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Eto S, Kato D, Saeki K, Iguchi T, Shiyu Q, Kamoto S, Yoshitake R, Shinada M, Ikeda N, Tsuboi M, Chambers J, Uchida K, Nishimura R, Nakagawa T. Comprehensive Analysis of the Tumour Immune Microenvironment in Canine Urothelial Carcinoma Reveals Immunosuppressive Mechanisms Induced by the COX-Prostanoid Cascade. Vet Comp Oncol 2024. [PMID: 39179510 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) is essential for advancing precision medicine and identifying potential therapeutic targets. This study focused on canine urothelial carcinoma (cUC) recognised for its high sensitivity to cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors. Using immunohistochemical techniques, we quantified the infiltration of seven immune cell populations within cUC tumour tissue to identify clinicopathological features that characterise the TIME in cUC. Our results revealed several notable factors, including the significantly higher levels of CD3+ T cells and CD8+ T cells within tumour cell nests in cases treated with preoperative COX inhibitors compared to untreated cases. Based on the immunohistochemistry data, we further performed a comparative analysis using publicly available RNA-seq data from untreated cUC tissues (n = 29) and normal bladder tissues (n = 4) to explore the link between COX-prostanoid pathways and the immune response to tumours. We observed increased expression of COX-2, microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and mPGES-2 in cUC tissues. However, only mPGES-2 showed a negative correlation with the cytotoxic T-cell (CTL)-related genes CD8A and granzyme B (GZMB). In addition, a broader analysis of solid tumours using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database revealed similar patterns in several human tumours, suggesting a common mechanism in dogs and humans. Our results suggest that the COX-2/mPGES-2 pathway may act as a cross-species tumour-intrinsic factor that weakens anti-tumour immunity, and that COX inhibitors may convert TIME from a 'cold tumour' to a 'hot tumour' state by counteracting COX/mPGES-2-mediated immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Eto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiki Kato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Saeki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime, Japan
| | - Takaaki Iguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Qin Shiyu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Yoshitake
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shinada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Namiko Ikeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Tsuboi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - James Chambers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nishimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Valim AC, Costa AMD, Quitzan JG, Borges AS, Oliveira-Filho JP, Amorim RM, Andrade DGA. Urothelial carcinoma in a mule. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 139:105127. [PMID: 38852925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2024.105127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Equine bladder neoplasms are rare. This report aimed to describe the clinical signs and treatment of urothelial carcinoma (UC) in a mule. Cystoscopy of a 20-year-old female mule with a one-week history of hematuria and anemia revealed vascular congestion in the mucosa and an intraluminal, pedunculated mass in the dorsal bladder region. Histopathological examination revealed UC. Initial therapy consisted of four weekly cystoscopic guided injections of fluorouracil. At the fourth chemotherapy session, a paler and more friable tumor mass was observed. Consequently, we opted to surgically remove it during cystoscopy. Following mass excision, patient comfort, gross appearance of urine, and the hematocrit returned to normal. Repeat cystoscopy examinations revealed no gross appearance of tumor recurrence 18 months after treatment. Bladder neoplasms clinically resemble urolithiasis and cystitis and should be considered a differential diagnosis in cases of anemia and hematuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Valim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Prof. Dr. Walter Mauricio Correa, s/n, Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - A M D Costa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Prof. Dr. Walter Mauricio Correa, s/n, Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - J G Quitzan
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Prof. Dr. Walter Mauricio Correa, s/n, Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - A S Borges
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Prof. Dr. Walter Mauricio Correa, s/n, Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - J P Oliveira-Filho
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Prof. Dr. Walter Mauricio Correa, s/n, Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - R M Amorim
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Prof. Dr. Walter Mauricio Correa, s/n, Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil
| | - D G A Andrade
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Rua Prof. Dr. Walter Mauricio Correa, s/n, Botucatu, SP 18618-681, Brazil.
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Osiak-Wicha C, Kras K, Tomaszewska E, Muszyński S, Arciszewski MB. Examining the Potential Applicability of Orexigenic and Anorexigenic Peptides in Veterinary Medicine for the Management of Obesity in Companion Animals. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:6725-6745. [PMID: 39057043 PMCID: PMC11275339 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46070401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article comprehensively explores the role of orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides in the management of obesity in companion animals, with a focus on clinical applications. Obesity in domestic animals, particularly dogs and cats, is prevalent, with significant implications for their health and well-being. Factors contributing to obesity include overfeeding, poor-quality diet, lack of physical activity, and genetic predispositions. Despite the seriousness of this condition, it is often underestimated, with societal perceptions sometimes reinforcing unhealthy behaviors. Understanding the regulation of food intake and identifying factors affecting the function of food intake-related proteins are crucial in combating obesity. Dysregulations in these proteins, whether due to genetic mutations, enzymatic dysfunctions, or receptor abnormalities, can have profound health consequences. Molecular biology techniques play a pivotal role in elucidating these mechanisms, offering insights into potential therapeutic interventions. The review categorizes food intake-related proteins into anorexigenic peptides (inhibitors of food intake) and orexigenic peptides (enhancers of food intake). It thoroughly examines current research on regulating energy balance in companion animals, emphasizing the clinical application of various peptides, including ghrelin, phoenixin (PNX), asprosin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), leptin, and nesfatin-1, in veterinary obesity management. This comprehensive review aims to provide valuable insights into the complex interplay between peptides, energy balance regulation, and obesity in companion animals. It underscores the importance of targeted interventions and highlights the potential of peptide-based therapies in improving the health outcomes of obese pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Osiak-Wicha
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (C.O.-W.); (K.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Kras
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (C.O.-W.); (K.K.)
| | - Ewa Tomaszewska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Siemowit Muszyński
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Marcin B. Arciszewski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (C.O.-W.); (K.K.)
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Aeschlimann L, Kehl A, Guscetti F, Posthaus C, Aupperle-Lellbach H, Rottenberg S, de Brot S. Effective detection of BRAF V595E mutation in canine urothelial and prostate carcinomas using immunohistochemistry. Vet Comp Oncol 2024; 22:295-302. [PMID: 38659202 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Canine urothelial carcinoma (UC) and prostate carcinoma (PC) frequently exhibit the BRAFV595E mutation, akin to the BRAFV600E mutation common in various human cancers. Since the initial discovery of the BRAF mutation in canine cancers in 2015, PCR has been the standard method for its detection in both liquid and tissue biopsies. Considering the similarity between the canine BRAFV595E and human BRAFV600E mutations, we hypothesized that immunohistochemistry (IHC) using a BRAFV600E-specific antibody could effectively identify the canine mutant BRAFV595E protein. We tested 122 canine UC (bladder n = 108, urethra n = 14), 21 PC, and benign tissue using IHC and performed digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) on all 122 UC and on 14 IHC positive PC cases. The results from ddPCR and IHC were concordant in 99% (135/136) of the tumours. Using IHC, BRAFV595E was detected in 72/122 (59%) UC and 14/21 (65%) PC. Staining of all benign bladder and prostate tissues was negative. If present, mutant BRAF staining was homogenous, with rare intratumour heterogeneity in three (4%) cases of UC. Additionally, the BRAFV595E mutation was more prevalent in tumours with urothelial morphology, and less common in glandular PC or UC with divergent differentiation. This study establishes that BRAFV600-specific IHC is a reliable and accurate method for detecting the mutant BRAFV595E protein in canine UC and PC. Moreover, the use of IHC, especially with tissue microarrays, provides a cost-efficient test for large-scale screening of canine cancers for the presence of BRAF mutations. This advancement paves the way for further research to define the prognostic and predictive role of this tumour marker in dogs and use IHC to stratify dogs for the treatment with BRAF inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Kehl
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Munich, Germany
| | - Franco Guscetti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Posthaus
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Heike Aupperle-Lellbach
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Kissingen, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone de Brot
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
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Ahrens C, Beatrice L, Meier V, Rohrer Bley C. Radiation toxicity grading after chemoradiotherapy of canine urinary tract carcinomas: Comparing VRTOG to VRTOG_v2.0. Vet Comp Oncol 2024; 22:255-264. [PMID: 38544415 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Radiation toxicities may be underestimated after treatment of transitional cell carcinoma in dogs' lower urinary tract. Assessing acute and late toxicities and differentiating them from progressive disease (PD) impacts further therapeutic approach. We retrospectively assessed dogs treated with definitive-intent chemoradiotherapy (12 × 3.8 Gy, various first-line chemotherapeutics). Local tumour control, radiation toxicities and survival were evaluated. We classified radiation toxicities according to the previously published radiation toxicity scheme "VRTOG" as well as the updated version, "VRTOG_v2.0". Fourteen dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of bladder ± urethra (n = 8), +prostate (n = 3) or solely urethra (n = 3), were included. Median follow-up was 298 days (range 185-1798 days), median overall survival 305 days (95%CI = 209;402) and 28.6% deaths were tumour-progression-related. Acute radiation toxicity was mild and self-limiting with both classification systems: In VRTOG, 5 dogs showed grade 1, and 1 dog grade 2 toxicity. In VRTOG_v2.0, 2 dogs showed grade 1, 3 dogs grade 2, and 3 dogs grade 3 toxicity. Late toxicity was noted in 14.2% of dogs (2/14) with the VRTOG, both with grade 3 toxicity. With VRTOG_v2.0, a larger proportion of 42.9% of dogs (6/14) showed late toxicities: Four dogs grade 3 (persistent incontinence), 2 dogs grade 5 (urethral obstructions without PD resulting in euthanasia). At time of death, 5 dogs underwent further workup and only 3 were confirmed to have PD. With the updated VRTOG_v2.0 classification system, more dogs with probable late toxicity are registered, but it is ultimately difficult to distinguish these from disease progression as restaging remains to be the most robust determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Ahrens
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Beatrice
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Meier
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carla Rohrer Bley
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Sakai K, Kato D, Yoshinaka J, Takahashi Y, Ikeda N, Aoki S, Iguchi T, Ishikawa S, Yamagishi N, Shimamura S, Nakagawa T. Effects of trastuzumab emtansine on canine urothelial carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Vet Comp Oncol 2024; 22:230-238. [PMID: 38502572 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract in dogs and has aggressive behaviour. Although human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a known therapeutic target with evidence in canine UC, the efficacy of anti-HER2 antibody drugs remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of anti-HER2 antibody drugs including trastuzumab and trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) on canine UC cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Four canine UC cell lines (Nene, TCCUB, Love, and Sora) were used. In western blotting, HER2 protein expression was observed in all the cell lines. Although both trastuzumab and T-DM1 showed dose-dependent growth inhibitory activity in the cell lines, T-DM1 showed much stronger activity than that of trastuzumab. In flow cytometry analyses with the canine UC cell line (Sora), T-DM1 but not trastuzumab significantly increased the percentages of early and late apoptotic cells in annexin V apoptotic assays and the sub-G1 phase fraction in cell cycle analyses. For the in vivo experiment, the canine UC cells (Sora) were subcutaneously injected into nude mice. Four days after inoculation, trastuzumab, T-DM1, or vehicle was administered intraperitoneally once a week for three times. Tumour volumes were significantly smaller in the T-DM1 group compared to the trastuzumab and vehicle control groups. These findings indicate that T-DM1 exerts a stronger antitumour effect than that of trastuzumab on canine UC cells in vitro and in vivo, possibly by inducing apoptosis due to DM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Sakai
- Laboratory of Small Animal Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daiki Kato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junka Yoshinaka
- Laboratory of Small Animal Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yosuke Takahashi
- Veterinary Medical Centre, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Namiko Ikeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Susumu Aoki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaaki Iguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Large Animal Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norio Yamagishi
- Laboratory of Large Animal Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Shimamura
- Laboratory of Small Animal Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Parker HG, Harris AC, Plassais J, Dhawan D, Kim EM, Knapp DW, Ostrander EA. Genome-wide analyses reveals an association between invasive urothelial carcinoma in the Shetland sheepdog and NIPAL1. NPJ Precis Oncol 2024; 8:112. [PMID: 38778091 PMCID: PMC11111773 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-024-00591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring canine invasive urinary carcinoma (iUC) closely resembles human muscle invasive bladder cancer in terms of histopathology, metastases, response to therapy, and low survival rate. The heterogeneous nature of the disease has led to the association of large numbers of risk loci in humans, however most are of small effect. There exists a need for new and accurate animal models of invasive bladder cancer. In dogs, distinct breeds show markedly different rates of iUC, thus presenting an opportunity to identify additional risk factors and overcome the locus heterogeneity encountered in human mapping studies. In the association study presented here, inclusive of 100 Shetland sheepdogs and 58 dogs of other breeds, we identify a homozygous protein altering point mutation within the NIPAL1 gene which increases risk by eight-fold (OR = 8.42, CI = 3.12-22.71), accounting for nearly 30% of iUC risk in the Shetland sheepdog. Inclusion of six additional loci accounts for most of the disease risk in the breed and explains nearly 75% of the phenotypes in this study. When combined with sequence data from tumors, we show that variation in the MAPK signaling pathway is an overarching cause of iUC susceptibility in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi G Parker
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander C Harris
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jocelyn Plassais
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes, CNRS-UMR6290, University of Rennes, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Deepika Dhawan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Erika M Kim
- Center for Biomedical Informatics & Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Deborah W Knapp
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Elaine A Ostrander
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Smith SM, Strumpf A, Miller J, Wellman M. What is your diagnosis? Oral mass of a dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2024; 53 Suppl 2:135-138. [PMID: 37248210 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Smith
- Departments of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alyssa Strumpf
- Departments of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathan Miller
- Departments of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Maxey Wellman
- Departments of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Delattre V, Cambronero S, Chen Y, Haar GT, Rivens I, Polton G, Lafon C, Melodelima D. In vivo exposure of the bladder using a non-invasive high intensity focused ultrasound toroidal transducer. ULTRASONICS 2024; 138:107239. [PMID: 38211366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
A toroidal high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) transducer was used to expose normal bladder wall tissues non-invasively in vivo in a porcine model in order to investigate the potential to treat bladder tumors. The transducer was divided into 32 concentric rings with equal surface areas, operating at 2.5 MHz. Eight animals were split into two groups of 4. In the first group, post-mortem evaluation was performed immediately after ultrasound exposure. In the second group, animals survived for up to seven days before post-mortem evaluation. The ultrasound imaging guided HIFU device was hand-held during the procedure using optical tracking to ensure correct targeting. One thermal lesion in each animal was created using a 40 s exposure at 80 acoustic Watts (free-field) in the trigone region of the bladder wall. The average (±Standard Deviation) abdominal wall and bladder wall thicknesses were 10.3 ± 1.4 mm and 1.1 ± 0.4 mm respectively. The longest and shortest axes of the HIFU ablations were 7.7 ± 2.9 mm and 6.0 ± 1.8 mm, respectively, resulting in an ablation of the whole thickness of the bladder wall in most cases. Ablation were performed at an average depth (distance from the skin surface to the centre of the HIFU lesion) of 42.5 ± 3.8 mm and extended throughout the thickness of the bladder. There were two cases of injury to tissues immediately adjacent to the bladder wall but without signs of perforation, as confirmed by histological analysis. Non-invasive HIFU ablation using a hand-held toroidal transducer was successfully performed to destroy regions of the bladder wall in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Delattre
- LabTAU, INSERM, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69003, Lyon, France.
| | - Sophie Cambronero
- LabTAU, INSERM, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69003, Lyon, France
| | - Yao Chen
- LabTAU, INSERM, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69003, Lyon, France
| | - Gail Ter Haar
- Joint Department of Physics, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Ian Rivens
- Joint Department of Physics, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Gerry Polton
- North Downs Specialist Referrals, Bletchingley, Surrey, UK
| | - Cyril Lafon
- LabTAU, INSERM, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69003, Lyon, France; Joint Department of Physics, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - David Melodelima
- LabTAU, INSERM, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69003, Lyon, France
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Files R, Okwu V, Topa N, Sousa M, Silva F, Rodrigues P, Delgado L, Prada J, Pires I. Assessment of Tumor-Associated Tissue Eosinophilia (TATE) and Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) in Canine Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:519. [PMID: 38338162 PMCID: PMC10854732 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is a significant neoplasm in dogs, characterized by a poor prognosis and a high metastatic potential. These canine spontaneous tumors share many characteristics with human transitional cell carcinoma, making them an excellent comparative model. The role of inflammatory infiltration in tumor development and progression is frequently contradictory, especially concerning tumor-associated tissue eosinophils (TATE) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). This study aims to analyze TATE and TAMs in canine transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Congo Red staining was used to identify TATE, and immunohistochemistry was performed to detect TAMs in 34 cases of canine transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder carcinomas, categorized into low and high grades. Statistically significant differences were observed between the number of eosinophils and macrophages in the two groups of tumors. The number of TATE was higher in low-grade malignant tumors, but the number of TAMs was higher in high-grade tumors. Our findings suggest the importance of TATEs and TAMs in the aggressiveness of canine transitional cell carcinoma and propose their potential use as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Files
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.F.); (V.O.); (N.T.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (P.R.); (J.P.)
| | - Victor Okwu
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.F.); (V.O.); (N.T.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (P.R.); (J.P.)
| | - Nuno Topa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.F.); (V.O.); (N.T.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (P.R.); (J.P.)
| | - Marisa Sousa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.F.); (V.O.); (N.T.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (P.R.); (J.P.)
| | - Filipe Silva
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.F.); (V.O.); (N.T.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (P.R.); (J.P.)
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Paula Rodrigues
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.F.); (V.O.); (N.T.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (P.R.); (J.P.)
| | - Leonor Delgado
- UNIPRO—Oral Pathology and Rehabilitation Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences—CESPU (IUCS-CESPU), 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal;
- Pathology Department, INNO Specialized Veterinary Services, 4710-503 Braga, Portugal
| | - Justina Prada
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.F.); (V.O.); (N.T.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (P.R.); (J.P.)
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pires
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.F.); (V.O.); (N.T.); (M.S.); (F.S.); (P.R.); (J.P.)
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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11
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Knapp DW, Dhawan D, Ruple A, Cooper BR, Zhang M, Liu D, Ramos-Vara JA, Bonney PL, Fourez LM, Enstrom AW, Lahrman SA, Tullius JA. Association between cigarette smoke exposure and urinary bladder cancer in Scottish terriers in a cohort study. Vet J 2024; 303:106044. [PMID: 38000695 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.106044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Canine urothelial carcinoma (UC) initially responds favorably to treatment, but is ultimately lethal in most cases. Research to identify modifiable risk factors to prevent the cancer is essential. The high breed-associated risk for UC, e.g. 20-fold higher in Scottish terriers, can facilitate this research. The objective was to identify environmental and host factors associated with UC in a cohort of Scottish terriers. Information was obtained through dog owner questionnaires for 120 Scottish terriers ≥ 6 years old participating in a bladder cancer screening study, with comparisons made between dogs that did or did not develop UC during the 3 years of screening. Univariable models were constructed, and variables with P < 0.20 were included when building the multivariable model, and then removed using a backward stepwise procedure. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Urine cotinine concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to further investigate potential cigarette smoke exposure. Biopsy-confirmed UC which was found in 32 of 120 dogs, was significantly associated with the dogs living in a household with cigarette smokers (odds ratio [OR], 6.34; 95 % confidence intervals [CI], 1.16-34.69; P = 0.033), living within a mile of a marsh or wetland (OR, 21.23; 95 % CI, 3.64-123.69; P = 0.001), and history of previous bladder infections (OR, 3.87; 95 % CI, 1.0-14.98; P = 0.050). UC was diagnosed in 18 of 51 dogs (35.3 %) with quantifiable cotinine concentrations, and six of 40 dogs (15.0 %) without quantifiable cotinine concentrations in their urine (P = 0.0165). In conclusion, the main modifiable risk factor for UC in this cohort of dogs was exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Knapp
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - D Dhawan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - A Ruple
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Public Health, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, 700 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - B R Cooper
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, 1203 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - M Zhang
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Statistics, College of Science, Purdue University, 150 N. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - D Liu
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, Purdue University, 150 N. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - J A Ramos-Vara
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, 201 S. University St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 725 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - P L Bonney
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - L M Fourez
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - A W Enstrom
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - S A Lahrman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - J A Tullius
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison St., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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12
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Varvil MS, Clark SL, Bailey TW, Ramos-Vara JA, dos Santos AP. Canine urothelial carcinoma: a pilot study of microRNA detection in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples and in normal urine. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:70-77. [PMID: 38014733 PMCID: PMC10734577 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231211908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed the effects of fixation time in formalin and inclusion of surrounding tissue on microRNA (miRNA) cycle quantification (Cq) values in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) urothelial carcinoma (UC) tissue (n = 3), and the effect of conditions on miRNAs in urine from 1 healthy dog. MiRNAs were extracted using commercial kits and quantified using miRNA-specific fluorometry in normal bladder tissue scrolls, UC tissue cores, and bladder muscularis tissue cores from 4 FFPE bladder sections (3 UCs, 1 normal), plus 1 UC stored in formalin for 1, 8, 15, and 22 d before paraffin-embedding. Urine was collected from a healthy dog on 4 occasions; 1-mL aliquots were stored at 20, 4, -20, and -80°C for 4, 8, 24, and 48 h, and 1 and 2 wk. For both FFPE tissue and urine, we used reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) to quantify miR-143, miR-152, miR-181a, miR-214, miR-1842, and RNU6B in each tissue or sample, using miR-39 as an exogenous control gene. The Cq values were compared with ANOVA and t-tests. The time of tissue-fixation in formalin did not alter miRNA Cq values; inclusion of the muscularis layer resulted in a statistically different miRNA Cq profile for miR-152, miR-181a, and RNU6B in bladder tissue. MiRNAs in acellular urine were stable for up to 2 wk regardless of the storage temperature. Our findings support using stored FFPE and urine samples for miRNA detection; we recommend measuring miRNA only in the tissue of interest in FFPE sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara S. Varvil
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Samuel L. Clark
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Taylor W. Bailey
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - José A. Ramos-Vara
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Andrea Pires dos Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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13
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Rangel MMM, Linhares LCM, de Oliveira KD, Suzuki DOH, Maglietti FH, de Nardi AB. Evaluation of the safety and feasibility of electrochemotherapy with intravenous bleomycin as local treatment of bladder cancer in dogs. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21078. [PMID: 38030630 PMCID: PMC10687251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45433-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Local treatment of canine urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the bladder is a challenge. More than 90% of the cases invade the muscular layer, more than 50% develop on bladder sites with a difficult surgical approach and often requiring radical surgical procedures. This study aims to evaluate the safety and feasibility of electrochemotherapy (ECT) with intravenous bleomycin (BLM) as a local therapy for bladder UC. This prospective study included 21 dogs with spontaneous bladder UC. Regional/distant metastases and neoplastic infiltration of the serosa was considered the main exclusion criteria. We had no deaths during ECT or in the immediate postoperative period, and no suture dehiscence. Most dogs (19/21) developed mild adverse effects, whereas two dogs developed ureteral stenosis. Complete response (CR) was achieved in 62% of the cases (13/21), while partial response (PR) was achieved in 24% (5/21). The median survival and disease-free survival times were 284 and 270 days, respectively. Overall survival was significantly better in the dogs who achieved a CR. In conclusion, ECT was well-tolerated in dogs with UC, demonstrating its safety and feasibility. These data pave the way for new studies aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of ECT in canine bladder UC as a translational model for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laís Calazans Menescal Linhares
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP) "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Daniela Ota Hisayasu Suzuki
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Felipe Horacio Maglietti
- Instituto Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud. Fundación Barceló-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrigo Barboza de Nardi
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP) "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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14
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Hildebrandt I, Culp WTN, Griffin MA. A Systematic Review of Canine Cystectomy: Indications, Techniques, and Outcomes. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2896. [PMID: 37760296 PMCID: PMC10525623 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides a summary of the literature encompassing partial and total cystectomy procedures in dogs and subsequent conclusions that can be drawn. Surgical excision as a component of treatment for lower urinary tract neoplasia in dogs may enhance survival time and result in acceptable quality of life, though risk for surgical complications is substantial, particularly following total cystectomy procedures. However, for dogs with urothelial carcinoma, cystectomy is generally not considered curative and disease progression is common. Appropriate case selection and thorough preoperative discussion with owners regarding potential risks and benefits of cystectomy are imperative for successful outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Hildebrandt
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - William T. N. Culp
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Garrod Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maureen A. Griffin
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3800 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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15
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Ciriano Cerdà E, Zajc AL, Finotello R, Macdonald K, Lyseight F, Van Den Steen N, Sanchez Gonzalez K, Marrington M, Grant J. Meloxicam in Combination with Mitoxantrone or Vinblastine as First-Line Treatment for Non-Resectable Urothelial Cell Carcinoma in Dogs. Vet Sci 2023; 10:529. [PMID: 37624316 PMCID: PMC10458788 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10080529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors have been demonstrated to have antitumour activity in canine urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC), given as a sole treatment or in combination with chemotherapy. The purpose of this retrospective multi-institutional study was to assess the efficacy of meloxicam in combination with mitoxantrone or vinblastine as a first-line treatment for non-resectable canine UCC. Gastrointestinal adverse effects (AEs) of these treatment combinations were also assessed. A total of 28 dogs met the inclusion criteria, 21/28 dogs received mitoxantrone and meloxicam, and 7/28 received vinblastine and meloxicam. Tumour response (TR) and AE were evaluated according to Veterinary Co-Operative Oncology Group (VCOG) criteria. The endpoint of the study was the time to tumour progression (TTP). The mitoxantrone-group induced 24% partial response and 62% stable disease, while the vinblastine-group induced 14% and 86%, respectively. Median TTP was 84 days (mitoxantrone and meloxicam, 70 days; and vinblastine and meloxicam, 178 days). The presence of metastatic disease significantly decreased TTP (p = 0.007). Gastrointestinal AEs were reported in 21.4% of the patients, with the most common being VCOG grade 1-2 diarrhoea. Meloxicam is a well-tolerated NSAID when combined with mitoxantrone or vinblastine as first-line treatment for non-resectable canine UCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estel.la Ciriano Cerdà
- Northwest Veterinary Specialists, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Ashville Point, Beechwood, Sutton Weaver, Runcorn WA7 3FW, UK
| | - Alenka Lavra Zajc
- Northwest Veterinary Specialists, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Ashville Point, Beechwood, Sutton Weaver, Runcorn WA7 3FW, UK
| | - Riccardo Finotello
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Anatomy Physiology and Pathology, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Chester High Rd, Neston CH64 7TE, UK; (R.F.)
| | - Kirsty Macdonald
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Anatomy Physiology and Pathology, Institute of Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Chester High Rd, Neston CH64 7TE, UK; (R.F.)
| | - Filipa Lyseight
- Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, London Road, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire CB8 0UH, UK
| | - Nele Van Den Steen
- Cave Veterinary Specialists, George’s Farm, West Buckland, Nr. Wellington TA21 9LE, UK
| | - Katia Sanchez Gonzalez
- Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists, Forest Corner Farm, Hangersley, Ringwood BH24 3JW, UK
| | - Mary Marrington
- Northwest Veterinary Specialists, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Ashville Point, Beechwood, Sutton Weaver, Runcorn WA7 3FW, UK
| | - Jessica Grant
- Northwest Veterinary Specialists, Part of Linnaeus Veterinary Limited, Ashville Point, Beechwood, Sutton Weaver, Runcorn WA7 3FW, UK
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16
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MAEDA S. Second era of molecular-targeted cancer therapies in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2023; 85:790-798. [PMID: 37380433 PMCID: PMC10466056 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of molecular biology and bioinformatics using next-generation sequencing has dramatically advanced the identification of molecules involved in various diseases and the elucidation of their pathogenesis. Consequently, many molecular-targeted therapies have been developed in the medical field. In veterinary medicine, the world's first molecular-targeted drug for animals, masitinib, was approved in 2008, followed by the multikinase inhibitor toceranib in 2009. Toceranib was originally approved for mast cell tumors in dogs but has also been shown to be effective in other tumors because of its ability to inhibit molecules involved in angiogenesis. Thus, toceranib has achieved great success as a molecular-targeted cancer therapy for dogs. Although there has been no progress in the development and commercialization of new molecular-targeted drugs for the treatment of cancer since the success of toceranib, several clinical trials have recently reported the administration of novel agents in the research stage to dogs with tumors. This review provides an overview of molecular-targeted drugs for canine tumors, particularly transitional cell carcinomas, and presents some of our recent data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo MAEDA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate
School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Küchler L, Posthaus C, Jäger K, Guscetti F, van der Weyden L, von Bomhard W, Schmidt JM, Farra D, Aupperle-Lellbach H, Kehl A, Rottenberg S, de Brot S. Artificial Intelligence to Predict the BRAF V595E Mutation in Canine Urinary Bladder Urothelial Carcinomas. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2404. [PMID: 37570213 PMCID: PMC10416820 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In dogs, the BRAF mutation (V595E) is common in bladder and prostate cancer and represents a specific diagnostic marker. Recent advantages in artificial intelligence (AI) offer new opportunities in the field of tumour marker detection. While AI histology studies have been conducted in humans to detect BRAF mutation in cancer, comparable studies in animals are lacking. In this study, we used commercially available AI histology software to predict BRAF mutation in whole slide images (WSI) of bladder urothelial carcinomas (UC) stained with haematoxylin and eosin (HE), based on a training (n = 81) and a validation set (n = 96). Among 96 WSI, 57 showed identical PCR and AI-based BRAF predictions, resulting in a sensitivity of 58% and a specificity of 63%. The sensitivity increased substantially to 89% when excluding small or poor-quality tissue sections. Test reliability depended on tumour differentiation (p < 0.01), presence of inflammation (p < 0.01), slide quality (p < 0.02) and sample size (p < 0.02). Based on a small subset of cases with available adjacent non-neoplastic urothelium, AI was able to distinguish malignant from benign epithelium. This is the first study to demonstrate the use of AI histology to predict BRAF mutation status in canine UC. Despite certain limitations, the results highlight the potential of AI in predicting molecular alterations in routine tissue sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonore Küchler
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (C.P.); (S.R.)
| | - Caroline Posthaus
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (C.P.); (S.R.)
| | - Kathrin Jäger
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (K.J.); (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Comparative Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Franco Guscetti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | | | | | | | - Dima Farra
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Heike Aupperle-Lellbach
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (K.J.); (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Comparative Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kehl
- Laboklin GmbH & Co. KG, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany; (K.J.); (H.A.-L.); (A.K.)
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Comparative Experimental Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (C.P.); (S.R.)
- COMPATH, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone de Brot
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (C.P.); (S.R.)
- COMPATH, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
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18
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Ghisoni G, Foglia A, Sabattini S, Agnoli C, Dondi F, Perfetti S, Marconato L. A Retrospective Clinico-Pathologic Study of 35 Dogs with Urethral Transitional Cell Carcinoma Undergoing Treatment. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2395. [PMID: 37508172 PMCID: PMC10376480 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and cyclooxygenase inhibitors (COXi) are primary treatments for canine urethral transitional cell carcinoma (uTCC), a tumor known for its aggressiveness and poor prognosis. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the clinico-pathological characteristics, treatment modalities, and prognostic factors of 35 dogs with confirmed uTCC that received chemotherapy and COXi. Upon admission, urethral obstruction (UO) and urinary tract infection (UTI) were observed in seven (20%) dogs each. Gemcitabine (n = 20; 57.1%) and vinblastine (n = 10; 28.6%) were commonly used as first-line therapies, with four dogs also receiving radiation therapy. Based on RECIST, one (2.9%) dog achieved complete remission, nine (25.7%) partial remission, 20 (57.14%) showed stable disease, and five (14.3%) progressed. Among dogs with UO, six (85.7%) showed resolution or improvement after the first chemotherapy dose. The median time to local progression was 171 days (range: 107-235), and the median survival time was 333 days (range: 158-508). Dogs with UO upon admission had a higher risk of local progression, while both UO and UTI were associated with an increased risk of overall disease progression and tumor-related death. Additionally, gemcitabine significantly improved metastatic control. This study identified UO and UTI as negative prognostic factors, highlighting the importance of a multimodal approach in managing uTCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ghisoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Armando Foglia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Silvia Sabattini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Chiara Agnoli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Francesco Dondi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Simone Perfetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Laura Marconato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
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19
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Packeiser EM, Engels L, Nolte I, Goericke-Pesch S, Murua Escobar H. MDR1 Inhibition Reverses Doxorubicin-Resistance in Six Doxorubicin-Resistant Canine Prostate and Bladder Cancer Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098136. [PMID: 37175843 PMCID: PMC10179448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquired chemoresistance during chemotherapy, often accompanied by cross- and multi-resistance, limits therapeutic outcomes and leads to recurrence. In order to create in vitro model systems to understand acquired doxorubicin-resistance, we generated doxorubicin-resistant sublines of canine prostate adenocarcinoma and urothelial cell carcinoma cell lines. Chemoresistance to doxorubicin, cross-resistance to carboplatin, and the reversibility of the acquired resistance by the specific MDR1-inhibitor tariquidar were quantified in metabolic assays. Resistance mechanisms were characterized by expression of the efflux transporters MDR1 and RALBP1, as well as the molecular target of doxorubicin, TOP2A, with qPCR and Western blotting. Six out of nine cell lines established stable resistance to 2 µM doxorubicin. Drug efflux via massive MDR1 overexpression was identified as common, driving resistance mechanism in all sublines. MDR1 inhibition with tariquidar extensively reduced or reversed the acquired, and also partly the parental resistance. Three cell lines developed additional, non-MDR1-dependent resistance. RALBP1 was upregulated in one resistant subline at the protein level, while TOP2A expression was not altered. Combination therapies aiming to inhibit MDR1 activity can now be screened for synergistic effects using our resistant sublines. Nevertheless, detailed resistance mechanisms and maintained molecular target expression in the resistant sublines are still to be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Packeiser
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine-Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Leoni Engels
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Nolte
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Goericke-Pesch
- Unit for Reproductive Medicine-Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hugo Murua Escobar
- Department of Medicine, Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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20
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Abugomaa A, Elbadawy M, Ishihara Y, Yamamoto H, Kaneda M, Yamawaki H, Shinohara Y, Usui T, Sasaki K. Anti-cancer activity of Chaga mushroom ( Inonotus obliquus) against dog bladder cancer organoids. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1159516. [PMID: 37153767 PMCID: PMC10154587 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1159516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its disadvantages, chemotherapy is still commonly used for the treatment of bladder cancer (BC). Developing natural supplements that can target cancer stem cells (CSCs) which cause drug resistance and distant metastasis is necessary. Chaga mushrooms are popular to have several health-promoting and anti-cancer potentials. Organoid culture can recapitulate tumor heterogeneity, epithelial environment, and genetic and molecular imprints of the original tissues. In the previous study, we generated dog bladder cancer organoids (DBCO) as a novel experimental model of muscle-invasive BCO. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the anti-tumor potentials of Chaga mushroom extract (Chaga) against DBCO. Four strains of DBCO were used in the present study. Treatment with Chaga inhibited the cell viability of DBCO in a concentration-dependent way. Treatment of DBCO with Chaga has significantly arrested its cell cycle and induced apoptosis. Expression of bladder CSC markers, CD44, C-MYC, SOX2, and YAP1, declined in the Chaga-treated DBCO. Also, Chaga inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK in DBCO. Expression of downstream signals of ERK, C-MYC, and Cyclins (Cyclin-A2, Cyclin-D1, Cyclin-E1, and CDK4) was also inhibited by Chaga in DBCO. Interestingly, the combinational treatment of DBCO with Chaga and anti-cancer drugs, vinblastine, mitoxantrone, or carboplatin, showed a potentiating activity. In vivo, Chaga administration decreased tumor growth and weight of DBCO-derived xenograft in mice with the induction of necrotic lesions. In conclusion, Chaga diminished the cell viability of DBCO by inhibiting proliferation-related signals and stemness conditions as well as by arresting the cell cycle. Collectively, these data suggest the value of Chaga as a promising natural supplement that could potentiate the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy, lower its adverse effects, and thus, limit the recurrence and metastasis of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Abugomaa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Elbadawy
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Mohamed Elbadawy, ; Tatsuya Usui,
| | - Yusuke Ishihara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haru Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kaneda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yamawaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yuta Shinohara
- Pet Health & Food Division, Iskara Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Usui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Mohamed Elbadawy, ; Tatsuya Usui,
| | - Kazuaki Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Biedak NR, Penninck D, Biswell E. Ultrasonographic features of a urinary bladder leiomyoma in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2023; 9:20551169231165247. [PMID: 37249943 PMCID: PMC10210528 DOI: 10.1177/20551169231165247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Case summary Leiomyoma of the urinary bladder in cats is infrequently documented in the literature, and a description of the ultrasonographic appearance has never been reported. A 9-year-old female spayed cat presented with a 6-month history of intermittent hematuria and progressive pollakiuria. On abdominal ultrasound, a large ovoid mass of mixed echogenicity was seen originating from the ventral apical bladder wall. The mass had faint peripheral hyperechoic radiating striations and was mildly vascularized, especially at its 1.5 cm point of origin from the wall. A partial cystectomy was performed to remove the mass that filled the bladder lumen. Microscopically, the well-demarcated mass extended from the inner muscular layer of the wall into the submucosal layer and was diagnosed as a leiomyoma. Surgical excision was curative. Relevance and novel information This is the first ultrasonographic description of a bladder leiomyoma in a feline patient. Smooth muscle tumors should be included on the differential diagnosis list in future cases with similar ultrasonographic features and chronic lower urinary clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Biedak
- Nathan R Biedak MS, DVM, Tufts Cummings School of
Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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22
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Berry MR, Fadl-Alla BA, Samuelson J, Rosol TJ, Fan TM. Investigating PSMA differential expression in canine uroepithelial carcinomas to aid disease-based stratification and guide therapeutic selection. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:441. [PMID: 36539731 PMCID: PMC9764509 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03544-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In male dogs, uroepithelial cancers include invasive urothelial carcinoma (iUC) and prostate carcinoma (PCA). The inability to distinguish iUC involving the prostate from PCA results in indiscriminate clinical management strategies that could be suboptimal as first-line chemotherapy for iUC (cisplatin) and PCA (docetaxel) differ in people. Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane protein, and its overexpression has been identified in human prostate carcinoma and neovasculature associated with solid tumor growth. This study investigates whether differential PSMA expression exists between presumptive canine iUC and PCA among cell lines and archived patient samples, which might allow for improved accuracy in disease-based stratification and optimal chemotherapy selection. Additionally, in vitro sensitivities of reported canine iUC and PCA cell lines to uroepithelial directed chemotherapeutic agents were characterized. RESULTS Normalized PSMA gene and protein expressions were not significantly different between 5 iUC and 4 PCA cell lines. PSMA protein expression was uniformly observed in uroepithelial cancers regardless of anatomic origin from archived patient samples, further confirming that PSMA cannot differentiate iUC from PCA. In vitro sensitivity of cell lines to uroepithelial directed chemotherapeutics revealed that vinblastine exerted the broadest cytotoxic activity. CONCLUSIONS Differential expression of PSMA was not identified between canine iUC and PCA cell lines or archived patient samples, and PSMA alone cannot be used for disease stratification. Nonetheless given its conserved overexpression, PSMA may be a targetable surface marker for both canine iUC and PCA. Lastly, in uroepithelial carcinomas, vinblastine might exert the broadest anticancer activity regardless of cellular origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Berry
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802 USA ,grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802 USA
| | - Bahaa A. Fadl-Alla
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802 USA
| | - Jonathan Samuelson
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802 USA
| | - Thomas J. Rosol
- grid.20627.310000 0001 0668 7841Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 USA
| | - Timothy M. Fan
- grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802 USA ,grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802 USA ,grid.35403.310000 0004 1936 9991Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802 USA
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23
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Néčová S. Guide to lower urogenital tract neoplasia in dogs. IN PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/inpr.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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24
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Yamasaki H, Uematsu Y, Okano K, Ichikawa M, Tei M, Hirabayashi M, Uchida K, Ono K, Hirao H. Establishment and characterization of urothelial carcinoma cell lines with and without BRAF mutation (V595E) in dogs. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2022; 58:898-911. [PMID: 36477686 PMCID: PMC9780145 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-022-00736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Each 5 urothelial carcinoma (UC) cell lines with and without the v-Raf murine sarcoma virus oncogene homolog B (BRAF) gene mutation (V595E) were established and examined V595E-related tumorigenic characteristics in dogs. No typical morphological features were observed in cloned cells with and without V595E. The cell proliferation of both cloned cells showed logarithmic growth curve and those doubling time were 24.9 ± 4.1 h in V595E ( +) and 29.3 ± 11.3 h in V595E ( -). On the growth curve of xenotransplanted tumor in severe combined immunodeficiency mice, 3 out of 5 V595E ( +) and 2 out of 5 V595E ( -) cloned cells revealed gradually and remarkably increasing curve, indicating clearly tumorigenicity. The xenotransplanted tumors with V595E ( +) showed typical features of UC, such as solid proliferation of pleomorphic tumor cells, formation of papillary structure, and glandular structure. Additionally, various vascular formation was observed, probably indicating an advanced growth phase of UC. In mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, cytoplasmic phosphorylated-BRAF (pBRAF) and cytoplasmic and nuclear phosphorylated-ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) were detected in all 4 tumors with V595E ( +), whereas only cytoplasmic and nuclear pERK1/2 was detected in tumors with V595E ( -). Since V595E can directly activate MAPK signaling pathway, coincidence of V595E with pBRAF (phosphor Thr598/Ser601) indicates acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors. These established UC cell lines, especially V595E ( +) cell lines, are useful tool for understanding pathophysiological states and controlling therapeutic manners of UC in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Yamasaki
- Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, 2-5-8 Kuji, Takatsu-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 213-0032, Japan
| | - Yosuke Uematsu
- Canine-Lab, 3-5-2 Ueno, Taito-Ku, Tokyo, 110-0005, Japan
| | - Kumiko Okano
- Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, 2-5-8 Kuji, Takatsu-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 213-0032, Japan
| | - Mika Ichikawa
- Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, 2-5-8 Kuji, Takatsu-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 213-0032, Japan
| | - Meina Tei
- Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, 2-5-8 Kuji, Takatsu-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 213-0032, Japan
| | - Miyuki Hirabayashi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Ono
- Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, 2-5-8 Kuji, Takatsu-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 213-0032, Japan.
| | - Hidehiro Hirao
- Japan Animal Referral Medical Center, 2-5-8 Kuji, Takatsu-Ku, Kawasaki-Shi, Kanagawa, 213-0032, Japan
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25
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Capasso A, Monti P, Monrey‐Matamalas A, de Brot S, Valls Sanchez F, Tappin S. Lymphoma of the urinary bladder with concomitant septic peritonitis in a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Capasso
- Oncology Service Dick White Referrals Six Mile Bottom UK
| | - Paola Monti
- Oncology Service Dick White Referrals Six Mile Bottom UK
- VCO Laboratory Hünenberg Switzerland
| | - Antonia Monrey‐Matamalas
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington UK
- Institute of Animal Pathology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| | - Simone de Brot
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington UK
| | | | - Simon Tappin
- Oncology Service Dick White Referrals Six Mile Bottom UK
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26
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Weinekötter J, Gurtner C, Protschka M, von Bomhard W, Böttcher D, Schlinke A, Alber G, Rösch S, Steiner JM, Seeger J, Oechtering GU, Heilmann RM. Tissue S100/calgranulin expression and blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in dogs with lower urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:412. [PMID: 36411489 PMCID: PMC9680134 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common neoplasm of the canine lower urinary tract, affecting approximately 2% of dogs. Elderly female patients of certain breeds are predisposed, and clinical signs of UC can easily be confused with urinary tract infection or urolithiasis. Diagnosis and treatment are challenging given the lack of disease-specific markers and treatments. The S100A8/A9 complex and S100A12 protein are Ca2+-binding proteins expressed by cells of the innate immune system and have shown promise as urinary screening markers for UC. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) can also aid in distinguishing certain neoplastic from inflammatory conditions. Our study aimed to evaluate the tissue expression of S100/calgranulins and the blood NLR in dogs with UC. Urinary bladder and/or urethral tissue samples from dogs with UC (n = 10), non-neoplastic inflammatory lesions (NNUTD; n = 6), and no histologic changes (n = 11) were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Blood NLRs were analyzed in dogs with UC (n = 22) or NNUTD (n = 26). RESULTS Tissue S100A12-positive cell counts were significantly higher in dogs with lower urinary tract disease than healthy controls (P = 0.0267 for UC, P = 0.0049 for NNUTD), with no significant difference between UC and NNUTD patients. Tissue S100A8/A9-positivity appeared to be higher with NNUTD than UC, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. The S100A8/A9+-to-S100A12+ ratio was significantly decreased in neoplastic and inflamed lower urinary tract tissue compared to histologically normal specimens (P = 0.0062 for UC, P = 0.0030 for NNUTD). NLRs were significantly higher in dogs with UC than in dogs with NNUTD, and a cut-off NLR of ≤ 2.83 distinguished UC from NNUTD with 41% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Higher NLRs were also associated with a poor overall survival time (P = 0.0417). CONCLUSIONS These results confirm that the S100/calgranulins play a role in the immune response to inflammatory and neoplastic lower urinary tract diseases in dogs, but the tissue expression of these proteins appears to differ from their concentrations reported in urine samples. Further investigations of the S100/calgranulin pathways in UC and their potential as diagnostic or prognostic tools and potential therapeutic targets are warranted. The NLR as a routinely available marker might be a useful surrogate to distinguish UC from inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Weinekötter
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 23, 04103 Leipzig, SN Germany
| | - Corinne Gurtner
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Institute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3001 Bern, BE Switzerland
| | - Martina Protschka
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnological-Biomedical Center, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, SN Germany
| | - Wolf von Bomhard
- Specialty Center for Veterinary Pathology, Hartelstrasse 30, E80689 Munich, BY Germany
| | - Denny Böttcher
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute for Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An Den Tierkliniken 33, E04103 Leipzig, SN Germany
| | - Annika Schlinke
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 23, 04103 Leipzig, SN Germany
| | - Gottfried Alber
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biotechnological-Biomedical Center, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, SN Germany
| | - Sarah Rösch
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 23, 04103 Leipzig, SN Germany ,grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, NI Germany
| | - Joerg M. Steiner
- grid.264756.40000 0004 4687 2082Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4474, College Station, TX 77843-4474 USA
| | - Johannes Seeger
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 43, 04103 Leipzig, SN Germany
| | - Gerhard U. Oechtering
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 23, 04103 Leipzig, SN Germany
| | - Romy M. Heilmann
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department for Small Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 23, 04103 Leipzig, SN Germany
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27
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Peterson MR, Porter BF, Edwards EE, Piccione J. Subcutaneous Implantation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Dog. J Comp Pathol 2022; 199:51-54. [PMID: 36283286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A 13-year-old male neutered Cocker Spaniel mixed-breed dog developed a subcutaneous mass 2 years after undergoing surgery to remove a hepatocellular carcinoma. An approximately 4 × 3 cm subcutaneous mass was found on the ventral abdomen at the cranial end of the abdominal incision from the previous surgery. The subcutaneous mass was surgically removed and histopathological examination determined that it was an implantation of the previously excised hepatocellular carcinoma. The diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical labelling with hepatocyte paraffin 1 antibody and pancytokeratin. Based on the location of the subcutaneous mass at the cranial end of the abdominal incision associated with the previous hepatocellular carcinoma resection, it is likely there was iatrogenic metastasis from the primary tumour excision. Subcutaneous iatrogenic metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma is well recognized in humans but has apparently never been reported in dogs. Clinicians should be aware of this potential surgical complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa R Peterson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University
| | - Brian F Porter
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University.
| | - Erin E Edwards
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Julie Piccione
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, Texas, USA
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28
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Marie Butty E, Forsyth B, Labato MA. Irreversible Electroporation Balloon Therapy for Palliative Treatment of Obstructive Urethral Transitional Cell Carcinoma in Dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2022; 58:231-239. [PMID: 36049240 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Progression of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) in dogs often leads to urinary obstruction. This observational pilot study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of irreversible electroporation (IRE) balloon therapy for the palliative treatment of TCC with partial urethral obstruction. Three client-owned dogs diagnosed with TCC causing partial urethral obstruction were enrolled. After ultrasonographic and cystoscopic examination, IRE pulse protocols were delivered through a balloon catheter device inflated within the urethral lumen. After the procedure, the patients were kept overnight for monitoring and a recheck was planned 28 days later. No complication was observed during the procedure and postprocedural monitoring. After 28 days, one dog had a complete normalization of the urine stream, one dog had stable stranguria, and one dog was presented with a urethral obstruction secondary to progression of the TCC. On recheck ultrasound, one dog had a 38% diminution of the urethral mass diameter whereas the other two dogs had a mass stable in size. IRE balloon therapy seems to be a feasible and apparently safe minimally invasive novel therapy for the palliative treatment of TCC causing urethral obstruction. Further studies are needed to better characterize the safety, efficacy, and outcome of this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Marie Butty
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Internal Medicine, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts (E.M.B., M.A.L.)
| | - Bruce Forsyth
- Research and Development Interventional Oncology, Boston Scientific Corporation, Marlborough, Massachusetts (B.F.)
| | - Mary Anna Labato
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Internal Medicine, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts (E.M.B., M.A.L.)
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29
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Varvil MS, Bailey T, Dhawan D, Knapp DW, Ramos-Vara JA, dos Santos AP. The miRNome of canine invasive urothelial carcinoma. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:945638. [PMID: 36072391 PMCID: PMC9443663 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.945638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) comprises up to 2% of all naturally occurring neoplasia in dogs and can be challenging to diagnose. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to be dysregulated in numerous diseases, including neoplasia. MiRNA expression has been evaluated in human UC, but there is limited information regarding the miRNA transcriptome of UC in dogs. Our study aimed to evaluate differential miRNA expression in bladder tissue collected from normal canine urothelium and canine invasive UC (iUC) to elucidate the dysregulated pathways in canine UC. Next-Generation RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed for dogs with UC (n = 29) and normal canine urothelium (n = 4). Raw RNA data were subjected to normalization, and pairwise comparison was performed using EdgeR with Benjamini-Hochberg FDR multiple testing correction (p < 0.05; >2-fold change) comparing tissue samples of normal urothelium to canine iUC samples. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were performed. MiRNA of FFPE tissue samples of separate iUC (n = 5) and normal urothelium (n = 5) were used to evaluate five miRNAs using RT-qPCR. Pathway analysis was performed utilizing miRWalk, STRING database, and Metascape utilizing KEGG pathways and GO terms databases. Twenty-eight miRNAs were differentially expressed (DE) by RNA-Seq. RT-qPCR confirmed that four miRNAs are significantly downregulated in UC compared to healthy urothelial samples (miR-105a, miR-143, miR-181a, and miR-214). Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis showed separation between miRNAs in iUC and the control group. The DE miRNAs are most often associated with gene silencing by miRNA, miRNAs in cancer, and miRNAs involved in DNA damage responses. Proteins involved include HRAS, KRAS, ARAF, RAF1, MAPK1, MAP2K1, MAPK3, FGFR3, EGFR, HBEGF, RASSF1, E2F2, E2F3, ERBB2, SRC, MMP1, and UP3KA. The differential expression of miRNAs in canine iUC compared to normal canine urothelial tissue indicates that these markers should be further evaluated for their potential role as diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara S. Varvil
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Taylor Bailey
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Deepika Dhawan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Deborah W. Knapp
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - José A. Ramos-Vara
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Andrea P. dos Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Andrea P. dos Santos
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30
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Pierini A, Criscuolo MC, Bonfanti U, Benvenuti E, Marchetti V, Bottero E. Usefulness of squash preparation cytology in the diagnosis of canine urinary bladder carcinomas. Vet Clin Pathol 2022; 51:498-506. [PMID: 35854403 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial cells show varying degrees of cytologic atypia in dogs with nonmalignant lesions (NML) and carcinomas (ubC) of the bladder, making histopathologic examination necessary for a definitive diagnosis. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic performance of squash preparation cytology and identify several cytomorphologic features of ubC to assist in diagnoses. METHODS Squash preparations were made and reviewed in dogs that underwent transurethral cystoscopy. The results were compared with histopathologic diagnoses. Two cytopathologists performed blinded assessments using a scoring system established for 11 cytologic features, including the presence of macronuclei, abnormal nucleoli, atypical mitoses, signet ring cells, multinucleated cells, nuclear molding, anisokaryosis, cytoplasmatic microvacuolization, cell arrangements, and neutrophil and lymphocyte infiltrations. Based on cytologic and histopathologic diagnoses, dogs were divided into ubC and NML groups. Associations between cytologic and histopathologic diagnoses were investigated, and agreement between the cytopathologists was calculated. Cytologic features were analyzed with multivariate logistic regression models. The performance of predictors in the final model was evaluated in terms of Sensitivity (Se), Specificity (Sp), accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), likelihood ratio positive (LR+), and negative (LR-) values, and the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR). RESULTS Forty-four dogs diagnosed with ubC, and 17 with NML were included in the study. Cytologic and histopathologic diagnoses were significantly associated with each cytopathologist. There was an almost perfect agreement between cytopathologists (κ = 0.88). The absence of neutrophilic infiltration, the presence of multinucleated cells, and nuclear molding were associated with ubC; using a combination of these features in parallel testing resulted in Se = 0.98, Sp = 0.65, accuracy = 0.89, PPV = 0.88, NPV = 0.92, LR + =2.77, LR- = 0.04, and DOR = 7.7. CONCLUSIONS Squash preparation cytology could be a reliable technique to diagnose ubC in dogs. The best diagnostic combination was the absence of neutrophilic infiltration, multinucleated cells, and nuclear molding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Pierini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Ugo Bonfanti
- MYLAV La Vallonea, Veterinary Laboratory, Milan, Italy
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Elbadawy M, Fujisaka K, Yamamoto H, Tsunedomi R, Nagano H, Ayame H, Ishihara Y, Mori T, Azakami D, Uchide T, Fukushima R, Abugomaa A, Kaneda M, Yamawaki H, Shinohara Y, Omatsu T, Mizutani T, Usui T, Sasaki K. Establishment of an experimental model of normal dog bladder organoid using a three-dimensional culture method. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113105. [PMID: 35605292 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dog bladder cancer (BC) is mostly muscle-invasive (MI) with poor prognosis, and its pathogenesis is close to human MIBC. Three-dimensional (3D) organoid culture ensures novel knowledge on cancer diseases including BC. Recently, we have established dog BC organoids (BCO) using their urine samples. BCO recapitulated the epithelial structures, characteristics, and drug sensitivity of BC-diseased dogs. However, organoids from dog normal bladder epithelium are not established yet. Therefore, the present study aimed to establish dog normal bladder organoids (NBO) for further understanding the pathogenesis of dog BC and human MIBC. The established NBO underwent various analyzes including cell marker expressions, histopathological structures, cancer-related gene expression patterns, and drug sensitivity. NBO could be produced non-invasively with a continuous culturing and recapitulated the structures and characteristics of the dog's normal bladder mucosal tissues. Different drug sensitivities were observed in each NBO. The analysis of RNA sequencing revealed that several novel genes were changed in NBO compared with BCO. NBO showed a higher expression of p53 and E-cadherin, but a lower expression of MDM2 and Twist1 compared with BCO. These results suggest that NBO could be a promising experimental 3D model for studying the developmental mechanisms of dog BC and human MIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elbadawy
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, 13736, Moshtohor, Toukh, Elqaliobiya, Egypt.
| | - Kodai Fujisaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Haru Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Tsunedomi
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ayame
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ishihara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takashi Mori
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1, Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Daigo Azakami
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Uchide
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryuji Fukushima
- Animal Medical Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Amira Abugomaa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Masahiro Kaneda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yamawaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1, Higashi 23 ban-cho, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
| | - Yuta Shinohara
- Pet Health & Food Division, Iskara Industry CO., LTD, 1-14-2, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Omatsu
- Center for Infectious Diseases of Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Mizutani
- Center for Infectious Diseases of Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Usui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Grading Systems for Canine Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: A Comparative Overview. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111455. [PMID: 35681919 PMCID: PMC9179434 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumor histological grading systems are a tool widely used by human pathologists in oncology to support the assessment of tumor behavior and patient prognosis by clinical oncologists. In veterinary medicine, several tumor types already have a histological grading system used for these purposes, but some of these schemes lack reproducibility or correlation with clinical parameters, such as the correlation of the grade with survival time. This is the case for the grading systems proposed for canine bladder urothelial carcinoma. Over the years, some grading systems have been described for this type of tumor in dogs but without any routine use by pathologists and, consequently, without any application in clinical practice either. Based on this fact, the present study aimed to review the histological grading systems that exist in both human and veterinary medicine for bladder urothelial carcinoma, carrying out a critical analysis of their differences and thereby encouraging their real practical use and application in a relevant number of cases, prospectively. In this way, a histological grading system could be chosen or built from the existing ones and the knowledge about the behavior of this neoplasm in canine species could be improved, helping clinicians to establish a prognosis and personalized treatment for each patient with bladder urothelial carcinoma and also consider the predictive markers associated with treatment outcomes. Abstract The relationship between tumor morphology and clinical behavior is a key point in oncology. In this scenario, pathologists and clinicians play a pivotal role in the identification and testing of reliable grading systems based on standardized parameters to predict patient prognosis. Dogs with bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) were recently proposed as a “large animal” model for the study of human BUCs due to the similar morphology and metastasis locations. BUC grading systems are consolidated in human medicine, while in veterinary medicine, the BUC grading systems that have been proposed for canine tumors are not yet applied in routine diagnostics. These latter systems have been proposed, decade by decade, over the last thirty years, and the reason for their scarce application is mainly related to a lack of specific cutoff values and studies assessing their prognostic relevance. However, for any prognostic study, reliable grading is necessary. The aim of the present article was to give an overview of the BUC grading systems available in both human and veterinary pathology and provide an extensive description and a critical evaluation to support veterinary researchers in the choice of possible grading systems to apply in future studies on canine BUCs.
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Gentilini F, Palgrave CJ, Neta M, Tornago R, Furlanello T, McKay JS, Sacchini F, Turba ME. Validation of a Liquid Biopsy Protocol for Canine BRAFV595E Variant Detection in Dog Urine and Its Evaluation as a Diagnostic Test Complementary to Cytology. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:909934. [PMID: 35711804 PMCID: PMC9195143 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.909934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of canine urothelial carcinomas carry the driver valine to glutamic acid variation (V595E) in BRAF kinase. The detection of V595E may prove suitable to guide molecularly targeted therapies and support non-invasive diagnosis of the urogenital system by means of a liquid biopsy approach using urine. Three cohorts and a control group were included in this multi-step validation study which included setting up a digital PCR assay. This was followed by investigation of preanalytical factors and two alternative PCR techniques on a liquid biopsy protocol. Finally, a blind study using urine as diagnostic sample has been carried out to verify its suitability as diagnostic test to complement cytology. The digital PCR (dPCR) assay proved consistently specific, sensitive, and linear. Using the dPCR assay, the prevalence of V595E in 22 urothelial carcinomas was 90.9%. When compared with histopathology as gold standard in the blind-label cases, the diagnostic accuracy of using the canine BRAF (cBRAF) variation as a surrogate assay against the histologic diagnosis was 85.7% with 92.3% positive predictive value and 80.0% negative predictive value. In all the cases, in which both biopsy tissue and the associated urine were assayed, the findings matched completely. Finally, when combined with urine sediment cytology examination in blind-label cases with clinical suspicion of malignancy, the dPCR assay significantly improved the overall diagnostic accuracy. A liquid biopsy approach on urine using the digital PCR may be a valuable breakthrough in the diagnostic of urothelial carcinomas in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Gentilini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Michal Neta
- IDEXX Laboratories Ltd., Wetherby, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Raimondo Tornago
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Jennifer S McKay
- IDEXX Laboratories Ltd., Wetherby, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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YOKOTA S, YONEZAWA T, MOMOI Y, MAEDA S. Sorafenib inhibits tumor cell growth and angiogenesis in canine transitional cell carcinoma. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:666-674. [PMID: 35387955 PMCID: PMC9177404 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine transitional cell carcinoma (cTCC) is the most common naturally occurring bladder cancer and accounts for 1-2% of canine tumors. The prognosis is poor due to the high rate of invasiveness and metastasis at diagnosis. Sorafenib is a multi-kinase inhibitor that targets rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (RAF), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β), and KIT. In previous studies, a somatic mutation of B-rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (BRAF) and expressions of VEGFR-2 and PDGFR-β were observed in over 80% of patients with cTCC. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the anti-tumor effects of sorafenib on cTCC. Five cTCC cell lines were used in the in vitro experiments. All five cTCC cell lines expressed VEGFR-2 and PDGFR-β and sorafenib showed growth inhibitory effect on cTCC cell lines. Cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and subsequent apoptosis were observed following sorafenib treatment. In the in vivo experiments, cTCC (Sora) cells were subcutaneously injected into nude mice. Mice were orally administered with sorafenib (30 mg/kg daily) for 14 days. Sorafenib inhibited tumor growth compared to vehicle control. The necrotic area in the tumor tissues was increased in the sorafenib-treated group. Sorafenib also inhibited angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment. Thus, sorafenib may be potential therapeutic agent for cTCC via its direct anti-tumor effect and inhibition of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei YOKOTA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro YONEZAWA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki MOMOI
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo MAEDA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Venner LC, Johnson L, Brown ME. What Is Your Diagnosis? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1-2. [PMID: 35482570 DOI: 10.2460/javma.20.11.0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Venner
- 1College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State, Columbus, OH
| | - Laura Johnson
- 2Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Megan E Brown
- 2Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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36
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Cronise KE, Das S, Hernandez BG, Regan DP, Dailey DD, McGeachan RI, Lana SE, Page RL, Gustafson DL, Duval DL. Characterizing the molecular and immune landscape of canine bladder cancer. Vet Comp Oncol 2022; 20:69-81. [PMID: 34021685 PMCID: PMC8606617 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), also known as urothelial carcinoma, is the most common bladder cancer in humans and dogs. Approximately one-quarter of human TCCs are muscle-invasive and associated with a high risk of death from metastasis. Canine TCC (cTCC) tumours are typically high-grade and muscle-invasive. Shared similarities in risk factors, histopathology, and clinical presentation suggest that cTCC may serve as a model for the assessment of novel therapeutics that may inform therapies for human muscle-invasive TCC. The goal of this study was to characterize cTCC at the molecular level to identify drivers of oncogenesis and druggable targets. We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) of 11 cTCC tumours and three matched normal samples, identifying 583 variants in protein-coding genes. The most common variant was a V-to-E missense mutation in BRAF, identified in 4 out of 11 samples (36%) via WES. Sanger sequencing identified BRAF variants in 8 out of the same 11 cTCC samples, as well as in 22 out of 32 formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) cTCC samples, suggesting an overall prevalence of 70%. RNA-Seq was performed to compare the gene expression profiles of cTCC tumours to normal bladder tissue. cTCC tumours exhibited up-regulation of genes involved in the cell cycle, DNA repair, and antiviral immunity. We also analysed the immune landscape of cTCC using immune gene signatures and immunohistochemical analysis. A subset of tumours had characteristics of a hot tumour microenvironment and exhibited high expression of signatures associated with complete response to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in human bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Cronise
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sunetra Das
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Belen G. Hernandez
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel P. Regan
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Deanna D. Dailey
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert I. McGeachan
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Susan E. Lana
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Rodney L. Page
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel L. Gustafson
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Dawn L. Duval
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA,University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Rasteiro AM, Sá e Lemos E, Oliveira PA, Gil da Costa RM. Molecular Markers in Urinary Bladder Cancer: Applications for Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapy. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030107. [PMID: 35324835 PMCID: PMC8950778 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer of the urinary bladder is a neoplasm with considerable importance in veterinary medicine, given its high incidence in several domestic animal species and its life-threatening character. Bladder cancer in companion animals shows a complex and still poorly understood biopathology, and this lack of knowledge has limited therapeutic progress over the years. Even so, important advances concerning the identification of tumour markers with clinical applications at the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic levels have recently been made, for example, the identification of pathological BRAF mutations. Those advances are now facilitating the introduction of targeted therapies. The present review will address such advances, focusing on small animal oncology and providing the reader with an update on this field. When appropriate, comparisons will be drawn with bladder cancer in human patients, as well as with experimental models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mafalda Rasteiro
- CEDIVET, Laboratório Clínico Veterinário, 4200-071 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.R.); (E.S.e.L.)
- Garden Veterinary Group, Chippenham SN15 1NQ, UK
| | - Eva Sá e Lemos
- CEDIVET, Laboratório Clínico Veterinário, 4200-071 Porto, Portugal; (A.M.R.); (E.S.e.L.)
| | - Paula A. Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Rui M. Gil da Costa
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto)/Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto. CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Postgraduate Programme in Adult Health (PPGSAD), Department of Morphology, University Hospital (HUUFMA), Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís 65080-805, Brazil
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Tsamouri MM, Durbin-Johnson BP, Culp WTN, Palm CA, Parikh M, Kent MS, Ghosh PM. Untargeted Metabolomics Identify a Panel of Urinary Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder, as Compared to Urolithiasis with or without Urinary Tract Infection in Dogs. Metabolites 2022; 12:200. [PMID: 35323643 PMCID: PMC8951005 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12030200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC), the most common urologic cancer in dogs, is often diagnosed late because the clinical signs are shared by other non-malignant lower urinary tract disorders (LUTD). The urine-based BRAFV595E test for UC is highly effective only in certain breeds; hence additional non-invasive biomarkers of UC are needed. Here, urine from dogs with UC (n = 27), urolithiasis (n = 8), or urolithiasis with urinary tract infection (UTI) (n = 8) were subjected to untargeted metabolomics analyses, using GC-TOF-MS for primary metabolites, QTOF-MS for complex lipids, and HILIC-QTOF MS for secondary and charged metabolites. After adjusting for age and sex, we identified 1123 known metabolites that were differentially expressed between UC and LUTD. Twenty-seven metabolites were significant (1.5 ≤ log2FC ≤ −1.5, adjusted p-value < 0.05); however, 10 of these could be attributed to treatment-related changes. Of the remaining 17, 6 (hippuric acid, N-Acetylphenylalanine, sarcosine, octanoylcarnitine, N-alpha-methylhistamine, glycerol-3-galactoside) discriminated between UC and LUTD (area under the ROC curve > 0.85). Of the 6 metabolites, only hippuric acid and N-alpha-methylhistamine were discriminatory in both male (n = 20) and female (n = 23) dogs, while sarcosine was an effective discriminator in several breeds, but only in females. Further investigation of these metabolites is warranted for potential use as non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers of dogs with UC that present with LUTD-related clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Malvina Tsamouri
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, CA 95655, USA
- Department of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA
| | | | - William T. N. Culp
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (W.T.N.C.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Carrie A. Palm
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Mamta Parikh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA;
| | - Michael S. Kent
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (W.T.N.C.); (M.S.K.)
| | - Paramita M. Ghosh
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, CA 95655, USA
- Department of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA
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Lapatinib as first-line treatment for muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma in dogs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4. [PMID: 35027594 PMCID: PMC8758709 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04229-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptors 1 and 2 (EGFR and HER2) are frequently overexpressed in various malignancies. Lapatinib is a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor that inhibits both EGFR and HER2. Although a phase III trial failed to show the survival benefits of lapatinib treatment after first-line chemotherapy in patients with EGFR/HER2-positive metastatic urothelial carcinoma, the efficacy of lapatinib for untreated urothelial carcinoma is not well defined. Here, we describe the therapeutic efficacy of lapatinib as a first-line treatment in a canine model of muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma. In this non-randomized clinical trial, we compared 44 dogs with naturally occurring urothelial carcinoma who received lapatinib and piroxicam, with 42 age-, sex-, and tumor stage-matched dogs that received piroxicam alone. Compared to the dogs treated with piroxicam alone, those administered the lapatinib/piroxicam treatment had a greater reduction in the size of the primary tumor and improved survival. Exploratory analyses showed that HER2 overexpression was associated with response and survival in dogs treated with lapatinib. Our study suggests that lapatinib showed encouraging durable response rates, survival, and tolerability, supporting its therapeutic use for untreated advanced urothelial carcinoma in dogs. The use of lapatinib as a first-line treatment may be investigated further in human patients with urothelial carcinoma.
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Spediacci C, Manfredi M, Sala G, Liuti T, Israeliantz N, Zani DD, Di Giancamillo M, Longo M. Fall time may be a reliable discriminator between neoplastic and non-neoplastic urinary bladder lesions in dogs undergoing contrast-enhanced ultrasound: a pilot study. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2022; 63:609-619. [PMID: 35679465 PMCID: PMC9796640 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) can provide quantitative information on enhancement patterns and perfusion of lesions, based on time-intensity curves (TICs). No published studies have compared CEUS parameters in neoplastic and non-neoplastic urinary bladder lesions in dogs. The aim of the current prospective, pilot study was to quantitatively characterize the CEUS pattern of neoplastic and non-neoplastic urinary bladder lesions in dogs, assessing the influence of contrast arrival time (CAT) on the final appearance of the curves. Fourteen dogs with cyto-histopathological diagnoses were included (seven malignant and seven inflammatory lesions). B-mode ultrasound was performed followed by CEUS examination after an intravenous bolus injection of 0.04 mL/kg of contrast medium, and TICs were elaborated by dedicated software. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) for each TIC parameter were obtained. Neoplastic lesions had subjectively shorter rise time (RT), time to peak (TTP) and fall time (FT) than inflammatory lesions. Based on ROC curve analyses, fall time ≥ 10.49 s was the most reliable parameter for diagnosing non-neoplastic disease in this small sample of dogs (area under the curve [AUC] 0.75, sensitivity 83.33%, specificity 66.67%). No difference was found between ROCs calculated for each parameter of TICs by adding or removing CAT. Results of the current study provide background for future, larger scale studies evaluating use of a CEUS FT threshold of 10.49 s as a possible discriminator for urinary bladder neoplastic lesions in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Spediacci
- Departement of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS)University of Milan, Street of University n. 6Lodi (LO)26900Italy
| | - Martina Manfredi
- Departement of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS)University of Milan, Street of University n. 6Lodi (LO)26900Italy
| | - Giulia Sala
- Departement of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS)University of Milan, Street of University n. 6Lodi (LO)26900Italy
| | - Tiziana Liuti
- Royal Dick School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghScotlandUK
| | - Nicolas Israeliantz
- Royal Dick School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghScotlandUK
| | - Davide Danilo Zani
- Departement of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS)University of Milan, Street of University n. 6Lodi (LO)26900Italy
| | - Mauro Di Giancamillo
- Departement of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS)University of Milan, Street of University n. 6Lodi (LO)26900Italy
| | - Maurizio Longo
- Departement of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (DIVAS)University of Milan, Street of University n. 6Lodi (LO)26900Italy
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41
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Gedon J, Kehl A, Aupperle-Lellbach H, von Bomhard W, Schmidt JM. BRAF mutation status and its prognostic significance in 79 canine urothelial carcinomas: A retrospective study (2006-2019). Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 20:449-457. [PMID: 34878687 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common tumour of the canine urinary bladder. Recently, BRAF mutation testing emerged as a diagnostic option, but its prognostic significance is unknown. This study investigates the relationship between BRAF (variant V595E) mutation status and overall survival in UC-bearing dogs. Seventy-nine patients histologically diagnosed with UC of the bladder and/or urethra between 2006 and 2019 were included in this retrospective single-centre-study. Treatment consisted of meloxicam (n = 39, group 1 'Melox'), mitoxantrone and meloxicam (+/- followed by metronomic chlorambucil; n = 23, group 2 'Chemo') or partial cystectomy followed by meloxicam +/- mitoxantrone (n = 17, group 3 'Sx'). Survival was significantly influenced by treatment (p = .0002) and tumour location (p < .001) in both uni- and multivariable analyses. BRAF mutation was identified in 51 tumours (=64.6%) and had no statistically significant influence on overall survival: MST for BRAF-negative patients 359 versus 214 days for BRAF-positive dogs (p = .055). However, in BRAF-positive dogs, survival depended significantly on type of treatment in univariable analysis: MSTs for groups 1-3 were 151, 244 and 853 days, respectively (p = .006); In BRAF-positive group 2 ('Chemo')-patients, adjuvant metronomic chlorambucil after mitoxantrone more than doubled MST compared to patients receiving mitoxantrone alone (588 vs. 216 days; p = .030). In contrast, MSTs were not significantly different in BRAF-negative patients among the three treatment groups (p = .069). Multivariate analysis of these data was not possible due to group size limitations. This study identified tumour location and treatment type, but not BRAF mutation status, as independent prognostic factors for overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gedon
- Small Animal Clinic Hofheim, Hofheim am Taunus, Germany
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42
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Pinard CJ, Stegelmeier AA, Bridle BW, Mutsaers AJ, Wood RD, Wood GA, Woods JP, Hocker SE. Evaluation of lymphocyte-specific programmed cell death protein 1 receptor expression and cytokines in blood and urine in canine urothelial carcinoma patients. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 20:427-436. [PMID: 34797014 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common urinary tumour in dogs. Despite a range of treatment options, prognosis remains poor in dogs. In people, breakthroughs with checkpoint inhibitors have established new standards of care for muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients and elevated levels of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) suggest immune checkpoint blockade may be a novel target for therapy. The goal of this study was to determine if canine UC patients express elevated levels of lymphocyte-specific PD-1 and/or urinary cytokine biomarkers compared to healthy dogs. Paired blood and urine were evaluated in 10 canine UC patients, five cystitis patients and 10 control dogs for lymphocyte-specific PD-1 expression via flow cytometry and relative cytokine expression. In UC patients, PD-1 expression was significantly elevated on CD8+ lymphocytes in urine samples. UC patients had a higher CD4:CD8 ratio in their urine compared to healthy dogs, however, there was no significant variation in the CD8:Treg ratio between any group. Cystitis patients had significantly elevated levels of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and Tregs in their blood samples compared to UC patients and healthy dogs. Cytokine analysis demonstrated significant elevations in urinary cytokines (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-gamma [IFN-γ], interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6 IL-7, IL-8 and IL-15, IP-10, KC-like, IL-18, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha). Several of these cytokines have been previously correlated with both lymphocyte-specific PD-1 expression (IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15) in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma in humans. Our results provide evidence of urinary lymphocyte PD-1 expression and future studies could elucidate whether veterinary UC patients will respond favourably to anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Pinard
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashley A Stegelmeier
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Byram W Bridle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony J Mutsaers
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Darren Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Paul Woods
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samuel E Hocker
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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43
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Tsamouri MM, Steele TM, Mudryj M, Kent MS, Ghosh PM. Comparative Cancer Cell Signaling in Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder in Dogs and Humans. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1472. [PMID: 34680588 PMCID: PMC8533305 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (MIUC) is the most common type of bladder malignancy in humans, but also in dogs that represent a naturally occurring model for this disease. Dogs are immunocompetent animals that share risk factors, pathophysiological features, clinical signs and response to chemotherapeutics with human cancer patients. This review summarizes the fundamental pathways for canine MIUC initiation, progression, and metastasis, emerging therapeutic targets and mechanisms of drug resistance, and proposes new opportunities for potential prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutics. Identifying similarities and differences between cancer signaling in dogs and humans is of utmost importance for the efficient translation of in vitro research to successful clinical trials for both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Malvina Tsamouri
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, CA 95655, USA; (T.M.S.); (M.M.)
- Department of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA
- Graduate Group in Integrative Pathobiology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Thomas M. Steele
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, CA 95655, USA; (T.M.S.); (M.M.)
- Department of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA
| | - Maria Mudryj
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, CA 95655, USA; (T.M.S.); (M.M.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael S. Kent
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Paramita M. Ghosh
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, CA 95655, USA; (T.M.S.); (M.M.)
- Department of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95718, USA
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44
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Korec DI, Louke DS, Breitbach JT, Geisler JA, Husbands BD, Fenger JM. Characterization of receptor tyrosine kinase activation and biological activity of toceranib phosphate in canine urothelial carcinoma cell lines. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:320. [PMID: 34600548 PMCID: PMC8487586 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03027-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Urothelial carcinoma (UC) accounts for > 90% of canine tumors occurring in the urinary bladder. Toceranib phosphate (TOC) is a multi-target receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor that exhibits activity against members of the split kinase family of RTKs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate primary UC tumors and UC cell lines for the expression and activation of VEGFR2, PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, and KIT to assess whether dysregulation of these RTKs may contribute to the observed biological activity of TOC. Results Transcript for VEGFR2, PDGFRα, PDGFRβ, and KIT was detected in all UC tissue samples and UC cell lines. The Proteome Profiler™ Human Phospho-RTK Array Kit (R & D Systems) provided a platform to assess phosphorylation of 42 different RTKs in primary UC tumors and UC cell lines. Evidence of PDGFRα and PDGFRβ phosphorylation was present in only 11% or 33% of UC tumors, respectively, and 25% of UC cell lines. Treatment of UC cell lines with TOC had no significant impact on cell proliferation, including UC cell lines with evidence of PDGFRβ phosphorylation. Conclusions Phosphorylation of several key RTKs targeted by TOC is present in a small subset of primary UC tumors and UC cell lines, suggesting that these RTKs do not exist in a state of continuous activation. These data suggest that activation of RTKs targeted by TOC is present in a small subset of UC tumors and UC cell lines and that treatment with TOC at physiologically relevant concentrations has no direct anti-proliferative effect on UC cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-03027-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela I Korec
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, 444 Veterinary Medical Academic Building, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Darian S Louke
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, 444 Veterinary Medical Academic Building, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Justin T Breitbach
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer A Geisler
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brian D Husbands
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, 444 Veterinary Medical Academic Building, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joelle M Fenger
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, 444 Veterinary Medical Academic Building, Columbus, OH, USA.
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45
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Metformin and sodium dichloroacetate effects on proliferation, apoptosis, and metabolic activity tested alone and in combination in a canine prostate and a bladder cancer cell line. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257403. [PMID: 34570803 PMCID: PMC8476037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
An important approach in tumor therapy is combining substances with different action mechanisms aiming to enhance the antineoplastic effect, decrease the therapeutic dosage, and avoid resistance mechanisms. Moreover, evaluating compounds already approved for the treatment of non-neoplastic diseases is promising for new antineoplastic therapies. Sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) reactivates oxidative phosphorylation in the cancer cell mitochondria, reducing apoptosis resistance in cancer cells. Furthermore, metformin inhibits the proliferation of tumor cells and CD133+ cancer -stem-like cells. In the present study, we evaluated the independent and synergistic effect of metformin and DCA on the metabolic activity, cell proliferation, and apoptosis of a canine prostate adenocarcinoma (Adcarc1258) and a transitional cell carcinoma cell line (TCC1506) in comparison to a primary canine fibroblast culture. Determining metformin uptake in tumor cells was performed by quantitative HPLC. Depending on the dosage, metformin as a single agent inhibited the metabolic activity and cell proliferation of the tumor cells, showing only minor effects on the fibroblasts. Furthermore, 1 mM metformin increased apoptosis over 96 h in the tumor cell lines but not in fibroblasts. Additionally, metformin uptake into the tumor cells in vitro was measurable by quantitative HPLC. Synergistic effects for the combination therapy were observed in both neoplastic cell lines as well as in the fibroblasts. Based on these results, metformin might be a promising therapeutic agent for canine urogenital tumors. Further studies on kinetics, toxicology, bioavailability, and application of metformin in dogs are necessary.
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46
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Elsharkawy SH, Torad FA. Hypertensive Cardiomyopathy as a Sequel to Hydronephrosis Induced by Transitional Cell Carcinoma. Top Companion Anim Med 2021; 45:100585. [PMID: 34536619 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2021.100585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A 10-year-old female Griffon dog was presented for evaluation due to a 5-month history of hematuria and systemic hypertension. Thoracic auscultation detected a grade II/VI left apical systolic murmur. Abdominal ultrasound revealed the presence of a heterogeneous mass at the trigonal area of the urinary bladder, extending to the left ureter cranially and caudally toward the bladder's neck. Marked left hydronephrosis and hydroureter were detected as well as mild right hydronephrosis. Cytological examination of urine sediment confirmed the presence of transitional cell carcinoma. Echocardiography disclosed marked left ventricular concentric hypertrophy, which likely developed as a consequence of systemic hypertension induced by the bilateral hydronephrosis due to bladder transitional cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar H Elsharkawy
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Faisal A Torad
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Cairo, Egypt
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47
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Jung H, Bae K, Lee JY, Kim JH, Han HJ, Yoon HY, Yoon KA. Establishment of Canine Transitional Cell Carcinoma Cell Lines Harboring BRAF V595E Mutation as a Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179151. [PMID: 34502061 PMCID: PMC8430554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the most common malignant tumor of the canine urinary tract and tends to have a poor prognosis due to its invasive potential. Recent studies have reported that up to 80% of canine urothelial carcinoma has the BRAF V595E mutation, which is homologous to the human V600E mutation. Activating the BRAF mutation is an actionable target for developing effective therapeutic agents inhibiting the BRAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in canine cancer as well as human cancer. We established novel canine TCC cell lines from two tumor tissues and one metastatic lymph node of canine TCC patients harboring the BRAF V595E mutation. Tumor tissues highly expressed the BRAF mutant and phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK)1/2 proteins. The derived cell lines demonstrated activated MAPK pathways. We also evaluated the cell lines for sensitivity to BRAF inhibitors. Sorafenib, a multiple kinase inhibitor targeting RAF/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), successfully inhibited the BRAF/MAPK pathway and induced apoptosis. The established canine TCC cell lines responded with greater sensitivity to sorafenib than to vemurafenib, which is known as a specific BRAF inhibitor in human cancer. Our results demonstrated that canine TCC cells showed different responses compared to human cancer with the BRAF V600E mutation. These cell lines would be valuable research materials to develop therapeutic strategies for canine TCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojik Jung
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.J.); (K.B.); (J.Y.L.)
| | - Kieun Bae
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.J.); (K.B.); (J.Y.L.)
| | - Ja Young Lee
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.J.); (K.B.); (J.Y.L.)
| | - Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Hyun-Jung Han
- Department of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Hun-Young Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Kyong-Ah Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.J.); (K.B.); (J.Y.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-450-3789; Fax: +82-2-450-3037
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48
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Inkol JM, Hocker SE, Mutsaers AJ. Combination therapy with cannabidiol and chemotherapeutics in canine urothelial carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255591. [PMID: 34352013 PMCID: PMC8341525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Canine urothelial carcinoma is the most common form of canine bladder cancer. Treatment with chemotherapy has variable response rates leading to most dogs succumbing to their disease within a year. Cannabidiol is an emerging treatment within the field of oncology. In reported in vivo studies, cannabidiol has induced apoptosis, reduced cell migration, and acted as a chemotherapy sensitizer in various human tumor types. The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of cannabidiol on canine urothelial carcinoma cell viability and apoptosis as both a single agent and in combination with chemotherapy in vitro. Results Cannabidiol reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis in canine urothelial cells as determined by crystal violet viability assay and annexin V/propidium iodide flow cytometry. Furthermore, combinations of cannabidiol with mitoxantrone and vinblastine chemotherapy yielded significantly reduced cell viability and increased apoptosis compared to single agent treatment alone. The drug interactions were deemed synergistic based on combination index calculations. Conversely, the combination of cannabidiol and carboplatin did not result in decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis compared to single agent treatment. Combination index calculations suggested an antagonistic interaction between these drugs. Finally, the combination of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug piroxicam with cannabidiol did not significantly affect cell viability, although, some cell lines demonstrated decreased cell viability when mitoxantrone was combined with piroxicam. Conclusions Cannabidiol showed promising results as a single agent or in combination with mitoxantrone and vinblastine for treatment of canine urothelial carcinoma cells. Further studies are justified to investigate whether these results are translatable in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordon M. Inkol
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samuel E. Hocker
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Anthony J. Mutsaers
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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49
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Kim JH, Ahn DH, Moon JS, Han HJ, Bae K, Yoon KA. Longitudinal assessment of B-RAF V595E levels in the peripheral cell-free tumor DNA of a 10-year-old spayed female Korean Jindo dog with unresectable metastatic urethral transitional cell carcinoma for monitoring the treatment response to a RAF inhibitor (sorafenib). Vet Q 2021; 41:153-162. [PMID: 33764261 PMCID: PMC8118428 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2021.1905194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the most common malignant tumor of the canine urinary tract. In this case study, a dog with metastatic urethral TCC was treated with sorafenib. The tumor expression levels of receptor tyrosine kinase genes, including VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, PDGFR-α, PDGFR-β, ALK, EGFR, ErbB2, and B-RAF, were analyzed. VEGFR was overexpressed in tumor tissues compared to the normal tissues. Considering the high frequency of B-RAF mutation in canine urological tumors, the B-RAF gene was examined, and the B-RAF V595E mutation was detected in the tumor tissue. Therefore, the antitumor effect of sorafenib, a multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on unresectable metastatic urethral TCC characterized by B-RAF V595E was evaluated and circulating cell-free tumor DNA (ctDNA) was assessed for monitoring the treatment response. After the initiation of oral sorafenib therapy (4 mg/kg/day escalated to 10 mg/kg/day), the dysuria was alleviated gradually, and the patient remained stable for 3 months. During that treatment period, the patient showed various levels of changes associated with B-RAF V595E mutation in ctDNA as evident from longitudinal plasma samples after initiation of sorafenib therapy. The findings of this study suggest that ctDNA may serve as a useful non-invasive tool for monitoring the treatment response to anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dana Hyunjung Ahn
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Je-Sung Moon
- Veterinary Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Konkuk University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Han
- Veterinary Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Konkuk University Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kieun Bae
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyong-Ah Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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50
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McAloney CA, Evans SJM, Hokamp JA, Wellman ML, White ME. Comparison of pathologist review protocols for cytologic detection of prostatic and urothelial carcinomas in canines: A bi-institutional retrospective study of 298 cases. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 19:374-380. [PMID: 33486877 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma, also known as transitional cell carcinoma, is the most common primary bladder tumour in dogs, and can also involve the prostate gland. Cytology is a common diagnostic tool utilized for dogs with bladder or prostate gland lesions. The objectives of this retrospective study were to compare the sensitivity and specificity of cytologic evaluation for urothelial or prostatic carcinoma between two institutions with different cytology review protocols as well as determine if certain collection methods resulted in higher cytologic accuracy. A total of 298 cases met inclusion criteria. The overall sensitivity and specificity for institution 1 were 91.8% and 50%, respectively, compared to 31.1% and 97.4%, respectively, for institution 2. When the urine sample review protocol at institution 2 was matched to that of institution 1, sensitivity and specificity were more similar to institution 1 (71.2% and 88.9%, respectively). Our results show that the sensitivity and specificity of cytology are affected by screening and review protocols implemented by different institutions. The data also demonstrate that sensitivity and specificity vary by collection method. Diagnostic catheterization had the highest performance: of the 11 cases between two institutions, it had 100% sensitivity and specificity. In contrast, examination of urine sediment not collected via diagnostic catheterization had low sensitivity and specificity that varied greatly by institution. In summary, cytologic interpretation should be undertaken with consideration given to both processing and collection protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille A McAloney
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Samantha J M Evans
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Jessica A Hokamp
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Maxey L Wellman
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mary E White
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pathology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
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