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Ahmed M, Akram MA, Bano A, Khan MZ, Rehman R, Jan R, Javed S. A key parametric study of ultrasonic exfoliation of 2D TiB 2 using DI water as a unique medium. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29417. [PMID: 38665571 PMCID: PMC11043946 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Liquid Phase Exfoliation (LPE) is a very effective technique for the synthesis of few layered two dimensional (2D) nanosheets. There is a surge to find environment friendly solvents for efficient exfoliation of layered materials to produce 2D nanosheets. TiB2 is an important layered material with very little reported work on its 2D nanosheets. The present work is about successful LPE of TiB2 using deionized (DI) water as a clean, green and low cost dispersion medium to make TiB2 nanosheets. The impact of ultrasonication conditions i.e. input power and treatment duration for efficient synthesis of few layered 2D nanosheets in DI water is studied by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It is found that by increasing input power, the layer thickness is reduced from bulk to 34 nm with lateral dimensions as huge as up to 5 μm. The increased treatment duration has further reduced the layer thickness to 21 nm associated with a decrease in lateral dimensions to about 1 μm. The mechanism of variation in the aspect ratio of the 2D nanosheets with ultrasonication power and treatment duration is explained. The optimum conditions for the fabrication of high aspect ratio 2D nanosheets of TiB2 owe to a greater acoustic cavitation intensity, an optimum treatment duration and a homogenous distribution of the cavitation events while using an appropriate size of the sonotrode in the sonicated volume during ultrasonication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marghoob Ahmed
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Chemical & Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aftab Akram
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Chemical & Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pak-Austria Fachhochschule Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Mang Haripur, 22620, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Afsar Bano
- Department of Physics, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, LUMS, 54792, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar Khan
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Chemical & Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Rafia Rehman
- Section of Phytochemistry and Natural Products, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, 46000, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Rahim Jan
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Chemical & Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Sofia Javed
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Chemical & Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
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2
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Boček Ž, Petkovšek M, Clark SJ, Fezzaa K, Dular M. Dynamics of oil-water interface at the beginning of the ultrasonic emulsification process. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 101:106657. [PMID: 37890434 PMCID: PMC10632118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
A lot of effort has been dedicated in recent years towards understanding the basics of cavitation induced emulsification, mainly in the form of single cavitation bubbles. Regarding bulk acoustic emulsification, a lot less research has been done. In our here presented work we utilize advanced high-speed observation techniques in visible light and X-Rays to build upon that knowledge and advance the understanding of bulk emulsion preparation. During research we discovered that emulsion formation has an acute impact on the behavior of the interface and more importantly on its position relative to the horn, hence their interdependence must be carefully studied. We did this by observing bulk emulsification with 2 cameras simultaneously and corroborating these measurements with observation under X-Rays. Since the ultrasonic horns location also influences interface behavior, we shifted its initial position to different locations nearer to and further away from the oil-water interface in both phases. We found that a few millimeters distance between the horn and interface is not enough for fine emulsion formation, but that they must be completely adjacent to each other, with the horn being located inside the oil-water interface. We also observed some previously undiscovered phenomena, such as the splitting of the interface to preserve continuous emulsion formation, climbing of the interface up the horn and circular interface protrusions towards the horn forming vertical emulsion streams. Interestingly, no visible W/O emulsion was ever formed during our experiments, only O/W regardless of initial horn position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žan Boček
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Petkovšek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Samuel J Clark
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL 6043, USA
| | - Kamel Fezzaa
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, IL 6043, USA
| | - Matevž Dular
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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3
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Sojahrood AJ, Li Q, Haghi H, Karshafian R, Porter TM, Kolios MC. Probing the pressure dependence of sound speed and attenuation in bubbly media: Experimental observations, a theoretical model and numerical calculations. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 95:106319. [PMID: 36931196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The problem of attenuation and sound speed of bubbly media has remained partially unsolved. Comprehensive data regarding pressure-dependent changes of the attenuation and sound speed of a bubbly medium are not available. Our theoretical understanding of the problem is limited to linear or semi-linear theoretical models, which are not accurate in the regime of large amplitude bubble oscillations. Here, by controlling the size of the lipid coated bubbles (mean diameter of ≈5.4μm), we report the first time observation and characterization of the simultaneous pressure dependence of sound speed and attenuation in bubbly water below, at and above microbubbles resonance (frequency range between 1-3 MHz). With increasing acoustic pressure (between 12.5-100 kPa), the frequency of the peak attenuation and sound speed decreases while maximum and minimum amplitudes of the sound speed increase. We propose a nonlinear model for the estimation of the pressure dependent sound speed and attenuation with good agreement with the experiments. The model calculations are validated by comparing with the linear and semi-linear models predictions. One of the major challenges of the previously developed models is the significant overestimation of the attenuation at the bubble resonance at higher void fractions (e.g. 0.005). We addressed this problem by incorporating bubble-bubble interactions and comparing the results to experiments. Influence of the bubble-bubble interactions increases with increasing pressure. Within the examined exposure parameters, we numerically show that, even for low void fractions (e.g. 5.1×10-6) with increasing pressure the sound speed may become 4 times higher than the sound speed in the non-bubbly medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Sojahrood
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (IBEST) a partnership between Ryerson University and St. Mike's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Q Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Haghi
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (IBEST) a partnership between Ryerson University and St. Mike's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Karshafian
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (IBEST) a partnership between Ryerson University and St. Mike's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - T M Porter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Texas, USA
| | - M C Kolios
- Department of Physics, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada; Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (IBEST) a partnership between Ryerson University and St. Mike's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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4
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Khavari M, Priyadarshi A, Morton J, Porfyrakis K, Pericleous K, Eskin D, Tzanakis I. Cavitation-induced shock wave behaviour in different liquids. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 94:106328. [PMID: 36801674 PMCID: PMC9975297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper follows our earlier work where a strong high frequency pressure peak has been observed as a consequence of the formation of shock waves due to the collapse of cavitation bubbles in water, excited by an ultrasonic source at 24 kHz. We study here the effects of liquid physical properties on the shock wave characteristics by replacing water as the medium successively with ethanol, glycerol and finally a 1:1 ethanol-water solution. The pressure frequency spectra obtained in our experiments (from more than 1.5 million cavitation collapsing events) show that the expected prominent shockwave pressure peak was barely detected for ethanol and glycerol, particularly at low input powers, but was consistently observed for the 1:1 ethanol-water solution as well as in water, with a slight shift in peak frequency for the solution. We also report two distinct features of shock waves in raising the frequency peak at MHz (inherent) and contributing to the raising of sub-harmonics (periodic). Empirically constructed acoustic pressure maps revealed significantly higher overall pressure amplitudes for the ethanol-water solution than for other liquids. Furthermore, a qualitative analysis revealed that mist-like patterns are developed in ethanol-water solution leading to higher pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khavari
- School of Computing and Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Derby DE22 3AW, United Kingdom; Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX33 1HX, United Kingdom.
| | - Abhinav Priyadarshi
- Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX33 1HX, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Morton
- Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX33 1HX, United Kingdom
| | - Kyriakos Porfyrakis
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - Koulis Pericleous
- Computational Science and Engineering Group, University of Greenwich, 30 Park Row, London SE10 9LS, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry Eskin
- Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Iakovos Tzanakis
- Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX33 1HX, United Kingdom; Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
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5
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He H, Song L, Gao H, Xiao Y, Cao Y. Microstructure evolution and grain refinement of ultrasonic-assisted soldering joint by using Ni foam reinforced Sn composite solder. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2023; 92:106244. [PMID: 36508893 PMCID: PMC9763506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, ultrasonic-assisted soldering at 260 °C in air produced high strength and high melting point Cu connections in 60 s using Ni foam reinforced Sn composite solder. Systematically examined were the microstructure, grain morphology, and shear strength of connections made with various porosities of Ni foam composite solders. Results shown that Ni foams as strengthening phases could reinforce Sn solder effectively. The addition of Ni foam accelerated the metallurgical reaction due to great amount of liquid/solid interfaces, and refined the intermetallic compounds (IMCs) grains by ultrasonic cavitation. The joints had different IMCs by using Ni foam with different porosity. Layered (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 and (Ni,Cu)3Sn4 phases both existed in Cu/Ni60-Sn/Cu joint while only (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 IMCs grew in Cu/Ni98-Sn/Cu joint. As ultrasonic time increasing, Ni skeletons were dissolved and the IMCs were peeled off from substrates and broken into small particles. And then, the IMCs gradually dissociated into refined particles and distributed homogeneously in the whole soldering seam under cavitation effects. Herein, the Cu/Ni60-Sn/Cu joint ultrasonically soldered for 60 s exhibited the highest shear strength of 86.9 MPa, as well as a high melting point about 800 ℃ for the solder seam composed of Ni skeletons and Ni-Cu-Sn IMCs. The characterization indicated that the shearing failure mainly occurred in the interlayer of the soldering seam. The homogeneous distributed granular IMCs and Ni skeletons hindered the crack propagation and improved the strength of Cu alloy joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang He
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Hubei Three Gorges Polytechnic, Yichang 443000, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lizhi Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haitao Gao
- China-Ukraine Institute of Welding, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yong Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yi Cao
- Institute for Advanced Materials, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, China.
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6
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Garcia-Vargas I, Barthe L, Tierce P, Louisnard O. Simulations of a full sonoreactor accounting for cavitation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 91:106226. [PMID: 36402126 PMCID: PMC9672921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In spite of the increasing interest in ultrasound processing applications, industrial scale-up remains limited, in particular by the unavailability of predictive computer tools. In this study, using a previously published model of cavitating liquids implementable as a non-linear Helmholtz equation, it is shown that a full sonoreactor can be modelled and simulated. The model includes the full transducer and the vibrations of the vessel walls, using the physics of elastic solids and piezo-electricity. The control-loop used by the generator to set the optimal frequency is also accounted for. Apart from the geometry, the unique input of the model is the current feeding the transducer whereas the dissipated electrical power, transducer complex impedance and working frequency are available as outputs. The model is put to the test against experiments realized in different geometries, varying either the input current or the transducer immersion depth. Despite the overestimation of the power dissipated in the liquid, the evolution of the acoustic load in both cases is reasonably well reproduced by simulation, which partially validates the method used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Garcia-Vargas
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines-Albi, UMR CNRS 5302, Université de Toulouse, 81013 Albi CT, France; Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France; SinapTec, 7, Avenue Pierre et Marie Curie, 59260 Lezennes, France
| | - Laurie Barthe
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Tierce
- SinapTec, 7, Avenue Pierre et Marie Curie, 59260 Lezennes, France
| | - Olivier Louisnard
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines-Albi, UMR CNRS 5302, Université de Toulouse, 81013 Albi CT, France.
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7
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Colli A, Uasuf Vega B, Bisang J. Mass-transfer studies in a parallel-plate electrochemical reactor with ultrasonic assistance under single-phase and two-phase (gas-evolving) flows. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.117011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Numerical model of an ultrasonically induced cavitation reactor and application to heavy oil processing. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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9
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Cheng S, Li M, Xu S, Ding N, Yue J, Li H. Mechanism of sulfur removal from coal by microwave assisted acetic acid-hydrogen peroxide system. J Sulphur Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2022.2118539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sidan Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, Ningxia
| | - Mei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, Ningxia
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Solar Chemical Conversion Technology, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, Ningxia
- Key Laboratory for Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, Ningxia
| | - Shiyong Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, Ningxia
| | - Ning Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, Ningxia
| | - Jinsong Yue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, Ningxia
| | - Hui Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, Ningxia
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10
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Li X, Ding X, Du Y, Xiao C, Zheng K, Liu X, Tian X, Zhang X. Controlled Transformation of Liquid Metal Microspheres in Aqueous Solution Triggered by Growth of GaOOH. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:7912-7919. [PMID: 35284708 PMCID: PMC8908526 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals (LMs) are playing an increasingly important role in the fields of flexible devices, electronics, and thermal management due to their low melting point and excellent thermal and electrical conductivity, and the transformation of LMs in deionized water has recently received much attention. In this paper, we investigate the transformation process of EGaIn microspheres in deionized water and propose a two-step process of microspherical transformation, whereby the microspheres are first deformed into a spindle shape and then into lamellar nanorods. It is also shown that the growth of GaOOH crystals drives the transformation. Based on this result, EGaIn microspheres with controllable transformation could be prepared, such as spindle or lamellar rod shapes, extending the application area of LMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Key
Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute
of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Xin Ding
- Key
Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute
of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yuhang Du
- Key
Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute
of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Chao Xiao
- Key
Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute
of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Kang Zheng
- Key
Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute
of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xianglan Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute
of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xingyou Tian
- Key
Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute
of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Institute
of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s
Republic of China
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11
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Chu JK, Tiong TJ, Chong S, Asli UA. Investigation on different time-harmonic models using FEM for the prediction of acoustic pressure fields in a pilot-scale sonoreactor. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Priyadarshi A, Khavari M, Bin Shahrani S, Subroto T, Yusuf LA, Conte M, Prentice P, Pericleous K, Eskin D, Tzanakis I. In-situ observations and acoustic measurements upon fragmentation of free-floating intermetallics under ultrasonic cavitation in water. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 80:105820. [PMID: 34763212 PMCID: PMC8591476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Grain refinement in alloys is a well-known effect of ultrasonic melt processing. Fragmentation of primary crystals by cavitation-induced action in liquid metals is considered as one of the main driving mechanisms for producing finer and equiaxed grain structures. However, in-situ observations of the fragmentation process are generally complex and difficult to follow in opaque liquid metals, especially for the free-floating crystals. In the present study, we develop a transparent test rig to observe in real time the fragmentation potential of free-floating primary Al3Zr particles under ultrasonic excitation in water (an established analogue medium to liquid aluminium for cavitation studies). An effective treatment domain was identified and fragmentation time determined using acoustic pressure field mapping. For the first time, real-time high-speed imaging captured the dynamic interaction of shock waves from the collapsing bubbles with floating intermetallic particles that led to their fragmentation. The breakage sequence as well as the cavitation erosion pattern were studied by means of post-treatment microscopic characterisation of the fragments. Fragment size distribution and crack patterns on the fractured surface were then analysed and quantified. Application of ultrasound is shown to rapidly (<10 s) reduce intermetallic size (from 5 mm down to 10 μm), thereby increasing the number of potential nucleation sites for the grain refinement of aluminium alloys during melt treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Priyadarshi
- Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX33 1HX, UK.
| | - Mohammad Khavari
- Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX33 1HX, UK
| | - Shazamin Bin Shahrani
- Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX33 1HX, UK
| | - Tungky Subroto
- Brunel Centre for Advance Solidification Technology (BCAST), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Lukman A Yusuf
- Cavitation Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Marcello Conte
- Anton Paar TriTec SA, Vernets 6, 2035 Corcelles, Switzerland
| | - Paul Prentice
- Cavitation Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Koulis Pericleous
- Computational Science and Engineering Group (CSEG), Department of Mathematics, University of Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, UK
| | - Dmitry Eskin
- Brunel Centre for Advance Solidification Technology (BCAST), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK; Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Iakovos Tzanakis
- Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX33 1HX, UK; Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
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13
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Meroni D, Djellabi R, Ashokkumar M, Bianchi CL, Boffito DC. Sonoprocessing: From Concepts to Large-Scale Reactors. Chem Rev 2021; 122:3219-3258. [PMID: 34818504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intensification of ultrasonic processes for diversified applications, including environmental remediation, extractions, food processes, and synthesis of materials, has received attention from the scientific community and industry. The mechanistic pathways involved in intensification of ultrasonic processes that include the ultrasonic generation of cavitation bubbles, radical formation upon their collapse, and the possibility of fine-tuning operating parameters for specific applications are all well documented in the literature. However, the scale-up of ultrasonic processes with large-scale sonochemical reactors for industrial applications remains a challenge. In this context, this review provides a complete overview of the current understanding of the role of operating parameters and reactor configuration on the sonochemical processes. Experimental and theoretical techniques to characterize the intensity and distribution of cavitation activity within sonoreactors are compared. Classes of laboratory and large-scale sonoreactors are reviewed, highlighting recent advances in batch and flow-through reactors. Finally, examples of large-scale sonoprocessing applications have been reviewed, discussing the major scale-up and sustainability challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Meroni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Ridha Djellabi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Claudia L Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Daria C Boffito
- Département de Génie Chimique, C.P. 6079, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal H3C 3A7, Canada.,Canada Research Chair in Intensified Mechanochemical Processes for Sustainable Biomass Conversion, Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. CV, H3C 3A7 Montréal, Québec Canada
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14
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Ferdous S, Dopp JL, Reuel NF. Optimization of E. Coli Tip-Sonication for High-Yield Cell-Free Extract using Finite Element Modeling. AIChE J 2021; 67:e17389. [PMID: 35663841 PMCID: PMC9161774 DOI: 10.1002/aic.17389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Optimal tip sonication settings, namely tip position, input power, and pulse durations, are necessary for temperature sensitive procedures like preparation of viable cell extract. In this paper, the optimum tip immersion depth (20-30% height below the liquid surface) is estimated which ensures maximum mixing thereby enhancing thermal dissipation of local cavitation hotspots. A finite element (FE) heat transfer model is presented, validated experimentally with (R2 > 97%) and used to observe the effect of temperature rise on cell extract performance of E. coli BL21 DE3 star strain and estimate the temperature threshold. Relative yields in the top 10% are observed for solution temperatures maintained below 32°C; this reduces below 50% relative yield at temperatures above 47°C. A generalized workflow for direct simulation using the COMSOL code as well as master plots for estimation of sonication parameters (power input and pulse settings) is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakib Ferdous
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University
| | - Jared L. Dopp
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University
| | - Nigel F. Reuel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University
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15
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Zhao J, Wu X, Ning L, Zhang J, Han C, Li Y. Wetting of aluminium and carbon interface during preparation of Al-Ti-C grain refiner under ultrasonic field. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 76:105633. [PMID: 34198126 PMCID: PMC8254042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the preparation of an Al-Ti-C grain refiner under an ultrasonic field, the mechanism of the wetting behaviour between Al and C was systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that the wetting behaviour was mainly dependent on the wetting of the Al melt on graphite under the ultrasonic field (physical wetting) and the formation and mass transfer of TiC (reactive wetting). The diffusion of Ti atoms and their adsorption around the graphite could contribute to the wetting of Al-C. TiC particles were formed under the high temperature caused by the cavitation effect, and they detached from the interface due to the sound pressure, which resulted in consistently sufficient contact on the wetting interface. Moreover, the wetting and spreading behaviour of the Al melt on graphite under an ultrasonic field were numerically simulated, strongly manifesting that the ultrasonic field could facilitate the wetting of the Al-C interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingtao Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, PR China; Key Laboratory of Lightweight Structural Materials, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, PR China; Key Laboratory of Lightweight Structural Materials, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Liping Ning
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, PR China; Key Laboratory of Lightweight Structural Materials, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Junjia Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, PR China; Key Laboratory of Lightweight Structural Materials, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Chao Han
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Yinglong Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, 11 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110819, PR China; Key Laboratory of Lightweight Structural Materials, Liaoning Province, PR China.
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16
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Effects of High-Intensity Ultrasound on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 2195 Aluminum Ingots. METALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/met11071050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The microstructural refinement of 2195 aluminum alloy ingots is particularly important for improving their industrial applications and mechanical properties. Combined with vacuum casting and inert gas protection, scalable high-strength ultrasonic melt processing (USMT) technology was used to manufacture 2195 aluminum alloy cylindrical ingots. Then, the influence of USMT on the main microstructural components (primary α-Al grains, secondary phase network, and precipitated particles) was studied. Our experiments show that the main microstructure of the ingot was improved after the introduction of ultrasound. Compared to the ingot formed without USMT, the size and morphology of the primary α-Al phase were optimized. The agglomeration of coarsening secondary phases can be alleviated, and the large layered secondary phase network becomes discontinuous throughout the ingot under USMT. At the same time, the mechanical properties of the solidified aluminum alloy ingots were also tested, and comparisons were made between samples formed with and without USMT. The results show that the stress concentration caused by the large area of coarse secondary phase in the ingot leads to the decrease of mechanical properties.
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17
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Yamamoto T, Kubo K, Komarov SV. Characterization of acoustic streaming in water and aluminum melt during ultrasonic irradiation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 71:105381. [PMID: 33157358 PMCID: PMC7786621 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that ultrasonic cavitation causes a steady flow termed acoustic streaming. In the present study, the velocity of acoustic streaming in water and molten aluminum is measured. The method is based on the measurement of oscillation frequency of Karman vortices around a cylinder immersed into liquid. For the case of acoustic streaming in molten metal, such measurements were performed for the first time. Four types of experiments were conducted in the present study: (1) Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurement in a water bath to measure the acoustic streaming velocity visually, (2) frequency measurement of Karman vortices generated around a cylinder in water, and (3) in aluminum melt, and (4) cavitation intensity measurements in molten aluminum. Based on the measurement results (1) and (2), the Strouhal number for acoustic streaming was determined. Then, using the same Strouhal number and measuring oscillation frequency of Karman vortices in aluminum melt, the acoustic streaming velocity was measured. The velocity of acoustic streaming was found to be independent of amplitude of sonotrode tip oscillation both in water and aluminum melt. This can be explained by the effect of acoustic shielding and liquid density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamamoto
- Department of Metallurgy, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan; Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Kubo
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Sergey V Komarov
- Department of Metallurgy, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan; Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
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18
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Priyadarshi A, Khavari M, Subroto T, Conte M, Prentice P, Pericleous K, Eskin D, Durodola J, Tzanakis I. On the governing fragmentation mechanism of primary intermetallics by induced cavitation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 70:105260. [PMID: 32818723 PMCID: PMC7786528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the main applications of ultrasonic melt treatment is the grain refinement of aluminium alloys. Among several suggested mechanisms, the fragmentation of primary intermetallics by acoustic cavitation is regarded as very efficient. However, the physical process causing this fragmentation has received little attention and is not yet well understood. In this study, we evaluate the mechanical properties of primary Al3Zr intermetallics by nano-indentation experiments and correlate those with in-situ high-speed imaging (of up to 1 Mfps) of their fragmentation process by laser-induced cavitation (single bubble) and by acoustic cavitation (cloud of bubbles) in water. Intermetallic crystals were chemically extracted from an Al-3 wt% Zr alloy matrix. Mechanical properties such as hardness, elastic modulus and fracture toughness of the extracted intermetallics were determined using a geometrically fixed Berkovich nano-diamond and cube corner indenter, under ambient temperature conditions. The studied crystals were then exposed to the two cavitation conditions mentioned. Results demonstrated for the first time that the governing fragmentation mechanism of the studied intermetallics was due to the emitted shock waves from the collapsing bubbles. The fragmentation caused by a single bubble collapse was found to be almost instantaneous. On the other hand, sono-fragmentation studies revealed that the intermetallic crystal initially underwent low cycle fatigue loading, followed by catastrophic brittle failure due to propagating shock waves. The observed fragmentation mechanism was supported by fracture mechanics and pressure measurements using a calibrated fibre optic hydrophone. Results showed that the acoustic pressures produced from shock wave emissions in the case of a single bubble collapse, and responsible for instantaneous fragmentation of the intermetallics, were in the range of 20-40 MPa. Whereas, the shock pressure generated from the acoustic cavitation cloud collapses surged up to 1.6 MPa inducing fatigue stresses within the crystal leading to eventual fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Priyadarshi
- Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX33 1HX, United Kingdom.
| | - Mohammad Khavari
- Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX33 1HX, United Kingdom
| | - Tungky Subroto
- Brunel Centre for Advance Solidification Technology (BCAST), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Marcello Conte
- Anton Paar TriTec SA, Vernets 6, 2035 Corcelles, Switzerland
| | - Paul Prentice
- Cavitation Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Koulis Pericleous
- Computational Science and Engineering Group (CSEG), Department of Mathematics, University of Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry Eskin
- Brunel Centre for Advance Solidification Technology (BCAST), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom; Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - John Durodola
- Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX33 1HX, United Kingdom
| | - Iakovos Tzanakis
- Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX33 1HX, United Kingdom; Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
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19
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Li C, Zhao C, Ma Y, Chen W, Zheng Y, Zhi X, Peng G. Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted ultrafiltration process for removing bacterial endotoxin from diammonium glycyrrhizinate using response surface methodology. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 68:105215. [PMID: 32526687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic-assisted ultrafiltration (UAU) removing bacterial endotoxin from diammonium glycyrrhizinate, was firstly applied to surfactant separation. Separation efficiency was related with four variables, including ultrafiltration molecular weight cut off (MWCO), ultrasonic power, concentration and pH. The SCQ-9200E ultrasonic system was provided for the study with adjustable ultrasonic power 80 W to 800 W, and the ultrasonic frequency was 40 KHz. On the basis of response surface methodology (RSM), the optimal separation conditions were determined to be the ultrafiltration MWCO as 10 kDa, the ultrasonic power as 570 W, diammonium glycyrrhizinate concentration as 150.00 μg/mL and the pH as 4.70. The experimental rejection of bacterial endotoxin was 94.08%, meanwhile the transmittance of diammonium glycyrrhizinate was 93.65%. Based on the ultrasonic power, solution volume, and ultrasonic container size, the experiments with UAU at different power intensities showed that ultrasonic at a power intensity of 57 W/L and the power density of 0.32 W/cm2 could solve the separation contradiction between diammonium glycyrrhizinate and bacterial endotoxin. This study indicated that UAU could be an innovation in ultrasonic separation fields, and had a vast range of prospects for making use in pharmaceutical preparation area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunyu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Chenguang Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yun Ma
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Taizhou City, Taizhou 225300, PR China
| | - Wei Chen
- Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215003, PR China
| | - Yunfeng Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xinglei Zhi
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Guoping Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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20
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Zhang W, Cao Y, Huang J, Zhao W, Liu X, Li M, Ji H. Ultrasonic-accelerated metallurgical reaction of Sn/Ni composite solder: Principle, kinetics, microstructure, and joint properties. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 66:105090. [PMID: 32247233 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The high-melting-point joints by transient-liquid-phase are increasingly playing a crucial role in the die bonding for the high temperature electronic components. In this study, three kinds of Sn/Ni composite solder pastes composed of different sizes of Ni particles were synthesized to accelerate metallurgical reaction among Sn/Ni interfaces under the ultrasonic-assisted transient liquid phase (U-TLP) soldering. The temperature evolution, microstructure and mechanical property in joints composed by these composite solder pastes with or without ultrasonic energy were systemically investigated. The intermetallic joint consisted of high-melting-point sole Ni3Sn4 intermetallic compound with a little residual Ni was obtained under the conditions of no pressure and lower power (200 W) in a high-temperature duration of only 10 s, its shear strength was up to 45.3 MPa. Ultrasonic effects significantly accelerated the reaction among the interfaces of liquid Sn and solid Ni, which attributed to the temperature rise caused by acoustic cavitation because of large number of liquid/solid interfaces during U-TLP, resulting in accelerated solid/liquid interfacial diffusion and growth of intermetallic compounds. This intermetallic joint formed by U-TLP soldering has a promising potential for applications in high-power device packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; Flexible Printing Electronic Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yichen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; Flexible Printing Electronic Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiayi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; Flexible Printing Electronic Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; Flexible Printing Electronic Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiangli Liu
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Aerospace Detection and Imaging, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; Flexible Printing Electronic Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hongjun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China; Flexible Printing Electronic Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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21
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Thermal Performance Enhancement in Flat Plate Solar Collector Solar Water Heater: A Review. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8070756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Various studies to improve the thermal performance of flat plate solar collector (FPSC) solar water heater have been conducted, and more are currently in progress. This study aims to review existing methods on thermal performance enhancement for FPSC and discuss on heat-transfer enhancement using vibration and its potential application for FPSC. Ten methods for improving thermal performance are identified, which include applications of nanofluids, absorber coatings, phase change materials (PCM), thermal performance enhancers, FPSC design modifications, polymer materials, heat loss reduction, mini and micro channel and heat-transfer enhancement using vibration. An examination of heat-transfer enhancement using vibration in low frequency ranges for an evacuated-tube solar collector (ETSC) solar water heater system showed that it can potentially achieve heat-transfer enhancement of up to 78%. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of research on the applications of heat-transfer enhancement using vibration on FPSC to date.
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22
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Tonry CEH, Djambazov G, Dybalska A, Griffiths WD, Beckwith C, Bojarevics V, Pericleous KA. Acoustic resonance for contactless ultrasonic cavitation in alloy melts. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 63:104959. [PMID: 31958707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.104959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Contactless ultrasound is a novel, easily implemented, technique for the Ultrasonic Treatment (UST) of liquid metals. Instead of using a vibrating sonotrode probe inside the melt, which leads to contamination, we consider a high AC frequency electromagnetic coil placed close to the metal free surface. The coil induces a rapidly changing Lorentz force, which in turn excites sound waves. To reach the necessary pressure amplitude for cavitation with the minimum electrical energy use, it was found necessary to achieve acoustic resonance in the liquid volume, by finely tuning the coil AC supply frequency. The appearance of cavitation was then detected experimentally with an externally placed ultrasonic microphone and confirmed by the reduction in grain size of the solidified metal. To predict the appearance of various resonant modes numerically, the exact dimensions of the melt volume, the holding crucible, surrounding structures and their sound properties are required. As cavitation progresses the speed of sound in the melt changes, which in practice means resonance becomes intermittent. Given the complexity of the situation, two competing numerical models are used to compute the soundfield. A high order time-domain method focusing on a particular forcing frequency and a Helmholtz frequency domain method scanning the full frequency range of the power supply. A good agreement is achieved between the two methods and experiments which means the optimal setup for the process can be predicted with some accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E H Tonry
- Computational Science and Engineering Group, University of Greenwich, Park Row, Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, United Kingdom.
| | - G Djambazov
- Computational Science and Engineering Group, University of Greenwich, Park Row, Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, United Kingdom
| | - A Dybalska
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - W D Griffiths
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - C Beckwith
- Computational Science and Engineering Group, University of Greenwich, Park Row, Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, United Kingdom
| | - V Bojarevics
- Computational Science and Engineering Group, University of Greenwich, Park Row, Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, United Kingdom
| | - K A Pericleous
- Computational Science and Engineering Group, University of Greenwich, Park Row, Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, United Kingdom
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23
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Simulation of Ultrasonic Induced Cavitation and Acoustic Streaming in Liquid and Solidifying Aluminum. METALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/met10040476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasonic treatment (UST), more precisely, cavitation and acoustic streaming, of liquid light metal alloys is a very promising technology for achieving grain and structure refinement, and therefore, better mechanical properties. The possibility of predicting these process phenomena is an important requirement for understanding, implementing, and scaling this technology in the foundry industry. Using an established (casting) computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-simulation tool, we studied the ability of this software to calculate the onset and expansion of cavitation and acoustic streaming for the aluminum alloy A356, partly depending on different radiator geometries. A key aspect was a holistic approach toward pressure distribution, cavitation, and acoustic streaming prediction, and the possibility of two- and (more importantly) three-dimensional result outputs. Our feasibility analysis showed that the simulation tool is able to predict the mentioned effects and that the results obtained are in good agreement with the results and descriptions of previous investigations. Finally, capabilities and limitations as well as future challenges for further developments are discussed.
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24
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Investigating the Advantages of Ultrasonic-assisted Welding Technique Applied in Underwater Wet Welding by in-situ X-ray Imaging Method. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13061442. [PMID: 32245272 PMCID: PMC7142934 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of ultrasonic on melt pool dynamic, microstructure, and properties of underwater wet flux-cored arc welding (FCAW) joints were investigated. Ultrasonic vibration enhanced melt flow and weld pool oscillation. Grain fragmentation caused by cavitation changed microstructure morphology and decreased microstructure size. The proportion of polygonal ferrite (PF) reduced or even disappeared. The width of grain boundary ferrite (GBF) decreased from 34 to 10 μm, and the hardness increased from 204 to 276 HV. The tensile strength of the joint increased from 545 to 610 MPa, and the impact toughness increased from 65 to 71 J/mm2 due to the microstructure refinement at the optimum ultrasonic power.
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25
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Tan KL, Yeo SH. Bubble dynamics and cavitation intensity in milli-scale channels under an ultrasonic horn. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 58:104666. [PMID: 31450291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Under a vibrating ultrasonic horn device, intense cavitation occurs but is restricted to a small volume due to strong attenuation effects. In this study, milli-scale channels were introduced under the horn. The effect of this on the cavitation development and intensity within the channels were explored. High speed videography of up to 100,000 fps and acoustic signal acquisition through hydrophone were conducted. Cavitation intensity was observed to increase within the channels as compared to free field condition. Bubble density increased with a decrease in channel diameter and a rise in ultrasonic amplitude. Furthermore, an intriguing phenomenon of large bubble cluster formation near the channel exit (20 mm away from the horn surface) was detected. The oscillation behaviour of these clusters is dependent on both channel diameter and ultrasonic amplitude. At the maximum ultrasonic amplitude, the clusters reached maximum radiuses exceeding 3 mm and collapsed violently. Repetitive transient collapses near the exit region suggest that the introduction of milli-scale channels could extend the effective cavitation zone length and enhance the overall cavitation intensity under an ultrasonic horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Tan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; Rolls-Royce@NTU Corporate Lab, N3.1-B2a-01, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - S H Yeo
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore; Rolls-Royce@NTU Corporate Lab, N3.1-B2a-01, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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26
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Komarov S, Yamamoto T. Role of Acoustic Streaming in Formation of Unsteady Flow in Billet Sump during Ultrasonic DC Casting of Aluminum Alloys. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12213532. [PMID: 31661842 PMCID: PMC6862103 DOI: 10.3390/ma12213532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present work investigated melt flow pattern and temperature distribution in the sump of aluminum billets produced in a hot-top equipped direct chilling (DC) caster conventionally and with ultrasonic irradiation. The main emphasis was placed on clarifying the effects of acoustic streaming and hot-top unit type. Acoustic streaming characteristics were investigated first by using the earlier developed numerical model and water model experiments. Then, the acoustic streaming model was applied to develop a numerical code capable of simulating unsteady flow phenomena in the sump during the DC casting process. The results revealed that the introduction of ultrasonic vibrations into the melt in the hot-top unit had little or no effect on the temperature distribution and sump profile, but had a considerable effect on the melt flow pattern in the sump. Our results showed that ultrasound irradiation makes the flow velocity faster and produces a lot of relatively small eddies in the sump bulk and near the mushy zone. The latter causes frequently repeated thinning of the mushy zone layer. The numerical predictions were verified against measurements performed on a pilot DC caster producing 203 mm billets of Al-17%Si alloy. The verification revealed approximately the same sump depth and shape as those in the numerical simulations, and confirms the frequent and large fluctuations of the melt temperature during ultrasound irradiation. However, the measured temperature distribution in the sump significantly differed from that predicted numerically. This suggests that the present mathematical model should be further improved, particularly in terms of more accurate descriptions of boundary conditions and mushy zone characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Komarov
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
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27
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Lebon B, Tzanakis I, Pericleous K, Eskin D. Numerical Modelling of the Ultrasonic Treatment of Aluminium Melts: An Overview of Recent Advances. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E3262. [PMID: 31590463 PMCID: PMC6804316 DOI: 10.3390/ma12193262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The prediction of the acoustic pressure field and associated streaming is of paramount importance to ultrasonic melt processing. Hence, the last decade has witnessed the emergence of various numerical models for predicting acoustic pressures and velocity fields in liquid metals subject to ultrasonic excitation at large amplitudes. This paper summarizes recent research, arguably the state of the art, and suggests best practice guidelines in acoustic cavitation modelling as applied to aluminium melts. We also present the remaining challenges that are to be addressed to pave the way for a reliable and complete working numerical package that can assist in scaling up this promising technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lebon
- Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK.
| | - Iakovos Tzanakis
- Oxford Brookes University, Wheatley Campus, Oxford OX33 1HX, UK.
| | - Koulis Pericleous
- Computational Science and Engineering Group, University of Greenwich, 30 Park Row, London SE10 9LS, UK.
| | - Dmitry Eskin
- Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK.
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Balasubramani N, StJohn D, Dargusch M, Wang G. Ultrasonic Processing for Structure Refinement: An Overview of Mechanisms and Application of the Interdependence Theory. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E3187. [PMID: 31569413 PMCID: PMC6804017 DOI: 10.3390/ma12193187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Research on ultrasonic treatment (UST) of aluminium, magnesium and zinc undertaken by the authors and their collaborators was stimulated by renewed interest internationally in this technology and the establishment of the ExoMet program of which The University of Queensland (UQ) was a partner. The direction for our research was driven by a desire to understand the UST parameters that need to be controlled to achieve a fine equiaxed grain structure throughout a casting. Previous work highlighted that increasing the growth restriction factor Q can lead to significant refinement when UST is applied. We extended this approach to using the Interdependence model as a framework for identifying some of the factors (e.g., solute and temperature gradient) that could be optimised in order to achieve the best refinement from UST for a range of alloy compositions. This work confirmed established knowledge on the benefits of both liquid-only treatment and the additional refinement when UST is applied during the nucleation stage of solidification. The importance of acoustic streaming, treatment time and settling of grains were revealed as critical factors in achieving a fully equiaxed structure. The Interdependence model also explained the limit to refinement obtained when nanoparticle composites are treated. This overview presents the key results and mechanisms arising from our research and considers directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagasivamuni Balasubramani
- Centre for Advanced Material Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - David StJohn
- Centre for Advanced Material Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.
- DMTC Limited, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Matthew Dargusch
- Centre for Advanced Material Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.
- DMTC Limited, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - Gui Wang
- Centre for Advanced Material Processing and Manufacturing (AMPAM), School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.
- DMTC Limited, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.
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Effects of Ultrasonic Introduced by L-Shaped Ceramic Sonotrodes on Microstructure and Macro-Segregation of 15t AA2219 Aluminum Alloy Ingot. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12193162. [PMID: 31569660 PMCID: PMC6803929 DOI: 10.3390/ma12193162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effects of ultrasonic introduced by L-shaped sonotrodes made of high-temperature-resistant ceramic on the microstructure and macro-segregation of solidifying 15t AA2219 aluminum alloy ingots have been examined in the present study. The macroscopic morphology of the corrosion of the sonotrode has been observed. Grain refinement has been observed, the shape and size of the precipitated phase of the ingot were counted, and the degree of segregation along the transverse direction at 500 mm from the head of the ingot has been evaluated. The results reveal that the L-shaped ceramic ultrasonic introduction device can effectively avoid the erosion of high-temperature melt on the sonotrode and the heat radiation of the high-temperature heat flow to the transducer. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and chemical composition detection results also indicate that the inter-dendritic micro-segregation of the equiaxed grains can be reduced, and the macro-segregation of the chemical composition of the ingot can be suppressed, and more homogeneous microstructures can be obtained when ultrasonic has been applied during solidification.
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Arafa WAA, Nayl AEA. Water as a solvent for Ru‐catalyzed click reaction: Highly efficient recyclable catalytic system for triazolocoumarins synthesis. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wael Abdelgayed Ahmed Arafa
- Chemistry Department, College of ScienceJouf University P.O. Box 2014 Sakaka, Aljouf Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceFayoum University P.O. Box 63514 Fayoum City Egypt
| | - Abd El‐Aziz Ahmed Nayl
- Chemistry Department, College of ScienceJouf University P.O. Box 2014 Sakaka, Aljouf Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Hot Laboratories CenterAtomic Energy Authority of Egypt P.O. 13759 Inshas, Cairo Egypt
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Lebon GSB, Salloum-Abou-Jaoude G, Eskin D, Tzanakis I, Pericleous K, Jarry P. Numerical modelling of acoustic streaming during the ultrasonic melt treatment of direct-chill (DC) casting. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 54:171-182. [PMID: 30755390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Acoustic streaming and its attendant effects in the sump of a direct-chill (DC) casting process are successfully predicted under ultrasonic treatment for the first time. The proposed numerical model couples acoustic cavitation, fluid flow, heat and species transfer, and solidification to predict the flow pattern, acoustic pressure, and temperature fields in the sump. The model is numerically stable with time steps of the order of 0.01 s and therefore computationally attractive for optimization studies necessitating simulation times of the order of a minute. The sump profile is altered by acoustic streaming, with the slurry region depressed along the centreline of the billet by a strong central jet. The temperature gradient in the transition zone is increased, potentially interfering with grain refinement. The cooling rate in the sump is also altered, thereby modifying the dendrite arm spacing of the as-cast billet. The relative position of the sonotrode affects the sump profile, with the sump depth decreased by around 5 mm when the sonotrode is moved above the graphite ring level by 100 mm. The acoustic streaming jet penetrates into the slurry zone and, as a result, the growth direction of dendritic grains in the off-centre position is altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Bruno Lebon
- Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology (BCAST), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom; Computational Science and Engineering Group (CSEG), Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, United Kingdom.
| | - Georges Salloum-Abou-Jaoude
- Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology (BCAST), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom; Constellium, Parc Economique Centr'alp, CS10027, Voreppe 38341 cedex, France
| | - Dmitry Eskin
- Brunel Centre for Advanced Solidification Technology (BCAST), Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom; Tomsk State University, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Iakovos Tzanakis
- Faculty of Technology, Design and Environment, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX33 1HX, United Kingdom; Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Koulis Pericleous
- Computational Science and Engineering Group (CSEG), Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Jarry
- Constellium, Parc Economique Centr'alp, CS10027, Voreppe 38341 cedex, France
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