1
|
Ruan GT, Wei YP, Ge YZ, Liu LS, Zhou ZY, Siddiqi SM, He QQ, Li SQ, Xu JF, Song Y, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Yang M, Chen P, Sun Y, Wang XB, Wang BY, Shi HP. Poor sleep quality association with higher lung cancer risk: a nested case-control study. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16540. [PMID: 38111660 PMCID: PMC10726752 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Little is known about the relationship between sleep quality and lung cancer incidence. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the potential connection between sleep quality and lung cancer incidence. Methods We performed and selected a nested case-control study that included 150 lung cancer cases and 150 matched controls based on the Lianyungang cohort. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was utilized to investigate the connection between potential risk factors and lung cancer incidence risk. Results In this study, the average age of participants was 66.5 ± 9.1 years, with 58.7% being male, and 52.7% reportedly experiencing sleep quality problems. The results of multivariate logistic regression showed that poor sleep quality was connected to an increased lung cancer incidence risk (P = 0.033, odds ratio = 1.83, 95% confidence interval = [1.05-3.19]) compared with those with good sleep quality. The stratified analyses showed a significantly positive connection between poor sleep quality (vs. good sleep quality) and cancer risk in smokers (vs. non-smoker, P for interaction = 0.085). The combined effect analysis indicated that smokers with poor sleep quality suffered from a 2.79-fold increase in cancer incidence rates when compared with non-smokers with good sleep quality. Conclusions Poor sleep quality was positively connected to an increased lung cancer incidence risk. In addition, among those individuals with poor sleep quality, smoking increased the lung cancer incidence risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Tian Ruan
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Ping Wei
- College of Public Health, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Zhong Ge
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Shun Liu
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Evergreen Medical Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zi-Yi Zhou
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Evergreen Medical Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Qiang-Qiang He
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shu-Qun Li
- Shenzhen Evergreen Medical Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia-Feng Xu
- Shenzhen Evergreen Medical Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yun Song
- AUSA Research Institute, Shenzhen AUSA Pharmed Co Ltd, Shenzhen, China
- Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Yang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Inspection and Testing Center, Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Shenzhen, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Sun
- The First People’s Hospital of Lianyungang City, the First Affiliated Hospital of Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Wang
- Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Bin-Yan Wang
- Shenzhen Evergreen Medical Institute, Shenzhen, China
- Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Han-Ping Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery/Department of Clinical Nutrition, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang X, Chen H, Zhang S, Chen X, Sheng Y, Pang J. Association of cigarette smoking habits with the risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1150. [PMID: 37316851 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16085-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Association of cigarette smoking habits with the risk of prostate cancer is still a matter of debate. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the association between cigarette smoking and prostate cancer risk. METHODS We conducted a systematic search on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science without language or time restrictions on June 11, 2022. Literature search and study screening were performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Prospective cohort studies that assessed the association between cigarette smoking habits and the risk of prostate cancer were included. Quality assessment was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. We used random-effects models to obtain pooled estimates and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS A total of 7296 publications were screened, of which 44 cohort studies were identified for qualitative analysis; 39 articles comprising 3 296 398 participants and 130 924 cases were selected for further meta-analysis. Current smoking had a significantly reduced risk of prostate cancer (RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.68-0.80; P < 0.001), especially in studies completed in the prostate-specific antigen screening era. Compared to former smokers, current smokers had a significant lower risk of PCa (RR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.65-0.75; P < 0.001). Ever smoking showed no association with prostate cancer risk in overall analyses (RR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93-1.00; P = 0.074), but an increased risk of prostate cancer in the pre-prostate-specific antigen screening era (RR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.00-1.10; P = 0.046) and a lower risk of prostate cancer in the prostate-specific antigen screening era (RR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91-0.99; P = 0.011) were observed. Former smoking did not show any association with the risk of prostate cancer. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the lower risk of prostate cancer in smokers can probably be attributed to their poor adherence to cancer screening and the occurrence of deadly smoking-related diseases, and we should take measures to help smokers to be more compliant with early cancer screening and to quit smoking. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022326464).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Yang
- Department of Urology, Kidney and Urology Center, Pelvic Floor Disorders Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.628 Zhenyuan Road, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Hong Chen
- School of Nursing, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shiqiang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Kidney and Urology Center, Pelvic Floor Disorders Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.628 Zhenyuan Road, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Xianju Chen
- Department of Urology, Kidney and Urology Center, Pelvic Floor Disorders Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.628 Zhenyuan Road, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yiyu Sheng
- Department of Urology, Kidney and Urology Center, Pelvic Floor Disorders Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.628 Zhenyuan Road, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jun Pang
- Department of Urology, Kidney and Urology Center, Pelvic Floor Disorders Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.628 Zhenyuan Road, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Berenguer CV, Pereira F, Câmara JS, Pereira JAM. Underlying Features of Prostate Cancer-Statistics, Risk Factors, and Emerging Methods for Its Diagnosis. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:2300-2321. [PMID: 36826139 PMCID: PMC9955741 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequently occurring type of malignant tumor and a leading cause of oncological death in men. PCa is very heterogeneous in terms of grade, phenotypes, and genetics, displaying complex features. This tumor often has indolent growth, not compromising the patient's quality of life, while its more aggressive forms can manifest rapid growth with progression to adjacent organs and spread to lymph nodes and bones. Nevertheless, the overtreatment of PCa patients leads to important physical, mental, and economic burdens, which can be avoided with careful monitoring. Early detection, even in the cases of locally advanced and metastatic tumors, provides a higher chance of cure, and patients can thus go through less aggressive treatments with fewer side effects. Furthermore, it is important to offer knowledge about how modifiable risk factors can be an effective method for reducing cancer risk. Innovations in PCa diagnostics and therapy are still required to overcome some of the limitations of the current screening techniques, in terms of specificity and sensitivity. In this context, this review provides a brief overview of PCa statistics, reporting its incidence and mortality rates worldwide, risk factors, and emerging screening strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina V. Berenguer
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, NPRG, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Ferdinando Pereira
- SESARAM—Serviço de Saúde da Região Autónoma da Madeira, EPERAM, Hospital Dr. Nélio Mendonça, Avenida Luís de Camões 6180, 9000-177 Funchal, Portugal
| | - José S. Câmara
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, NPRG, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Engenharia, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Jorge A. M. Pereira
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, NPRG, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Al-Fayez S, El-Metwally A. Cigarette smoking and prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:19. [PMID: 36762260 PMCID: PMC9900478 DOI: 10.18332/tid/157231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoking is a well-known cancer-causing behavior and a leading cause of death from cancer. However, according to previously published research and meta-analyses, cigarette smoking has a significant inverse association with prostate cancer incidence. Therefore, this study aims to investigate this association based on updated evidence by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS A search for relevant articles was performed in PubMed and Scopus databases to obtain the pooled relative risk (RR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the risk of prostate cancer incidence among smokers compared to non-smokers. Our search was limited to prospective cohort studies. RESULTS A total of 17 cohort studies were included in the systematic review. Fifteen studies were included in the meta-analysis and showed that cigarette smoking has an inverse association with prostate cancer incidence with a relative risk of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.78-0.91). From all cohorts included in this systematic review, five studies examined the association between current smokers and the risk of death from prostate cancer. Therefore, a meta-analysis of these cohort studies was performed and showed that current smokers had a 42% higher risk of death from prostate cancer when compared to non-smokers with a relative risk of 1.42 (95% CI: 1.20-1.68). CONCLUSIONS Data from observational studies suggest that cigarette smoking has an inverse association with prostate cancer incidence. However, smokers have an increased risk of death from prostate cancer. Important to realize that this lower risk for smokers might be attributed to low prostate cancer screening uptake among smokers, misclassification bias, or selection bias from the included original studies. In summary, our results indicate that the incidence of prostate cancer is lower among smokers. Nevertheless, smokers who develop the disease have a significantly worse prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Al-Fayez
- College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashraf El-Metwally
- College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dai X, Gil GF, Reitsma MB, Ahmad NS, Anderson JA, Bisignano C, Carr S, Feldman R, Hay SI, He J, Iannucci V, Lawlor HR, Malloy MJ, Marczak LB, McLaughlin SA, Morikawa L, Mullany EC, Nicholson SI, O'Connell EM, Okereke C, Sorensen RJD, Whisnant J, Aravkin AY, Zheng P, Murray CJL, Gakidou E. Health effects associated with smoking: a Burden of Proof study. Nat Med 2022; 28:2045-2055. [PMID: 36216941 PMCID: PMC9556318 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01978-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As a leading behavioral risk factor for numerous health outcomes, smoking is a major ongoing public health challenge. Although evidence on the health effects of smoking has been widely reported, few attempts have evaluated the dose-response relationship between smoking and a diverse range of health outcomes systematically and comprehensively. In the present study, we re-estimated the dose-response relationships between current smoking and 36 health outcomes by conducting systematic reviews up to 31 May 2022, employing a meta-analytic method that incorporates between-study heterogeneity into estimates of uncertainty. Among the 36 selected outcomes, 8 had strong-to-very-strong evidence of an association with smoking, 21 had weak-to-moderate evidence of association and 7 had no evidence of association. By overcoming many of the limitations of traditional meta-analyses, our approach provides comprehensive, up-to-date and easy-to-use estimates of the evidence on the health effects of smoking. These estimates provide important information for tobacco control advocates, policy makers, researchers, physicians, smokers and the public.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Dai
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Gabriela F Gil
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marissa B Reitsma
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Noah S Ahmad
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason A Anderson
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Catherine Bisignano
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sinclair Carr
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rachel Feldman
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Simon I Hay
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jiawei He
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vincent Iannucci
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hilary R Lawlor
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew J Malloy
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laurie B Marczak
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susan A McLaughlin
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Larissa Morikawa
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erin C Mullany
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sneha I Nicholson
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erin M O'Connell
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chukwuma Okereke
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Reed J D Sorensen
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joanna Whisnant
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aleksandr Y Aravkin
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peng Zheng
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher J L Murray
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emmanuela Gakidou
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Leitão C, Matos B, Roque F, Herdeiro MT, Fardilha M. The Impact of Lifestyle on Prostate Cancer: A Road to the Discovery of New Biomarkers. J Clin Med 2022; 11:2925. [PMID: 35629050 PMCID: PMC9148038 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers among men, and its incidence has been rising through the years. Several risk factors have been associated with this disease and unhealthy lifestyles and inflammation were appointed as major contributors for PCa development, progression, and severity. Despite the advantages associated with the currently used diagnostic tools [prostate-specific antigen(PSA) serum levels and digital rectal examination (DRE)], the development of effective approaches for PCa diagnosis is still necessary. Finding lifestyle-associated proteins that may predict the development of PCa seems to be a promising strategy to improve PCa diagnosis. In this context, several biomarkers have been identified, including circulating biomarkers (CRP, insulin, C-peptide, TNFα-R2, adiponectin, IL-6, total PSA, free PSA, and p2PSA), urine biomarkers (PCA3, guanidine, phenylacetylglycine, and glycine), proteins expressed in exosomes (afamin, vitamin D-binding protein, and filamin A), and miRNAs expressed in prostate tissue (miRNA-21, miRNA-101, and miRNA-182). In conclusion, exploring the impact of lifestyle and inflammation on PCa development and progression may open doors to the identification of new biomarkers. The discovery of new PCa diagnostic biomarkers should contribute to reduce overdiagnosis and overtreatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Leitão
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (C.L.); (M.T.H.)
| | - Bárbara Matos
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fátima Roque
- Research Unit for Inland Development, Polytechnic of Guarda (UDI-IPG), Avenida Doutor Francisco Sá Carneiro, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal;
- Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Herdeiro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (C.L.); (M.T.H.)
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jochems SHJ, Fritz J, Häggström C, Järvholm B, Stattin P, Stocks T. Smoking and Risk of Prostate Cancer and Prostate Cancer Death: A Pooled Study. Eur Urol 2022; 83:422-431. [PMID: 35523620 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2022.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective and detailed investigations of smoking and prostate cancer (PCa) risk and death are lacking. OBJECTIVE To investigate prediagnosis smoking habit (status, intensity, duration, and cessation) as a risk factor, on its own and combined with body mass index (BMI), for PCa incidence and death. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We included 351448 men with smoking information from five Swedish cohorts. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS We used Cox regression to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence intervals (CIs) for PCa incidence (n = 24731) and death (n = 4322). RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Smoking was associated with a lower risk of any PCa (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.86-0.92), which was most pronounced for low-risk PCa (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.69-0.79) and was restricted to PCa cases diagnosed in the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) era. Smoking was associated with a higher risk of PCa death in the full cohort (HR 1.10, 95% CI 1.02-1.18) and in case-only analysis adjusted for clinical characteristics (HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.11-1.31), which was a consistent finding across case groups (p = 0.8 for heterogeneity). Associations by smoking intensity and, to lesser degree, smoking duration and cessation, supported the associations for smoking status. Smoking in combination with obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) further decreased the risk of low-risk PCa incidence (HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.30-0.53 compared to never smokers with BMI <25 kg/m2) and further increased the risk of PCa death (HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.21-1.84). A limitation of the study is that only a subgroup of men had information on smoking habit around the time of their PCa diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS The lower PCa risk for smokers in the PSA era, particularly for low-risk PCa, can probably be attributed to low uptake of PSA testing by smokers. Poor survival for smokers, particularly obese smokers, requires further study to clarify the underlying causes and the preventive potential of smoking intervention for PCa death. PATIENT SUMMARY Smokers have a higher risk of dying from prostate cancer, which further increases with obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Josef Fritz
- Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christel Häggström
- Northern Register Centre, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Järvholm
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Pär Stattin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tanja Stocks
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Impact of ERCC2 Lys751Gln (rs13181), ERCC2 Asp312Asn (rs1799793) and XRCC1 Arg399Gln (rs25487) polymorphisms on the risk of prostate cancer among cases from the central region of Saudi Arabia. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
9
|
Merriel SWD, Ingle SM, May MT, Martin RM. Retrospective cohort study evaluating clinical, biochemical and pharmacological prognostic factors for prostate cancer progression using primary care data. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e044420. [PMID: 33579772 PMCID: PMC7883851 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To confirm the association of previously reported prognostic factors with future progression of localised prostate cancer using primary care data and identify new potential prognostic factors for further assessment in prognostic model development and validation. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study, employing Cox proportional hazards regression controlling for age, prostate specific antigen (PSA), and Gleason score, was stratified by diagnostic stage. SETTING Primary care in England. PARTICIPANTS Males with localised prostate cancer diagnosedbetween 01/01/1987 and 31/12/2016 within the Clinical Practice ResearchDatalink database, with linked data from the National Cancer Registration andAnalysis Service and Office for National Statistics. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOMES Primary outcome measure was prostate cancer mortality. Secondary outcome measures were all-cause mortality and commencing systemic therapy. Up-staging after diagnosis was not used as a secondary outcome owing to significant missing data. RESULTS 10 901 men (mean age 74.38±9.03 years) with localised prostate cancer were followed up for a mean of 14.12 (±6.36) years. 2331 (21.38%) men underwent systemic therapy and 3450 (31.65%) died, including 1250 (11.47%) from prostate cancer. Factors associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer mortality included age; high PSA; current or ex-smoker; ischaemic heart disease; high C reactive protein; high ferritin; low haemoglobin; high blood glucose and low albumin. CONCLUSIONS This study identified several new potential prognostic factors for prostate cancer progression, as well as confirming some known prognostic factors, in an independent primary care data set. Further research is needed to develop and validate a prognostic model for prostate cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Suzanne Marie Ingle
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Margaret T May
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard M Martin
- Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ma J, Jemal A, Fedewa SA, Islami F, Lichtenfeld JL, Wender RC, Cullen KJ, Brawley OW. The American Cancer Society 2035 challenge goal on cancer mortality reduction. CA Cancer J Clin 2019; 69:351-362. [PMID: 31066919 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A summary evaluation of the 2015 American Cancer Society (ACS) challenge goal showed that overall US mortality from all cancers combined declined 26% over the period from 1990 to 2015. Recent research suggests that US cancer mortality can still be lowered considerably by applying known interventions broadly and equitably. The ACS Board of Directors, therefore, commissioned ACS researchers to determine challenge goals for reductions in cancer mortality by 2035. A statistical model was used to estimate the average annual percent decline in overall cancer death rates among the US general population and among college-educated Americans during the most recent period. Then, the average annual percent decline in the overall cancer death rates of college graduates was applied to the death rates in the general population to project future rates in the United States beginning in 2020. If overall cancer death rates from 2020 through 2035 nationally decline at the pace of those of college graduates, then death rates in 2035 in the United States will drop by 38.3% from the 2015 level and by 54.4% from the 1990 level. On the basis of these results, the ACS 2035 challenge goal was set as a 40% reduction from the 2015 level. Achieving this goal could lead to approximately 1.3 million fewer cancer deaths than would have occurred from 2020 through 2035 and 122,500 fewer cancer deaths in 2035 alone. The results also show that reducing the prevalence of risk factors and achieving optimal adherence to evidence-based screening guidelines by 2025 could lead to a 33.5% reduction in the overall cancer death rate by 2035, attaining 85% of the challenge goal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiemin Ma
- Senior Principal Scientist, Surveillance and Health Services Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ahmedin Jemal
- Scientific Vice President, Surveillance and Health Services Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Stacey A Fedewa
- Senior Principal Scientist, Surveillance and Health Services Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Farhad Islami
- Scientific Director, Surveillance and Health Services Research Program, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Richard C Wender
- Chief Cancer Control Officer, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kevin J Cullen
- Director, University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Otis W Brawley
- Chief Medical Officer (Former), American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Brookman-May SD, Campi R, Henríquez JDS, Klatte T, Langenhuijsen JF, Brausi M, Linares-Espinós E, Volpe A, Marszalek M, Akdogan B, Roll C, Stief CG, Rodriguez-Faba O, Minervini A. Latest Evidence on the Impact of Smoking, Sports, and Sexual Activity as Modifiable Lifestyle Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer Incidence, Recurrence, and Progression: A Systematic Review of the Literature by the European Association of Urology Section of Oncological Urology (ESOU). Eur Urol Focus 2018; 5:756-787. [PMID: 29576530 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Smoking, sexual activity, and physical activity (PA) are discussed as modifiable lifestyle factors associated with prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the available evidence concerning the association of smoking, sexual activity, and sports and exercise on PCa risk, treatment outcome, progression, and cancer-specific mortality. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A systematic review of studies published between 2007 and 2017 using MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science databases according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis statement criteria was conducted. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS While data concerning the impact of smoking on PCa development remain conflicting, there is robust evidence that smoking is associated with aggressive tumor features and worse cancer-related outcome, which seems to be maintained for 10 yr after smoking cessation. Less convincing and limited evidence exists for the association of sexual activity with PCa risk. The findings related to PA and PCa support the inference that exercise might be a useful factor in the prevention of PCa and tumor progression, while it is not finally proved under which specific conditions PA might be protective against disease development. CONCLUSIONS Smoking is associated with aggressive tumor features and worse cancer-related prognosis; as this negative impact seems to be maintained for 10yr after smoking cessation, urologists should advise men to quit smoking latest at PCa diagnosis to improve their prognosis. As several studies indicate a positive impact of exercise on tumor development, progression, and treatment outcome, it is certainly reasonable to advocate an active lifestyle. Least convincing evidence is available for the interaction of sexual activity and PCa, and well-conducted and longitudinal studies are clearly necessary to evaluate whether the suggested associations between PCa risk and sexual behavior are real or spurious. PATIENT SUMMARY In this systematic review, we looked at the impact of smoking, sexual activity, and sports and exercise on prostate cancer risk and outcome after treatment. While the evidence for sexual activity is not overall clear, we found that smoking might lead to more aggressive cancers and result in worse treatment outcome. Physical activity might prevent prostate cancer and improve cancer-related outcomes as well. Hence, it is certainly reasonable to advocate an active lifestyle and advise men to quit smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Riccardo Campi
- Department of Urology, University of Florence, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Jose D S Henríquez
- Unidad de Uro-Oncología, Servicio de Urología, Fundació Puigvert, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tobias Klatte
- Department of Urology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Maurizio Brausi
- Department of Urology, B. Ramazzini Hospital, Carpi-Modena, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Volpe
- Department of Urology, University of Eastern Piedmont, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, Novara, Italy
| | - Martin Marszalek
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Donauspital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bulent Akdogan
- Department of Urology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Christina Roll
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christian G Stief
- Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Oscar Rodriguez-Faba
- Unidad de Uro-Oncología, Servicio de Urología, Fundació Puigvert, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Minervini
- Department of Urology, University of Florence, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jiménez-Mendoza E, Vázquez-Salas RA, Barrientos-Gutierrez T, Reynales-Shigematsu LM, Labra-Salgado IR, Manzanilla-García HA, Torres-Sánchez LE. Smoking and prostate cancer: a life course analysis. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:160. [PMID: 29415662 PMCID: PMC5803914 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inconsistent associations between smoking status and prostate cancer (PC) could be due to exposure assessment error. Reconstructing smoking behaviors over the life course could reduce exposure assessment error. Methods As part of a case-control study, we identified 402 incident and histologically confirmed PC cases that were matched by age (±5 years) to 805 population controls. Through direct interview, we obtained information about: age at smoking onset, intensity and frequency of cigarette smoking at different life stages, and smoking cessation age. Smoking status at interview and average smoking index over the lifetime (packs/year) were estimated. Life course smoking patterns were obtained applying the k-means+ method for longitudinal data to the smoking index (pack/year) for each life stage. Results Two life-course smoking patterns were identified among ever smokers: “pattern A” characterized by males who reported low and constant smoking intensity (87.8%), and “pattern B” (12.2%) males with an initial period of low intensity, followed by an increase during the second period. Compared to never smokers, pattern B was associated with higher poorly differentiated PC, (OR 2.30; 95% CI 1.21–4.38). No association was observed with average smoking index. Conclusion Life course smoking patterns seem to capture the smoking variability during life course and reduce the likelihood of reverse causation. Using this assessment strategy our findings support the potential role of tobacco smoking in PC, particularly poorly differentiated PC. Prospective studies with comprehensive smoking history during the lifetime are needed to confirm these findings. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4065-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Jiménez-Mendoza
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Av. Universidad 655, Col. Sta. María Ahuacatitlán, 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Ruth A Vázquez-Salas
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Av. Universidad 655, Col. Sta. María Ahuacatitlán, 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Tonatiuh Barrientos-Gutierrez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Av. Universidad 655, Col. Sta. María Ahuacatitlán, 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Luz Myriam Reynales-Shigematsu
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Av. Universidad 655, Col. Sta. María Ahuacatitlán, 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Isaac Roberto Labra-Salgado
- Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Col. Doctores, Deleg. Cuauhtémoc, 06726, México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Hugo A Manzanilla-García
- Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Col. Doctores, Deleg. Cuauhtémoc, 06726, México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luisa E Torres-Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Av. Universidad 655, Col. Sta. María Ahuacatitlán, 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Merriel SWD, May MT, Martin RM. Predicting prostate cancer progression: protocol for a retrospective cohort study to identify prognostic factors for prostate cancer outcomes using routine primary care data. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e019409. [PMID: 29391368 PMCID: PMC5829815 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the UK, with nearly 40 000 diagnosed in 2014; and it is the second most common cause of male cancer-related mortality. The clinical conundrum is that most men live with prostate cancer rather than die from it, while existing treatments have significant associated morbidity. Recent studies have shown very low mortality rates (1% after a median of 10-year follow-up) and no treatment-related reductions in mortality, in men with localised prostate cancer. This study will identify prognostic factors associated with prostate cancer progression to help differentiate aggressive from more indolent tumours in men with localised disease at diagnosis, and so inform the decision to adopt conservative (active surveillance) or radical (surgery or radiotherapy) management strategies. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) contains 57 318 men who were diagnosed with prostate cancer between 1 January 1987 and 31 December 2016. These men will be linked to the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service registry databases for mortality, TNM stage, Gleason grade and treatment data. Men with a diagnosis date prior to 1 January 1987 and men with lymph node or distant metastases at diagnosis will be excluded. A priori determined prognostic factors potentially associated with prostate cancer mortality, the end point of cancer progression, will be measured at baseline, and the participants followed through to development of cancer progression, death or the end of the follow-up period (31 December 2016). Cox proportional hazards regression will be used to estimate crude and mutually adjusted HRs. Mortality risk will be predicted using flexible parametric survival models that can accurately fit the shape of the hazard function. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study protocol has approval from the Independent Scientific Advisory Committee for the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency Database Research (protocol 17_041). The findings will be presented in peer-reviewed journals and local CPRD researcher meetings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Margaret T May
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard M Martin
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tang B, Han CT, Gan HL, Zhang GM, Zhang CZ, Yang WY, Shen Y, Zhu Y, Ye DW. Smoking increased the risk of prostate cancer with grade group ≥ 4 and intraductal carcinoma in a prospective biopsy cohort. Prostate 2017; 77:984-989. [PMID: 28422303 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between smoking and different prostate cancer (PCa) pathological subtypes incidence in Chinese men. PATIENTS AND METHODS We prospectively included 1795 patients who underwent prostate biopsies in one tertiary center between March 2013 and April 2016. Clinical data and biopsy outcomes were collected. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between cigarette smoking and PCa incidence. RESULTS A total of 737 men, 480 men and 58 men were diagnosed with PCa, high-grade PCa (HGPCa, grade group ≥ 4 as accepted by the 2014 ISUP) and intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P), respectively. Current smokers had a significantly higher risk of HGPCa than never smokers (OR = 1.89, 95%CI: 1.44-2.48). No such association was observed for low-grade disease and cigarette smoking (OR = 0.84, 95%CI: 0.61-1.16). In a sub-analysis, men who had smoked longer than 30 years had a higher risk of HGPCa, compared with men who had smoked fewer than 30 years (OR = 1.50, 95%CI: 1.09-2.06). Current smokers were more likely to develop IDC-P than never smokers (OR = 2.29, 95%CI: 1.14-4.59). CONCLUSION Among men in this Chinese biopsy cohort, current smoking was associated with highly malignant PCa incidence, such as HGPCa and IDC-P. The duration of smoking may be associated with HGPCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical Colleague, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Tao Han
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical Colleague, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua-Lei Gan
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical Colleague, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Gui-Ming Zhang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical Colleague, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cui-Zhu Zhang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical Colleague, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Yi Yang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical Colleague, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical Colleague, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical Colleague, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding-Wei Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical Colleague, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Byun DJ, Cohn MR, Patel SN, Donin NM, Sosnowski R, Bjurlin MA. The Effect of Smoking on 30-Day Complications Following Radical Prostatectomy. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2017; 15:e249-e253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
16
|
Curtis A, Ondracek RP, Murekeyisoni C, Kauffman E, Mohler J, Marshall J. Tobacco use and outcome in radical prostatectomy patients. Cancer Med 2017; 6:857-864. [PMID: 28317280 PMCID: PMC5387124 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking has been consistently associated with increased risk of overall mortality, but the importance of smoking for patients with prostate cancer (CaP) who are candidates for curative radical prostatectomy (RP) has received less attention. This retrospectively designed cohort study investigated the association of smoking history at RP with subsequent CaP treatment outcomes and overall mortality. A total of 1981 patients who underwent RP at Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI) between 1993 and 2014 were studied. Smoking history was considered as a risk factor for overall mortality as well as for currently accepted CaP treatment outcomes (biochemical failure, treatment failure, distant metastasis, and disease‐specific mortality). The associations of smoking status with these outcomes were tested by Cox proportional hazard analyses. A total of 153 (8%) patients died during follow‐up. Current smoking at diagnosis was a statistically significant predictor of overall mortality after RP (current smokers vs. former and never smokers, hazards ratio 2.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.36–3.14). This association persisted for overall mortality at 3, 5, and 10 years (odds ratios 2.07 [95% CI: 1.36–3.15], 2.05 [95% CI: 1.35–3.12], and 1.8 [95% CI: 1.18–2.74], respectively). Smoking was not associated with biochemical failure, treatment failure, distant metastasis, or CaP‐specific mortality, and the association of smoking with overall mortality did not appear to be functionally related to treatment or biochemical failure, or to distant metastasis. Smoking is a non‐negligible risk factor for death among CaP patients who undergo RP; patients who smoke are far more likely to die of causes other than CaP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Curtis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Cancer Prevention, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Biostatistics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Christine Murekeyisoni
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.,Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Eric Kauffman
- Department of Urology and Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Urology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - James Mohler
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York.,Department of Urology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - James Marshall
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Popoola AA, Abiola OO, Buhari T, Ushie AF, Olanipekun HB, Arogundade AK. Multiple primary cancers: Simultaneously occurring prostate cancer and other primary tumors-our experience and literature search. Niger J Clin Pract 2017; 20:278-282. [PMID: 28256480 DOI: 10.4103/1119-3077.187331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prostate cancer is a leading cause of death in men all over the world, and it is becoming an increasing public health burden in sub-Saharan Africa. In our practice, we identified that prostate cancer co-existed with other primary cancers even in noncontiguous regions of the body and this co-existence impacted on our management of these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively studied a 2-year period (June 2012-July 2014), the records of patients in our hospital with prostate cancer, who in addition, had other primary cancers; and studied the management and outcomes of these patients. We also reviewed the existing literatures for possible biologic links between prostatic carcinoma and other primary tumors. RESULTS There were six patients with multiple primary cancers who had prostate cancers. The age range was 60-84 years and the mean age of 72.2 ± 0.4 years. The primary tumors co-existing with prostate cancer were colonic adenocarcinoma, rectal adenocarcinoma, urinary bladder transitional cell carcinoma, primary liver cell carcinoma, and thyroid follicular carcinoma in both synchronous and metachronous relationships. CONCLUSIONS Prostate cancers often co-exist with other cancers. The precise mechanism by which prostate cancer co-exists with another primary cancer is yet to be clearly defined. With more study of the syndromic cancers involving the prostate, definite associations could be identified, and this may help in managing these patients better.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Popoola
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin; Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - O O Abiola
- Department of Surgery, Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - T Buhari
- Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - A F Ushie
- Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - H B Olanipekun
- Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - A K Arogundade
- Department of Surgery, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jones MR, Joshu CE, Kanarek N, Navas-Acien A, Richardson KA, Platz EA. Cigarette Smoking and Prostate Cancer Mortality in Four US States, 1999-2010. Prev Chronic Dis 2016; 13:E51. [PMID: 27079649 PMCID: PMC4852753 DOI: 10.5888/pcd13.150454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the United States, prostate cancer mortality rates have declined in recent decades. Cigarette smoking, a risk factor for prostate cancer death, has also declined. It is unknown whether declines in smoking prevalence produced detectable declines in prostate cancer mortality. We examined state prostate cancer mortality rates in relation to changes in cigarette smoking. METHODS We studied men aged 35 years or older from California, Kentucky, Maryland, and Utah. Data on state smoking prevalence were obtained from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Mortality rates for prostate cancer and external causes (control condition) were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research. The average annual percentage change from 1999 through 2010 was estimated using joinpoint analysis. RESULTS From 1999 through 2010, smoking in California declined by 3.5% per year (-4.4% to -2.5%), and prostate cancer mortality rates declined by 2.5% per year (-2.9% to -2.2%). In Kentucky, smoking declined by 3.0% per year (-4.0% to -1.9%) and prostate cancer mortality rates declined by 3.5% per year (-4.3% to -2.7%). In Maryland, smoking declined by 3.0% per year (-7.0% to 1.2%), and prostate cancer mortality rates declined by 3.5% per year (-4.1% to -3.0%).In Utah, smoking declined by 3.5% per year (-5.6% to -1.3%) and prostate cancer mortality rates declined by 2.1% per year (-3.8% to -0.4%). No corresponding patterns were observed for external causes of death. CONCLUSION Declines in prostate cancer mortality rates appear to parallel declines in smoking prevalence at the population level. This study suggests that declines in prostate cancer mortality rates may be a beneficial effect of reduced smoking in the population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda R Jones
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Office E6518, Baltimore, MD 21205 E-mail:
| | - Corinne E Joshu
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Norma Kanarek
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Epidemiology and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kelly A Richardson
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Control, Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth A Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, Department of Urology and the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Effects of Smoking, Alcohol, and Exercise on Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800077-9.00021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
20
|
Lavender N, Hein DW, Brock G, Kidd LCR. Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Response Related Genetic Variants, Pro-oxidants, Antioxidants and Prostate Cancer. AIMS MEDICAL SCIENCE 2015; 2:271-294. [PMID: 26636131 PMCID: PMC4664461 DOI: 10.3934/medsci.2015.4.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress and detoxification mechanisms have been commonly studied in Prostate Cancer (PCa) due to their function in the detoxification of potentially damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and carcinogens. However, findings have been either inconsistent or inconclusive. These mixed findings may, in part, relate to failure to consider interactions among oxidative stress response related genetic variants along with pro- and antioxidant factors. Methods We examined the effects of 33 genetic and 26 environmental oxidative stress and defense factors on PCa risk and disease aggressiveness among 2,286 men from the Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility project (1,175 cases, 1,111 controls). Single and joint effects were analyzed using a comprehensive statistical approach involving logistic regression, multi-dimensionality reduction, and entropy graphs. Results Inheritance of one CYP2C8 rs7909236 T or two SOD2 rs2758331 A alleles was linked to a 1.3- and 1.4-fold increase in risk of developing PCa, respectively (p-value = 0.006–0.013). Carriers of CYP1B1 rs1800440GG, CYP2C8 rs1058932TC and, NAT2 (rs1208GG, rs1390358CC, rs7832071TT) genotypes were associated with a 1.3 to 2.2-fold increase in aggressive PCa [p-value = 0.04–0.001, FDR 0.088–0.939]. We observed a 23% reduction in aggressive disease linked to inheritance of one or more NAT2 rs4646247 A alleles (p = 0.04, FDR = 0.405). Only three NAT2 sequence variants remained significant after adjusting for multiple hypotheses testing, namely NAT2 rs1208, rs1390358, and rs7832071. Lastly, there were no significant gene-environment or gene-gene interactions associated with PCa outcomes. Conclusions Variations in genes involved in oxidative stress and defense pathways may modify PCa. Our findings do not firmly support the role of oxidative stress genetic variants combined with lifestyle/environmental factors as modifiers of PCa and disease progression. However, additional multi-center studies poised to pool genetic and environmental data are needed to make strong conclusions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lavender
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - David W Hein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Guy Brock
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - La Creis R Kidd
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Theophilou G, Lima KMG, Briggs M, Martin-Hirsch PL, Stringfellow HF, Martin FL. A biospectroscopic analysis of human prostate tissue obtained from different time periods points to a trans-generational alteration in spectral phenotype. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13465. [PMID: 26310632 PMCID: PMC4550877 DOI: 10.1038/srep13465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly-diagnosed malignancy in males worldwide; however, there is marked geographic variation in incidence that may be associated with a Westernised lifestyle. We set out to determine whether attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) or Raman spectroscopy combined with principal component analysis-linear discriminant analysis or variable selection techniques employing genetic algorithm or successive projection algorithm could be utilised to explore differences between prostate tissues from differing years. In total, 156 prostate tissues from transurethral resection of the prostate procedures for benign prostatic hyperplasia from 1983 to 2013 were collected. These were distributed to form seven categories: 1983–1984 (n = 20), 1988–1989 (n = 25), 1993–1994 (n = 21), 1998–1999 (n = 21), 2003–2004 (n = 21), 2008–2009 (n = 20) and 2012–2013 (n = 21). Ten-μm-thick tissue sections were floated onto Low-E (IR-reflective) slides for ATR-FTIR or Raman spectroscopy. The prostate tissue spectral phenotype altered in a temporal fashion. Examination of the two categories that are at least one generation (30 years) apart indicated highly-significant segregation, especially in spectral regions containing DNA and RNA bands (≈1,000–1,490 cm−1). This may point towards alterations that have occurred through genotoxicity or through epigenetic modifications. Immunohistochemical studies for global DNA methylation supported this. This study points to a trans-generational phenotypic change in human prostate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Theophilou
- Centre for Biophotonics, LEC, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Central Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK
| | - Kássio M G Lima
- Centre for Biophotonics, LEC, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.,Institute of Chemistry, Biological Chemistry and Chemometrics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, RN-Brazil
| | - Matthew Briggs
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Central Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK
| | - Pierre L Martin-Hirsch
- Centre for Biophotonics, LEC, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Central Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK
| | - Helen F Stringfellow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Central Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Preston, UK
| | - Francis L Martin
- Centre for Biophotonics, LEC, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sharma M, Lawson JA, Kanthan R, Karunanayake C, Hagel L, Rennie D, Dosman JA, Pahwa P. Factors Associated With the Prevalence of Prostate Cancer in Rural Saskatchewan: The Saskatchewan Rural Health Study. J Rural Health 2015; 32:125-35. [PMID: 26265246 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in Canadian males, and it is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men. Some studies suggest that occupational exposure may be associated with prostate cancer. However, the etiology of prostate cancer is ambiguous. The purpose of this study was to assess the rural occupational exposure, including farming, as a determinant of prostate cancer in rural men. We investigated the prevalence of prostate cancer and its putative relationship between rural exposures in the Saskatchewan province of Canada. METHODS In 2010, a baseline mailed survey was conducted of 11,982 households located in 4 geographic regions (southwest, southeast, northwest, and northeast) of rural Saskatchewan, Canada. The questionnaires collected information on individual and contextual determinants from a rural population of men. In total 2,938 males older than 45 years were included in the logistic regression analysis. FINDINGS The age-standardized prevalence of prostate cancer was 3.32%. Farm residence was a significant risk factor associated with prevalence of prostate cancer while farming occupation and duration were not. Men who were exposed to insecticides and fungicides together (OR [95% CI] = 2.23 [1.15-4.33], P = .02) at work showed an increased potential risk compared to the nonexposed. The effect of farm/nonfarm residence on prevalence of prostate cancer differed depending on personal smoking history and family history of cancer. CONCLUSION Workplace exposure to insecticides and fungicides together were statistically significantly associated with prevalence of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Sharma
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Joshua A Lawson
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Rani Kanthan
- Saskatoon Health Region, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Chandima Karunanayake
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Louise Hagel
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Donna Rennie
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - James A Dosman
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Punam Pahwa
- Canadian Centre for Health and Safety in Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
De Nunzio C, Andriole GL, Thompson IM, Freedland SJ. Smoking and Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol Focus 2015; 1:28-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
24
|
Agalliu I, Adebiyi AO, Lounsbury DW, Popoola O, Jinadu K, Amodu O, Paul S, Adedimeji A, Asuzu C, Asuzu M, Ogunbiyi OJ, Rohan T, Shittu OB. The feasibility of epidemiological research on prostate cancer in African men in Ibadan, Nigeria. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:425. [PMID: 25927535 PMCID: PMC4419477 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1754-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men of African descent have the highest incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer (PrCa) worldwide. Notably, PrCa is increasing in Africa with Nigerian men being mostly affected. Thus, it is important to understand risk factors for PrCa in Nigeria and build capacity for cancer research. The goals of this study were to determine the feasibility of conducting an epidemiological study of PrCa and to obtain preliminary data on risk factors for PrCa in Nigeria. METHODS A case-control study (50 cases/50 controls) was conducted at the University College Hospital (UCH) in Ibadan, Nigeria, between October 2011 and December 2012. Men aged 40 to 80 years were approached for the study and asked to provide informed consent and complete the research protocol. Logistic regression models were used to examine associations between demographic, social and lifestyle characteristics and risk of PrCa. RESULTS The participation rate among cases and controls was 98% and 93%, respectively. All participants completed a questionnaire and 99% (50 cases/49 controls) provided blood samples. Cases had a median serum diagnostic PSA of 73 ng/ml, and 38% had a Gleason score 8-10 tumor. Family history of PrCa was associated with a 4.9-fold increased risk of PrCa (95% CI 1.0 - 24.8). There were statistically significant inverse associations between PrCa and height, weight and waist circumference, but there was no association with body mass index (kg/m(2)). There were no associations between other socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics and PrCa risk. CONCLUSION This feasibility study demonstrated the ability to ascertain and recruit participants at UCH and collect epidemiological, clinical and biospecimen data. Our results highlighted the advanced clinical characteristics of PrCa in Nigerian men, and that family history of PrCa and some anthropometric factors were associated with PrCa risk in this population. However, larger studies are needed to better understand the epidemiological risk factors of PrCa in Nigeria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilir Agalliu
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Belfer Building, Room 1315-B, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Urology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| | - Akin O Adebiyi
- Department of Community Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - David W Lounsbury
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Belfer Building, Room 1315-B, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Oluwafemi Popoola
- Department of Community Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Kola Jinadu
- Department of Community Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Olukemi Amodu
- Institute of Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Suvam Paul
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Belfer Building, Room 1315-B, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Adebola Adedimeji
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Belfer Building, Room 1315-B, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Chioma Asuzu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Psycho-Oncology Unit, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Michael Asuzu
- Department of Community Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Olufemi J Ogunbiyi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Thomas Rohan
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Belfer Building, Room 1315-B, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Olayiwola B Shittu
- Department of Surgery, Urology Unit, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zapata DF, Howard LE, Aronson WJ, Kane CJ, Terris MK, Amling CL, Cooperberg MR, Freedland SJ. Smoking is a predictor of adverse pathological features at radical prostatectomy: Results from the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital database. Int J Urol 2015; 22:658-62. [DOI: 10.1111/iju.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren E Howard
- Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina USA
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Durham North Carolina USA
| | - William J Aronson
- University of California; Los Angeles School of Medicine; Los Angeles California USA
| | | | - Martha K Terris
- Medical College of Georgia; Georgia Regents University; Augusta Georgia USA
| | | | | | - Stephen J Freedland
- Duke University Medical Center; Durham North Carolina USA
- Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Durham North Carolina USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
A systematic review and meta-analysis of tobacco use and prostate cancer mortality and incidence in prospective cohort studies. Eur Urol 2014; 66:1054-64. [PMID: 25242554 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT An association between tobacco smoking and prostate cancer (PCa) incidence and mortality was suggested in an earlier meta-analysis of 24 prospective studies in which dose-response associations and risks per unit of tobacco use were not examined. OBJECTIVE We investigated the association between several measures of tobacco use and PCa mortality (primary outcome) and incidence (secondary outcome) including dose-response association. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Relevant articles from prospective studies were identified by searching the PubMed and Web of Science databases (through January 21, 2014) and reference lists of relevant articles. Combined relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random effects methods. We also calculated population attributable risk (PAR) for smoking and PCa mortality. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS We included 51 articles in this meta-analysis (11823 PCa deaths, 50349 incident cases, and 4,082,606 cohort participants). Current cigarette smoking was associated with an increased risk of PCa death (RR: 1.24; 95% CI, 1.18-1.31), with little evidence for heterogeneity and publication bias. The number of cigarettes smoked per day had a dose-response association with PCa mortality (p=0.02; RR for 20 cigarettes per day: 1.20). The PAR for cigarette smoking and PCa deaths in the United States and Europe were 6.7% and 9.5%, respectively, corresponding to >10000 deaths/year in these two regions. Current cigarette smoking was inversely associated with incident PCa (RR: 0.90; 95% CI, 0.85-0.96), with high heterogeneity in the results. However, in studies completed in 1995 or earlier (considered as completed before the prostate-specific antigen screening era), ever smoking showed a positive association with incident PCa (RR: 1.06; 95% CI, 1.00-1.12) with little heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS Combined evidence from observational studies shows a modest but statistically significant association between cigarette smoking and fatal PCa. Smoking appears to be a modifiable risk factor for PCa death. PATIENT SUMMARY Smoking increases the chance of prostate cancer death. Not smoking prevents this harm and many other tobacco-related diseases.
Collapse
|
27
|
Ho T, Howard LE, Vidal AC, Gerber L, Moreira D, McKeever M, Andriole G, Castro-Santamaria R, Freedland SJ. Smoking and risk of low- and high-grade prostate cancer: results from the REDUCE study. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:5331-8. [PMID: 25139338 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the relationship between smoking and prostate cancer risk is inconsistent, some studies show that smoking is associated with prostate cancer mortality. Whether this reflects delayed diagnosis or direct smoking-related effects is unknown. REDUCE, which followed biopsy-negative men with protocol-dictated prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-independent biopsies at 2 and 4 years, provides an opportunity to evaluate smoking and prostate cancer diagnosis with minimal confounding from screening biases. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Logistic regression was conducted to test the association between smoking and cancer on the first on-study biopsy (no cancer, low-grade Gleason 4-6, high-grade Gleason 7-10) in REDUCE. RESULTS Of 6,240 men with complete data and ≥1 on-study biopsy, 2,937 (45.8%) never smoked, 929 (14.5%) were current smokers, and 2,554 (39.8%) were former smokers. Among men with negative first on-study biopsies, smokers were 36% less likely to receive a second on-study biopsy (P < 0.001). At first on-study biopsy, 941 (14.7%) men had cancer. Both current and former smoking were not significantly associated with either total or low-grade prostate cancer (all P > 0.36). Current (OR = 1.44, P = 0.028) but not former smokers (OR = 1.21, P = 0.12) were at increased risk of high-grade disease. On secondary analysis, there was an interaction between smoking and body mass index (BMI; Pinteraction = 0.017): current smokers with BMI ≤ 25 kg/m(2) had an increased risk of low-grade (OR = 1.54, P = 0.043) and high-grade disease (OR = 2.45, P = 0.002), with null associations for BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2). CONCLUSION Among men with elevated PSA and negative pre-study biopsy in REDUCE, in which biopsies were largely PSA independent, smoking was unrelated to overall prostate cancer diagnosis but was associated with increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Ho
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina. Urology Section, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lauren E Howard
- Urology Section, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke Prostate Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Adriana C Vidal
- Urology Section, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke Prostate Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Leah Gerber
- Urology Section, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke Prostate Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniel Moreira
- Arthur Smith Institute for Urology, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - Madeleine McKeever
- Urology Section, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gerald Andriole
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. Prostate Study Center, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - Stephen J Freedland
- Urology Section, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Duke Prostate Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina. Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Moreira DM, Aronson WJ, Terris MK, Kane CJ, Amling CL, Cooperberg MR, Boffetta P, Freedland SJ. Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of biochemical disease recurrence, metastasis, castration-resistant prostate cancer, and mortality after radical prostatectomy: results from the SEARCH database. Cancer 2014; 120:197-204. [PMID: 24127391 PMCID: PMC4149056 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study was conducted to analyze the association between cigarette smoking and metastasis (the primary outcome) as well as time to biochemical disease recurrence (BCR), metastasis, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and prostate cancer-specific and overall mortality (secondary outcomes) after radical prostatectomy among men from the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital cohort. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed of 1450 subjects for whom smoking status was available from preoperative notes. Analysis of baseline characteristics by smoking status was performed using the chi-square and rank sum tests. The association between smoking status and time to the event was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier plots, the log-rank test, and Cox and competing risk models. RESULTS A total of 549 men (33%) men were active smokers and 1121 (67%) were nonsmokers at the time of surgery. Current smokers were younger and had a lower body mass index, higher prostate-specific antigen level, and more extracapsular extension and seminal vesicle invasion (all P<.05). A total of 509 patients, 26 patients, 30 patients, 18 patients, and 217 patients, respectively, experienced BCR, metastasis, CRPC, prostate cancer-related death, and any-cause death over a median follow-up of 62 months, 75 months, 61 months, 78 months, and 78 months, respectively. After adjusting for preoperative features, active smoking was found to be associated with an increased risk of BCR (hazards ratio [HR], 1.25; P=.024), metastasis (HR, 2.64; P=.026), CRPC (HR, 2.62; P=.021), and overall mortality (HR, 2.14; P<.001). Similar results were noted after further adjustment for postoperative features, with the exception of BCR (HR, 1.10; P=.335), metastasis (HR, 2.51; P=.044), CRPC (HR, 2.67; P=.015), and death (HR, 2.03; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Among patients undergoing radical prostatectomy, cigarette smoking was associated with an increased risk of metastasis. In addition, smoking was associated with a higher risk of BCR, CRPC, and overall mortality. If confirmed, these data suggest that smoking is a modifiable risk factor in patients with aggressive prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Moreira
- The Arthur Smith Institute for Urology, North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, New Hyde Park, New York
| | - William J. Aronson
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center of Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Urology, University of California at Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Martha K. Terris
- Urology Section, Division of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Christopher J. Kane
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of California at San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, California
| | - Christopher L. Amling
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Matthew R. Cooperberg
- Department of Urology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Institute for Translational Epidemiology and Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Stephen J. Freedland
- Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, and the Duke Prostate Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sawada N, Inoue M, Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, Yamaji T, Shimazu T, Tsugane S. Alcohol and smoking and subsequent risk of prostate cancer in Japanese men: the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:971-8. [PMID: 23929133 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Although alcohol and smoking have not been established as risk factors for prostate cancer, they are important risk factors for other human cancers and potentially major avoidable factors. Alcohol drinkers and smokers might be less likely to get screening, which might lead to attenuation of the positive association. Here, we investigated the association of alcohol drinking and smoking and prostate cancer according to stage, as well as prostate cancer detected by subjective symptoms, in a large prospective study among Japanese men. The Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study (JPHC study) was established in 1990 for Cohort I and in 1993 for Cohort II. Subjects were 48,218 men aged 40-69 years who completed a questionnaire, which included their alcohol and smoking habits at baseline, and who were followed until the end of 2010. During 16 years of follow-up, 913 men were newly diagnosed with prostate cancer; of whom 248 had advanced cases, 635 were organ-localized and 30 were of an undetermined stage. Alcohol consumption was dose-dependently associated with advanced prostate cancer [nondrinkers: reference, 0-150 g/week: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.83-1.82; 150-300 g/week: HR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.04-2.19; ≥ 300 g/week: HR = 1.41, 95% CI = 0.97-2.05, p for trend = 0.02]. The positive association was not substantially changed among cancers detected by subjective symptoms. Smoking was inversely associated with prostate cancer among total subjects, but tended to increase the risk of advanced prostate cancer detected by subjective symptoms. In conclusion, abstinence from alcohol and prohibition of smoking might be important factors in the prevention of advanced prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norie Sawada
- Epidemiology and Prevention Division, Research Center for Cancer Prevention and Screening, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Smoking and adverse outcomes at radical prostatectomy. Urol Oncol 2013; 31:749-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
31
|
Smoking and the risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Br J Cancer 2012; 108:708-14. [PMID: 23169298 PMCID: PMC3593533 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is not associated with prostate cancer incidence in most studies, but associations between smoking and fatal prostate cancer have been reported. METHODS During 1992 and 2000, lifestyle information was assessed via questionnaires and personal interview in a cohort of 145,112 European men. Until 2009, 4623 incident cases of prostate cancer were identified, including 1517 cases of low-grade, 396 cases of high grade, 1516 cases of localised, 808 cases of advanced disease, and 432 fatal cases. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to examine the association of smoking status, smoking intensity, and smoking duration with the risk of incident and fatal prostate cancer. RESULTS Compared with never smokers, current smokers had a reduced risk of prostate cancer (RR=0.90, 95% CI: 0.83-0.97), which was statistically significant for localised and low-grade disease, but not for advanced or high-grade disease. In contrast, heavy smokers (25+ cigarettes per day) and men who had smoked for a long time (40+ years) had a higher risk of prostate cancer death (RR=1.81, 95% CI: 1.11-2.93; RR=1.38, 95% CI: 1.01-1.87, respectively). CONCLUSION The observation of an increased prostate cancer mortality among heavy smokers confirms the results of previous prospective studies.
Collapse
|
32
|
Sobti RC, Berhane N, Melese S, Mahdi SA, Gupta L, Thakur H, Singh N. Impact of XPD gene polymorphism on risk of prostate cancer on north Indian population. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 362:263-8. [PMID: 22116596 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most diagnosed cancer in men next to skin cancer in the developed world. Risk of disease varies most prominently with age, ethnicity, family history, and diet. Genetic polymorphism of some genes has been implicated in increasing the risk. The XPD (Xeroderma pigmentosum group D) gene codes for a DNA helicase involved in transcription and nucleotide excision repair. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of XPD 751 Lys/Gln polymorphism on risk of prostate cancer on north Indian patients. Blood sample from 150 prostate cancer patients, 150 from Prostate Hyper Plasia and equal number of samples from healthy control groups was collected from North India. The polymerase chain reaction and restrictive fragment length polymorphism techniques were implemented. Statistically non-significant increase risk of prostate cancer was observed with patients having Gln/Gln genotype (OR 1.62, 95% CI).
Collapse
|
33
|
Zu K, Giovannucci E. Smoking and aggressive prostate cancer: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Cancer Causes Control 2011; 20:1799-810. [PMID: 19562492 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-009-9387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although tobacco use has been recognized as one of the leading causes of cancer morbidity and mortality, a role of smoking in the occurrence of prostate cancer has not been established. However, evidence indicates that factors that influence the incidence of prostate cancer may differ from those that influence progression and fatality from the disease. Thus, we reviewed and summarized results from prospective cohort studies that assessed the relation between smoking and fatal prostate cancer risk, as well as epidemiological and clinical studies that focused on aggressive behavior in prostate cancer, such as poorer survival, advanced stage, or poorer differentiation at diagnosis. The majority of the prospective cohort studies showed that current smoking is associated with a moderate increase of ~30% in fatal prostate cancer risk compared to never/non-smokers. This association is likely to be an underestimate of the effect of smoking because most studies had a single assessment of smoking at baseline and long follow-up times, and the association was considerably stronger in some sub-groups of heaviest smokers, or when smoking was assessed in a relatively short period (within 10 years) prior to cancer mortality. Using aggressive behavior of prostate cancer as outcome, current smoking was associated with significantly elevated risk, ranging from around twofold to threefold or higher. Although alternative explanations, such as publication bias, residual confounding, screening bias, and the influence of smoking-related comorbidities cannot be ruled out entirely, these findings suggest that smoking is associated with aggressive behavior of prostate cancers or with a sub-group of rapidly progressing prostate cancer. Based on evidence presented in this review, cigarette smoking is likely to be a risk factor for prostate cancer progression and should be considered as a relevant exposure in prostate cancer research and prevention of mortality from this cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Moreira DM, Antonelli JA, Presti JC, Aronson WJ, Terris MK, Kane CJ, Amling CL, Freedland SJ. Association of cigarette smoking with interval to biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy: results from the SEARCH database. Urology 2010; 76:1218-23. [PMID: 20381838 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 01/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the association between cigarette smoking and biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy among men from the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital (SEARCH) cohort. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of 1267 subjects from the SEARCH cohort treated from 1998 to 2008 with smoking status available from the preoperative notes. A comparison of the baseline patient and disease characteristics between the current smokers and nonsmokers (past and never smokers combined) was performed using the chi-square and rank sum tests. The univariate and multivariate associations between smoking status and BCR-free survival were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier plots, the log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS Of the 1267 patients, 408 (32%) were active smokers and 859 (68%) were nonsmokers at surgery. The current smokers were younger (P < .001), more likely to be black (P < .001), and had a lower body mass index (P < .001), a greater percentage of positive biopsy cores (P = .039), a greater preoperative prostate-specific antigen level (P = .003), more extracapsular extension (P = .003) and seminal vesicle invasion (P = .029), and lower prostate volumes (P = .002). On univariate analysis, smokers had a risk of BCR similar to that of nonsmokers (hazard ratio 1.19, P = .129). On multivariate analysis, smoking was associated with an increased risk of BCR when adjusted for body mass index only (hazard ratio 1.37, P = .008). However, after adjustment for multiple preoperative characteristics, the association was attenuated and no longer statistically significant (hazard ratio 1.12, P = .325). After additional adjustment for postoperative features, such as tumor grade and stage, smoking was unrelated to the risk of BCR (hazard ratio 0.91, P = .502). CONCLUSIONS Among patients undergoing radical prostatectomy in the SEARCH cohort, cigarette smoking was associated with slightly more advanced disease but a similar risk of BCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Moreira
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Department of Surgery and Duke Prostate Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Weinmann S, Shapiro JA, Rybicki BA, Enger SM, Van Den Eeden SK, Richert-Boe KE, Weiss NS. Medical history, body size, and cigarette smoking in relation to fatal prostate cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2009; 21:117-25. [PMID: 19816779 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-009-9441-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prostate cancer has few known risk factors. As part of a population-based case-control study conducted in four health maintenance organizations, the authors examined the associations between fatal prostate cancer and several medical and behavioral characteristics. METHODS Cases were 768 health plan members who died of prostate adenocarcinoma during the period 1997-2001. We randomly selected controls (929) from the health plan membership and matched them to cases on health plan, age, race, and pattern of health plan membership. We examined medical records to obtain information on potential risk factors during the 10 years before the date on which prostate cancer was first suspected; the same reference date was used for the matched controls. RESULTS Anthropometric characteristics, as well as personal histories of benign prostatic hypertrophy, transurethral prostatectomy, cancer, diabetes, prostatitis, hypertension, and vasectomy were largely similar for cases and controls. Men who died from prostate cancer were more likely than controls to have been cigarette smokers according to the most recent smoking notation before the reference date (odds ratio 1.5, 95% confidence interval 1.1-2.0). CONCLUSIONS The observed increase in risk associated with recent cigarette smoking is consistent with the findings of several other studies. However, in contrast with some reports, we observed no connection between fatal prostate cancer and some prior health conditions or measures of body size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Weinmann
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Watters JL, Park Y, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A, Albanes D. Cigarette smoking and prostate cancer in a prospective US cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:2427-35. [PMID: 19706848 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is an important risk factor for many cancers, yet the relationship between smoking and prostate cancer remains uncertain. We investigated whether smoking affected the risk of prostate cancers within a large prospective cohort study of dietary and environmental cancer risk factors among men ages 50 to 71 upon enrollment in 1995-1996 (n = 283,312). Cox proportional hazards regression models with hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were adjusted for age, race, education, height, body mass index, physical activity, family history of prostate cancer, diabetes, self-reported health status, prostate-specific antigen testing, digital rectal exam, total energy, alpha-tocopherol, calcium, alpha-linolenic acid, selenium, red meat, fish, and tomato intake. There were 14,810 nonadvanced and 1,830 advanced incident prostate cancers identified through 2003, and 394 men died of their disease through 2005. Current smokers had a decreased risk of nonadvanced prostate cancer (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.77-0.88), but an increased risk of fatal prostate cancer (HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.25-2.27). Former smoking was also associated with decreased risk of nonadvanced prostate cancers (HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.86-0.92), but not fatal prostate cancers (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.83-1.27). There was no apparent association between smoking and advanced prostate cancer. A number of biologically plausible mechanisms could explain these results, including the direct effects of carcinogens in tobacco smoke and the resulting changes in sex hormone or growth factor profiles. These findings suggest that current and former smokers may be at decreased risk of being diagnosed with prostate cancer and current smokers are at an increased risk of dying from prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Watters
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Huncharek M, Haddock KS, Reid R, Kupelnick B. Smoking as a risk factor for prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of 24 prospective cohort studies. Am J Public Health 2009; 100:693-701. [PMID: 19608952 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2008.150508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We evaluated the relationship between smoking and adenocarcinoma of the prostate. METHODS We pooled data from 24 cohort studies enrolling 21 579 prostate cancer case participants for a general variance-based meta-analysis. Summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated separately for mortality and incidence studies. We tested the robustness of effect measures and evaluated statistical heterogeneity with sensitivity analyses. RESULTS In the pooled data, current smokers had no increased risk of incident prostate cancer (RR = 1.04; 95% CI = 0.87, 1.24), but in data stratified by amount smoked they had statistically significant elevated risk (cigarettes per day or years: RR = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.46; pack years of smoking: RR = 1.11; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.22). Former smokers had an increased risk (RR = 1.09; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.16). Current smokers had an increased risk of fatal prostate cancer (RR = 1.14; 95% CI = 1.06, 1.19). The heaviest smokers had a 24% to 30% greater risk of death from prostate cancer than did nonsmokers. CONCLUSIONS Observational cohort studies show an association of smoking with prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Ill-defined exposure categories in many cohort studies suggest that pooled data underestimate risk.
Collapse
|
38
|
Honors and Awards * Bibliography of Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles. Am J Epidemiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwn247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
39
|
Zhou EH, Ellis RJ, Cherullo E, Colussi V, Xu F, Chen WD, Gupta S, Whalen CC, Bodner D, Resnick MI, Rimm AA, Koroukian SM. Radiotherapy and survival in prostate cancer patients: a population-based study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 73:15-23. [PMID: 18538495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association of overall and disease-specific survival with the five standard treatment modalities for prostate cancer (CaP): radical prostatectomy (RP), brachytherapy (BT), external beam radiotherapy, androgen deprivation therapy, and no treatment (NT) within 6 months after CaP diagnosis. METHODS AND MATERIALS The study population included 10,179 men aged 65 years and older with incident CaP diagnosed between 1999 and 2001. Using the linked Ohio Cancer Incidence Surveillance System, Medicare, and death certificate files, overall and disease-specific survival through 2005 among the five clinically accepted therapies were analyzed. RESULTS Disease-specific survival rates were 92.3% and 23.9% for patients with localized vs. distant disease at 7 years, respectively. Controlling for age, race, comorbidities, stage, and Gleason score, results from the Cox multiple regression models indicated that the risk of CaP-specific death was significantly reduced in patients receiving RP or BT, compared with NT. For localized disease, compared with NT, in the monotherapy cohort, RP and BT were associated with reduced hazard ratios (HR) of 0.25 and 0.45 (95% confidence intervals 0.13-0.48 and 0.23-0.87, respectively), whereas in the combination therapy cohort, HR were 0.40 (0.17-0.94) and 0.46 (0.27-0.80), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The present population-based study indicates that RP and BT are associated with improved survival outcomes. Further studies are warranted to improve clinical determinates in the selection of appropriate management of CaP and to improve predictive modeling for which patient subsets may benefit most from definitive therapy vs. conservative management and/or observation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther H Zhou
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|