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An S, Nam SN, Choi JS, Park CM, Jang M, Lee JY, Jun BM, Yoon Y. Ultrasonic treatment of endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products in water: An updated review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134852. [PMID: 38852250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PPCPs), and endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) have seen a recent sustained increase in usage, leading to increasing discharge and accumulation in wastewater. Conventional water treatment and disinfection processes are somewhat limited in effectively addressing this micropollutant issue. Ultrasonication (US), which serves as an advanced oxidation process, is based on the principle of ultrasound irradiation, exposing water to high-frequency waves, inducing thermal decomposition of H2O while using the produced radicals to oxidize and break down dissolved contaminants. This review evaluates research over the past five years on US-based technologies for the effective degradation of EDCs and PPCPs in water and assesses various factors that can influence the removal rate: solution pH, temperature of water, presence of background common ions, natural organic matter, species that serve as promoters and scavengers, and variations in US conditions (e.g., frequency, power density, and reaction type). This review also discusses various types of carbon/non-carbon catalysts, O3 and ultraviolet processes that can further enhance the degradation efficiency of EDCs and PPCPs in combination with US processes. Furthermore, numerous types of EDCs and PPCPs and recent research trends for these organic contaminants are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin An
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Nam Nam
- Military Environmental Research Center, Korea Army Academy at Yeongcheon, 495 Hoguk-ro, Gogyeong-myeon, Yeongcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38900, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Soo Choi
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Min Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 447-1 Wolgye-dong Nowon-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yi Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Moon Jun
- Radwaste Management Center, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), 111 Daedeok-Daero 989beon-gil, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeomin Yoon
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea.
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Sun S, Ren Y, Zhou Y, Guo F, Choi J, Cui M, Khim J. Prediction of micropollutant degradation kinetic constant by ultrasonic using machine learning. CHEMOSPHERE 2024:142701. [PMID: 38925516 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
A prediction model based on XGBoost is proposed for ultrasonic degradation of micropollutants' kinetic constants. After parameter optimization through iteration, the model achieves Evaluation metrics with R2 and SMAPE reaching 0.99 and 2.06%, respectively. The impact of design parameters on predicting kinetic constants for ultrasound degradation of trace pollutants was assessed using Shapley additive explanations (SHAP). Results indicate that power density and frequency significantly impact the predictive performance. The database was sorted based on power density and frequency values. Subsequently, 800 raw data were split into small databases of 200 each. After confirming that reducing the database size doesn't affect prediction accuracy, ultrasound degradation experiments were conducted for five pollutants, yielding experimental data. A small database with experimental conditions within the numerical range was selected. Data meeting both feature conditions were filtered, resulting in an optimized 60-data group. After incorporating experimental data, a model was trained for prediction. Degradation kinetic constants for experiments (kE) were compared with predicted constants (for 800 data-based model: kP-800 and for 60 data-based model: kP-60). Results showed ibuprofen, bisphenol A, carbamazepine, and 17β-Estradiol performed better on the 60-data group (kP-60/kE: 1.00, 0.99, 1.00, 1.00), while caffeine suited the model trained on the 800-data group (kP-800/kE: 1.02).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Sun
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangmin Ren
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongyue Zhou
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Fengshi Guo
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbok Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingcan Cui
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeehyeong Khim
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Guo C, Tao C, Yu F, Zhao Z, Wang Z, Deng N, Huang X. Ball-milled layer double hydroxide as persulfate activator for efficient degradation of organic: Alkaline sites-triggered non-radical mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132219. [PMID: 37722323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Considerable efforts have been put into enhancing the activation performance of peroxydisulfate (PDS) by catalysts toward oxidative degradation of organic pollutants, while the oxidative selectivity is somehow overlooked. Here, we reported an enhanced non-radical oxidation pathway of PDS, activated by ball-milled Mg/Al-layered double hydroxide (BM-LDH), to reconcile the selectivity and reactivity. EPR and quenching experiments suggested that 1O2 dominated the oxidative pathway for phenol degradation without generating carcinogenic halide by-products. Multiple interfacial characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that BM-LDH played dual roles in PDS activation: (1) the interlaminar BM-LDH allowed PDS intercalation to form complexed PDS, resulting in decreases in the activation barrier of PDS; (2) abundant terminal hydroxyls in the layers of BM-LDH acted as alkaline-activation sites that can efficiently activate PDS to generate 1O2 toward phenol degradation. Ball-milling treatment of LDH refined the structural hierarchy of LDH to create pore volumes, which greatly enhanced the diffusion of phenol to the intercalated PDS, resulting in more than twice the reaction rate for phenol degradation. This study provided a promising approach to simultaneously control over the reactivity and selectivity toward PDS activation that are critical for the degradation of organic pollutants particularly in drinking water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjin Guo
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chen Tao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Fang Yu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhiquan Wang
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Ning Deng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Sun S, Ren Y, Guo F, Zhou Y, Cui M, Ma J, Han Z, Khim J. Comparison of effects of multiple oxidants with an ultrasonic system under unified system conditions for bisphenol A degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 329:138526. [PMID: 37019404 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) as a trace contaminant has been reported, due to widespread use in the plastics industry. This study applied the 35 kHz ultrasound (US) to activate four different common oxidants (H2O2, HSO5-, S2O82-, and IO4-) for BPA degradation. With increasing initial concentration of oxidants, the degradation rate of BPA increased. The synergy index confirmed that a synergistic relationship between US and oxidants. This study also examined the impact of pH and temperature. The results showed that the kinetic constants of US, US-H2O2, US-HSO5- and US-IO4-decreased when the pH increased from 6 to 11. The optimal pH for US-S2O82- was 8. Notably, increasing temperature decreased the performance of US, US-H2O2, and US-IO4- systems, while it could increase the degradation of BPA in US-S2O82- and US-HSO5-. The activation energy for BPA decomposition using the US-IO4- system was the lowest, at 0.453nullkJnullmol-1, and the synergy index was the highest at 2.22. Additionally, the ΔG# value was found to be 2.11 + 0.29T when the temperature ranged from 25 °C to 45 °C. The main oxidation contribution is achieved by hydroxyl radicals in scavenger test. The mechanism of activation of US-oxidant is heat and electron transfer. In the case of the US-IO4- system, the economic analysis yielded 271 kwh m-3, which was approximately 2.4 times lower than that of the US process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Sun
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangmin Ren
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Fengshi Guo
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongyue Zhou
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingcan Cui
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Junjun Ma
- Nanjing Green-water Environment Engineering Limited By Share Ltd. C Building No. 606 Ningliu Road, Chemical Industrial Park, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengchang Han
- Nanjing Green-water Environment Engineering Limited By Share Ltd. C Building No. 606 Ningliu Road, Chemical Industrial Park, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jeehyeong Khim
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Chen W, Li X, Wei X, Liao G, Wang J, Li L. Activation of peroxymonosulfate for degrading ibuprofen via single atom Cu anchored by carbon skeleton and chlorine atom: The radical and non-radical pathways. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:160097. [PMID: 36368392 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Single atomic Cu catalysts (SACs Cu@C) anchored by carbon skeleton and chlorine atom was synthesized by hydrolyzing Cu-MOFs and then pickled by aqua-regia to remove Cu nanoparticles (NPs Cu). Comparative characterizations revealed that SACs Cu@C was a hierarchically porous nanostructure and Cu dispersed uniformly throughout the carbon skeletons. With less active components, SACs Cu@C behaved better in activating PMS over NPs Cu@C on ibuprofen removal (91.3 % versus 30.2 % in 30 min). Two Cu coordination environments were found by EXAF and DFT calculation, including four-coordinated Cu with 4C atoms and six-coordinated Cu with 4Cu and 2Cl atoms. The obvious interfacial electron delivery between PMS and SACs Cu@C was found, which was enhanced by Cl atom. Cu(I)/Cu(II) redox cycle would donate electron to peroxy bond of PMS for generating OH, SO4- and O2-. But electron transferred in opposite direction when PMS bonded to Cu atom through its terminal oxygen atom in sulfate, which formed 1O2. IBP degradation proceeded through both radical and non-radical route. IBP degradation was inhibited with the presence of TBA, methanol and furfuryl alcohol but accelerated by p-BQ, which could accelerate OH generation. Two degradation pathways were deducted. This study provided a new insight into catalysts designed for PMS activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weirui Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xukai Li
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Functional Materials for Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xipeng Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gaozu Liao
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Functional Materials for Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Functional Materials for Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Laisheng Li
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Functional Materials for Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Gogate PR. Intensified sulfate radical oxidation using cavitation applied for wastewater treatment. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2022.100850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Cai H, Ma Y, Li J, Jin Y, Zhu P, Chen M. Norfloxacin Degradation by Persulfate Activated with Cu 2O@WO 3 Composites: Efficiency, Stability, Mechanism, and Degradation Pathway. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing of Phosphorus Resources, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yujing Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing of Phosphorus Resources, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing of Phosphorus Resources, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Jin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing of Phosphorus Resources, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Pan Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing of Phosphorus Resources, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing of Phosphorus Resources, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
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Chen S, He Z. Sonoelectrochemical activation of peroxymonosulfate: Influencing factors and mechanism of FA degradation, and application on landfill leachate treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:133365. [PMID: 34954193 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, sonoelectrochemically activated peroxymonosulfate (US-EC/PMS) was used to degrade fulvic acid (FA) in water. Compared with other technologies, the US-EC/PMS system can achieve higher FA decolorization in a short time. Moreover, the benefits of synergy are more prominent in the US-EC/PMS system. The effects of operating parameters on the sonoelectrochemical degradation of FA were investigated, including initial pH, initial FA concentration, current density, ultrasonic power, PMS dosage. The results showed the initial FA concentration and current density were critical to the degradation of FA. Under optimized parameters: initial pH of 2, 50 mg L-1 initial FA concentration, 30 mA cm-2 current density, 50 W ultrasonic power, 1 mM PMS dosage, the US-EC/PMS system can achieve 93% FA decolorization. The calculation results of current efficiency and energy consumption indicate that the introduction of PMS into the US-EC system has economic applicability. Scavenger experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance suggest that hydroxyl radicals, sulfate radicals, and singlet oxygen were the main ROS produced in the US-EC/PMS system. Accordingly, the possible mechanism of FA degradation by sonoelectrochemical activation PMS was proposed. Finally, the US-EC/PMS system was used to treat the aged landfill leachate. Three-dimensional fluorescence analysis showed that most of the humic substances (Hss) were effectively removed, and the biodegradability of the leachate was considerably improved. In addition, the effective removal of COD, chroma, and ammonia nitrogen were observed, proving that this technology is a powerful means to treat organic wastewater contaminated by Hss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxun Chen
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China
| | - Zhengguang He
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, PR China.
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Sugihartono VE, Mahasti NNN, Shih YJ, Huang YH. Photo-persulfate oxidation and mineralization of benzoic acid: Kinetics and optimization under UVC irradiation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:133663. [PMID: 35063559 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The strong oxidant, persulfate (PS, S2O82-), was applied to treat the synthetic wastewater of benzoic acid (BA) under UV irradiation. UVC light initiated a chain reaction that derived the sulfate radical (SO4•-) and hydroxyl radical (HO•) from S2O82- ion. The experiment parameters, including light irradiation (UVA and UVC), pH, dose ratio ([PS]0/[BA]0), initial concentration ([BA]0, mg/L), was optimized based on degradation efficiency and total organic carbon (TOC) removal of BA, which reached up to 100% and 96%, respectively, under pH 3.0. The best dose ratio was close to equivalent stoichiometry (and [PS]0/[BA]0 = 15) for the treatment of 100 mg-BA/L, suggesting that UV/S2O82- was able to completely convert BA to carbon dioxide and water. The scavenging test showed that SO4•- contributed to about 60% of degradation rate, which the HO• predominated the mineralization rate, i.e., TOC removal. A consecutive kinetic model was proposed to clarify the reaction sequence and rate-determining factor of photo-persulfate oxidation for benzoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolaus N N Mahasti
- Chemical Engineering Department, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jen Shih
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Hui Huang
- Chemical Engineering Department, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Ling C, Wu S, Dong T, Dong H, Wang Z, Pan Y, Han J. Sulfadiazine removal by peroxymonosulfate activation with sulfide-modified microscale zero-valent iron: Major radicals, the role of sulfur species, and particle size effect. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127082. [PMID: 34488104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulfide-modified zero-valent iron (S-Fe0) is regarded as a promising method to enhance the catalytic activity of Fe0 for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. However, the roles of sulfidation and the application of the sulfidation treatment method are worth to further investigation. In our study, the effects of the S/Fe ratio, Fe0 dosage, and initial pH on sulfadiazine (SDZ) removal were investigated. The characterization of S-Fe0 with SEM, XPS, contact angle and Tafel analysis confirmed that the formation of sulfur species on the Fe0 surface could enhance the catalytic performance of Fe0. S2- played the major role and SO32- played the minor role in accelerating the conversion of Fe3+ to Fe2+. EPR tests, radical quenching and quantitative determination experiments identified •OH as playing the major role and SO4•- also playing an important role in SDZ removal in S-Fe0/PMS system. Sulfidation produced no notable change in the role of •OH and SO4•-. A possible degradation pathway of SDZ was proposed. Effect of sulfidation on various sizes of Fe0 was also studied which demonstrated that the smaller sizes of Fe0 (< 8 µm) were more effective in the sulfidation method treatment. S-Fe0/PMS system also showed a good performance in removing antibiotics in natural fresh water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ling
- School of the biological and environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Shuai Wu
- School of the biological and environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Tailu Dong
- School of the biological and environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Haifan Dong
- School of the biological and environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Zhengxiao Wang
- School of the biological and environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China
| | - Yuwei Pan
- School of the biological and environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China.
| | - Jiangang Han
- School of the biological and environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, PR China; Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, PR China; National Positioning Observation Station of Hung-tse Lake Wetland Ecosystem in Jiangsu Province, Hongze, Jiangsu 223100, PR China.
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