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Ghosh S, Sahu M. Ultrasound for the degradation of endocrine disrupting compounds in aqueous solution: A review on mechanisms, influence of operating parameters and cost estimation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140864. [PMID: 38061558 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Availability of drinking water is one of the basic humanitarian goals but remains as a grand challenge that the world is facing today. Currently, water bodies are contaminated not only with conventional pollutants but also with numerous recalcitrant pollutants, such as PPCPs, endocrine disrupting compounds, etc. These emerging pollutants require special attention because of their toxicity to living organisms, bio-resistant and can sustain even after primary and secondary treatments of wastewater. Among different treatment technologies, sonolysis is found to be an innovative and promising technique for the treatment of emerging pollutants present in aqueous solution. Sonolysis is the use of ultrasound to enhance or alter chemical reactions by the formation of free radicals and shock waves which ultimately helps in degradation of pollutants. This review summarizes several studies in the sonochemical literature, including mechanisms of sonochemical process, physical and chemical effects of ultrasound, and the influence of several process variables such as ultrasound frequency, power density, temperature and pH of the medium on degradation performance for endocrine disrupting compounds. In addition, this review highlighted techno-economic perspectives focusing on the total cost required for translating the ultrasound-based processes on a large scale. Overall, the objective of this study is to exhibit a critical review of information available in the literature to encourage and promote future research on sonolysis for the degradation of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Ghosh
- Aerosol and Nanoparticle Technology Laboratory, Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Manoranjan Sahu
- Aerosol and Nanoparticle Technology Laboratory, Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India; Inter-Disciplinary Program in Climate Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India; Centre for Machine Intelligence and Data Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India.
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2
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Roshani M, Nematollahi D, Ansari A, Adib K, Masoudi-Khoram M. Boosted electrocatalytic oxidation of organophosphorus pesticides by a novel high-efficiency CeO 2-Doped PbO 2 anode: An electrochemical study, parameter optimization and degradation mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 346:140597. [PMID: 37925025 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a novel and highly efficient electrocatalytic degradation method for two significant organophosphorus pesticides, fenitrothion (FEN), and methyl parathion (MPN), using a Ti/β-PbO2-CeO2 modified anode (indirect oxidation). A comprehensive electrochemical investigation was also carried out to gain new insight into the redox behavior and destruction pathway of these pesticides (direct oxidation). The study also explores the effects of various operating parameters, such as initial solution pH, applied current density, and initial pesticides concentration, on the conversion-paired electrocatalytic removal process. To further enhance the degradation efficiency, a new configuration of the electrochemical cell was designed, employing two types of electrodes and two independent power supply devices. The conversion paired electrocatalytic degradation process of these pesticides involves first the direct reduction of FEN (or MPN) on a graphite cathode and then the indirect oxidation of reduced FEN (or MPN) by hydroxyl radicals electro generated on the Ti/β-PbO2-CeO2 anode. The synergism of these two processes together will effectively lead to FEN (or MPN) degradation. The degradation percentages of 98% for FEN and 95% for MPN at the optimal conditions for the electrochemical degradation of these pesticides were achieved at pH = 7, initial concentration 50 mg L-1, with a current density of 90 mA cm-2 for direct reduction and 11 mA cm-2 for indirect oxidation. Overall, this study presents a promising and efficient approach for the remediation of organophosphorus pesticide-contaminated environments, offering valuable insights into the electrochemical degradation process and highlighting the potential for practical application in wastewater treatment and environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Roshani
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 65178-38683, Iran
| | - Davood Nematollahi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 65178-38683, Iran.
| | - Amin Ansari
- Faculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 65178-38683, Iran.
| | - Koroush Adib
- Department of Chemistry, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, 1955735345, Iran
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El-Hallag IS, Moharram YI, Selim SM. Poly (safranine) modified carbon paste electrode as a sensor for the determination of fenitrothion pesticide. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14332. [PMID: 37653064 PMCID: PMC10471721 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An effective electroanalytical method was developed for the quantitative evaluation of fenitrothion pesticide. The electrochemically modified carbon paste electrode CPE was constructed by applying a safranine layer on its surface. Safranine monomer is easily oxidized. So, a safranine layer was applied via electropolymerization using cyclic voltammetry in (2 × 10-5 M) safranine buffered solution with phosphate buffer BPS at pH.6, potential window (- 1.6: + 2 V), scan rate 100 mV/s. The morphology of the modified electrode was characterized using SEM images. The electropolymerization process was characterized by observing the gradual increases of the peak current with the subsequent scanning cycles. This modified CPE electrode showed an obvious sensitivity by cyclic voltammetry towards the cathodic peak of the fenitrothion nitro group at approximately - 0.73V with good sensitivity by enhancing it to be approximately 10 times more sensitive than on a bare carbon paste electrode CPE. The number of cycles was optimized for the electropolymerization process to be 12 cycles. Where, the peak current at - 0.73 V was gradually enhanced until 12 cycles when it is obviously decreased before slightly increasing again. The reproducibility of the modified electrode was ensured by repeating the sweep cycles using LSV for determining the fenitrothion at 5 µM where it was found that the peak current was unchanged for 10 sweeps before it starts to drop gradually. LSV voltammetry at previously optimized conditions of the potential window (- 0.4: - 1 V), sweep rate 100 mV/s, phosphate buffer at pH.6 was used for the quantitative studies. Where, the pHs of the determining medium were varied from pH 5.5 to pH 8 using phosphate buffer. It was observed that the most identified peak current was at pH.6 which is then decreased gradually until it completely disappeared at pH 8. The optimal accumulation time by adsorption of 140 s for the fenitrothion pesticide was confirmed in the range of (20 s-170 s). Where, the peak current was increased gradually with time up to 140 s then a plateau with a constant response was observed. The developed method showed an excellent linearity range of (1 μM:15 μM) with R2 parameter equal to 0.99906. LOD and LOQ were calculated to be 0.1 μM, and 0.34 μM respectively. Satisfactory levels have been reached for the calculated recovery, accuracy. Precision limits not exceed 1% for both repeatability and reproducibility measurements. F-value and t-value were measured for the suggested LSV method versus the standard HPLC method for the concentration of 8 μM fenitrothion and were found to be 1.482 and 0.123, respectively which didn't exceed the tabulated values. The ruggedness of the suggested method was examined toward deliberate safranine concentration variations in the concentration range of (0.01 mM-0.03 mM). Insignificant differences for the mean recovery at (98.33-98.93%) and precision at (1.39-2.6%) were observed. Hence, the reliability and validity of the developed LSV method were achieved and it was considered as rigid method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Shibl El-Hallag
- Analytical and Electrochemistry Research Unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31111, Egypt.
| | - Youssef Ibrahim Moharram
- Analytical and Electrochemistry Research Unit, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31111, Egypt
| | - Sameh Mahmoud Selim
- R&D and Microanalysis Laboratories, KZ for Pesticides and Chemicals Company, Nubaria City, Egypt
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Dolatabadi M, Ehrampoush MH, Pournamdari M, Ebrahimi AA, Fallahzadeh H, Ahmadzadeh S. Catalytic electrodes' characterization study serving polluted water treatment: environmental healthcare and ecological risk assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2023; 58:594-602. [PMID: 37605342 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2023.2247943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide residues in the environment have irreparable effects on human health and other organisms. Hence, it is necessary to treat and degrade them from polluted water. In the current work, the electrochemical removal of the fenitrothion (FT), trifluralin (TF), and chlorothalonil (CT) pesticides were performed by catalytic electrode. The characteristics of SnO2-Sb2O3, PbO2, and Bi-PbO2 electrodes were described by FE-SEM and XRD. Dynamic electrochemical techniques including cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, accelerated life, and linear polarization were employed to investigate the electrochemical performance of fabricated electrodes. Moreover, evaluate the risk of toxic metals release from the catalytic electrode during treatment process was investigated. The maximum degradation efficiency of 99.8, 100, and 100% for FT, TF, and CT was found under the optimal condition of FT, TF, and CT concentration 15.0 mg L-1, pH 7.0, current density 7.0 mA cm-2, and electrolysis time of 120 min. The Bi-PbO2, PbO2, and SnO2-Sb2O3 electrodes revealed the oxygen evolution potential of 2.089, 1.983, 1.914 V, and the service lifetime of 82, 144, and 323 h, respectively. The results showed that after 5.0 h of electrolysis, none of the heavy metals such as Bi, Pb, Sb, Sn, and Ti were detected in the treated solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Dolatabadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Ehrampoush
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mostafa Pournamdari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Ebrahimi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hossein Fallahzadeh
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Research Center of Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Saeid Ahmadzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Meng M, Zhai Z, Zhang Z, Kim J, Zhu Y. Metabolism of an insecticide fipronil by soil fungus Cunninghamella elegans ATCC36112. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:264. [PMID: 37316622 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03594-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the metabolic pathway of the phenylpyrazole insecticide fipronil in Cunninghamella elegans (C. elegans) was investigated. Approximately 92% of fipronil was removed within 5 days, and seven metabolites were accumulated simultaneously. The structures of the metabolites were completely or tentatively identified by GC-MS and 1H, 13C NMR. To determine the oxidative enzymes involved in metabolism, piperonyl butoxide (PB) and methimazole (MZ) were used, and the kinetic responses of fipronil and its metabolites were determined. PB strongly inhibited fipronil metabolism, while MZ weakly inhibited its metabolism. The results suggest that cytochrome P450 (CYP) and flavin-dependent monooxygenase (FMO) may participate in fipronil metabolism. Integrated metabolic pathways can be inferred from the control and inhibitor experiments. Several novel products from the fungal transformation of fipronil were identified, and similarities between C. elegans transformation and mammalian metabolism of fipronil were compared. Therefore, these results will help to gain insight into the fungal degradation of fipronil and potential applications in fipronil bioremediation. At present, microbial degradation of fipronil is the most promising approach and maintains environmental sustainability. In addition, the ability of C. elegans to mimic mammalian metabolism will assist in illustrating the metabolic fate of fipronil in mammalian hepatocytes and assess its toxicity and potential adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Meng
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Rd, Chengyang, Qingdao City, 266-109, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhaochi Zhai
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Rd, Chengyang, Qingdao City, 266-109, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Rd, Chengyang, Qingdao City, 266-109, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jeonghan Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Silim-dong, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongzhe Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Changcheng Rd, Chengyang, Qingdao City, 266-109, Shandong Province, China.
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6
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Li Y, Huang M, Xiang W, Wu X, Zhou T. Carbon quantum dots can enable efficient photochemical interfacial activation of molecular oxygen in iron oxides/oxalate system. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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7
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Parametric Optimization of a Hybrid Cavitation-based Fenton Process for the Degradation of Methyl Violet 2B in a Packed Bed Reactor. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pandiselvam R, Kaavya R, Khanashyam AC, Divya V, Abdullah SK, Aurum FS, Dakshyani R, Kothakota A, Ramesh SV, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Research trends and emerging physical processing technologies in mitigation of pesticide residues on various food products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:45131-45149. [PMID: 35474428 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The application of pesticides enhances food production vastly, and it cannot be prevented; longer fresh produce is contaminated with health-threatening pesticides even though traditional processing methods can remove these pesticides from food surfaces to a certain extent; novel emerging technologies such as cold plasma, ultrasound, electrolyzed water, and pulsed electric field could more effectively dissipate the pesticide content in food without the release of toxic residual on the food surface. The present review focuses on applying emerging technologies to degrade pesticide residues in great utility in the food processing industries. This review also discusses the pesticide removal efficacy and its mechanism involved in these technologies. The oxidation principle in cold plasma is recently gaining more importance for the degradation of pesticide residue in the food processing industries. Analysis of the emerging physical processing methods indicated greater efficacy in eradicating pesticide residues during agriculture processing. Even though the technologies such as EO (99% reduction in dimethoate), ultrasound (98.96% for chlorpyrifos), and irradiation (99.8% for pesticide in aqueous solution) can achieve promising results in pesticide degradation level, the rate and inactivation highly depend on the type of equipment and processing parameters involved in different techniques, surface characteristics of produce, treatment conditions, and nature of the pesticide. Therefore, to effectively remove these health-threatening pesticides from food surfaces, it is necessary to know the process parameters and efficacy of the applied technology on various pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Pandiselvam
- Physiology, Biochemistry, and Post-Harvest Technology Division, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, 671 124, Kerala, India
| | - Rathnakumar Kaavya
- Department of Food Engineering and Bioprocess Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, 12120, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Food Technology, College of Food and Dairy Technology, TANUVAS, Chennai, 600052, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anandu Chandra Khanashyam
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Ladyao, 10900, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Valarivan Divya
- School of BioSciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Sajeeb Khan Abdullah
- Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Fawzan Sigma Aurum
- Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD), Ministry of Agriculture Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian Kementerian Pertanian, Jakarta, Indonesia, 80222
- United Graduate School for Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu, 500-8570, Japan
| | - Rajendran Dakshyani
- Department of Food Processing and Quality Control, Thassim Beevi Abdul Kader College for Women, KilakaraiRamanathapuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anjineyulu Kothakota
- Agro-Processing & Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Trivandrum, 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Shunmugiah Veluchamy Ramesh
- Physiology, Biochemistry, and Post-Harvest Technology Division, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, 671 124, Kerala, India
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
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Brillas E. Fenton, photo-Fenton, electro-Fenton, and their combined treatments for the removal of insecticides from waters and soils. A review. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Chauhan R, Dinesh GK, Alawa B, Chakma S. A critical analysis of sono-hybrid advanced oxidation process of ferrioxalate system for degradation of recalcitrant pollutants. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130324. [PMID: 33789218 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The emerging contaminants in wastewater discharged from numerous chemical process industries, pharmaceutical industries, textile, and wineries have attracted the attention of the scientific community due to their toxicity and persistence in the environment. The conventional techniques are incompetent to treat many of such recalcitrant toxic pollutants. To achieve high mineralization, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are found to be more efficient for the degradation of these organic pollutants without producing secondary pollutants with no/less amount of sludge. The primary oxidation agents for AOPs are in-situ generated free radicals, which are highly reactive and effective oxidants for degrading any type of organic molecules present in the wastewater. In the past decades, the combination of AOPs or simultaneous application of more than one AOP has been investigated extensively for wastewater treatment and these hybrid-AOPs have been reported to be beneficial for high-level mineralization of organic pollutants. This paper presented the characteristics, properties and influence of parameters in sono-photo-ferrioxalate system. The primary operating parameters in sono-photo-ferrioxalate system that affect the kinetics are defined as the solution pH, temperature, molar ratio of Fe3+/C2O42-, H2O2 concentration, source of light, ultrasound intensity, dissolved gases, and size of cavitation bubble. In this process, several oxidizing radicals are generated such as HO•, HO2•, C2O4•-, CO2•- and O2•- which are also responsible for degradation. In this review, we have mainly addressed the degradation of recalcitrant pollutants using the sono-photo-ferrioxalate system and a critical analysis of process parameters that influence mineralization efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Chauhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - G Kumaravel Dinesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India; School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Bablu Alawa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sankar Chakma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal, 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Lee Y, Kim YJ, Khan MSI, Na YC. Identification and determination of by-products originating from ozonation of chlorpyrifos and diazinon in water by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:4047-4057. [PMID: 32875636 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The degradation of two organophosphates, chlorpyrifos and diazinon, in water using microplasma equipment to produce ozone and the identification of their products were studied by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The organophosphates gradually decreased with time and were completely removed after 10 min, and diazinon was degraded at a relatively fast rate compared to chlorpyrifos. The products formed during the process were identified and determined with accurate mass measurements and tandem mass spectrometry spectra, providing reliable structural determination. Chlorpyrifos oxon was formed through the oxidation of chlorpyrifos, followed by the formation of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol and diethyl phosphate by hydrolysis. Diazinon formed various products through more complicated degradation processes than those of chlorpyrifos. The major products of diazinon degradation were 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol and diethyl phosphate by hydrolysis after oxidation, exhibiting diazoxon as an intermediate at trace levels. Direct hydrolysis of diazinon also occurred, producing diethyl thiophosphate, which was observed at a low concentration for a transient time and exhibited a less favorable process than sequential oxidation and hydrolysis. The other products, hydroxy diazinons and hydroxy-2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinols, formed by hydroxylation, were also identified, but they were present in low amounts. Degradation mechanisms of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were proposed with the quantitatively evaluated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhee Lee
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Ji Kim
- Consumer Safety Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yun-Cheol Na
- Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Pergal MV, Kodranov ID, Dojčinović B, Avdin VV, Stanković DM, Petković BB, Manojlović DD. Evaluation of azamethiphos and dimethoate degradation using chlorine dioxide during water treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:27147-27160. [PMID: 32399889 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) degradation of the organophosphorus pesticides azamethiphos (AZA) and dimethoate (DM) (10 mg/L) in deionized water and in Sava River water was investigated for the first time. Pesticide degradation was studied in terms of ClO2 level (5 and 10 mg/L), degradation duration (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h), pH (3.00, 7.00, and 9.00), and under light/dark conditions in deionized water. Degradation was monitored using high-performance liquid chromatography. Gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass detector was used to identify degradation products of pesticides. Total organic carbon was measured to determine the extent of mineralization after pesticide degradation. Real river water was used under recommended conditions to study the influence of organic matter on pesticide degradation. High degradation efficiency (88-100% for AZA and 85-98% for DM) was achieved in deionized water under various conditions, proving the flexibility of ClO2 degradation for the examined organophosphorus pesticides. In Sava River water, however, extended treatment duration achieved lower degradation efficiency, so ClO2 oxidized both the pesticides and dissolved organic matter in parallel. After degradation, AZA produced four identified products (6-chlorooxazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one; O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate; 6-chloro-3-(hydroxymethyl)oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one; O,O-dimethyl S-hydrogen phosphorothioate) and DM produced three (O,O-dimethyl S-(2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl) phosphorothioate; e.g., omethoate; S-(2-(methylamino)-2-oxoethyl) O,O-dihydrogen phosphorothioate; O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorodithioate). Simple pesticide degradation mechanisms were deduced. Daphnia magna toxicity tests showed degradation products were less toxic than parent compounds. These results contribute to our understanding of the multiple influences that organophosphorus pesticides and their degradation products have on environmental ecosystems and to improving pesticide removal processes from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija V Pergal
- University of Belgrade - Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
| | - Igor D Kodranov
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Biljana Dojčinović
- University of Belgrade - Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Viacheslav V Avdin
- South Ural State University, Lenin prospekt 76, Chelyabinsk, Russia, 454080
| | - Dalibor M Stanković
- The Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, POB 522, Belgrade, 11001, Serbia
| | - Branka B Petković
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Priština, Lole Ribara 29,, Kosovska Mitrovica, 38220, Serbia
| | - Dragan D Manojlović
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
- South Ural State University, Lenin prospekt 76, Chelyabinsk, Russia, 454080
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Kodranov ID, Pergal MV, Avdin VV, Manojlović DD. Examination of degradation and ecotoxicology of pethoxamid and metazachlor after chlorine dioxide treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:422. [PMID: 32519186 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08392-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide has been reported as very efficiently removing pesticides and other organic compounds from water matrixes. Due to pesticide toxicity and potential toxicity of their degradation products, it is important to monitor these compounds as environmental pollutants in ground and surface waters. Evaluating the effects of chlorine dioxide treatment is necessary, and toxicity studies are used to ascertain the severity of effects of intermediates due to incomplete degradation of the parent compounds. In this paper, for the first time, chlorine dioxide is applied and evaluated for the removal of chloroacetamide herbicides (pethoxamid and metazachlor) from waters (deionized water and Sava River water). The degradation degree of herbicides was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography, the main degradation products were identified using gas chromatography with a triple quadrupole mass detector, and the degree of mineralization was monitored by total organic carbon analysis. Four and two degradation products were identified after pethoxamid and metazachlor degradation, respectively. Total organic carbon analysis showed mineralization occurred, but it was incomplete. The mineralization and the characteristics of the degradation products obtained were tested using Daphnia magna and showed lower toxicity than the parent herbicides. The advantage of the applied treatment was a very high degradation percentage for pethoxamid removal from deionized water and Sava River water (100% and 97%, respectively), with higher mineralization efficiency (65%) than metazachlor. Slightly lower degradation efficiency in the Sava River water was due to chlorine dioxide oxidizing the herbicides and dissolved organic matter simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor D Kodranov
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Marija V Pergal
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
| | - Viacheslav V Avdin
- South Ural State University, Lenin Prospekt 76, Chelyabinsk, Russia, 454080
| | - Dragan D Manojlović
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
- South Ural State University, Lenin Prospekt 76, Chelyabinsk, Russia, 454080
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14
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Pirsaheb M, Moradi N. Sonochemical degradation of pesticides in aqueous solution: investigation on the influence of operating parameters and degradation pathway – a systematic review. RSC Adv 2020; 10:7396-7423. [PMID: 35492163 PMCID: PMC9049958 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra11025a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with the wide production, consumption and disposal of pesticides in the world, the concerns over their human and environmental health impacts are rapidly growing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghdad Pirsaheb
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering
- School of Public Health
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
- Kermanshah
| | - Negin Moradi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering
- School of Public Health
- Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
- Kermanshah
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15
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Pucar Milidrag G, Prica M, Kerkez D, Dalmacija B, Kulic A, Tomasevic Pilipovic D, Becelic Tomin M. A comparative study of the decolorization capacity of the solar-assisted Fenton process using ferrioxalate and Al, Fe-bentonite catalysts in a parabolic trough reactor. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Zhu YZ, Fu M, Jeong IH, Kim JH, Zhang CJ. Metabolism of an Insecticide Fenitrothion by Cunninghamella elegans ATCC36112. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:10711-10718. [PMID: 29144738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the detailed metabolic pathways of fenitrothion (FNT), an organophosphorus insecticide by Cunninghamella elegans, were investigated. Approximately 81% of FNT was degraded within 5 days after treatment with concomitant accumulation of four metabolites (M1-M4). The four metabolites were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography, and their structures were identified by mass spectroscopy and/or nuclear magnetic resonance. M3 is confirmed to be an initial precursor of others and identified as fenitrothion-oxon. On the basis of their metabolic profiling, the possible metabolic pathways involved in phase I and II metabolism of FNT by C. elegans was proposed. We also found that C. elegans was able to efficiently and rapidly degrade other organophosphorus pesticides (OPs). Thus, these results will provide insight into understanding of the fungal degradation of FNT and the potential application for bioremediation of OPs. Furthermore, the ability of C. elegans to mimic mammalian metabolism would help us elucidate the metabolic fates of organic compounds occurring in mammalian liver cells and evaluate their toxicity and potential adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Zhe Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Qingdao Agricultural University , 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Fu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Qingdao Agricultural University , 700 Changcheng Road, Chengyang, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, People's Republic of China
| | - In-Hong Jeong
- Division of Crop Protection, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration , 166 Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Han Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University , 599 Gwanak-ro, Silim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Chuan-Jie Zhang
- Department of Plant Science, University of Connecticut , 1376 Storrs Road, U-4163, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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17
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Zhou T, Zou X, Wu X, Mao J, Wang J. Synergistic degradation of antibiotic norfloxacin in a novel heterogeneous sonochemical Fe 0/tetraphosphate Fenton-like system. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 37:320-327. [PMID: 28427639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, synergistic degradation of antibiotic norfloxacin (NOR) was obtained in a novel sonochemical ultrasound/zero-valent iron/tetraphosphate system (US/ZVI/TPP). Compared to three common organic ligands (EDTA, EDDS, and DTPA), TPP could perform more excellently in activation of O2 to produce reactive oxidative species (ROS) and lead to efficient Fenton-like oxidative degradation of NOR in the sonochemical in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) system. An optimized initial condition was obtained as 10mg/L NOR, 0.3mM TPP, 1g/L ZVI and initial pH 7, and the US/ZVI/TPP system would effectively degrade NOR with relative low dosage of ZVI and ligand as well as broad pH work range 3-9. It was found that three ROS (OH, O2- and H2O2) instead of OH only would participate in the NOR degradation, while the in situ generation of H2O2 during the series of Fe-TPP reactions should be more critical. Fourteen organic intermediates and four inorganic products were detected during the NOR decomposition, suggesting that two main degradation pathways would occur under OH oxidation via cleavage of the piperazine ring and defluorination of the benzene ring, respectively. Finally, an integrated reaction mechanism in the US/ZVI/TPP system was proposed including solid-liquid interfacial iron corrosion as well as bulk homogenous oxygen activation and Fenton reactions, wherein US would play mechanically and chemically promotional roles. Besides, triple-repeated treatments suggested the relative long-term re-usage of ZVI particles and low effluent dissolved iron (<0.6mg/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Xiaoli Zou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Key Laboratory of Water and Wastewater Treatment (HUST), MOHURD, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Juan Mao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Key Laboratory of Water and Wastewater Treatment (HUST), MOHURD, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Jia Wang
- SIIC Environmental Holdings (Wuhan) Co. Ltd., Wuhan 430074, PR China
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18
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Yang GZ, Wibowo D, Yun JH, Wang L, Middelberg APJ, Zhao CX. Biomimetic Silica Nanocapsules for Tunable Sustained Release and Cargo Protection. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:5777-5785. [PMID: 28511536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Silica nanocapsules have attracted tremendous interest for encapsulation, protection, and controlled release of various cargoes due to their unique hierarchical core-shell structure. However, it remains challenging to synthesize silica nanocapsules having high cargo-loading capacity and cargo-protection capability without compromising process simplicity and biocompatibility properties. Here, we synthesized oil-core silica-shell nanocapsules under environmentally friendly conditions by a novel emulsion and biomimetic dual-templating approach using a dual-functional protein, in lieu of petrochemical surfactants, thus avoiding the necessities for the removal of toxic components. A light- and pH-sensitive compound can be facilely encapsulated in the silica nanocapsules with the encapsulation efficiency of nearly 100%. Release of the encapsulated active from the nanocapsules was not shown an indication of undesired burst release. Instead, the release can be tuned by controlling the silica-shell thicknesses (i.e., 40 and 77 nm from which the cargo released at 42.0 and 31.3% of the initial amount after 32 days, respectively). The release kinetics were fitted well to the Higuchi model, enabling the possibility of the prediction of release kinetics as a function of shell thickness, thus achieving design-for-purpose silica nanocapsules. Furthermore, the nanocapsules showed excellent alkaline- and sunlight-shielding protective efficacies, which resulted in significantly prolonged half-life of the sensitive cargo. Our biomimetic silica nanocapsules provide a nanocarrier platform for applications that demand process scalability, sustainability, and biocompatibility coupled with unique cargo-protection and controlled-release properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Ze Yang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David Wibowo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jung-Ho Yun
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lianzhou Wang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Anton P J Middelberg
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Chun-Xia Zhao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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19
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Chakma S, Moholkar VS. Mechanistic analysis of hybrid sono-photo-ferrioxalate system for decolorization of azo dye. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Colombo R, Ferreira TCR, Ferreira RA, Lanza MRV. Removal of Mefenamic acid from aqueous solutions by oxidative process: Optimization through experimental design and HPLC/UV analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 167:206-213. [PMID: 26686073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mefenamic acid (MEF) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indicated for relief of mild to moderate pain, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. The presence of MEF in raw and sewage waters has been detected worldwide at concentrations exceeding the predicted no-effect concentration. In this study, using experimental designs, different oxidative processes (H2O2, H2O2/UV, fenton and Photo-fenton) were simultaneously evaluated for MEF degradation efficiency. The influence and interaction effects of the most important variables in the oxidative process (concentration and addition mode of hydrogen peroxide, concentration and type of catalyst, pH, reaction period and presence/absence of light) were investigated. The parameters were determined based on the maximum efficiency to save time and minimize the consumption of reagents. According to the results, the photo-Fenton process is the best procedure to remove the drug from water. A reaction mixture containing 1.005 mmol L(-1) of ferrioxalate and 17.5 mmol L(-1) of hydrogen peroxide, added at the initial reaction period, pH of 6.1 and 60 min of degradation indicated the most efficient degradation, promoting 95% of MEF removal. The development and validation of a rapid and efficient qualitative and quantitative HPLC/UV methodology for detecting this pollutant in aqueous solution is also reported. The method can be applied in water quality control that is generated and/or treated in municipal or industrial wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Colombo
- Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, 03828-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 780, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Tanare C R Ferreira
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 780, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato A Ferreira
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 780, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos R V Lanza
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 780, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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21
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Chakma S, Das L, Moholkar VS. Dye decolorization with hybrid advanced oxidation processes comprising sonolysis/Fenton-like/photo-ferrioxalate systems: A mechanistic investigation. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Synthesis of copper pillared bentonite ferrioxalate catalyst for degradation of 4-nitrophenol in visible light assisted Fenton process. J IND ENG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Ikeura H, Hamasaki S, Tamaki M. Effects of ozone microbubble treatment on removal of residual pesticides and quality of persimmon leaves. Food Chem 2013; 138:366-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Ayodele OB, Auta HS, Nor NM. Artificial Neural Networks, Optimization and Kinetic Modeling of Amoxicillin Degradation in Photo-Fenton Process Using Aluminum Pillared Montmorillonite-Supported Ferrioxalate Catalyst. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie302390b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. B. Ayodele
- School of
Chemical Engineering,
Engineering Campus, University of Science Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - H. S. Auta
- Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
| | - N. Md Nor
- School of
Chemical Engineering,
Engineering Campus, University of Science Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
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25
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Zhou T, Lim TT, Wu X. Sonophotolytic degradation of azo dye reactive black 5 in an ultrasound/UV/ferric system and the roles of different organic ligands. WATER RESEARCH 2011; 45:2915-2924. [PMID: 21444101 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The sonophotolytic advance oxidation system (US/UV/Fe(3+)) could achieve synergistic degradation of reactive black 5 (RB5), as compared to UV/Fe(3+) and US/Fe(3+) systems. A synergy factor of 2.5 based on the pseudo-first-order degradation rate constant (k(obs)) was found, along with enhancements in organic detoxification and mineralization. The presence of organic ligands could affect the US/UV/Fe(3+) system differently. Oxalate, citrate, tartrate and succinate could enhance the RB5 degradation, while NTA and EDTA exhibited strong inhibitions. The influence of these ligands on k(obs)(RB5) in the US/UV/Fe(III)-ligand systems followed the sequence of oxalate > tartrate > succinate > citrate > without ligand > NTA > EDTA, while they could be degraded simultaneously with the k(obs)(ligand) order of oxalate > citrate > tartrate > succinate > NTA > EDTA. Monitoring of iron species and the generated H(2)O(2) and •OH revealed that the ligands in the US/UV/Fe(III)-ligand system could play different mechanistic roles: (1) promoting H(2)O(2) production, (2) accelerating Fenton reaction, and (3) competing with RB5 for reacting with •OH. Among the ligands, oxalate exhibited the most significant enhancement of RB5 oxidation in the sonophotolytic system, and the process was pH-dependent. An initial reaction lag in RB5 degradation was observed when Fe(2+) was used in lieu of Fe(3+) as the catalyst in the sonophotolytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhou
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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