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Gaur V, Tyagi W, Das S, Ganguly S, Bhattacharyya J. CD40 agonist engineered immunosomes modulated tumor microenvironment and showed pro-immunogenic response, reduced toxicity, and tumor free survival in mice bearing glioblastoma. Biomaterials 2024; 311:122688. [PMID: 38943821 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
CD40 agonist antibodies (αCD40) have shown promising anti-tumor response in both preclinical and early clinical studies. However, its systemic administration is associated with immune- and hepato-toxicities which hampers its clinical usage. In addition, αCD40 showed low tumor retention and induced PD-L1 expression which makes tumor microenvironment (TME) immunosuppressive. To overcome these issues, in this study, we have developed a multifunctional Immunosome where αCD40 is conjugated on the surface and RRX-001, a small molecule immunomodulator was encapsulated inside it. Immunosomes showed higher tumor accumulation till 96 h of administration and displayed sustained release of αCD40 in vivo. Immunosomes significantly delayed tumor growth and showed tumor free survival in mice bearing GL-261 glioblastoma by increasing the population of CD45+CD8+ T cells, CD45+CD20+ B cells, CD45+CD11c+ DCs and F4/80+CD86+ cells in TME. Immunosome significantly reduced the population of T-regulatory cells, M2 macrophage, and MDSCs and lowered the PD-L1 expression. Moreover, Immunosomes significantly enhanced the levels of Th1 cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-2) over Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) which supported anti-tumor response. Most interestingly, Immunosomes averted the in vivo toxicities associated with free αCD40 by lowering the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), IL-6, IL-1α and reduced the degree of liver damage. In addition, Immunosomes treated long-term surviving mice showed tumor specific immune memory response which prevented tumor growth upon rechallenge. Our results suggested that this novel formulation can be further explored in clinics to improve in vivo anti-tumor efficacy of αCD40 with long-lasting tumor specific immunity while reducing the associated toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidit Gaur
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India; Department of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Science, Delhi, India
| | - Witty Tyagi
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeev Das
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Delhi, India
| | - Surajit Ganguly
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard University, Delhi, India
| | - Jayanta Bhattacharyya
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India; Department of Biomedical Engineering, All India Institute of Medical Science, Delhi, India.
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2
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Minaei E, Ranson M, Aghmesheh M, Sluyter R, Vine KL. Enhancing pancreatic cancer immunotherapy: Leveraging localized delivery strategies through the use of implantable devices and scaffolds. J Control Release 2024; 373:145-160. [PMID: 38996923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) remains the predominant type of upper gastrointestinal tract cancer, associated with heightened morbidity and a survival rate below 12%. While immunotherapy has brought about transformative changes in the standards of care for most solid tumors, its application in PC is hindered by the ''cold tumor'' microenvironment, marked by the presence of immunosuppressive cells. Modest response rates in PC are attributed, in part to, the fibrotic stroma that obstructs the delivery of systemic immunotherapy. Furthermore, the occurrence of immune-related adverse events (iRAEs) often necessitates the use of sub-therapeutic doses or treatment discontinuation. In the pursuit of innovative approaches to enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapy for PC, implantable drug delivery devices and scaffolds emerge as promising strategies. These technologies offer the potential for sustained drug delivery directly to the tumor site, overcoming stromal barriers, immunosuppression, T cell exclusion, immunotherapy resistance, optimizing drug dosage, and mitigating systemic toxicity. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common and aggressive form of PC, accompanied by a critical analysis of the challenges the microenvironment presents to the development of successful combinational immunotherapy approaches. Despite efforts, these approaches have thus far fallen short in enhancing treatment outcomes for PDAC. The review will subsequently delve into the imperative need for refining delivery strategies, providing an examination of past and ongoing studies in the field of localized immunotherapy for PDAC. Addressing these issues will lay the groundwork for the development of effective new therapies, thereby enhancing treatment response, patient survival, and overall quality of life for individuals diagnosed with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Minaei
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - M Ranson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - M Aghmesheh
- Nelune Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Bright Building, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R Sluyter
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - K L Vine
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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3
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Regmi M, Wang Y, Liu W, Dai Y, Liu S, Ma K, Lin G, Yang J, Liu H, Wu J, Yang C. From glioma gloom to immune bloom: unveiling novel immunotherapeutic paradigms-a review. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:47. [PMID: 38342925 PMCID: PMC10860318 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-02973-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In tumor therapeutics, the transition from conventional cytotoxic drugs to targeted molecular therapies, such as those targeting receptor tyrosine kinases, has been pivotal. Despite this progress, the clinical outcomes have remained modest, with glioblastoma patients' median survival stagnating at less than 15 months. This underscores the urgent need for more specialized treatment strategies. Our review delves into the progression toward immunomodulation in glioma treatment. We dissect critical discoveries in immunotherapy, such as spotlighting the instrumental role of tumor-associated macrophages, which account for approximately half of the immune cells in the glioma microenvironment, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. The complex interplay between tumor cells and the immune microenvironment has been explored, revealing novel therapeutic targets. The uniqueness of our review is its exhaustive approach, synthesizing current research to elucidate the intricate roles of various molecules and receptors within the glioma microenvironment. This comprehensive synthesis not only maps the current landscape but also provides a blueprint for refining immunotherapy for glioma, signifying a paradigm shift toward leveraging immune mechanisms for improved patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moksada Regmi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
- Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science (AIMS), Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Yingjie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Weihai Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuwei Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Shikun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guozhong Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongyi Liu
- Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science (AIMS), Zhengzhou, 450003, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Ophthalmology, Beijing, 100730, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmic Equipment and Materials, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100730, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science (AIMS), Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Ophthalmology, Beijing, 100730, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Ophthalmic Equipment and Materials, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100730, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Chenlong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Center for Precision Neurosurgery and Oncology of Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science (AIMS), Zhengzhou, 450003, China.
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4
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Chebotareva N, Cao V, Vinogradov A, Alentov I, Sergeeva N, Kononikhin A, Moiseev S. Preliminary study of anti-CD40 and ubiquitin proteasome antibodies in primary podocytopaties. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1189017. [PMID: 37409273 PMCID: PMC10319126 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1189017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis are primary podocytopathies that are clinically presented in adults presenting with severe nephrotic syndrome. The pathogenesis of these diseases is not clear and many questions remain to be answered. A new concept about the role of changes in the antigenic determinant of podocytes and the production of anti-podocyte antibodies that cause podocyte damage is being developed. The aim of the study is to evaluate the levels of anti-CD40 and anti-ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (anti-UCH-L1) antibodies in patients with podocytopathies in comparison with other glomerulopathies. Methods One hundred and six patients with glomerulopathy and 11 healthy subjects took part in the study. A histological study revealed primary FSGS in 35 patients (genetic cases of FSGS and secondary FSGS in the absence of NS were excluded), 15 had MCD, 21 - MN, 13 - MPGN, 22 patients - IgA nephropathy. The effect of steroid therapy was evaluated in patients with podocytopathies (FSGS and MCD). The serum levels of anti-UCH-L1 and anti-CD40 antibodies were measured by ELISA before steroid treatment. Results The levels of anti-UCH-L1 antibodies were significantly higher in MCD patients and anti-CD40 antibodies were higher in MCD and FSGS than in the control group and other groups of glomerulopathies. In addition, the level of anti-UCH-L1 antibodies was higher in patients with steroid-sensitive FSGS and MCD, and anti-CD40 antibodies were lower than in patients with steroid-resistant FSGS. An increase in anti-UCH-L1 antibody levels above 6.44 ng/mL may be a prognostic factor of steroid-sensitivity. The ROC curve (AUC = 0.875 [95% CI 0.718-0.999]) for response to therapy showed a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 87.5%. Conclusion An increase in the level of anti-UCH-L1 antibodies is specific for steroid-sensitive FSGS and MCD, while an increase in anti-CD40 antibodies - for steroid-resistant FSGS, compared with other glomerulopathies. It suggests that these antibodies could be a potential factor for differential diagnosis and treatment prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Chebotareva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Tareev Clinic of Internal Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Venzsin Cao
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Tareev Clinic of Internal Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Igor Alentov
- Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute, Department of Prediction of Conservative Treatment Efficiency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Sergeeva
- Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute, Department of Prediction of Conservative Treatment Efficiency, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Sergey Moiseev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Tareev Clinic of Internal Diseases, Moscow, Russia
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5
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Ravindranathan S, Passang T, Li JM, Wang S, Dhamsania R, Ware MB, Zaidi MY, Zhu J, Cardenas M, Liu Y, Gumber S, Robinson B, Sen-Majumdar A, Zhang H, Chandrakasan S, Kissick H, Frey AB, Thomas SN, El-Rayes BF, Lesinski GB, Waller EK. Targeting vasoactive intestinal peptide-mediated signaling enhances response to immune checkpoint therapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6418. [PMID: 36302761 PMCID: PMC9613684 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A paucity of effector T cells within tumors renders pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) resistant to immune checkpoint therapies. While several under-development approaches target immune-suppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment, there is less focus on improving T cell function. Here we show that inhibiting vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor (VIP-R) signaling enhances anti-tumor immunity in murine PDAC models. In silico data mining and immunohistochemistry analysis of primary tumors indicate overexpression of the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in human PDAC tumors. Elevated VIP levels are also present in PDAC patient plasma and supernatants of cultured PDAC cells. Furthermore, T cells up-regulate VIP receptors after activation, identifying the VIP signaling pathway as a potential target to enhance T cell function. In mouse PDAC models, VIP-R antagonist peptides synergize with anti-PD-1 antibody treatment in improving T cell recruitment into the tumors, activation of tumor-antigen-specific T cells, and inhibition of T cell exhaustion. In contrast to the limited single-agent activity of anti-PD1 antibodies or VIP-R antagonist peptides, combining both therapies eliminate tumors in up to 40% of animals. Furthermore, tumor-free mice resist tumor re-challenge, indicating anti-cancer immunological memory generation. VIP-R signaling thus represents a tumor-protective immune-modulatory pathway that is targetable in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Ravindranathan
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Tenzin Passang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shuhua Wang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rohan Dhamsania
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Brandon Ware
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mohammad Y Zaidi
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jingru Zhu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria Cardenas
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yuan Liu
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian Robinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Haydn Kissick
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Emory Vaccine Centre, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Susan N Thomas
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Parker H. Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bassel F El-Rayes
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Edmund K Waller
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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6
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Chowdhury S, Trivedi AK. Origin, production and molecular determinants of macrophages for their therapeutic targeting. Cell Biol Int 2022; 47:15-29. [PMID: 36183367 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages, the most heterogeneous cells of the hematopoietic system and the giant eaters of the immune system that present either as tissue-resident cells or infiltrated immune cells, eliminate foreign pathogens and microbes and also play different physiological roles to maintain the body's immune response. In this review, we basically provide a broad overview of macrophages from their origin, functional diversity to M1-M2 polarization, specialized markers, and their role as important therapeutic targets in different diseases based on the current research and evidence. Apart from this, we have precisely discussed about tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and their role in tumor progression and newly discovered lesser-known markers of TAMs that could be used as potential therapeutic targets to treat life-threatening diseases. It is really very important to understand the diversity of macrophages to develop TAM-modulating strategies to activate our own immune system against diseases and to overcome immune resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Chowdhury
- LSS008 Division of Cancer Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Arun K Trivedi
- LSS008 Division of Cancer Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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7
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Kasperska A, Borowczak J, Szczerbowski K, Stec E, Ahmadi N, Szylber Ł. Current challenges in targeting tumor desmoplasia to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:919-931. [PMID: 34525931 DOI: 10.2174/1568009621666210825101456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Desmoplasia is crucial for the development, progression and treatment of immune-resistant malignancies. and treatment of immune-resistant malignancies. Targeting desmoplasia-related metabolic pathways appears to be an interesting approach to expand our stock of disposable anti-tumor agents.CXCL12/CXCR4 axis inhibition reduces fibrosis, alleviates immunosuppression and significantly enhances the efficacy of PD-1 immunotherapy. CD40L substitute therapy may increase the activity of T-cells, downregulate CD40+, prolong patients' survival and prevent cancer progression. Although FAPα antagonists used in preclinical models did not lead to permanent cure, an alleviation of immune-resistance, modification of desmoplasia and a decrease in angiogenesis were observed. Targeting DDR2 may enhance the effect of anti-PD-1 treatment in multiple neoplasm cell lines and has the ability to overcome the adaptation to BRAF-targeted therapy in melanoma. Reprogramming desmoplasia could potentially cooperate not only with present treatment, but also other potential therapeutic targets. We present the most promising metabolic pathways related to desmoplasia and discuss the emerging strategies to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kasperska
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun. Poland
| | - Jędrzej Borowczak
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun. Poland
| | - Krzysztof Szczerbowski
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun. Poland
| | - Ewa Stec
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun. Poland
| | - Navid Ahmadi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge. United Kingdom
| | - Łukasz Szylber
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun. Poland
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Filbert EL, Björck PK, Srivastava MK, Bahjat FR, Yang X. APX005M, a CD40 agonist antibody with unique epitope specificity and Fc receptor binding profile for optimal therapeutic application. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:1853-1865. [PMID: 33392713 PMCID: PMC8195934 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02814-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Targeting CD40 with agonist antibodies is a promising approach to cancer immunotherapy. CD40 acts as a master regulator of immunity by mobilizing multiple arms of the immune system to initiate highly effective CD8 + T-cell-mediated responses against foreign pathogens and tumors. The clinical development of CD40 agonist antibodies requires careful optimization of the antibody to maximize therapeutic efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. Both epitope specificity and isotype are critical for CD40 agonist antibody mechanism of action and potency. We developed a novel antibody, APX005M, which binds with high affinity to the CD40 ligand-binding site on CD40 and is optimized for selective interaction with Fcγ receptors to enhance agonistic potency while limiting less desirable Fc-effector functions like antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of CD40-expressing immune cells. APX005M is a highly potent inducer of innate and adaptive immune effector responses and represents a promising CD40 agonist antibody for induction of an effective anti-tumor immune response with a favorable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Filbert
- Apexigen, Inc, 75 Shoreway Road, Suite C, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Pia K Björck
- Apexigen, Inc, 75 Shoreway Road, Suite C, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Minu K Srivastava
- Apexigen, Inc, 75 Shoreway Road, Suite C, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Frances R Bahjat
- Apexigen, Inc, 75 Shoreway Road, Suite C, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Apexigen, Inc, 75 Shoreway Road, Suite C, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA.
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9
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Immunosuppressive Effects of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Cancer and Immunotherapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051170. [PMID: 34065010 PMCID: PMC8150533 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary function of myeloid cells is to protect the host from infections. However, during cancer progression or states of chronic inflammation, these cells develop into myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) that play a prominent role in suppressing anti-tumor immunity. Overcoming the suppressive effects of MDSCs is a major hurdle in cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which MDSCs promote tumor growth is essential for improving current immunotherapies and developing new ones. This review explores mechanisms by which MDSCs suppress T-cell immunity and how this impacts the efficacy of commonly used immunotherapies.
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10
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Kang SH, Lee CH. Development of Therapeutic Antibodies and Modulating the Characteristics of Therapeutic Antibodies to Maximize the Therapeutic Efficacy. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2021; 26:295-311. [PMID: 34220207 PMCID: PMC8236339 DOI: 10.1007/s12257-020-0181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have been used as therapeutic agents for various diseases, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) is mainly used among antibody isotypes due to its structural and functional properties. So far, regardless of the purpose of the therapeutic antibody, wildtype IgG has been mainly used, but recently, the engineered antibodies with various strategies according to the role of the therapeutic antibody have been used to maximize the therapeutic efficacy. In this review paper, first, the overall structural features and functional characteristics of antibody IgG, second, the old and new techniques for antibody discovery, and finally, several antibody engineering strategies for maximizing therapeutic efficacy according to the role of a therapeutic antibody will be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyun Kang
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080 Korea
| | - Chang-Han Lee
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080 Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080 Korea ,Hongcheon, 25159 Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905SNU Dementia Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080 Korea
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11
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Zhao YD, Muhetaerjiang M, An HW, Fang X, Zhao Y, Wang H. Nanomedicine enables spatiotemporally regulating macrophage-based cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2020; 268:120552. [PMID: 33307365 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, leveraging the host's coordinated immune system to fight against tumor has been clinically validated. However, the modest response owing to the multiple ways of tumor immune evasion is one of the challenges in cancer immunotherapy. Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), as a major component of the leukocytes infiltrating in all tumors, play crucial roles in driving cancer initiation, progress and metastasis via multiple mechanisms such as mediating chronic inflammation, promoting angiogenesis, taming protective immune responses, and supporting migration and intravasation. TAMs targeted therapeutics have achieved remarkable successes in clinical trials mostly through the use of small-molecule agents and antibodies. However, efforts for further application have met with challenges of limited efficacy and safety. Nanomaterials can provide versatile approaches to realize the superior spatiotemporal control over immunomodulation to amplify immune responses, ultimately enhancing the therapeutic benefits and reducing toxicity. Here, the potential drugs used in TAM-centered cancer treatment in clinic are summarized and the recent advances of TAMs targeted nanomedicines in this filed are highlighted. More importantly, we focus on how nanomedicine can exert their advantages in spatial and temporal control of immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Dan Zhao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi, 030009, PR China
| | - Mamuti Muhetaerjiang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; GBA Research Innovation Institute for Nanotechnology, Guangdong, 510700, PR China
| | - Hong-Wei An
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; GBA Research Innovation Institute for Nanotechnology, Guangdong, 510700, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Fang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, PR China
| | - Yuliang Zhao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, PR China; GBA Research Innovation Institute for Nanotechnology, Guangdong, 510700, PR China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Hao Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, 100190, PR China; GBA Research Innovation Institute for Nanotechnology, Guangdong, 510700, PR China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
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12
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Xiao Y, Yu D. Tumor microenvironment as a therapeutic target in cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 221:107753. [PMID: 33259885 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 728] [Impact Index Per Article: 182.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment denotes the non-cancerous cells and components presented in the tumor, including molecules produced and released by them. The constant interactions between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment play decisive roles in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and response to therapies. The tumor microenvironment as a therapeutic target in cancer has attracted great research and clinical interest. Here we summarize the current progress in targeting the tumor microenvironment in both drug development and clinical trials; highlight challenges in targeting the tumor microenvironment to achieve therapeutic efficacy; explore new technologies and approaches to better decipher the tumor microenvironment; and discuss strategies to intervene in the pro-tumor microenvironment and maximize therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dihua Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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13
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Krishnamoorthy M, Lenehan JG, Burton JP, Maleki Vareki S. Immunomodulation in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113340. [PMID: 33198059 PMCID: PMC7696309 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has a high mortality rate, and its incidence is increasing worldwide. The almost universal poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer is partly due to symptoms presenting only at late stages and limited effective treatments. Recently, immune checkpoint blockade inhibitors have drastically improved patient survival in metastatic and advanced settings in certain cancers. Unfortunately, these therapies are ineffective in pancreatic cancer. However, tumor biopsies from long-term survivors of pancreatic cancer are more likely to be infiltrated by cytotoxic T-cells and certain species of bacteria that activate T-cells. These observations suggest that T-cell activation is essential for anti-tumor immunity in pancreatic cancers. This review discusses the immunological mechanisms responsible for effective anti-tumor immunity and how immune-based strategies can be exploited to develop new pancreatic cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithunah Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (M.K.); (J.P.B.)
- Cancer Research Laboratory Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - John G. Lenehan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada;
| | - Jeremy P. Burton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (M.K.); (J.P.B.)
- Canadian Centre for Human Microbiome and Probiotics, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ONN6A 4V2, Canada
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Saman Maleki Vareki
- Cancer Research Laboratory Program, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +519-685-8500 (ext. 55769)
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14
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Machiels JP, Gomez-Roca C, Michot JM, Zamarin D, Mitchell T, Catala G, Eberst L, Jacob W, Jegg AM, Cannarile MA, Watson C, Babitzki G, Korski K, Klaman I, Teixeira P, Hoves S, Ries C, Meneses-Lorente G, Michielin F, Christen R, Rüttinger D, Weisser M, Delord JP, Cassier P. Phase Ib study of anti-CSF-1R antibody emactuzumab in combination with CD40 agonist selicrelumab in advanced solid tumor patients. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-001153. [PMID: 33097612 PMCID: PMC7590375 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This phase Ib study evaluated the safety, clinical activity, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics (PD) of emactuzumab (anti-colony stimulating factor 1 receptor monoclonal antibody (mAb)) in combination with selicrelumab (agonistic cluster of differentiation 40 mAb) in patients with advanced solid tumors. Methods Both emactuzumab and selicrelumab were administered intravenously every 3 weeks and doses were concomitantly escalated (emactuzumab: 500 to 1000 mg flat; selicrelumab: 2 to 16 mg flat). Dose escalation was conducted using the product of independent beta probabilities dose-escalation design. PD analyzes were performed on peripheral blood samples and tumor/skin biopsies at baseline and on treatment. Clinical activity was evaluated using investigator-based and Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors V.1.1-based tumor assessments. Results Three dose-limiting toxicities (all infusion-related reactions (IRRs)) were observed at 8, 12 and 16 mg of selicrelumab together with 1000 mg of emactuzumab. The maximum tolerated dose was not reached at the predefined top doses of emactuzumab (1000 mg) and selicrelumab (16 mg). The most common adverse events were IRRs (75.7%), fatigue (54.1%), facial edema (37.8%), and increase in aspartate aminotransferase and creatinine phosphokinase (35.1% both). PD analyzes demonstrated an increase of Ki67+-activated CD8+ T cells accompanied by a decrease of B cells and the reduction of CD14Dim CD16bright monocytes in peripheral blood. The best objective clinical response was stable disease in 40.5% of patients. Conclusion Emactuzumab in combination with selicrelumab demonstrated a manageable safety profile and evidence of PD activity but did not translate into objective clinical responses. Trialregistration number NCT02760797.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pascal Machiels
- Medical Oncology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium .,UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carlos Gomez-Roca
- Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Marie Michot
- Department of Innovative Therapies and Early Phase trials (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Dmitriy Zamarin
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Tara Mitchell
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gaetan Catala
- Medial Oncology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Wolfgang Jacob
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Jegg
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Michael A Cannarile
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Galina Babitzki
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Konstanty Korski
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Irina Klaman
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Priscila Teixeira
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Welwyn, Welwyn Garden City, UK
| | - Sabine Hoves
- Roche Innovat Ctr Munich Oncol Discovery Pharma, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Carola Ries
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Francesca Michielin
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Randolph Christen
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Rüttinger
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Martin Weisser
- Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
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15
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Novel Immunotherapeutic Approach in Gastric Cancer. ACTA MEDICA BULGARICA 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/amb-2020-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is suitable for immunotherapy because 80% of it display microsatellite and chromosomal instability, some mutations and DNA hypermethylation. Therefore, GC is more immunogenic. The immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies, adoptive cell therapy and checkpoint inhibition are discussed. The commonly used monoclonal antibodies are Trastuzumab targeting HER2 and Bevacizumab suppressing VEGF and tumor angiogenesis. Treatment with tumor-specific T cells is called adoptive cell therapy. There is experience with the application of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK). This review discusses the therapy with innate immune cells with anti-tumor activity such as dendritic cells and NK cells. The checkpoint inhibition was also reviewed. In conclusion, it could be stated that the immunotherapy of GC has the potential to provide a more favorable outcome to patients with GC, but it also have some limitations which need to be considered.
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16
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Raggi F, Bosco MC. Targeting Mononuclear Phagocyte Receptors in Cancer Immunotherapy: New Perspectives of the Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells (TREM-1). Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051337. [PMID: 32456204 PMCID: PMC7281211 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cells are major players in the onset of cancer. The degree of inflammation and type of inflammatory cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) are responsible for tilting the balance between tumor progression and regression. Cancer-related inflammation has also been shown to influence the efficacy of conventional therapy. Mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) represent a major component of the inflammatory circuit that promotes tumor progression. Despite their potential to activate immunosurveillance and exert anti-tumor responses, MPs are subverted by the tumor to support its growth, immune evasion, and spread. MP responses in the TME are dictated by a network of stimuli integrated through the cross-talk between activatory and inhibitory receptors. Alterations in receptor expression/signaling can create excessive inflammation and, when chronic, promote tumorigenesis. Research advances have led to the development of new therapeutic strategies aimed at receptor targeting to induce a tumor-infiltrating MP switch from a cancer-supportive toward an anti-tumor phenotype, demonstrating efficacy in different human cancers. This review provides an overview of the role of MP receptors in inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis and discusses the most recent updates regarding their targeting for immunotherapeutic purposes. We focus in particular on the TREM-1 receptor, a major amplifier of MP inflammatory responses, highlighting its relevance in the development and progression of several types of inflammation-associated malignancies and the promises of its inhibition for cancer immunotherapy.
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17
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Moritz J, Metelmann HR, Bekeschus S. Physical Plasma Treatment of Eight Human Cancer Cell Lines Demarcates Upregulation of CD112 as a Common Immunomodulatory Response Element. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2019.2936790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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Workman LM, Zhang L, Fan Y, Zhang W, Habelhah H. TRAF2 Ser-11 Phosphorylation Promotes Cytosolic Translocation of the CD40 Complex To Regulate Downstream Signaling Pathways. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:e00429-19. [PMID: 32041822 PMCID: PMC7156217 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00429-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40 plays an important role in immune responses by activating the c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and NF-κB pathways; however, the precise mechanisms governing the spatiotemporal activation of these two signaling pathways are not fully understood. Here, using four different TRAF2-deficient cell lines (A20.2J, CH12.LX, HAP1, and mouse embryonic fibroblasts [MEFs]) reconstituted with wild-type or phosphorylation mutant forms of TRAF2, along with immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, gene expression, and immunofluorescence analyses, we report that CD40 ligation elicits TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1)-mediated phosphorylation of TRAF2 at Ser-11. This phosphorylation interfered with the interaction between TRAF2's RING domain and membrane phospholipids and enabled translocation of the TRAF2 complex from CD40 to the cytoplasm. We also observed that this cytoplasmic translocation is required for full activation of the JNK pathway and the secondary phase of the NF-κB pathway. Moreover, we found that in the absence of Ser-11 phosphorylation, the TRAF2 RING domain interacts with phospholipids, leading to the translocation of the TRAF2 complex to lipid rafts, resulting in its degradation and activation of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway. Thus, our results provide new insights into the CD40 signaling mechanisms whereby Ser-11 phosphorylation controls RING domain-dependent subcellular localization of TRAF2 to modulate the spatiotemporal activation of the JNK and NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Workman
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Laiqun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Yumei Fan
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Weizhou Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Hasem Habelhah
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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19
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He W, Kapate N, Shields CW, Mitragotri S. Drug delivery to macrophages: A review of targeting drugs and drug carriers to macrophages for inflammatory diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 165-166:15-40. [PMID: 31816357 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play a key role in defending against foreign pathogens, healing wounds, and regulating tissue homeostasis. Driving this versatility is their phenotypic plasticity, which enables macrophages to respond to subtle cues in tightly coordinated ways. However, when this coordination is disrupted, macrophages can aid the progression of numerous diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune disease. The central link between these disorders is aberrant macrophage polarization, which misguides their functional programs, secretory products, and regulation of the surrounding tissue microenvironment. As a result of their important and deterministic roles in both health and disease, macrophages have gained considerable attention as targets for drug delivery. Here, we discuss the role of macrophages in the initiation and progression of various inflammatory diseases, summarize the leading drugs used to regulate macrophages, and review drug delivery systems designed to target macrophages. We emphasize strategies that are approved for clinical use or are poised for clinical investigation. Finally, we provide a prospectus of the future of macrophage-targeted drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Neha Kapate
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - C Wyatt Shields
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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20
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Irenaeus SMM, Nielsen D, Ellmark P, Yachnin J, Deronic A, Nilsson A, Norlén P, Veitonmäki N, Wennersten CS, Ullenhag GJ. First-in-human study with intratumoral administration of a CD40 agonistic antibody, ADC-1013, in advanced solid malignancies. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:1189-1199. [PMID: 30664811 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Agonistic CD40 antibodies activate dendritic cells and can expand and activate tumor-specific T cells. Our purpose was to assess the CD40 agonistic antibody ADC-1013 in the clinical setting including intratumoral administration since preclinical studies have indicated that intratumoral is better than intravenous administration. A Phase I, open label, multicenter study was conducted in patients with advanced solid tumors who had received established treatments. A modified 3 + 3 dose-escalation was applied (every other week dosing). Twenty-three patients were treated with ADC-1013 intratumorally (dosing from 22.5 μg/kg up to 400 μg/kg) or intravenously (dosing at 75 μg/kg). The pharmacodynamic effects observed in the patients were further verified in an hCD40tg mouse model. Adverse events were mostly Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Grades 1 or 2 and transient. The serum concentration ADC-1013 and cytokine release (MCP-1, TNFα and IL-6) were more pronounced in patients receiving injections in deep metastases compared to patients receiving injections in superficial metastases. Treatment with ADC-1013 resulted in a marked decrease in B cell levels in peripheral blood after 24 h while remaining B cells significantly increased their expression of the cell surface activation marker CD86. Activation of antigen-presenting cells and subsequent activation of T cells were demonstrated in hCD40tg mice. Moreover, ADC-1013 treatment in this mouse model acted synergistically with a PD-1 inhibitor. The results from the first-in-human study of ADC-1013 indicate that intratumoral administration of ADC-1013 into superficial lesions is well tolerated at clinically relevant doses and associated with pharmacodynamic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M M Irenaeus
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Oncology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dorte Nielsen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Peter Ellmark
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey Yachnin
- Department of Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adnan Deronic
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Per Norlén
- Alligator Bioscience AB, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Gustav J Ullenhag
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Oncology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Vuong CN, Chou WK, Briggs W, Faulkner O, Wolfenden A, Jonas M, Kapczynski DR, Hargis BM, Bielke LR, Berghman LR. Crude Inactivated Influenza A Virus Adjuvated with a Bispecific Antibody Complex Targeting Chicken CD40 and AIV M2e Confers Protection Against Lethal HPAI Challenge in Chickens. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2018; 37:245-251. [PMID: 30592705 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2018.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo targeting an immunogen to the CD40 receptor expressed on professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) dramatically enhances speed, magnitude, and quality of the immune response. Our previous evaluation of this strategy in poultry was limited to immunogenicity studies using CD40-targeted synthetic peptides, which demonstrated significant antigen-specific serum IgG and tracheal IgA levels <1 week after primary administration. In this study, this antibody-guided immunization strategy was modified to permit incorporation of inactivated highly pathogenic avian influenza virions (in lieu of short synthetic peptides) as the immunogen by simply mixing a bispecific antibody complex (anti-CD40/M2e) with crude inactivated virus before injection. Adjuvated avian influenza virus (AIV) induced significant hemagglutination inhibition titers up to 6 weeks postimmunization. In efficacy studies, administration of a single vaccine dose yielded 56%-64% survival against challenge with highly pathogenic H5N1, and 100% protection was achieved upon boosting. These results represent a feasible strategy to effectively target whole inactivated influenza A virus to chicken APCs, regardless of AIV clade and without phenotyping or purifying the virus from crude allantoic fluid. The data represent proof of principle for the unique prophylactic efficacy and versatility of a CD40-targeting adjuvation strategy that can in principle also be harnessed in other poultry vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine N Vuong
- 1 Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Wen-Ko Chou
- 2 Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Whitney Briggs
- 3 Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University , Wooster, Ohio
| | - Olivia Faulkner
- 4 Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Amanda Wolfenden
- 4 Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Melina Jonas
- 5 Medion Vaccine Company , Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Darrell R Kapczynski
- 6 Exotic and Emerging Viral Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , Athens, Georgia
| | - Billy M Hargis
- 4 Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Lisa R Bielke
- 3 Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University , Wooster, Ohio
| | - Luc R Berghman
- 1 Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas.,2 Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
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22
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Abramson HN. Monoclonal Antibodies for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3924. [PMID: 30544512 PMCID: PMC6321340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The past two decades have seen a revolution in multiple myeloma (MM) therapy with the introduction of several small molecules, mostly orally effective, whose mechanisms are based on proteasome inhibition, histone deacetylase (HDAC) blockade, and immunomodulation. Immunotherapeutic approaches to MM treatment using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), while long in development, began to reap success with the identification of CD38 and SLAMF7 as suitable targets for development, culminating in the 2015 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of daratumumab and elotuzumab, respectively. This review highlights additional mAbs now in the developmental pipeline. Isatuximab, another anti-CD38 mAb, currently is under study in four phase III trials and may offer certain advantages over daratumumab. Several antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) in the early stages of development are described, including JNJ-63723283, which has attained FDA breakthrough status for MM. Other mAbs described in this review include denosumab, recently approved for myeloma-associated bone loss, and checkpoint inhibitors, although the future status of the latter combined with immunomodulators has been clouded by unacceptably high death rates that caused the FDA to issue clinical holds on several of these trials. Also highlighted are the therapies based on the B Cell Maturation Antigen (BCMA), another very promising target for anti-myeloma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanley N Abramson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Infiltration of macrophages in solid tumours is associated with poor prognosis and correlates with chemotherapy resistance in most cancers. In mouse models of cancer, macrophages promote cancer initiation and malignant progression by stimulating angiogenesis, increasing tumour cell migration, invasion and intravasation and suppressing antitumour immunity. At metastatic sites, macrophages promote tumour cell extravasation, survival and subsequent growth. Each of these pro-tumoural activities is promoted by a subpopulation of macrophages that express canonical markers but have unique transcriptional profiles, which makes tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) good targets for anticancer therapy in humans through either their ablation or their re-differentiation away from pro-tumoural towards antitumoural states. In this Review, we evaluate the state of the art of TAM-targeting strategies, focusing on the limitations and potential side effects of the different therapies such as toxicity, rebound effects and compensatory mechanisms. We provide an extensive overview of the different types of therapy used in the clinic and their limitations in light of known macrophage biology and propose new strategies for targeting TAMs.
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24
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Bailey SR, Nelson MH, Majchrzak K, Bowers JS, Wyatt MM, Smith AS, Neal LR, Shirai K, Carpenito C, June CH, Zilliox MJ, Paulos CM. Human CD26 high T cells elicit tumor immunity against multiple malignancies via enhanced migration and persistence. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1961. [PMID: 29213079 PMCID: PMC5719008 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01867-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T lymphocytes mediate potent immune responses against tumor, but the role of human CD4+ T cell subsets in cancer immunotherapy remains ill-defined. Herein, we exhibit that CD26 identifies three T helper subsets with distinct immunological properties in both healthy individuals and cancer patients. Although CD26neg T cells possess a regulatory phenotype, CD26int T cells are mainly naive and CD26high T cells appear terminally differentiated and exhausted. Paradoxically, CD26high T cells persist in and regress multiple solid tumors following adoptive cell transfer. Further analysis revealed that CD26high cells have a rich chemokine receptor profile (including CCR2 and CCR5), profound cytotoxicity (Granzyme B and CD107A), resistance to apoptosis (c-KIT and Bcl2), and enhanced stemness (β-catenin and Lef1). These properties license CD26high T cells with a natural capacity to traffic to, regress and survive in solid tumors. Collectively, these findings identify CD4+ T cell subsets with properties critical for improving cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie R Bailey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Michelle H Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Aptevo Therapeutics, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
| | - Kinga Majchrzak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, 02-787, Poland
| | - Jacob S Bowers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Megan M Wyatt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Aubrey S Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Lillian R Neal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Keisuke Shirai
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 02714, USA
| | - Carmine Carpenito
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Eli Lilly and Company, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Carl H June
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michael J Zilliox
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Chrystal M Paulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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25
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Zhang D, Armstrong AA, Tam SH, McCarthy SG, Luo J, Gilliland GL, Chiu ML. Functional optimization of agonistic antibodies to OX40 receptor with novel Fc mutations to promote antibody multimerization. MAbs 2017; 9:1129-1142. [PMID: 28758875 PMCID: PMC5627589 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1358838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunostimulatory receptors belonging to the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily are emerging as promising targets for cancer immunotherapies. To optimize the agonism of therapeutic antibodies to these receptors, Fc engineering of antibodies was applied to facilitate the clustering of cell surface TNFRs to activate downstream signaling pathways. One engineering strategy is to identify Fc mutations that facilitate antibody multimerization on the cell surface directly. From the analyses of the crystal packing of IgG1 structures, we identified a novel set of Fc mutations, T437R and K248E, that facilitated antibody multimerization upon binding to antigens on cell surface. In a NF-κB reporter assay, the engineered T437R/K248E mutations could facilitate enhanced agonism of an anti-OX40 antibody without the dependence on FcγRIIB crosslinking. Nonetheless, the presence of cells expressing FcγRIIB could facilitate a boost of the agonism of the engineered antibody with mutations on IgG1 Fc, but not on the silent IgG2σ Fc. The Fc engineered antibody also showed enhanced effector functions, including antibody-dependent cell-meditated cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, and complement-dependent cytotoxicity, depending on the IgG subtypes. Also, the engineered antibodies showed normal FcRn binding and pharmacokinetic profiles in mice. In summary, this study elucidated a novel Fc engineering approach to promote antibody multimerization on a cell surface, which could enhance agonism and improve effector function for anti-TNFR antibodies as well as other therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- a Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C. , Spring House , PA , USA
| | | | - Susan H Tam
- a Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C. , Spring House , PA , USA
| | | | - Jinquan Luo
- a Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C. , Spring House , PA , USA
| | - Gary L Gilliland
- a Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C. , Spring House , PA , USA
| | - Mark L Chiu
- a Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C. , Spring House , PA , USA
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26
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Haimakainen S, Kaukinen AP, Suttle MM, Pelkonen J, Harvima IT. CD40 Ligand Is Increased in Mast Cells in Psoriasis and Actinic Keratosis but Less So in Epithelial Skin Carcinomas. Cancer Invest 2017; 35:143-151. [PMID: 28267402 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2017.1289216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The expression of CD40 ligand (CD40L) in mast cells was investigated in biopsies from lesional and non-lesional skin samples of patients with psoriasis, actinic keratosis (AK), basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma using a sequential double-staining technique. The percentage of CD40L+ mast cells was higher in the lesional than in the non-lesional skin (p < .003). Interestingly, this percentage was lower in both carcinomas than in psoriasis and actinic keratosis (p < .025). Cells immunopositive for CD40 receptor were increased in all lesion types but especially so in carcinomas. The results suggest a dysregulated anti-tumoral immune response by mast cell CD40L in skin carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salla Haimakainen
- a Department of Dermatology , Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Antti P Kaukinen
- a Department of Dermatology , Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Mireille-Maria Suttle
- a Department of Dermatology , Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Jukka Pelkonen
- b Department of Clinical Microbiology , Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Ilkka T Harvima
- a Department of Dermatology , Kuopio University Hospital and University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
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27
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Armored CAR T-cells: utilizing cytokines and pro-inflammatory ligands to enhance CAR T-cell anti-tumour efficacy. Biochem Soc Trans 2016; 44:412-8. [PMID: 27068948 DOI: 10.1042/bst20150291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chimaeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells are T-cells that have been genetically modified to express an artificial construct consisting of a synthetic T-cell receptor (TCR) targeted to a predetermined antigen expressed on a tumour. Coupling the T-cell receptor to a CD3ζ signalling domain paved the way for first generation CAR T-cells that were efficacious against cluster of differentiation (CD)19-expressing B-cell malignancies. Optimization with additional signalling domains such as CD28 or 4-1BB in addition to CD3ζ provided T-cell activation signal 2 and further improved the efficacy and persistence of these second generation CAR T-cells. Third generation CAR T-cells which utilize two tandem costimulatory domains have also been reported. In this review, we discuss a different approach to optimization of CAR T-cells. Through additional genetic modifications, these resultant armored CAR T-cells are typically modified second generation CAR T-cells that have been further optimized to inducibly or constitutively secrete active cytokines or express ligands that further armor CAR T-cells to improve efficacy and persistence. The choice of the 'armor' agent is based on knowledge of the tumour microenvironment and the roles of other elements of the innate and adaptive immune system. Although there are several variants of armored CAR T-cells under investigation, here we focus on three unique approaches using interleukin-12 (IL-12), CD40L and 4-1BBL. These agents have been shown to further enhance CAR T-cell efficacy and persistence in the face of a hostile tumour microenvironment via different mechanisms.
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28
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Zhang D, Goldberg MV, Chiu ML. Fc Engineering Approaches to Enhance the Agonism and Effector Functions of an Anti-OX40 Antibody. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:27134-27146. [PMID: 27856634 PMCID: PMC5207143 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.757773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Agonistic antibodies directed against immunostimulatory receptors belonging to the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily are emerging as promising cancer immunotherapies. Several Fc engineering approaches discovered recently can augment the anti-tumor activities of TNFR antibodies by enhancing their agonistic activities and/or effector functions. In this study, we compared these approaches for their effects on an anti-OX40 antibody. Both S267E/L328F and V12 mutations facilitated enhanced binding to FcγRIIB and thus increased FcγRIIB cross-linking mediated agonist activity. However, both mutations abrogated the binding to FcγRIIIA and thereby decreasing the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activities. In contrast, the E345R mutation, which can promote antibody multimerization upon receptor binding, facilitated anti-OX40 antibody to have increased agonism by promoting the clustering of OX40 receptors without the dependence on FcγRIIB cross-linking. Nonetheless, cross-linking to FcγRIIB can lead to a further boost of the agonism of the anti-OX40 antibody with IgG1 Fc but not with the silent IgG2σ Fc. The antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity activities of the anti-OX40 antibody with the E345R mutation were affected by the choice of IgG subtypes. However, there was little change in the antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis activity. In summary, different Fc engineering approaches can guide the design of engineered antibodies to OX40 and other TNFR with improved anti-tumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- From Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C., Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Monica V Goldberg
- From Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C., Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Mark L Chiu
- From Janssen Research and Development, L.L.C., Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477
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29
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Leenheer D, ten Dijke P, Hipolito CJ. A current perspective on applications of macrocyclic-peptide-based high-affinity ligands. Biopolymers 2016; 106:889-900. [PMID: 27352774 PMCID: PMC5132055 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies can bind with high affinity and high selectivity to their targets. As a tool in therapeutics or diagnostics, however, their large size (∼150 kDa) reduces penetration into tissue and prevents passive cellular uptake. To overcome these and other problems, minimized protein scaffolds have been chosen or engineered, with care taken to not compromise binding affinity or specificity. An alternate approach is to begin with a minimal non-antibody scaffold and select functional ligands from a de novo library. We will discuss the structure, production, applications, strengths, and weaknesses of several classes of antibody-derived ligands, that is, antibodies, intrabodies, and nanobodies, and nonantibody-derived ligands, that is, monobodies, affibodies, and macrocyclic peptides. In particular, this review is focussed on macrocyclic peptides produced by the Random non-standard Peptides Integrated Discovery (RaPID) system that are small in size (typically ∼2 kDa), but are able to perform tasks typically handled by larger proteinaceous ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniël Leenheer
- Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global MajorsUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Peter ten Dijke
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Molecular Cell BiologyLeidenSouth HollandThe Netherlands
- Cancer Signaling, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Christopher John Hipolito
- Cancer Signaling, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of TsukubaTsukubaIbarakiJapan
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30
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Gebremeskel S, Johnston B. Concepts and mechanisms underlying chemotherapy induced immunogenic cell death: impact on clinical studies and considerations for combined therapies. Oncotarget 2016; 6:41600-19. [PMID: 26486085 PMCID: PMC4747176 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy has historically been thought to induce cancer cell death in an immunogenically silent manner. However, recent studies have demonstrated that therapeutic outcomes with specific chemotherapeutic agents (e.g. anthracyclines) correlate strongly with their ability to induce a process of immunogenic cell death (ICD) in cancer cells. This process generates a series of signals that stimulate the immune system to recognize and clear tumor cells. Extensive studies have revealed that chemotherapy-induced ICD occurs via the exposure/release of calreticulin (CALR), ATP, chemokine (C–X–C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). This review provides an in-depth look into the concepts and mechanisms underlying CALR exposure, activation of the Toll-like receptor 3/IFN/CXCL10 axis, and the release of ATP and HMGB1 from dying cancer cells. Factors that influence the impact of ICD in clinical studies and the design of therapies combining chemotherapy with immunotherapy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Gebremeskel
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Brent Johnston
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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31
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Yamniuk AP, Suri A, Krystek SR, Tamura J, Ramamurthy V, Kuhn R, Carroll K, Fleener C, Ryseck R, Cheng L, An Y, Drew P, Grant S, Suchard SJ, Nadler SG, Bryson JW, Sheriff S. Functional Antagonism of Human CD40 Achieved by Targeting a Unique Species-Specific Epitope. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:2860-79. [PMID: 27216500 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current clinical anti-CD40 biologic agents include both antagonist molecules for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and agonist molecules for immuno-oncology, yet the relationship between CD40 epitope and these opposing biological outcomes is not well defined. This report describes the identification of potent antagonist domain antibodies (dAbs) that bind to a novel human CD40-specific epitope that is divergent in the CD40 of nonhuman primates. A similarly selected anti-cynomolgus CD40 dAb recognizing the homologous epitope is also a potent antagonist. Mutagenesis, biochemical, and X-ray crystallography studies demonstrate that the epitope is distinct from that of CD40 agonists. Both the human-specific and cynomolgus-specific molecules remain pure antagonists even when formatted as bivalent Fc-fusion proteins, making this an attractive therapeutic format for targeting hCD40 in autoimmune indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P Yamniuk
- Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
| | - Anish Suri
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Stanley R Krystek
- Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - James Tamura
- Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | - Robert Kuhn
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Karen Carroll
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Catherine Fleener
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Rolf Ryseck
- Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Yongmi An
- Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Philip Drew
- Domantis, 315 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Steven Grant
- Domantis, 315 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Suzanne J Suchard
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Steven G Nadler
- Department of Discovery Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - James W Bryson
- Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Steven Sheriff
- Department of Molecular Discovery Technologies, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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32
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Redman JM, Hill EM, AlDeghaither D, Weiner LM. Mechanisms of action of therapeutic antibodies for cancer. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:28-45. [PMID: 25911943 PMCID: PMC4529810 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic utility of antibodies and their derivatives is achieved by various means. The FDA has approved several targeted antibodies that disrupt signaling of various growth factor receptors for the treatment of a number of cancers. Rituximab, and other anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies are active in B cell malignancies. As more experience has been gained with anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, the multifactorial nature of their anti-tumor mechanisms has emerged. Other targeted antibodies function to dampen inhibitory checkpoints. These checkpoint inhibitors have recently achieved dramatic results in several cancers, including melanoma. These and related antibodies continue to be investigated in the clinical and pre-clinical settings. Novel antibody structures that target two or more antigens have also made their way into clinical use. Tumor targeted antibodies can also be conjugated to chemo- or radiotherapeutic agents, or catalytic toxins, as a means to deliver toxic payloads to cancer cells. Here we provide a review of these mechanisms and a discussion of their relevance to current and future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Redman
- Departments of Oncology and Internal Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - E M Hill
- Departments of Oncology and Internal Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - D AlDeghaither
- Departments of Oncology and Internal Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - L M Weiner
- Departments of Oncology and Internal Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, United States.
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33
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Li Y, Yuan J, Yang Q, Cao W, Zhou X, Xie Y, Tu H, Zhang Y, Wang S. Immunoliposome co-delivery of bufalin and anti-CD40 antibody adjuvant induces synergetic therapeutic efficacy against melanoma. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:5683-700. [PMID: 25506218 PMCID: PMC4260685 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s73651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomes constitute one of the most popular nanocarriers for improving the delivery and efficacy of agents in cancer patients. The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate immunoliposome co-delivery of bufalin and anti-CD40 to induce synergetic therapeutic efficacy while eliminating systemic side effects. Bufalin liposomes (BFL) conjugated with anti-CD40 antibody (anti-CD40-BFL) showed enhanced cytotoxicity compared with bufalin alone. In a mouse B16 melanoma model, intravenous injection of anti-CD40-BFL achieved smaller tumor volume than did treatment with BFL (average: 117 mm3 versus 270 mm3, respectively); the enhanced therapeutic efficacy through a caspase-dependent pathway induced apoptosis, which was confirmed using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-Fluorescein nick end labeling and Western blot assay. Meanwhile, anti-CD40-BFL elicited unapparent body-weight changes and a significant reduction in serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, interferon-γ, and hepatic enzyme alanine transaminase, suggesting minimized systemic side effects. This may be attributed to the mechanism by which liposomes are retained within the tumor site for an extended period of time, which is supported by the following biodistribution and flow cytometric analyses. Taken together, the results demonstrated a highly promising strategy for liposomal vehicle transport of anti-CD40 plus bufalin that can be used to enhance antitumor effects via synergetic systemic immunity while blocking systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Natural Medicine and Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiani Yuan
- Department of Natural Medicine and Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Natural Medicine and Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Natural Medicine and Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanxuan Zhou
- Department of Natural Medicine and Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Xie
- Department of Natural Medicine and Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Honghai Tu
- Institute for Drug and Instrument Control, Xinjiang Military Area Command, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Natural Medicine and Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Siwang Wang
- Department of Natural Medicine and Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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34
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Mangsbo SM, Broos S, Fletcher E, Veitonmäki N, Furebring C, Dahlén E, Norlén P, Lindstedt M, Tötterman TH, Ellmark P. The human agonistic CD40 antibody ADC-1013 eradicates bladder tumors and generates T-cell-dependent tumor immunity. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:1115-26. [PMID: 25316820 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Local administration of immune-activating antibodies may increase the efficacy and reduce the immune-related adverse events associated with systemic immunotherapy of cancer. Here, we report the development and affinity maturation of a fully human agonistic CD40 antibody (IgG1), ADC-1013. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We have used molecular engineering to generate an agonistic antibody with high affinity for CD40. The functional activity of ADC-1013 was investigated in human and murine in vitro models. The in vivo effect was investigated in two separate bladder cancer models, both using human xenograft tumors in immune deficient NSG mice and using a syngeneic bladder cancer model in a novel human CD40 transgenic mouse. RESULTS Activation of dendritic cells (DC) by ADC-1013 results in upregulation of the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86, and secretion of IL12. ADC-1013 also activates DCs from human CD40 transgenic mice, and peptide-pulsed and ADC-1013-stimulated DCs induce antigen-specific T-cell proliferation in vitro. In vivo, treatment with ADC-1013 in a syngeneic bladder cancer model, negative for hCD40, induces significant antitumor effects and long-term tumor-specific immunity. Furthermore, ADC-1013 demonstrates significant antitumor effects in a human bladder cancer transplanted into immunodeficient NSG mice. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that ADC-1013 induces long-lasting antitumor responses and immunologic memory mediated by CD40 stimulation. To the best of our knowledge, ADC-1013 represents the first immunomodulatory antibody developed for local immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Mangsbo
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sissela Broos
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erika Fletcher
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | - Malin Lindstedt
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas H Tötterman
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Ellmark
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. Alligator Bioscience AB, Lund, Sweden.
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35
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Hassan SB, Sørensen JF, Olsen BN, Pedersen AE. Anti-CD40-mediated cancer immunotherapy: an update of recent and ongoing clinical trials. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2014; 36:96-104. [PMID: 24555495 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2014.890626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The costimulatory molecule CD40 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily and is expressed on various antigen presenting cells (APCs) as well as some tumor cells. The binding to the natural ligand CD40L, which is expressed on T helper cells, leads to APC activation and thus enhancement of immune responses. Treatment with anti-CD40 monoclonal antibodies has been exploited in several cancer immunotherapy studies in mice and led to the development of anti-CD40 antibodies for clinical use. Here, Dacetuzumab and Lucatumumab are in the most advanced stage and are being tested as treatment for malignancies such as chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL), Multiple Myeloma (MM), and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The promising results from these early clinical trials have encouraged clinical drug development in order to investigate the effect of CD40 mAbs in combination with other cancer immunotherapies, in particular interleukin (IL)-2. An in-depth analysis of this immunotherapy is provided elsewhere. In the present review, we provide an update of the most recent clinical trials with anti-CD40 antibodies. We present and discuss recent and ongoing clinical trials in this field, including clinical studies which combine anti-CD40 treatment with other cancer-treatments, such as Rituximab and Tremelimumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufia Butt Hassan
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen N , Denmark
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36
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Lee CS, Cragg M, Glennie M, Johnson P. Novel antibodies targeting immune regulatory checkpoints for cancer therapy. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 76:233-47. [PMID: 23701301 PMCID: PMC3731598 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers must evade or suppress the immune system in order to develop. Better understanding of the molecular regulation governing tumour detection and effective activation of the immune system (so called immune regulatory checkpoints) has provided new targets for cancer immunotherapy. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against these targets are currently undergoing clinical evaluation with more in pre-clinical development; buoyed by the recent licence approval of the anti-CTLA-4 antibody, ipilumumab, for use in melanoma. This article will review the current status of the various antibodies and target molecules being investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chern Siang Lee
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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Intratumoral delivery of low doses of anti-CD40 mAb combined with monophosphoryl lipid a induces local and systemic antitumor effects in immunocompetent and T cell-deficient mice. J Immunother 2013; 36:29-40. [PMID: 23211623 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3182780f61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an agonistic anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody was combined with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), a nontoxic derivative of lipopolysaccharide and agonist of toll-like receptor-4, to assess the immunomodulatory and antitumor synergy between the 2 agents in mice. Anti-CD40 was capable of priming macrophages to subsequent ex vivo activation by MPL in immunocompetent and T-cell-depleted mice. Intraperitoneal injections of anti-CD40+MPL induced additive to synergistic suppression of poorly immunogenic B16-F10 melanoma growing subcutaneously in syngeneic mice. When anti-CD40+MPL were injected directly into the subcutaneous tumor, the combination treatment was more effective, even with a 25-fold reduction in dose. Low-dose intratumoral treatment also slowed the growth of a secondary tumor growing simultaneously at a distant, untreated site. Antitumor effects were also induced in severe combined immunodeficiency mice and in T-cell-depleted C57BL/6 mice. Taken together, our results show that the antitumor effects of anti-CD40 are enhanced by subsequent treatment with MPL, even in T-cell-deficient hosts. These preclinical data suggest that an anti-CD40+MPL combined regimen is appropriate for clinical testing in human patients, including cancer patients who may be immunosuppressed from prior chemotherapy.
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Williams EL, Dunn SN, James S, Johnson PW, Cragg MS, Glennie MJ, Gray JC. Immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies combined with peptide vaccination provide potent immunotherapy in an aggressive murine neuroblastoma model. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:3545-55. [PMID: 23649004 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-3226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neuroblastoma is one of the commonest extracranial tumors of childhood. The majority of patients present with metastatic disease for which outcome remains poor. Immunotherapy is an attractive therapeutic approach for this disease, and a number of neuroblastoma tumor antigens have been identified. Here, we examine the therapeutic potential of combining immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies (mAb) with peptide vaccination in murine neuroblastoma models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Neuroblastoma-bearing mice were treated with mAb targeting 4-1BB, CD40, and CTLA-4 alone, or in combination with a peptide derived from the tumor antigen survivin (GWEDPPNDI). Survivin-specific immune response and therapeutic efficacy were assessed. RESULTS In the Neuro2a model, treatment of established tumor with anti-4-1BB, anti-CD40, or anti-CTLA-4 mAb results in tumor regression and long-term survival in 40% to 60% of mice. This is dependent on natural killer (NK) and CD8(+) T cells and is associated with tumor CD8(+) lymphocyte infiltrate. Successful therapy is achieved only if mAb is given to mice once tumors are established, suggesting dependence on sufficient tumor to provide antigen. In the more aggressive AgN2a and NXS2 models, single-agent mAb therapy provides ineffective therapy. However, if mAb (anti-CTLA-4) is given in conjunction with survivin peptide vaccination, then 60% long-term survival is achieved. This is associated with the generation of survivin-specific T-cell immunity, which again is only shown in the presence of tumor antigen. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the combination of antigen and costimulatory mAb may provide effective immunotherapy against neuroblastoma and may be of particular use in the minimal residual disease setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Williams
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Research UK Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Kayes T, Fang Y, Yu S, Downey E, Wang S, Braley-Mullen H. Agonistic anti-CD40 induces thyrocyte proliferation and promotes thyroid autoimmunity by increasing CD40 expression on thyroid epithelial cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3928-38. [PMID: 23509363 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD40 is expressed on cells of the immune system and in some tissues that are targets for autoimmune-mediated damage. It is not known if CD40 expression in target tissues plays a role in the pathology of autoimmune diseases. This study shows that agonistic anti-CD40 induces strong and sustained proliferation of thyroid epithelial cells (TECs), or thyrocytes, in IFN-γ(-/-) autoimmune-prone NOD and NOD.H-2h4 mice. TEC proliferation is accompanied by greatly increased expression of CD40 on TECs, development of fibrosis and hypothyroidism, and increased expression of proinflammatory molecules in thyroids. Bone marrow chimera experiments indicate that TEC expression of CD40 is required for anti-CD40-induced TEC proliferation, but lymphoid cells do not have to express CD40. TEC proliferation is reduced in wild-type mice given anti-CD40, presumably because they produce IFN-γ, which inhibits TEC proliferation. CD40 also increases on TECs during development of an autoimmune thyroid disease characterized by TEC hyperproliferation that develops spontaneously in IFN-γ(-/-) NOD.H-2h4 mice. TEC hyperproliferation development is accelerated in mice given agonistic anti-CD40. These studies provide new information regarding the role of target tissue expression of CD40 in development of autoimmunity and suggest that use of agonistic anti-CD40 for tumor therapy could result in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Kayes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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40
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Kornbluth RS, Stempniak M, Stone GW. Design of CD40 agonists and their use in growing B cells for cancer immunotherapy. Int Rev Immunol 2012; 31:279-88. [PMID: 22804572 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.703272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CD40 stimulation has produced impressive results in early-stage clinical trials of patients with cancer. Further progress will be facilitated by a better understanding of how the CD40 receptor becomes activated and the subsequent functions of CD40-stimulated immune cells. This review focuses on two aspects of this subject. The first is the recent recognition that signaling by CD40 is initiated when the receptors are induced to cluster within the membrane of responding cells. This requirement for CD40 clustering explains the stimulatory effects of certain anti-CD40 antibodies and the activity of many-trimer, but not one-trimer, forms of CD40 ligand (CD40L, CD154). The second topic is the use of these CD40 activators to expand B cells ("CD40-B cells"). As antigen-presenting cells (APCs), CD40-B cells are as effective as dendritic cells, with the important difference that CD40 B cells can be induced to proliferate in vitro, whereas DCs proliferate poorly if at all. As a result, the use of CD40-B cells as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) promises to streamline the generation of anti-tumor CD8(+) T cells for the adoptive cell therapy (ACT) of cancer.
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Rakhmilevich AL, Alderson KL, Sondel PM. T-cell-independent antitumor effects of CD40 ligation. Int Rev Immunol 2012; 31:267-78. [PMID: 22804571 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.698337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CD40 ligation has been shown to induce antitumor effects in mice and cancer patients. Most of the studies have focused on the ability of an agonistic anti-CD40 mAb to either directly kill CD40-positive tumor cells or activate T-cell immune responses. In this review the authors focus on the ability of CD40 ligation to activate antitumor effector mechanisms of the cells of innate immunity such as macrophages and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Rakhmilevich
- Department of Human Oncology and Paul P. Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:3-13. [PMID: 22245472 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the clinical utility of monoclonal antibodies has been realized and antibodies are now a mainstay for the treatment of cancer. Antibodies have the unique capacity to target and kill tumor cells while simultaneously activating immune effectors to kill tumor cells through the complement cascade or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). This multifaceted mechanism of action combined with target specificity underlies the capacity of antibodies to elicit anti-tumor responses while minimizing the frequency and magnitude of adverse events. This review will focus on mechanisms of action, clinical applications and putative mechanisms of resistance to monoclonal antibody therapy in the context of cancer.
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Abstract
The surveillance of tumors by the immune system of cancer patients and its impact on disease progression and patient survival have been largely documented over the last years. In parallel, the use of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in oncology has gained a widespread recognition as it has made it possible to increase patient survival and to ameliorate the quality of life in a number of cancers. However, the clinical responses observed following mAb treatment remain largely heterogeneous and their duration is still highly unpredictable. Recently, the concept that the injection of therapeutic antibodies not only triggers early anti-tumor events such as receptor blockade, cytostasis, apoptosis, complement-dependent cytotoxicity and/or antibody-dependent cytotoxicity but also allows the host immune system to fight tumor cells through the development of a long-lasting adaptive immunity has emerged. In the present review, we will examine the arguments that support this concept by detailing the cellular and molecular events likely to underlie the induction of an efficient anti-tumor adaptive immune response by mAbs. We will also discuss the consequences of this induction on the way therapeutic antibodies can be used and inserted in a more global immunotherapeutic approach aiming at strengthening the adaptive anti-tumor immune response developed by cancer patients.
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Sivendran S, Glodny B, Pan M, Merad M, Saenger Y. Melanoma Immunotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 77:620-42. [DOI: 10.1002/msj.20215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Whiteside TL. Inhibiting the inhibitors: evaluating agents targeting cancer immunosuppression. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:1019-35. [PMID: 20415597 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.482207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Immunotherapy of cancer has not improved disease-free or overall patient survival. The lack of concordance between immunological and clinical responses in cancer immunotherapy trials is thought to result from the pervasive presence of tumor-driven immune suppression that allows tumor to escape and that has not been adequately targeted by current therapies. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Because multiple mechanisms of tumor induced suppression have been identified and shown to contribute to tumor escape, the opportunity arises to interfere with these mechanisms. A range of known tumor-derived inhibitors can now be blocked or neutralized by biologic or metabolic agents. Used alone or in combination with each other or with conventional cancer therapies, these agents offer novel therapeutic strategies for the control of tumor escape. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review deals with currently available inhibitors for counteracting tumor immune escape. The restoration of effective anti-tumor immunity in patients with cancer will require new approaches aiming at: i) protection of immune cells from adverse effects of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells or inhibitory factors thus enhancing effector functions; and ii) prolonging survival of central memory T cells, thus ensuring long-term protection. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Inhibitors of mechanisms responsible for tumor escape could restore anti-tumor immune responses in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Whiteside
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, Pathology, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, 15213 USA.
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CD40 signaling activated by agonistic anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody 5C11 has different effects on biological behavior of gastric carcinoma cells. Immunol Lett 2010; 131:120-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Antibodies are important therapeutic agents for cancer. Recently, it has become clear that antibodies possess several clinically relevant mechanisms of action. Many clinically useful antibodies can manipulate tumour-related signalling. In addition, antibodies exhibit various immunomodulatory properties and, by directly activating or inhibiting molecules of the immune system, antibodies can promote the induction of antitumour immune responses. These immunomodulatory properties can form the basis for new cancer treatment strategies.
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Brennan FR, Morton LD, Spindeldreher S, Kiessling A, Allenspach R, Hey A, Muller PY, Frings W, Sims J. Safety and immunotoxicity assessment of immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies. MAbs 2010; 2:233-55. [PMID: 20421713 PMCID: PMC2881251 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.2.3.11782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Most therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) licensed for human use or in clinical development are indicated for treatment of patients with cancer and inflammatory/autoimmune disease and as such, are designed to directly interact with the immune system. A major hurdle for the development and early clinical investigation of many of these immunomodulatory mAbs is their inherent risk for adverse immune-mediated drug reactions in humans such as infusion reactions, cytokine storms, immunosuppression and autoimmunity. A thorough understanding of the immunopharmacology of a mAb in humans and animals is required to both anticipate the clinical risk of adverse immunotoxicological events and to select a safe starting dose for first-in-human (FIH) clinical studies. This review summarizes the most common adverse immunotoxicological events occurring in humans with immunomodulatory mAbs and outlines non-clinical strategies to define their immunopharmacology and assess their immunotoxic potential, as well as reduce the risk of immunotoxicity through rational mAb design. Tests to assess the relative risk of mAb candidates for cytokine release syndrome, innate immune system (dendritic cell) activation and immunogenicity in humans are also described. The importance of selecting a relevant and sensitive toxicity species for human safety assessment in which the immunopharmacology of the mAb is similar to that expected in humans is highlighted, as is the importance of understanding the limitations of the species selected for human safety assessment and supplementation of in vivo safety assessment with appropriate in vitro human assays. A tiered approach to assess effects on immune status, immune function and risk of infection and cancer, governed by the mechanism of action and structural features of the mAb, is described. Finally, the use of immunopharmacology and immunotoxicity data in determining a minimum anticipated biologic effect Level (MABEL) and in the selection of safe human starting dose is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank R Brennan
- Novartis Biologicals, Translational Sciences and Safety, Basel, Switzerland.
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