1
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Ortega E, Boothroyd C, de Jonge N. The influence of chromatic aberration on the dose-limited spatial resolution of transmission electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2021; 230:113383. [PMID: 34450389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of chromatic aberration (CC) on the spatial resolution in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was studied in thick specimens in which the sample becomes the limiting factor in the resolution. The sample influences the energy spread of the electron beam, allows only a limited electron dose, and modulates electron scattering events. The experimental set-up consisted of a thin silicon nitride membrane and a silicon wedge containing gold nanoparticles. The resolution was measured as a function of electron dose and sample thickness for different sample configurations and for different microscopy modalities including regular TEM, energy filtered TEM (EFTEM) and CC-corrected TEM. Comparison with an analytical model aided the understanding of the experimental data applied over varied conditions. The general trend for all microscopy modalities was a transition from a noise-limited resolution at low electron dose to a CC-limited resolution at high-dose in the absence of beam blurring. EFTEM required an accurate energy slit offset and an optimal energy spread to energy-slit width ratio to surpass regular TEM. The key advantage of CC correction appeared to be the best possible resolution for larger sample thickness at low electron dose outperforming EFTEM by about fifty percent. Several hypothetical sample configurations relevant to liquid phase electron microscopy were evaluated as well to demonstrate the capabilities of the analytical model and to determine the most optimal microscopy modality for this type of experiment. The analytical model included an automated optimization of the EFTEM settings and may aid in optimizing the sample-limited resolution for experimental analysis and planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Ortega
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
| | - Chris Boothroyd
- Facility for Analysis Characterisation Testing and Simulation and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798 Singapore
| | - Niels de Jonge
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany; Department of Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany.
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2
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Mendes RG, Ta HQ, Yang X, Bachmatiuk A, Praus P, Mamakhel A, Iversen BB, Su R, Gemming T, Rümmeli MH. Tailoring the stoichiometry of C 3N 4 nanosheets under electron beam irradiation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:4747-4756. [PMID: 33599219 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06518h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional polymeric graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a low-cost material with versatile properties that can be enhanced by the introduction of dopant atoms and by changing the degree of polymerization/stoichiometry, which offers significant benefits for numerous applications. Herein, we investigate the stability of g-C3N4 under electron beam irradiation inside a transmission electron microscope operating at different electron acceleration voltages. Our findings indicate that the degradation of g-C3N4 occurs with N species preferentially removed over C species. However, the precise nitrogen group from which N is removed from g-C3N4 (C-N-C, [double bond, length as m-dash]NH or -NH2) is unclear. Moreover, the rate of degradation increases with decreasing electron acceleration voltage, suggesting that inelastic scattering events (radiolysis) dominate over elastic events (knock-on damage). The rate of degradation by removing N atoms is also sensitive to the current density. Hence, we demonstrate that both the electron acceleration voltage and the current density are parameters with which one can use to control the stoichiometry. Moreover, as N species were preferentially removed, the d-spacing of the carbon nitride structure increased. These findings provide a deeper understanding of g-C3N4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael G Mendes
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Huy Q Ta
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Xiaoqin Yang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Alicja Bachmatiuk
- Polish Center for Technology Development (PORT), Ul. Stabłowicka 147, Wrocław 54-066, Poland and Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland
| | - Petr Praus
- Department of Chemistry, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic and Center for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17 Listopadu 15, Ostrava, 708 33, Czech Republic
| | - Aref Mamakhel
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bo B Iversen
- Center for Materials Crystallography, Department of Chemistry and iNANO, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ren Su
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Thomas Gemming
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Mark H Rümmeli
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden, Helmholtzstr. 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany. and Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland and Center for Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17 Listopadu 15, Ostrava, 708 33, Czech Republic and Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Energy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
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3
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Olshin P, Bongiovanni G, Drabbels M, Lorenz UJ. Atomic-Resolution Imaging of Fast Nanoscale Dynamics with Bright Microsecond Electron Pulses. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:612-618. [PMID: 33301321 PMCID: PMC7809695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Atomic-resolution electron microscopy is a crucial tool to elucidate the structure of matter. Recently, fast electron cameras have added the time domain to high-resolution imaging, allowing static images to be acquired as movies from which sample drift can later be removed computationally and enabling real-time observations of atomic-scale dynamics on the millisecond time scale. Even higher time resolution can be achieved with short electron pulses, yet their potential for atomic-resolution imaging remains unexplored. Here, we generate high-brightness microsecond electron pulses from a Schottky emitter whose current we briefly drive to near its limit. We demonstrate that drift-corrected imaging with such pulses can achieve atomic resolution in the presence of much larger amounts of drift than with a continuous electron beam. Moreover, such pulses enable atomic-resolution observations on the microsecond time scale, which we employ to elucidate the crystallization pathways of individual metal nanoparticles as well as the high-temperature transformation of perovskite nanocrystals.
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4
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Umrekar TR, Cohen E, Drobnič T, Gonzalez-Rodriguez N, Beeby M. CryoEM of bacterial secretion systems: A primer for microbiologists. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:366-382. [PMID: 33140482 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
"CryoEM" has come of age, enabling considerable structural insights into many facets of molecular biology. Here, we present a primer for microbiologists to understand the capabilities and limitations of two complementary cryoEM techniques for studying bacterial secretion systems. The first, single particle analysis, determines the structures of purified protein complexes to resolutions sufficient for molecular modeling, while the second, electron cryotomography and subtomogram averaging, tends to determine more modest resolution structures of protein complexes in intact cells. We illustrate these abilities with examples of insights provided into how secretion systems work by cryoEM, with a focus on type III secretion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eli Cohen
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tina Drobnič
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Morgan Beeby
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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5
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Nakane T, Kotecha A, Sente A, McMullan G, Masiulis S, Brown PMGE, Grigoras IT, Malinauskaite L, Malinauskas T, Miehling J, Uchański T, Yu L, Karia D, Pechnikova EV, de Jong E, Keizer J, Bischoff M, McCormack J, Tiemeijer P, Hardwick SW, Chirgadze DY, Murshudov G, Aricescu AR, Scheres SHW. Single-particle cryo-EM at atomic resolution. Nature 2020; 587:152-156. [PMID: 33087931 PMCID: PMC7611073 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional positions of atoms in protein molecules define their structure and their roles in biological processes. The more precisely atomic coordinates are determined, the more chemical information can be derived and the more mechanistic insights into protein function may be inferred. Electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) single-particle analysis has yielded protein structures with increasing levels of detail in recent years1,2. However, it has proved difficult to obtain cryo-EM reconstructions with sufficient resolution to visualize individual atoms in proteins. Here we use a new electron source, energy filter and camera to obtain a 1.7 Å resolution cryo-EM reconstruction for a human membrane protein, the β3 GABAA receptor homopentamer3. Such maps allow a detailed understanding of small-molecule coordination, visualization of solvent molecules and alternative conformations for multiple amino acids, and unambiguous building of ordered acidic side chains and glycans. Applied to mouse apoferritin, our strategy led to a 1.22 Å resolution reconstruction that offers a genuine atomic-resolution view of a protein molecule using single-particle cryo-EM. Moreover, the scattering potential from many hydrogen atoms can be visualized in difference maps, allowing a direct analysis of hydrogen-bonding networks. Our technological advances, combined with further approaches to accelerate data acquisition and improve sample quality, provide a route towards routine application of cryo-EM in high-throughput screening of small molecule modulators and structure-based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- Materials and Structural Analysis Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Simonas Masiulis
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Materials and Structural Analysis Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ioana T Grigoras
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Tomas Malinauskas
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Tomasz Uchański
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lingbo Yu
- Materials and Structural Analysis Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dimple Karia
- Materials and Structural Analysis Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Evgeniya V Pechnikova
- Materials and Structural Analysis Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin de Jong
- Materials and Structural Analysis Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Keizer
- Materials and Structural Analysis Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Bischoff
- Materials and Structural Analysis Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie McCormack
- Materials and Structural Analysis Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Tiemeijer
- Materials and Structural Analysis Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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6
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Atomic-resolution protein structure determination by cryo-EM. Nature 2020; 587:157-161. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2833-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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7
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Olshin PK, Drabbels M, Lorenz UJ. Characterization of a time-resolved electron microscope with a Schottky field emission gun. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2020; 7:054304. [PMID: 33062804 PMCID: PMC7532021 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth of the field of time-resolved and ultrafast electron microscopy has been accompanied by the active development of new instrumentation. Recently, time-resolved microscopes equipped with a field emission gun have been introduced, demonstrating great potential for experiments that benefit from the high brightness and coherence of the electron source. Here, we describe a straightforward design of a time-resolved transmission electron microscope with a Schottky field emission gun and characterize its performance. At the same time, our design gives us the flexibility to alternatively operate the instrument as if it was equipped with a flat metal photocathode. We can, thus, effectively choose to sacrifice brightness in order to obtain pulses with vastly larger numbers of electrons than from the emitter if for a given application the number of electrons is a crucial figure of merit. We believe that our straightforward and flexible design will be of great practical relevance to researchers wishing to enter the field.
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8
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Franken LE, Grünewald K, Boekema EJ, Stuart MCA. A Technical Introduction to Transmission Electron Microscopy for Soft-Matter: Imaging, Possibilities, Choices, and Technical Developments. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1906198. [PMID: 32130784 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201906198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
With a significant role in material sciences, physics, (soft matter) chemistry, and biology, the transmission electron microscope is one of the most widely applied structural analysis tool to date. It has the power to visualize almost everything from the micrometer to the angstrom scale. Technical developments keep opening doors to new fields of research by improving aspects such as sample preservation, detector performance, computational power, and workflow automation. For more than half a century, and continuing into the future, electron microscopy has been, and is, a cornerstone methodology in science. Herein, the technical considerations of imaging with electrons in terms of optics, technology, samples and processing, and targeted soft materials are summarized. Furthermore, recent advances and their potential for application to soft matter chemistry are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda E Franken
- Department of Structural Cell Biology of Viruses, Heinrich-Pette Institute-Leibniz-Institute of Experimental Virology University of Hamburg, Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kay Grünewald
- Department of Structural Cell Biology of Viruses, Heinrich-Pette Institute-Leibniz-Institute of Experimental Virology University of Hamburg, Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Egbert J Boekema
- Electron Microscopy Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc C A Stuart
- Electron Microscopy Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Chen Q, Dwyer C, Sheng G, Zhu C, Li X, Zheng C, Zhu Y. Imaging Beam-Sensitive Materials by Electron Microscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907619. [PMID: 32108394 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Electron microscopy allows the extraction of multidimensional spatiotemporally correlated structural information of diverse materials down to atomic resolution, which is essential for figuring out their structure-property relationships. Unfortunately, the high-energy electrons that carry this important information can cause damage by modulating the structures of the materials. This has become a significant problem concerning the recent boost in materials science applications of a wide range of beam-sensitive materials, including metal-organic frameworks, covalent-organic frameworks, organic-inorganic hybrid materials, 2D materials, and zeolites. To this end, developing electron microscopy techniques that minimize the electron beam damage for the extraction of intrinsic structural information turns out to be a compelling but challenging need. This article provides a comprehensive review on the revolutionary strategies toward the electron microscopic imaging of beam-sensitive materials and associated materials science discoveries, based on the principles of electron-matter interaction and mechanisms of electron beam damage. Finally, perspectives and future trends in this field are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Chen
- Center for Electron Microscopy, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Christian Dwyer
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1504, USA
| | - Guan Sheng
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chongzhi Zhu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xiaonian Li
- Center for Electron Microscopy, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Changlin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yihan Zhu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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10
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Ming WQ, Chen JH, He YT, Shen RH, Chen ZK. An improved iterative wave function reconstruction algorithm in high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 195:111-120. [PMID: 30227297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Exit wavefunction reconstruction is a powerful image processing technique to enhance the resolution and the signal-to-noise ratio for atomic-resolution imaging in both aberration uncorrected and corrected transmission electron microscopes. The present study aims to improve the performance of the iterative wavefunction reconstruction algorithm in comparison not only with its conventional form but also with the popular commercial Trueimage software for exit wavefunction reconstruction. It is shown that by implementing a wave propagation procedure for refining its image alignment, the iterative wavefunction reconstruction algorithm can be greatly improved in accurately retrieving the wavefunctions while keeping its original advantages, which allow the reconstruction be performed with less images and a larger defocus step in the data set of through-focus image series. In addition, calculations of this algorithm can be accelerated drastically by the graphic processing unit (GPU) hardware programming using the popular computer unified device architecture language, whose computing speed can be 25-38 times as fast as a central processing unit (CPU) program.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Q Ming
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Centre for High Resolution Electron Microscopy, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - J H Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Centre for High Resolution Electron Microscopy, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Y T He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Centre for High Resolution Electron Microscopy, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - R H Shen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Centre for High Resolution Electron Microscopy, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Z K Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Centre for High Resolution Electron Microscopy, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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11
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Börrnert F, Renner J, Kaiser U. Electron Source Brightness and Illumination Semi-Angle Distribution Measurement in a Transmission Electron Microscope. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2018; 24:249-255. [PMID: 29781407 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The electron source brightness is an important parameter of an electron microscope. Reliable and easy brightness measurement routes are not easily found. A determination method for the illumination semi-angle distribution in transmission electron microscopy is even less well documented. Herein, we report a facile measurement route for both entities and demonstrate it on a state-of-the-art instrument. The reduced axial brightness of the FEI X-FEG with a monochromator was determined to be larger than 108 A/(m2 sr V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Börrnert
- Materialwissenschaftliche Elektronenmikroskopie,Universität Ulm,Albert-Einstein-Allee 11,89081 Ulm,Germany
| | - Julian Renner
- Materialwissenschaftliche Elektronenmikroskopie,Universität Ulm,Albert-Einstein-Allee 11,89081 Ulm,Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Materialwissenschaftliche Elektronenmikroskopie,Universität Ulm,Albert-Einstein-Allee 11,89081 Ulm,Germany
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12
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Kamiuchi N, Sun K, Aso R, Tane M, Tamaoka T, Yoshida H, Takeda S. Self-activated surface dynamics in gold catalysts under reaction environments. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2060. [PMID: 29802253 PMCID: PMC5970267 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04412-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoporous gold (NPG) with sponge-like structures has been studied by atomic-scale and microsecond-resolution environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) combined with ab initio energy calculations. Peculiar surface dynamics were found in the reaction environment for the oxidation of CO at room temperature, involving residual silver in the NPG leaves as well as gold and oxygen atoms, especially on {110} facets. The NPG is thus classified as a novel self-activating catalyst. The essential structure unit for catalytic activity was identified as Au–AgO surface clusters, implying that the NPG is regarded as a nano-structured silver oxide catalyst supported on the matrix of NPG, or an inverse catalyst of a supported gold nanoparticulate (AuNP) catalyst. Hence, the catalytically active structure in the gold catalysts (supported AuNP and NPG catalysts) can now be experimentally unified in low-temperature CO oxidation, a step forward towards elucidating the fascinating catalysis mechanism of gold. Nanoporous gold (NPG) has gained significant attention, but its catalytically active structure has not yet been clarified. Here, the authors identify the catalytically active and dynamic structure in NPG by combining atomic-scale and microsecond-resolution environmental transmission electron microscopy with ab initio calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Kamiuchi
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Keju Sun
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan.,Research Institute for Ubiquitous Energy Devices, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31, Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan.,Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, 438 Hebei Avenue, Qinhuangdao, 066004 Hebei, China
| | - Ryotaro Aso
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Masakazu Tane
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takehiro Tamaoka
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Hideto Yoshida
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Seiji Takeda
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan.
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13
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Wen Y, Shang T, Gu L. Analytical ABF-STEM imaging of Li ions in rechargeable batteries. Microscopy (Oxf) 2018; 66:25-38. [PMID: 27856513 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfw100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rechargeable batteries are being intensively investigated in an attempt to solve the energy issues while meeting the environmental demands. Even though Li-ion batteries (LIB) with high energy and light weight have been commercialized within the last 20 years, these devices currently require higher energy density, output power and sustainability characteristics. The atomic behavior of Li ion that determines LIB's performance is hardly characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) owing to its weak electron-scattering power. In this sense, annular bright-field (ABF) scanning TEM (STEM), in which the contrast has a low scaling rate with the atomic number, has been proven to be a robust technique for simultaneous imaging of light and heavy elements. The s-state model, in which electron channeling along the atomic column allows the intensity to be focusing in the forward direction, has successfully explained the theory of ABF contrast. Furthermore, the detector angle range, the defocus-thickness dependence and the accelerating voltage (among other parameters) were discussed for optimized imaging conditions. ABF-STEM has shown powerful capabilities in resolving the atomic structure and the chemistry of electrodes (e.g. Li-ion occupation and diffusion, phase transformation and interface reaction), thereby providing critical insights into the physical properties, the battery performance and the design guidance of LIB. The future directions of ABF imaging for the characterization of LIB materials were also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuren Wen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tongtong Shang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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14
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Ning S, Fujita T, Nie A, Wang Z, Xu X, Chen J, Chen M, Yao S, Zhang TY. Scanning distortion correction in STEM images. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 184:274-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Li J, Jia Y, Xu Y, Yang H, Sun LD, Yan CH, Bie LJ, Ju J. In situepitaxial growth of GdF3on NaGdF4:Yb,Er nanoparticles. Inorg Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qi00527j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
By electron-beam irradiation of TEM, GdF3(020) was epitaxially grown on the interface of NaGdF4(111).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfeng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
| | - Yunling Jia
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Yuejiao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Hui Yang
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
- China
| | - Ling-dong Sun
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Chun-hua Yan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
| | - Li-jian Bie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
| | - Jing Ju
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
- Beijing 100871
- China
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16
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Morishita S, Mukai M, Suenaga K, Sawada H. Atomic Resolution Imaging at an Ultralow Accelerating Voltage by a Monochromatic Transmission Electron Microscope. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:153004. [PMID: 27768334 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.153004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy using low-energy electrons would be very useful for atomic resolution imaging of specimens that would be damaged at higher energies. However, the resolution at low voltages is degraded because of geometrical and chromatic aberrations. In the present study, we diminish the effect of these aberrations by using a delta-type corrector and a monochromator. The dominant residual aberration in a delta-type corrector, which is the sixth-order three-lobe aberration, is counterbalanced by other threefold aberrations. Defocus spread caused by chromatic aberration is reduced by using a monochromated beam with an energy spread of 0.05 eV. We obtain images of graphene and demonstrate atomic resolution at an ultralow accelerating voltage of 15 kV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masaki Mukai
- JEOL Limited, 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - Kazu Suenaga
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Sawada
- JEOL Limited, 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
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17
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Ke X, Bittencourt C, Van Tendeloo G. Possibilities and limitations of advanced transmission electron microscopy for carbon-based nanomaterials. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:1541-57. [PMID: 26425406 PMCID: PMC4578338 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A major revolution for electron microscopy in the past decade is the introduction of aberration correction, which enables one to increase both the spatial resolution and the energy resolution to the optical limit. Aberration correction has contributed significantly to the imaging at low operating voltages. This is crucial for carbon-based nanomaterials which are sensitive to electron irradiation. The research of carbon nanomaterials and nanohybrids, in particular the fundamental understanding of defects and interfaces, can now be carried out in unprecedented detail by aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (AC-TEM). This review discusses new possibilities and limits of AC-TEM at low voltage, including the structural imaging at atomic resolution, in three dimensions and spectroscopic investigation of chemistry and bonding. In situ TEM of carbon-based nanomaterials is discussed and illustrated through recent reports with particular emphasis on the underlying physics of interactions between electrons and carbon atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Ke
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Institute of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Carla Bittencourt
- Chemistry of Interaction Plasma Surface (ChiPS), University of Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
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18
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Röder F, Lubk A. A proposal for the holographic correction of incoherent aberrations by tilted reference waves. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 152:63-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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The correction of electron lens aberrations. Ultramicroscopy 2015; 156:A1-64. [PMID: 26025209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The progress of electron lens aberration correction from about 1990 onwards is chronicled. Reasonably complete lists of publications on this and related topics are appended. A present for Max Haider and Ondrej Krivanek in the year of their 65th birthdays. By a happy coincidence, this review was completed in the year that both Max Haider and Ondrej Krivanek reached the age of 65. It is a pleasure to dedicate it to the two leading actors in the saga of aberration corrector design and construction. They would both wish to associate their colleagues with such a tribute but it is the names of Haider and Krivanek (not forgetting Joachim Zach) that will remain in the annals of electron optics, next to that of Harald Rose. I am proud to know that both regard me as a friend as well as a colleague.
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20
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Gu L, Xiao D, Hu YS, Li H, Ikuhara Y. Atomic-scale structure evolution in a quasi-equilibrated electrochemical process of electrode materials for rechargeable batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:2134-2149. [PMID: 25677246 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201404620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries have proven to be extremely attractive candidates for applications in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and smart grid in terms of energy density, power density, and service life. Further performance optimization to satisfy ever-increasing demands on energy storage of such applications is highly desired. In most of cases, the kinetics and stability of electrode materials are strongly correlated to the transport and storage behaviors of lithium ions in the lattice of the host. Therefore, information about structural evolution of electrode materials at an atomic scale is always helpful to explain the electrochemical performances of batteries at a macroscale. The annular-bright-field (ABF) imaging in aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) allows simultaneous imaging of light and heavy elements, providing an unprecedented opportunity to probe the nearly equilibrated local structure of electrode materials after electrochemical cycling at atomic resolution. Recent progress toward unraveling the atomic-scale structure of selected electrode materials with different charge and/or discharge state to extend the current understanding of electrochemical reaction mechanism with the ABF and high angle annular dark field STEM imaging is presented here. Future research on the relationship between atomic-level structure evolution and microscopic reaction mechanisms of electrode materials for rechargeable batteries is envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Gu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed, Matter Physics, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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21
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Su DS, Zhang B, Schlögl R. Electron microscopy of solid catalysts--transforming from a challenge to a toolbox. Chem Rev 2015; 115:2818-82. [PMID: 25826447 DOI: 10.1021/cr500084c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dang Sheng Su
- †Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.,‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bingsen Zhang
- †Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Robert Schlögl
- ‡Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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22
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Instrumental requirements for the detection of electron beam-induced object excitations at the single atom level in high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Micron 2015; 68:186-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Egoavil R, Gauquelin N, Martinez G, Van Aert S, Van Tendeloo G, Verbeeck J. Atomic resolution mapping of phonon excitations in STEM-EELS experiments. Ultramicroscopy 2014; 147:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Abstract
A few practical aspects of monochromators recently developed for transmission electron microscopy are briefly reviewed. The basic structures and properties of four monochromators, a single Wien filter monochromator, a double Wien filter monochromator, an omega-shaped electrostatic monochromator and an alpha-shaped magnetic monochromator, are outlined. The advantages and side effects of these monochromators in spectroscopy and imaging are pointed out. A few properties of the monochromators in imaging, such as spatial or angular chromaticity, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kimoto
- Electron Microscopy Group, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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25
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Kimoto K, Sawada H, Sasaki T, Sato Y, Nagai T, Ohwada M, Suenaga K, Ishizuka K. Quantitative evaluation of temporal partial coherence using 3D Fourier transforms of through-focus TEM images. Ultramicroscopy 2013; 134:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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26
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Haigh S, Jiang B, Alloyeau D, Kisielowski C, Kirkland A. Recording low and high spatial frequencies in exit wave reconstructions. Ultramicroscopy 2013; 133:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Bosman M, Ye E, Tan SF, Nijhuis CA, Yang JKW, Marty R, Mlayah A, Arbouet A, Girard C, Han MY. Surface plasmon damping quantified with an electron nanoprobe. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1312. [PMID: 23425921 PMCID: PMC3578264 DOI: 10.1038/srep01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fabrication and synthesis of plasmonic structures is rapidly moving towards sub-nanometer accuracy in control over shape and inter-particle distance. This holds the promise for developing device components based on novel, non-classical electro-optical effects. Monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) has in recent years demonstrated its value as a qualitative experimental technique in nano-optics and plasmonic due to its unprecedented spatial resolution. Here, we demonstrate that EELS can also be used quantitatively, to probe surface plasmon kinetics and damping in single nanostructures. Using this approach, we present from a large (>50) series of individual gold nanoparticles the plasmon Quality factors and the plasmon Dephasing times, as a function of energy/frequency. It is shown that the measured general trend applies to regular particle shapes (rods, spheres) as well as irregular shapes (dendritic, branched morphologies). The combination of direct sub-nanometer imaging with EELS-based plasmon damping analysis launches quantitative nanoplasmonics research into the sub-nanometer realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Bosman
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR-Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602.
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28
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Schramm SM, van der Molen SJ, Tromp RM. Intrinsic instability of aberration-corrected electron microscopes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:163901. [PMID: 23215077 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.163901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Aberration-corrected microscopes with subatomic resolution will impact broad areas of science and technology. However, the experimentally observed lifetime of the corrected state is just a few minutes. Here we show that the corrected state is intrinsically unstable; the higher its quality, the more unstable it is. Analyzing the contrast transfer function near optimum correction, we define an "instability budget" which allows a rational trade-off between resolution and stability. Unless control systems are developed to overcome these challenges, intrinsic instability poses a fundamental limit to the resolution practically achievable in the electron microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Schramm
- Leiden University, Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, P.O. Box 9504, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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29
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Barton B, Jiang B, Song C, Specht P, Calderon H, Kisielowski C. Atomic resolution phase contrast imaging and in-line holography using variable voltage and dose rate. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2012; 18:982-994. [PMID: 23083920 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927612001213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The TEAM 0.5 electron microscope is employed to demonstrate atomic resolution phase contrast imaging and focal series reconstruction with acceleration voltages between 20 and 300 kV and a variable dose rate. A monochromator with an energy spread of ≤0.1 eV is used for dose variation by a factor of 1,000 and to provide a beam-limiting aperture. The sub-Ångstrøm performance of the instrument remains uncompromised. Using samples obtained from silicon wafers by chemical etching, the [200] atom dumbbell distance of 1.36 Å can be resolved in single images and reconstructed exit wave functions at 300, 80, and 50 kV. At 20 kV, atomic resolution <2 Å is readily available but limited by residual lens aberrations at large scattering angles. Exit wave functions reconstructed from images recorded under low dose rate conditions show sharper atom peaks as compared to high dose rate. The observed dose rate dependence of the signal is explained by a reduction of beam-induced atom displacements. If a combined sample and instrument instability is considered, the experimental image contrast can be matched quantitatively to simulations. The described development allows for atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy of interfaces between soft and hard materials over a wide range of voltages and electron doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Barton
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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30
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Aguiar JA, Reed BW, Ramasse QM, Erni R, Browning ND. Quantifying the low-energy limit and spectral resolution in valence electron energy loss spectroscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2012; 124:130-8. [PMID: 23154033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While the development of monochromators for scanning transmission electron microscopes (STEM) has improved our ability to resolve spectral features in the 0-5 eV energy range of the electron energy loss spectrum, the overall benefits relative to unfiltered microscopes have been difficult to quantify. Simple curve fitting and reciprocal space models that extrapolate the expected behavior of the zero-loss peak are not enough to fully exploit the optimal spectral limit and can hinder the ease of interpreting the resulting spectra due to processing-induced artifacts. To address this issue, here we present a quantitative comparison of two processing methods for performing ZLP removal and for defining the low-energy spectral limit applied to three microscopes with different intrinsic emission and energy resolutions. Applying the processing techniques to spectroscopic data obtained from each instrument leads in each case to a marked improvement in the spectroscopic limit, regardless of the technique implemented or the microscope setup. The example application chosen to benchmark these processing techniques is the energy limit obtained from a silicon wedge sample as a function of thickness. Based on these results, we conclude on the possibility to resolve statistically significant spectral features to within a hundred meV of the native instrumental energy spread, opening up the future prospect of tracking phonon peaks as new and improved hardware becomes available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery A Aguiar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95618, USA.
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31
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Tiemeijer P, Bischoff M, Freitag B, Kisielowski C. Using a monochromator to improve the resolution in TEM to below 0.5Å. Part II: Application to focal series reconstruction. Ultramicroscopy 2012; 118:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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32
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Surface Imaging by ABF-STEM: Lithium Ions in Diffusion Channel of LIB Electrode Materials. E-JOURNAL OF SURFACE SCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2012.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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