVES To isolate extracellular vesicles from bone marrow MSC and investigate their anti-inflammatory effects on chondrocytes. STUDY DESIGN An in vitro assessment of the effect of direct culturing extracellular vesicles on artificially inflamed chondrocytes. METHODS Extracellular vesicles were isolated from bone marrow MSC using differential sequential ultracentrifugation. Vesicles were characterised using electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracing analysis and protein analysis. Vesicle internalisation was carried out via vesicles being pre-stained and co-cultured with equine chondrocytes before analysis using confocal microscopy. The effects of vesicles on artificially inflamed chondrocytes was examined using quantitative PCR. RESULTS To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to isolate and characterise extracellular vesicles from equine bone MSC. Vesicles were taken up by autologous chondrocytes and had anti-inflammatory effects on gene expression following chondrocyte exposure to tumour necrosis factor α and Interleukin 1β. MAIN LIMITATIONS Only three independent biological repeats were performed and the work was done in vitro. CONCLUSION Extracellular vesicles can be isolated from equine bone marrow MSC; they may be taken up by chondrocytes and have an anti-inflammatory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Edward Hotham
- Division of Trauma and Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCambridgeshireUK
| | | | - Lin Szu‐Ting
- Cambridge Veterinary SchoolCambridgeCambridgeshireUK
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Li ZJ, Yang QQ, Zhou YL. Basic Research on Tendon Repair: Strategies, Evaluation, and Development. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:664909. [PMID: 34395467 PMCID: PMC8359775 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.664909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendon is a fibro-elastic structure that links muscle and bone. Tendon injury can be divided into two types, chronic and acute. Each type of injury or degeneration can cause substantial pain and the loss of tendon function. The natural healing process of tendon injury is complex. According to the anatomical position of tendon tissue, the clinical results are different. The wound healing process includes three overlapping stages: wound healing, proliferation and tissue remodeling. Besides, the healing tendon also faces a high re-tear rate. Faced with the above difficulties, management of tendon injuries remains a clinical problem and needs to be solved urgently. In recent years, there are many new directions and advances in tendon healing. This review introduces tendon injury and sums up the development of tendon healing in recent years, including gene therapy, stem cell therapy, Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy, growth factor and drug therapy and tissue engineering. Although most of these therapies have not yet developed to mature clinical application stage, with the repeated verification by researchers and continuous optimization of curative effect, that day will not be too far away.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Jie Li
- Research for Frontier Medicine and Hand Surgery Research Center, The Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qian Qian Yang
- Research for Frontier Medicine and Hand Surgery Research Center, The Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - You Lang Zhou
- Research for Frontier Medicine and Hand Surgery Research Center, The Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Differentiation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells toward tenocyte by platelet-derived growth factor-BB and growth differentiation factor-6. Cell Tissue Bank 2021; 23:237-246. [PMID: 34013429 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-021-09935-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are important in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering and will be a very sensible choice for repair and regeneration of tendon. New biological practices, such as cellular therapy using stem cells, are promising for facilitating or expediting tendon therapy. Before using these cells clinically, it is best to check and confirm the optimal conditions for differentiation of these cells in the laboratory. Hence, in the present study, the impacts of PDGF-BB and GDF-6 supplementation on adipose-derived MSCs (ASCs) culture were studied. The frozen ASC were recovered and expanded in basic culture medium (DMEM with 10%FBS). The cells after passage five (P5) were treated with basic medium containing L-Prolin, Ascorbic Acid and only PDGF-BB or GDF-6 (20 ng/ml) or both of them (mix) as 3 groups for 14 days to investigate efficiency of ASCs differentiation towards tenocytes. The cells culturing in basic medium were used as control group. To validate tenogenic differentiation, H&E and Sirius Red staining were used to assess cell morphology and collagen production, respectively. In addition, mRNA levels of collagen I and III, Scleraxis and Tenomodulin as tenogenic markers were analyzed using qPCR. In all test groups, cells appeared slenderer, elongated cytoplasmic attributes compared to the control cells. The intensity of Sirius Red staining was significantly higher in GDF-6, PDGF-BB alone, than in group without supplements. The optical density was higher in the GDF-6 than PDGF-BB and mix-group. QPCR results showed that Col I and III gene expression was increased in all groups compared to the control. SCX expression was significantly increased only in the PDGF-BB group. TNMD mRNA expression was not significant among groups. In this study, we have corroborated that human ASCs are reactionary to tenogenic induction by GDF-6 and PDGF-BB alone or in combination. These outcomes will help greater insight into GDF-6 and PDGF-BB driven tenogenesis of ASCs and new directions of discovery in the design of ASC-based treatments for tendon healing.
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8
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Extracellular Vesicles from Adipose Tissue Stem Cells in Diabetes and Associated Cardiovascular Disease; Pathobiological Impact and Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249598. [PMID: 33339409 PMCID: PMC7766415 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are pluripotent mesenchymal stem cells found in relatively high percentages in the adipose tissue and able to self-renew and differentiate into many different types of cells. “Extracellular vesicles (EVs), small membrane vesicular structures released during cell activation, senescence, or apoptosis, act as mediators for long distance communication between cells, transferring their specific bioactive molecules into host target cells”. There is a general consensus on how to define and isolate ADSCs, however, multiple separation and characterization protocols are being used in the present which complicate the results’ integration in a single theory on ADSCs’ and their derived factors’ way of action. Metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are mainly caused by abnormal adipose tissue size, distribution and metabolism and so ADSCs and their secretory factors such as EVs are currently investigated as therapeutics in these diseases. Moreover, due to their relatively easy isolation and propagation in culture and their differentiation ability, ADSCs are being employed in preclinical studies of implantable devices or prosthetics. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge on EVs secreted from ADSCs both as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutics in diabetes and associated cardiovascular disease, the molecular mechanisms involved, as well as on the use of ADSC differentiation potential in cardiovascular tissue repair and prostheses.
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Kharazi U, Badalzadeh R. A review on the stem cell therapy and an introduction to exosomes as a new tool in reproductive medicine. Reprod Biol 2020; 20:447-459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zakirova EY, Aimaletdinov AM, Malanyeva AG, Rutland CS, Rizvanov AA. Extracellular Vesicles: New Perspectives of Regenerative and Reproductive Veterinary Medicine. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:594044. [PMID: 33330719 PMCID: PMC7717976 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.594044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are released by all cell types including stem cells. Stem cell-released extracellular vesicles have therapeutic effects similar to those of their parent cells and have regenerative effects in tissues. They also have an immunomodulating effect when down-regulating some proinflammatory factors, without exerting effects on cell proliferation, modulating angiogenesis or altering cellular functions in recipient cells. Modern veterinary research explores vesicles and creates or advances methods of using them in regenerative and reproductive medicine, applications of these technologies are under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Yu Zakirova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Albina G Malanyeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Catrin S Rutland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Albert A Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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Bukowska J, Szóstek-Mioduchowska AZ, Kopcewicz M, Walendzik K, Machcińska S, Gawrońska-Kozak B. Adipose-Derived Stromal/Stem Cells from Large Animal Models: from Basic to Applied Science. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 17:719-738. [PMID: 33025392 PMCID: PMC8166671 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10049-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) isolated from domestic animals fulfill the qualitative criteria of mesenchymal stem cells, including the capacity to differentiate along multiple lineage pathways and to self-renew, as well as immunomodulatory capacities. Recent findings on human diseases derived from studying large animal models, have provided evidence that administration of autologous or allogenic ASCs can improve the process of healing. In a narrow group of large animals used in bioresearch studies, pigs and horses have been shown to be the best suited models for study of the wound healing process, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal disorders. To this end, current literature demonstrates that ASC-based therapies bring considerable benefits to animal health in both spontaneously occurring and experimentally induced clinical cases. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the diversity, isolation, and characterization of ASCs from livestock. Particular attention has been paid to the functional characteristics of the cells that facilitate their therapeutic application in large animal models of human disease. In this regard, we describe outcomes of ASCs utilization in translational research with pig and horse models of disease. Furthermore, we evaluate the current status of ASC-based therapy in veterinary practice, particularly in the rapidly developing field of equine regenerative medicine. In conclusion, this review presents arguments that support the relevance of animal ASCs in the field of regenerative medicine and it provides insights into the future perspectives of ASC utilization in animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bukowska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | | | - Marta Kopcewicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Walendzik
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Sylwia Machcińska
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Barbara Gawrońska-Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland
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12
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Kim KH, Park TS, Cho BW, Kim TM. Nanoparticles from Equine Fetal Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Enhance the Survival of Injured Chondrocytes. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101723. [PMID: 32977476 PMCID: PMC7598183 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Reports on the potential of using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for treating equine degenerative joint diseases have been increasing over the past few years, in spite of limitations such as uncontrolled differentiation, immunogenicity, and tumorigenicity. We elucidated an allogenic alternative, where equine bone marrow-derived cells (BMC)-derived nanoparticles (BMC-NPs) can be used to promote the growth of chondrocytes, and simultaneously reduce their cytokine-induced apoptosis. The role of BMC-NPs in activation of signaling pathway molecules was also established. Abstract Recent studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can play a restorative role against degenerative joint diseases in horses. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether fetal bone marrow-derived cells (BMC)-derived nanoparticles (BMC-NPs) can stimulate the survival of equine chondrocytes. Equine fetal BMCs were isolated and characterized, and the role of BMC-NPs s in equine chondrocytes undergoing inflammatory cell death was examined. BMCs have several characteristics, such as the potential to differentiate into chondrocytes and osteocytes. Additionally, BMCs expressed immunoregulatory genes in response to treatment with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β). We found that BMC-NPs were taken up by equine chondrocytes. Functionally, BMC-NPs promoted the growth of chondrocytes, and reduced apoptosis induced by inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, we observed that BMC-NPs upregulated the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) in the presence of IL-1β, and reduced the phosphorylation of TNF-α-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in the chondrocytes. Cumulatively, our study demonstrated that equine fetal BMC-NPs have the potential to stimulate the survival of chondrocytes damaged by inflammatory cytokines. Thus, BMC-NPs may become an alternative cell-free allogenic therapeutic for degenerative joint diseases in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hoon Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang Daero 1447, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do 25354, Korea; (K.H.K.); (T.S.P.)
| | - Tae Sub Park
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang Daero 1447, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do 25354, Korea; (K.H.K.); (T.S.P.)
- Institutes of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang Daero 1447, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do 25354, Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Cho
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Samnangin-ro 1268-50, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam-do 50463, Korea;
| | - Tae Min Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang Daero 1447, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do 25354, Korea; (K.H.K.); (T.S.P.)
- Institutes of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang Daero 1447, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do 25354, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-339-5896
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Biomaterials and extracellular vesicles in cell-free therapy for bone repair and regeneration: Future line of treatment in regenerative medicine. MATERIALIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2020.100736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Rieger J, Kaessmeyer S, Al Masri S, Hünigen H, Plendl J. Endothelial cells and angiogenesis in the horse in health and disease-A review. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 49:656-678. [PMID: 32639627 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular system is the first functional organ in the embryo, and its blood vessels form a widespread conductive network within the organism. Blood vessels develop de novo, by the differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells (vasculogenesis) or by angiogenesis, which is the formation of new blood vessels from existing ones. This review presents an overview of the current knowledge on physiological and pathological angiogenesis in the horse including studies on equine endothelial cells. Principal study fields in equine angiogenesis research were identified: equine endothelial progenitor cells; equine endothelial cells and angiogenesis (heterogeneity, markers and assessment); endothelial regulatory molecules in equine angiogenesis; angiogenesis research in equine reproduction (ovary, uterus, placenta and conceptus, testis); angiogenesis research in pathological conditions (tumours, ocular pathologies, equine wound healing, musculoskeletal system and laminitis). The review also includes a table that summarizes in vitro studies on equine endothelial cells, either describing the isolation procedure or using previously isolated endothelial cells. A particular challenge of the review was that results published are fragmentary and sometimes even contradictory, raising more questions than they answer. In conclusion, angiogenesis is a major factor in several diseases frequently occurring in horses, but relatively few studies focus on angiogenesis in the horse. The challenge for the future is therefore to continue exploring new therapeutic angiogenesis strategies for horses to fill in the missing pieces of the puzzle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Rieger
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Kaessmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Salah Al Masri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hana Hünigen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Sun H, Li D, Yuan M, Li Q, Li N, Wang G. Eutopic stromal cells of endometriosis promote neuroangiogenesis via exosome pathway†. Biol Reprod 2020; 100:649-659. [PMID: 30295741 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a common multifactorial gynecological disorder defined as the proliferation of endometrial tissue outside of the uterine cavity. Neuroangiogenesis (co-recruitment of nerves and blood vessels) is believed to play an integral part in the establishment and growth of endometriotic lesions. We hypothesized that exosomes derived from abnormal endometrium may serve as the second identifier of endometriosis and play an important role in the development of endometriosis by regulating neuroangiogenesis. Primary human endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) were isolated from eutopic endometrium (EmESC, n = 22) with endometriosis and normal endometrium (CoESC, n = 6). Exosomes were isolated from ESCs using the "standard" ultracentrifugation method, and the characterization of exosomes was identified through transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and western blot. The role of exosomes in regulating neuroangiogenesis was determined through in vitro tube formation assay, neurite outgrowth assay, and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron apoptosis analysis. The data showed that EmESCs could secrete exosomes with a diameter of approximately 100 nm and a biconcave morphological feature; they were internalized by human umbilical vein endothelial cells and DRG neurons and enhanced neuroangiogenic effects. We further validated the role of exosomes through blocking experiments. We found that when the exosome secretion was blocked, the pro-neuroangiogenesis effects were decreased. In conclusion, these data suggested that exosomes may play a key role in endometriosis by promoting neuroangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dong Li
- Cryomedicine Lab, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiuju Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ni Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guoyun Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Jiayu H, Hanke Z, Ying G. The Role of Exosomes in Diseases Related to Infertility. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 14:437-441. [PMID: 30674267 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x14666190123162842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles with diameters of 40-100nm, are generated through the fusion of multivessel with plasma membrane and secreted by a variety of living cells. Exosomes contain lipid bilayer membrane and releasable functionally active proteins, mRNA and microRNAs (miRNAs). This article reviews the latest progress of researches on exosomes in diseases that lead to infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Jiayu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhang Hanke
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gao Ying
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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17
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Lv L, Sheng C, Zhou Y. Extracellular vesicles as a novel therapeutic tool for cell-free regenerative medicine in oral rehabilitation. J Oral Rehabil 2019; 47 Suppl 1:29-54. [PMID: 31520537 DOI: 10.1111/joor.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oral maxillofacial defects may always lead to complicated hard and soft tissue loss, including bone, nerve, blood vessels, teeth and skin, which are difficult to restore and severely influence the life quality of patients. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, are emerging as potential solutions for complex tissue regeneration through cell-free therapies. In this review, we highlight the functional roles of EVs in the regenerative medicine for oral maxillofacial rehabilitation, specifically bone, skin, blood vessels, peripheral nerve and tooth-related tissue regeneration. Publications were reviewed by two researchers independently basing on three databases (PubMed, MEDLINE and Web of Science), until 31 December 2018. Basing on current researches, we classified the origin of EVs for regenerative medicine into four categories: related cells in the regenerative niche, mesenchymal stem cells, immune cells and body fluids. The secretome of different cells are distinct, while the same cells secrete different EVs under varied conditions; therefore, the content profiles of EVs and regulatory mechanisms on target cells are compared and emphasised. By unravelling the regulatory mechanisms of EVs in tissue regeneration, modified cells and tailored EVs with specific target may be produced for precision medicine with high efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longwei Lv
- Department of Prosthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhui Sheng
- Department of Prosthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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18
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Liu Y, Zhao S, Luo L, Wang J, Zhu Z, Xiang Q, Deng Y, Zhao Z. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes ameliorate erection by reducing oxidative stress damage of corpus cavernosum in a rat model of artery injury. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:7462-7473. [PMID: 31512385 PMCID: PMC6815831 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common ageing male's disease, and vascular ED accounts for the largest proportion of all types of ED. One of the mechanisms of vascular ED in the clinic is arterial insufficiency, which mainly caused by atherosclerosis, trauma and surgical. Moreover, oxidative stress damage after tissue ischemia usually aggravated the progress of ED. As a new way of acellular therapy, mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) have great potential in ED treatment. In the current study, we have explored the mechanism of MSC-Exos therapy in a rat model of internal iliac artery injury-induced ED. Compared with intracavernous (IC) injection of phosphate-buffered saline after artery injury, of note, we observed that both mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-Exos through IC injection could improve the erectile function to varying degrees. More specifically, IC injection MSC-Exos could promote cavernous sinus endothelial formation, reduce the organization oxidative stress damage, and improve the nitric oxide synthase and smooth muscle content in the corpus cavernosum. With similar potency compared with the stem cell therapy and other unique advantages, IC injection of MSC- Exos could be an effective treatment to ameliorate erectile function in a rat model of arterial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangzhou Liu
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shankun Zhao
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Urology, Zhejiang Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Lianmin Luo
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiamin Wang
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhu
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Xiang
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihan Deng
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Urology & Andrology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Shojaee A, Parham A. Strategies of tenogenic differentiation of equine stem cells for tendon repair: current status and challenges. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:181. [PMID: 31215490 PMCID: PMC6582602 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon injuries, as one of the most common orthopedic disorders, are the major cause of early retirement or wastage among sport horses which mainly affect the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT). Tendon repair is a slow process, and tendon tissue is often replaced by scar tissue. The current treatment options are often followed by an incomplete recovery that increases the susceptibility to re-injury. Recently, cell therapy has been used in veterinary medicine to treat tendon injuries, although the risk of ectopic bone formation after cell injection is possible in some cases. In vitro tenogenic induction may overcome the mentioned risk in clinical application. Moreover, a better understanding of treatment strategies for musculoskeletal injuries in horse may have future applications for human and vice versa. This comprehensive review outlines the current strategies of stem cell therapy in equine tendon injury and in vitro tenogenic induction of equine stem cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiyeh Shojaee
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Parham
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. .,Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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20
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Capomaccio S, Cappelli K, Bazzucchi C, Coletti M, Gialletti R, Moriconi F, Passamonti F, Pepe M, Petrini S, Mecocci S, Silvestrelli M, Pascucci L. Equine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Release Extracellular Vesicles Enclosing Different Subsets of Small RNAs. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:4957806. [PMID: 31011332 PMCID: PMC6442443 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4957806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (e-AdMSC) exhibit attractive proregenerative properties strongly related to the delivery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that enclose different kinds of molecules including RNAs. In this study, we investigated small RNA content of EVs produced by e-AdMSC with the aim of speculating on their possible biological role. METHODS EVs were obtained by ultracentrifugation of the conditioned medium of e-AdMSC of 4 subjects. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were performed to assess their size and nanostructure. RNA was isolated, enriched for small RNAs (<200 nt), and sequenced by Illumina technology. After bioinformatic analysis with state-of-the-art pipelines for short sequences, mapped reads were used to describe EV RNA cargo, reporting classes, and abundances. Enrichment analyses were performed to infer involved pathways and functional categories. RESULTS Electron microscopy showed the presence of vesicles ranging in size from 30 to 300 nm and expressing typical markers. RNA analysis revealed that ribosomal RNA was the most abundant fraction, followed by small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs, 13.67%). Miscellaneous RNA (misc_RNA) reached 4.57% of the total where Y RNA, RNaseP, and vault RNA represented the main categories. miRNAs were sequenced at a lower level (3.51%) as well as protein-coding genes (1.33%). Pathway analyses on the protein-coding fraction revealed a significant enrichment for the "ribosome" pathway followed by "oxidative phosphorylation." Gene Ontology analysis showed enrichment for terms like "extracellular exosome," "organelle envelope," "RNA binding," and "small molecule metabolic process." The miRNA target pathway analysis revealed the presence of "signaling pathways regulating pluripotency of stem cells" coherent with the source of the samples. CONCLUSION We herein demonstrated that e-AdMSC release EVs enclosing different subsets of small RNAs that potentially regulate a number of biological processes. These findings shed light on the role of EVs in the context of MSC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Capomaccio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca sul Cavallo Sportivo (CRCS), Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy
| | - Katia Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca sul Cavallo Sportivo (CRCS), Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Bazzucchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Mauro Coletti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca sul Cavallo Sportivo (CRCS), Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Gialletti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca sul Cavallo Sportivo (CRCS), Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy
| | - Franco Moriconi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca sul Cavallo Sportivo (CRCS), Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Passamonti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca sul Cavallo Sportivo (CRCS), Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Pepe
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca sul Cavallo Sportivo (CRCS), Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Petrini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Italy
| | - Samanta Mecocci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca sul Cavallo Sportivo (CRCS), Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Silvestrelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca sul Cavallo Sportivo (CRCS), Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy
| | - Luisa Pascucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via San Costanzo, 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Centro di Ricerca sul Cavallo Sportivo (CRCS), Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy
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Chung HH, Bellefeuille SD, Miller HN, Gaborski TR. Extended live-tracking and quantitative characterization of wound healing and cell migration with SiR-Hoechst. Exp Cell Res 2018; 373:198-210. [PMID: 30399373 PMCID: PMC6327846 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration is essential to many life processes, including immune response, tissue repair, and cancer progression. A reliable quantitative characterization of the cell migration can therefore aid in the high throughput screening of drug efficacy in wound healing and cancer treatments. In this work, we report what we believe is the first use of SiR-Hoechst for extended live tracking and automated analysis of cell migration and wound healing. We showed through rigorous statistical comparisons that this far-red label does not affect migratory behavior. We observed excellent automated tracking of random cell migration, in which the motility parameters (speed, displacement, path length, directionality ratio, persistence time, and direction autocorrelation) obtained closely match those obtained from manual tracking. We also present an analysis framework to characterize the healing of a scratch wound from the perspective of single cells. The use of SiR-Hoechst is advantageous for the crowded environments in wound healing assays because as long as cell nuclei do not overlap, continuous tracking can be maintained even if there is cell-cell contact. In this paper, we report wound recovery based on the number of cells migrating into the wound over time, normalized by the initial cell count prior to the infliction of the wound. This normalized cell count approach is impervious to operator bias during the arbitration of wound edges and is also robust against variability that arises due to differences in the cell density of different samples. Additional wound healing characteristics were also defined based on the evolution of cell speed and directionality during healing. Not unexpected, the wound healing cells exhibited much higher tendency to maintain the same migratory direction in comparison to the randomly migrating cells. The use of SiR-Hoechst thus greatly simplified the automation of single cell and whole population analysis with high spatial and temporal resolution over extended periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry H Chung
- Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, United States
| | - Sean D Bellefeuille
- Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, United States
| | - Hayley N Miller
- Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, United States
| | - Thomas R Gaborski
- Biomedical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 160 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, United States.
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22
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Arnhold S, Elashry MI, Klymiuk MC, Wenisch S. Biological macromolecules and mesenchymal stem cells: Basic research for regenerative therapies in veterinary medicine. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 123:889-899. [PMID: 30452985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Arnhold
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy-, Histology and -Embryology, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Mohamed I Elashry
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy-, Histology and -Embryology, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Michele C Klymiuk
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy-, Histology and -Embryology, University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Wenisch
- Clinic of Small Animals, c/o Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Ouyang X, Han X, Chen Z, Fang J, Huang X, Wei H. MSC-derived exosomes ameliorate erectile dysfunction by alleviation of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle apoptosis in a rat model of cavernous nerve injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:246. [PMID: 30257719 PMCID: PMC6158845 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated the therapeutic effects of MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exos) on erectile function in a rat model of cavernous nerve injury (CNI). Methods MSCs were isolated from rat bone marrow and exosomes were isolated from the supernatants by ultracentrifugation. The tissue explant adherent method was used to isolate and culture corpus cavernosum smooth muscle cells (CCSMCs). MSCs and CCSMCs were identified by flow cytometry, in vitro differentiation or immunofluorescence staining. Thirty-two 10-week-old male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups: a sham operation group and bilateral CNI groups that received intracavernosal (IC) injection of either PBS, MSCs or MSC-Exos. Four weeks after CNI and treatment, the erectile function of the rats was measured by electrically stimulating the cavernous nerve. The penile tissues were harvested for blinded histologic analysis and western blotting. H2O2 was used to induce apoptosis in the CCSMCs, and a flow cytometer was used to measure the cell viability of the CCSMCs treated with or without exosomes in vitro. Results Recovery of erectile function was observed in the MSC-Exos group. The MSC-Exos treatment significantly enhanced smooth muscle content and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the corpus cavernosum. The ratio of smooth muscle to collagen in the corpus cavernosum was significantly improved in the MSC-Exos treatment group compared to the PBS vehicle group. WB confirmed these biological changes. Cell viability of the CCSMCs was increased in the MSC-Exos-treated groups, and caspase-3 expression was decreased after the MSC-Exos treatment in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions Exosomes isolated from MSCs culture supernatants by ultracentrifugation could ameliorate CNI-induced ED in rats by inhibiting apoptosis in CCSMCs, with similar potency to that observed in the MSCs-treated group. Therefore, this cell-free therapy has great potential for application in the treatment of CNI-induced ED for replacing cell therapy. Graphical abstract MSC-derived exosomes ameliorate erectile dysfunction in a rat model of cavernous nerve injury![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Ouyang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xiaoyan Han
- Central Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Zehong Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Jiafeng Fang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xuna Huang
- Central Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Hongbo Wei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Tianhe Road 600, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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Could hypoxia influence basic biological properties and ultrastructural features of adult canine mesenchymal stem /stromal cells? Vet Res Commun 2018; 42:297-308. [PMID: 30238341 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-018-9738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare canine adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells cultured under normoxic (20% O2) and not severe hypoxic (7% O2) conditions in terms of marker expression, proliferation rate, differentiation potential and cell morphology. Intra-abdominal fat tissue samples were recovered from 4 dogs and cells isolated from each sample were cultured under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. Proliferation rate and adhesion ability were determined, differentiation towards chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic lineages was induced; the expression of CD44, CD34, DLA-DQA1, DLA-DRA1 was determined by PCR, while flow cytometry analysis for CD90, CD105, CD45 and CD14 was carried out. The morphological study was performed by transmission electron microscopy. Canine AT-MSCs, cultured under different oxygen tensions, maintained their basic biological features. However, under hypoxia, cells were not able to form spheroid aggregates revealing a reduction of their adhesivness. In both conditions, MSCs mainly displayed the same ultrastructural morphology and retained the ability to produce membrane vesicles. Noteworthy, MSCs cultivated under hypoxya revealed a huge shedding of large complex vesicles, containing smaller round-shaped vesicles. In our study, hypoxia partially influences the basic biological properties and the ultrastructural features of canine mesenchymal stem /stromal cells. Further studies are needed to clarify how hypoxia affects EVs production in term of amount and content in order to understand its contribution in tissue regenerative mechanisms and the possible employment in clinical applications. The findings of the present work could be noteworthy for canine as well as for other mammalian species.
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Bjørge IM, Kim SY, Mano JF, Kalionis B, Chrzanowski W. Extracellular vesicles, exosomes and shedding vesicles in regenerative medicine - a new paradigm for tissue repair. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:60-78. [PMID: 29184934 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00479f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration by stem cells is driven by the paracrine activity of shedding vesicles and exosomes, which deliver specific cargoes to the recipient cells. Proteins, RNA, cytokines and subsequent gene expression, orchestrate the regeneration process by improving the microenvironment to promote cell survival, controlling inflammation, repairing injury and enhancing the healing process. The action of microRNA is widely accepted as an essential driver of the regenerative process through its impact on multiple downstream biological pathways, and its ability to regulate the host immune response. Here, we present an overview of the recent potential uses of exosomes for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. We also highlight the differences in composition between shedding vesicles and exosomes that depend on the various types of stem cells from which they are derived. The conditions that affect the production of exosomes in different cell types are deliberated. This review also presents the current status of candidate exosomal microRNAs for potential therapeutic use in regenerative medicine, and in applications involving widely studied organs and tissues such as heart, lung, cartilage and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Bjørge
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Sammarco A, Finesso G, Cavicchioli L, Ferro S, Caicci F, Zanetti R, Sacchetto R, Zappulli V. Preliminary investigation of extracellular vesicles in mammary cancer of dogs and cats: Identification and characterization. Vet Comp Oncol 2018; 16:489-496. [PMID: 29851284 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles produced by cells, known to play a key role in cell-to-cell communication. They exert pleiotropic biological functions via the horizontal transfer of bioactive molecules (DNA, RNAs, proteins, and lipids) within the tumour microenvironment and throughout the body. In human cancer, EVs are known to interfere with pathways that lead to tumour progression and are used as novel cancer biomarkers. In veterinary medicine, very little is known on cancer-derived EVs. In this study, we preliminarily characterized EVs in mammary gland cancer of dogs and cats. EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation from canine (CYPp), feline (FMCp) and human (MCF7) mammary tumour cell lines. EVs were visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), counted using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and characterized by immunogold (CD63 and Alix) and western blot (Alix and TSG101). Additionally, EV production by "donor" cells (palmtdTomato+ ) and uptake by "recipient" cells (GFP+ ) were assessed. EVs were successfully isolated from all 3 cell lines by ultracentrifugation. Membrane-bound structures (50-400 nm) were identified by TEM and were positive for both CD63 and Alix at immunogold. Western blot showed positivity of EVs to Alix and TSG101. NTA analysis detected EVs from cell culture media ranging from 1.67 to 2.56 × 102 as number of EVs/cell and from 80 to 600 nm in size. Confocal microscopy identified the presence of palmtdTomato+ EVs into the cytoplasm of GFP+ cells. This preliminary study identified and characterized canine and feline mammary tumour cell-derived EVs, opening in veterinary medicine a new interesting unexplored field with several applications and limitless potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sammarco
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - G Finesso
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - L Cavicchioli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - S Ferro
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - F Caicci
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - R Zanetti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - R Sacchetto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - V Zappulli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Protective effects of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived exosomes on high glucose-induced injury in human endothelial cells. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:4791-4797. [PMID: 29805497 PMCID: PMC5958753 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a family of extracellular vesicles that are secreted from almost all types of cells and are associated with cell-to-cell communication. The present study was performed to investigate the effects of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived exosomes (hiPSC-exo) on cell viability, capillary-like structure formation and senescence in endothelial cells exposed to high glucose. Exosomes were isolated from the conditional medium of hiPSCs and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis and western blot analysis using Alix and cluster of differentiation-63 as markers. hiPSC-exo were labeled with PKH26 for tracking, and it was determined that spherical exosomes, with a typical cup-shape, were absorbed by human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). Cultured HUVECs were treated with high glucose (33 mM) with or without hiPSC-exo (20 µg/ml) for 48 h, and cell viability, capillary tube formation and senescence were assessed. When exposed to high glucose, viability and tube formation in HUVECs was significantly reduced (P<0.0001), whereas the proportion of senescent cells was higher compared with that in control HUVECs (P<0.0001). Furthermore, hiPSC-exo restored cell viability and capillary-like structure formation, and reduced senescence in HUVECs exposed to high glucose (P<0.0001). However, hiPSC-exo had minimal effects on normal HUVECs. These findings suggest that stem cell-derived exosomes are able to promote cell proliferation, enhance capillary-like structure formation and reduce senescence in endothelial cells exposed to high glucose.
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The Contribution of Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Platelet-Rich Plasma to the Treatment of Chronic Equine Laminitis: A Proof of Concept. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102122. [PMID: 29019941 PMCID: PMC5666804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Laminitis, a highly debilitating disease of the foot in ungulates, is characterized by pathological changes of the complex lamellar structures that maintain the appendicular skeleton within the hoof. Laminitis is a multifactorial disease that involves perturbation of the vascular, hematological, and inflammatory homeostasis of the foot. Interestingly, the pathogenesis of the disease resembles what is observed in metabolic syndromes and sepsis-induced organ failure in humans and animals. We hypothesized that local administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) might contribute to establishing an anti-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic environment, and could stimulate the injured tissue in order to restore its functional integrity. According to this assumption, an experimental protocol based on the local intravenous administration of adipose tissue-derived MSCs (aMSCs) in combination with PRP was developed for the treatment of horses affected by chronic laminitis. Nine horses with severely compromised venograms (showing grade III and IV laminitis) that had been unsuccessfully treated with conventional therapies were enrolled. aMSCs and PRP (15 × 10⁶ cells resuspended in 15 mL of PRP) were injected into the lateral or medial digital vein three times, at one-month intervals. The first administration was performed with allogeneic aMSCs, while for the following administrations, autologous aMSCs were used. There was no adverse short-term reaction to the intravenous injection of aMSCs. In the long term, venograms outlined, in all subjects, a progressive amelioration of the vascularization of the foot. An improvement in the structure and function of the hoof was also observed. No adverse events were reported during the follow-up, and the horses returned to a comfortable quality of life. Although the number of animals enrolled in the study is limited, both clinical observations and venography demonstrated an enhancement in the condition of all horses, suggesting that the regenerative therapies in chronic laminitis could be useful, and are worthy of further investigation.
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Chen F, Zhang H, Wang Z, Ding W, Zeng Q, Liu W, Huang C, He S, Wei A. Adipose-Derived Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Ameliorate Erectile Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Type 2 Diabetes. J Sex Med 2017; 14:1084-1094. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Iacono E, Pascucci L, Rossi B, Bazzucchi C, Lanci A, Ceccoli M, Merlo B. Ultrastructural characteristics and immune profile of equine MSCs from fetal adnexa. Reproduction 2017; 154:509-519. [PMID: 28733347 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Both in human and equine species, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from amniotic membrane (AM) and Wharton's jelly (WJ), may be particularly useful for immediate use or in later stages of life, after cryopreservation in cell bank. The aim of this study was to compare equine AM- and WJ-MSCs in vitro features that may be relevant for their clinical employment. MSCs were more easily isolated from WJ, even if MSCs derived from AM exhibited more rapid proliferation (P < 0.05). Osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation were more prominent in MSCs derived from WJ. This is also suggested by the lower adhesion of AM cells, demonstrated by the greater volume of spheroids after hanging drop culture (P < 0.05). Data obtained by PCR confirmed the immunosuppressive function of AM and WJ-MSCs and the presence of active genes specific for anti-inflammatory and angiogenic factors (IL-6, IL 8, IL-β1). For the first time, by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we ascertained that equine WJ-MSCs constitutively contain a very impressive number of large vesicular structures, scattered throughout the cytoplasm. Moreover, an abundant extracellular fibrillar matrix was located in the intercellular spaces among WJ-MSCs. Data recorded in this study reveal that MSCs from different fetal tissues have different characteristics that may drive their therapeutic use. These finding could be noteworthy for horses as well as for other mammalian species, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Iacono
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesUniversity of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Luisa Pascucci
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Barbara Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesUniversity of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Cinzia Bazzucchi
- Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Aliai Lanci
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesUniversity of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Monica Ceccoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesUniversity of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Barbara Merlo
- Department of Veterinary Medical SciencesUniversity of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia (BO), Italy
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Maia L, de Moraes CN, Dias MC, Martinez JB, Caballol AO, Testoni G, de Queiroz CM, Peña RD, Landim-Alvarenga FC, de Oliveira E. A proteomic study of mesenchymal stem cells from equine umbilical cord. Theriogenology 2017; 100:8-15. [PMID: 28708537 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study describing the proteome of equine umbilical cord intervascular matrix mesenchymal stem cells (UCIM-MSCs) in a global and functional manner. The aim of this work was to analyze the proteome of previously characterized UCIM-MSCs to determine protein abundance and classify the identified proteins according to Gene Ontology (GO) terms. Protein classification analysis according to biological process, molecular function and cellular component was performed using the PANTHER (Protein ANalysis THrough Evolutionary Relationships) Classification System, which revealed enrichment for 42 biological processes, 23 molecular functions and 18 cellular components. Protein abundance was estimated according to the emPAI method (Exponential Modified Protein Abundance Index). The two most abundant proteins in the proteome of UCIM-MSCs were the cytoskeletal proteins actin and vimentin, which have important roles in cell stability and motility. Additionally, we identified 14 cell surface antigens. Three of them, CD44, CD90 and CD105, had been previously validated by flow cytometry. In the present study, we also identified important information about the biological properties of UCIM-MSCs such as differentiation potential, low immunogenicity (low MHC-II expression) and chromosomal stability, which reinforces their use for cell therapy. Together with the proteomic findings, this information allowed us to infer the functional relevance of several activities related to primary metabolic processes, protein synthesis, production of vesicle coats, vesicle-mediated transport and antioxidant activity. In addition, the identification of different cell surface markers may help establish an immunophenotypic panel suitable for the characterization of MSCs from equine fetal membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Maia
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-681, Brazil; Proteomics Platform, Parc Cientific de Barcelona (PCB), Barcelona 08028, Spain.
| | - Carolina Nogueira de Moraes
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Marianne Camargos Dias
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-681, Brazil
| | | | | | - Giorgia Testoni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Carla Martins de Queiroz
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-681, Brazil
| | - Ramón Díaz Peña
- Proteomics Platform, Parc Cientific de Barcelona (PCB), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Fernanda C Landim-Alvarenga
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-681, Brazil
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Esteves CL, Sheldrake TA, Mesquita SP, Pesántez JJ, Menghini T, Dawson L, Péault B, Donadeu FX. Isolation and characterization of equine native MSC populations. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:80. [PMID: 28420427 PMCID: PMC5395828 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0525-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In contrast to humans in which mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) therapies are still largely in the clinical trial phase, MSCs have been used therapeutically in horses for over 15 years, thus constituting a valuable preclinical model for humans. In human tissues, MSCs have been shown to originate from perivascular cells, namely pericytes and adventitial cells, which are identified by the presence of the cell surface markers CD146 and CD34, respectively. In contrast, the origin of MSCs in equine tissues has not been established, preventing the isolation and culture of defined cell populations in that species. Moreover, a comparison between perivascular CD146+ and CD34+ cell populations has not been performed in any species. Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to identify adventitial cells (CD34+) and pericytes (CD146+) and to determine their localization in relation to MSCs in equine tissues. Isolation of CD34+ (CD34+/CD146–/CD144–/CD45–) and CD146+ (CD146+/CD34–/CD144–/CD45–) cell fractions from equine adipose tissue was achieved by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The isolated cell fractions were cultured and analyzed for the expression of MSC markers, using qPCR and flow cytometry, and for the ability to undergo trilineage differentiation. Angiogenic properties were analyzed in vivo using a chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Results Both CD34+ and CD146+ cells displayed typical MSC features, namely growth in uncoated tissue culture dishes, clonal growth when seeded at low density, expression of typical MSC markers, and multipotency shown by the capacity for trilineage differentiation. Of note, CD146+ cells were distinctly angiogenic compared with CD34+ and non-sorted cells (conventional MSCs), demonstrated by the induction of blood vessels in a CAM assay, expression of elevated levels of VEGFA and ANGPT1, and association with vascular networks in cocultures with endothelial cells, indicating that CD146+ cells maintain a pericyte phenotype in culture. Conclusion This study reports for the first time the successful isolation and culture of CD146+ and CD34+ cell populations from equine tissues. Characterization of these cells evidenced their distinct properties and MSC-like phenotype, and identified CD146+ cells as distinctly angiogenic, which may provide a novel source for enhanced regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina L Esteves
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. .,The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | | | | | - Juan J Pesántez
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Lucy Dawson
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Bruno Péault
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Orthopaedic Hospital Research Centre, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Panagiotou N, Wayne Davies R, Selman C, Shiels PG. Microvesicles as Vehicles for Tissue Regeneration: Changing of the Guards. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 4:181-187. [PMID: 27882267 PMCID: PMC5101251 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Microvesicles (MVs) have been recognised as mediators of stem cell function, enabling and guiding their regenerative effects. RECENT FINDINGS MVs constitute one unique size class of extracellular vesicles (EVs) directly shed from the cell plasma membrane. They facilitate cell-to-cell communication via intercellular transfer of proteins, mRNA and microRNA (miRNA). MVs derived from stem cells, or stem cell regulatory cell types, have proven roles in tissue regeneration and repair processes. Their role in the maintenance of healthy tissue function throughout the life course and thus in age related health span remains to be elucidated. SUMMARY Understanding the biogenesis and mechanisms of action of MVs may enable the development of cell-free therapeutics capable of assisting in tissue maintenance and repair for a variety of age-related degenerative diseases. This review critically evaluates recent work published in this area and highlights important new findings demonstrating the use of MVs in tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Panagiotou
- Wolfson Wohl, Translational Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, MVLS, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
| | - R. Wayne Davies
- School of Informatics, Institute of Neural and Adaptive Computation, Informatics Forum, University of Edinburgh, 10 Crichton Street, Edinburgh, EH8 9AB UK
| | - Colin Selman
- Graham Kerr, Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ UK
| | - Paul G. Shiels
- Wolfson Wohl, Translational Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, MVLS, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH UK
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Riis S, Stensballe A, Emmersen J, Pennisi CP, Birkelund S, Zachar V, Fink T. Mass spectrometry analysis of adipose-derived stem cells reveals a significant effect of hypoxia on pathways regulating extracellular matrix. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:52. [PMID: 27075204 PMCID: PMC4831147 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are being increasingly recognized for their potential to promote tissue regeneration and wound healing. These effects appear to be partly mediated by paracrine signaling pathways, and are enhanced during hypoxia. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a valuable tool for proteomic profiling of cultured ASCs, which may help to reveal the identity of the factors secreted by the cells under different conditions. However, serum starvation which is essentially required to obtain samples compatible with secretome analysis by MS can have a significant influence on ASCs. Here, we present a novel and optimized culturing approach based on the use of a clinically relevant serum-free formulation, which was used to assess the effects of hypoxia on the ASC proteomic profile. Methods Human ASCs from three human donors were expanded in StemPro® MSC SFM XenoFree medium. Cells were cultured for 24 h in serum- and albumin-free supplements in either normoxic (20 %) or hypoxic (1 %) atmospheres, after which the cells and conditioned medium were collected, subfractionated, and analyzed using MS. Prior to analysis, the secreted proteins were further subdivided into a secretome (>30 kDa) and a peptidome (3–30 kDa) fraction. Results MS analysis revealed the presence of 342, 98, and 3228 proteins in the normoxic ASC secretome, peptidome, and proteome, respectively. A relatively small fraction of the proteome (9.6 %) was significantly affected by hypoxia, and the most regulated proteins were those involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and cell metabolism. No proteins were found to be significantly modulated by hypoxic treatment across all cultures for the secretome and peptidome samples. Conclusions This study highlights ECM remodeling as a significant mechanism contributing to the ASC regenerative effect after hypoxic preconditioning, and further underscores considerable inter-individual differences in ASC response to hypoxia. The novel culture paradigm provides a basis for future proteomic studies under conditions that do not induce a stress response, so that the best responders can be accurately identified for prospective therapeutic use. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD003550. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-016-0310-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Riis
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3B, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark
| | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Laboratory for Medical Mass Spectrometry, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Emmersen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3B, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark
| | - Cristian Pablo Pennisi
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3B, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark
| | - Svend Birkelund
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Laboratory for Medical Mass Spectrometry, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Vladimir Zachar
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3B, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark
| | - Trine Fink
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 3B, Aalborg, 9220, Denmark.
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Harp D, Driss A, Mehrabi S, Chowdhury I, Xu W, Liu D, Garcia-Barrio M, Taylor RN, Gold B, Jefferson S, Sidell N, Thompson W. Exosomes derived from endometriotic stromal cells have enhanced angiogenic effects in vitro. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 365:187-96. [PMID: 26841879 PMCID: PMC4917586 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2358-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our objective has been to establish a pro-angiogenic role for exosomes in endometriosis and to determine whether a differential expression profile of cellular and exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) exists in endometriosis. We performed an in vitro study of human primary endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We isolated and characterized exosomes from ESCs from five endometriosis patients and five phase-matched controls. Exosomes were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and NanoSight technology. MiRNA was assessed by deep sequencing and reverse transcription with quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Exosome uptake studies were achieved by means of confocal microscopy. The pro-angiogenic experiments were executed by treating HUVECs with ESC-derived exosomes. We observed differential profiles of exosomal miRNA expression between exosomes derived from endometriosis lesion cells and diseased eutopic stromal cells compared with exosomes derived from control ESCs. We also demonstrated autocrine cellular uptake of exosomes and paracrine functional angiogenic effects of exosomes on HUVECs. The results of this study support the hypothesis that exosomes derived from ESCs play autocrine/paracrine roles in the development of endometriosis, potentially modulating angiogenesis. The broader clinical implications are that Sampson’s theory of retrograde menstruation possibly encompasses the finding that exosomes work as intercellular communication modulators in endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djana Harp
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA.
| | - Adel Driss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Sharifeh Mehrabi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Indrajit Chowdhury
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Dong Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA.,Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Minerva Garcia-Barrio
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA.,Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Robert N Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Bert Gold
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Neil Sidell
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, 1639 Pierce Dr., WMB 4303, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Winston Thompson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA.,Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
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Zhang Y, Yu M, Tian W. Physiological and pathological impact of exosomes of adipose tissue. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:3-13. [PMID: 26776755 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles that have emerged as a new intercellular communication system for transporting proteins and RNAs; recent studies have shown that they play a role in many physiological and pathological processes such as immune regulation, cell differentiation, infection and cancer. By transferring proteins, mRNAs and microRNAs, exosomes act as information vehicles that alter the behavior of recipient cells. Compared to direct cell-cell contact or secreted factors, exosomes can affect recipient cells in more efficient ways. In whole adipose tissues, it has been shown that exosomes exist in supernatants of adipocytes and adipose stromal cells (ADSCs). Adipocyte exosomes are linked to lipid metabolism and obesity-related insulin resistance and exosomes secreted by ADSCs are involved in angiogenesis, immunomodulation and tumor development. This review introduces characteristics of exosomes in adipose tissue, summarizes their functions in different physiological and pathological processes and provides the further insight into potential application of exosomes to disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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37
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Extracellular Vesicles: Evolving Factors in Stem Cell Biology. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:1073140. [PMID: 26649044 PMCID: PMC4663346 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1073140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are proposed to continuously secrete trophic factors that potentially serve as mediators of autocrine and paracrine activities, associated with reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment, tissue regeneration, and repair. Hitherto, significant efforts have been made to understand the level of underlying paracrine activities influenced by stem cell secreted trophic factors, as little is known about these interactions. Recent findings, however, elucidate this role by reporting the effects of stem cell derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) that mimic the phenotypes of the cells from which they originate. Exchange of genetic information utilizing persistent bidirectional communication mediated by stem cell-EVs could regulate stemness, self-renewal, and differentiation in stem cells and their subpopulations. This review therefore discusses stem cell-EVs as evolving communication factors in stem cell biology, focusing on how they regulate cell fates by inducing persistent and prolonged genetic reprogramming of resident cells in a paracrine fashion. In addition, we address the role of stem cell-secreted vesicles in shaping the tumor microenvironment and immunomodulation and in their ability to stimulate endogenous repair processes during tissue damage. Collectively, these functions ensure an enormous potential for future therapies.
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Katsuda T, Ochiya T. Molecular signatures of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle-mediated tissue repair. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:212. [PMID: 26560482 PMCID: PMC4642616 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0214-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play important roles in intercellular communications via their content molecules, and mimic, at least in part, the roles that are played by their originating cells. Consistent with this notion, an increasing number of reports have suggested that EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are therapeutically beneficial to a wide range of diseases, can serve as drugs to treat multiple diseases. EVs contain a variety of molecules, including proteins, microRNAs, and mRNAs, and are associated with biological processes in a content molecule-dependent manner. In this article, we review the latest reports regarding the therapeutic potential of MSC-EVs by focusing on the underlying molecular mechanisms of their effects. Specifically, we feature the effects of MSC-EVs in terms of their content molecules and of the tissue recovery processes endowed by these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Katsuda
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.
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39
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Fatima F, Nawaz M. Stem cell-derived exosomes: roles in stromal remodeling, tumor progression, and cancer immunotherapy. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2015; 34:541-53. [PMID: 26369565 PMCID: PMC4593342 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-015-0051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are known to maintain stemness at least in part through secreted factors that promote stem-like phenotypes in resident cells. Accumulating evidence has clarified that stem cells release nano-vesicles, known as exosomes, which may serve as mediators of cell-to-cell communication and may potentially transmit stem cell phenotypes to recipient cells, facilitating stem cell maintenance, differentiation, self-renewal, and repair. It has become apparent that stem cell-derived exosomes mediate interactions among stromal elements, promote genetic instability in recipient cells, and induce malignant transformation. This review will therefore discuss the potential of stem cell-derived exosomes in the context of stromal remodeling and their ability to generate cancer-initiating cells in a tumor niche by inducing morphologic and functional differentiation of fibroblasts into tumor-initiating fibroblasts. In addition, the immunosuppressive potential of stem cell-derived exosomes in cancer immunotherapy and their prospective applications in cell-free therapies in future translational medicine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Fatima
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil. .,Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, 480, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil. .,Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, 480, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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40
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Zhang B, Wu X, Zhang X, Sun Y, Yan Y, Shi H, Zhu Y, Wu L, Pan Z, Zhu W, Qian H, Xu W. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell exosomes enhance angiogenesis through the Wnt4/β-catenin pathway. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:513-22. [PMID: 25824139 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs) and their exosomes have been considered as potential therapeutic tools for tissue regeneration; however, the underlying mechanisms are still not well understood. In this study, we isolated and characterized the exosomes from hucMSCs (hucMSC-Ex) and demonstrated that hucMSC-Ex promoted the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of endothelial cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we demonstrated that hucMSC-Ex promoted wound healing and angiogenesis in vivo by using a rat skin burn model. We discovered that hucMSC-Ex promoted β-catenin nuclear translocation and induced the increased expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin D3, N-cadherin, and β-catenin and the decreased expression of E-cadherin. The activation of Wnt/β-catenin is critical in the induction of angiogenesis by hucMSC-Ex, which could be reversed by β-catenin inhibitor ICG-001. Wnt4 was delivered by hucMSC-Ex, and the knockdown of Wnt4 in hucMSC-Ex abrogated β-catenin nuclear translocation in endothelial cells. The in vivo proangiogenic effects were also inhibited by interference of Wnt4 expression in hucMSC-Ex. Taken together, these results suggest that hucMSC-Ex-mediated Wnt4 induces β-catenin activation in endothelial cells and exerts proangiogenic effects, which could be an important mechanism for cutaneous wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoxiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongmin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoji Pan
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Qian
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, The Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China; Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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