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Serwanga J, Ankunda V, Katende JS, Baine C, Oluka GK, Odoch G, Nantambi H, Mugaba S, Namuyanja A, Ssali I, Ejou P, Kato L, Musenero M, Kaleebu P. Sustained S-IgG and S-IgA antibodies to Moderna's mRNA-1273 vaccine in a Sub-Saharan African cohort suggests need for booster timing reconsiderations. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1348905. [PMID: 38357547 PMCID: PMC10864610 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1348905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study sought to elucidate the long-term antibody responses to the Moderna mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine within a Ugandan cohort, aiming to contribute to the sparse data on m-RNA vaccine immunogenicity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Methods We tracked the development and persistence of the elicited antibodies in 19 participants aged 18 to 67, who received two doses of the mRNA-1273 vaccine. A validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to quantify SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies against the spike (S) and nucleoproteins (N). The study's temporal scope extended from the baseline to one year, capturing immediate and long-term immune responses. Statistical analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon test to evaluate changes in antibody levels across predetermined intervals with the Hochberg correction for multiple comparisons. Results Our results showed a significant initial rise in spike-directed IgG (S-IgG) and spike-directed IgA (S-IgA) levels, which remained elevated for the duration of the study. The S-IgG concentrations peaked 14 days afterboosting, while spike-directed IgM (S-IgM) levels were transient, aligning with their early response role. Notably, post-booster antibody concentrations did not significantly change. Prior S-IgG status influenced the post-priming S-IgA dynamics, with baseline S-IgG positive individuals maintaining higher S-IgA responses, a difference that did not reach statistical difference post-boost. Three instances of breakthrough infections: two among participants who exhibited baseline seropositivity for S-IgG, and one in a participant initially seronegative for S-IgG. Discussion In conclusion, the mRNA-1273 vaccine elicited robust and persistent S-IgG and S-IgA antibody responses, particularly after the first dose, indicating potential for long-term immunity. Prior viral exposure enhances post-vaccination S-IgA responses compared to naive individuals, which aligned with the prior-naïve, post-boost. The stable antibody levels observed post-booster dose, remaining high over an extended period, with no significant secondary rise, and no difference by baseline exposure, suggest that initial vaccination may sufficiently prime the immune system for prolonged protection in this population, allowing for potential to delay booster schedules as antibody responses remained high at the time of boosting. This finding calls for a reassessment of the booster dose scheduling in this demographic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Serwanga
- Viral Pathogens Research Theme, Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Immunology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Violet Ankunda
- Department of Immunology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Joseph Ssebwana Katende
- Viral Pathogens Research Theme, Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Immunology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Claire Baine
- Department of Immunology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Gerald Kevin Oluka
- Viral Pathogens Research Theme, Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Immunology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Geoffrey Odoch
- Viral Pathogens Research Theme, Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Hellen Nantambi
- Department of Immunology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Susan Mugaba
- Viral Pathogens Research Theme, Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Angella Namuyanja
- Viral Pathogens Research Theme, Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Ivan Ssali
- Viral Pathogens Research Theme, Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Peter Ejou
- Viral Pathogens Research Theme, Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Laban Kato
- Viral Pathogens Research Theme, Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Monica Musenero
- Science, Technology, and Innovation Secretariat, Office of the President, Government of Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Pontiano Kaleebu
- Viral Pathogens Research Theme, Medical Research Council, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Immunology, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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Ma Y, Sun Y, Shen P, Xu Y, Zhao C, Liu C, Zhou Z, Li X, Yan Z, Ding K, Xiao H, Chen D. Genetic predisposition to adverse events in Chinese children aged 3-24 months after diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis and haemophilus influenzae type b combined vaccination. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:1923-1928. [PMID: 36328952 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2144239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-vaccination safety is a major public health concern. The genetic predisposition on immune response has not been clearly identified. Clarifying whether individual genetic predisposition plays a role on adverse events (AEs) is critical for the prevention of AEs. METHODS From July 2019 to June 2020, we performed a case-control study among children aged 3-24 months in seven Chinese provinces. Each child received a combination vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b (DTaP-Hib). Through daily telephone follow-up, we collected AEs within seven days. Oral swab samples were collected to investigate the effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the risk of AEs. RESULTS 304 participants were included in the study. In univariate analysis, we discovered three protective SNPs (rs452204, OR = 0.67, P = 0.0352; rs9282763 and rs839, OR = 0.64, P = 0.0256) and one risk SNP (rs9610, OR = 2.20, P = 0.0397). In multivariate analysis, the effects of rs452204 and rs839 were found to be stable. The interaction between rs452204 and rs9610 was observed (OR = 7.25, 95% CI: 1.44-36.58, P = 0.0165). CONCLUSION Genetic predisposition was associated with the risk of AEs after DTaP-Hib vaccination, emphasizing the potential application in the prevention of AEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yexiang Sun
- Department of Data Center, Yinzhou District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Peng Shen
- Department of Data Center, Yinzhou District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuyang Xu
- Department of Immunization Prevention, Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- Department of Immunization Prevention, Tongzhou District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Changfei Liu
- Department of Registration and Clinical Research, Beijing Minhai Biotechnology Co., LTD, Beijing, China
| | - Zechen Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zeyu Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Ding
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dafang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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de Alwis R, My Phuc T, Yu Hang Bai B, Le Thi Quynh N, Thi Thanh Tam P, Thi Ngoc Dung T, Thi Thanh Nhan N, Vinh C, Van Hien H, Thanh Hoang Nhat L, Thi Thu Hong N, Thi Mong Tuyen N, Thi Thuy Trang H, Phuong Thao L, Thi Ngoc Diep V, Thi Hai Chau P, Quan Thinh L, Thi Ngoc Thu H, Nguyet Hang N, Cong Danh M, Doan Hao T, Anh Dao T, Dai L, Thi Huyen Diu V, Thi En N, Thi Tuyet Hanh N, Thi Hanh L, Pham Thu Hien H, Thi Thuy Linh N, Darton TC, Thwaites GE, Kestelyn E, Lan Vi L, Thi Thuy Tien B, Thi Diem Tuyet H, Anderson C, Baker S. The influence of human genetic variation on early transcriptional responses and protective immunity following immunization with Rotarix vaccine in infants in Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam: A study protocol for an open single-arm interventional trial. Wellcome Open Res 2020. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16090.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rotavirus (RoV) remains the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in infants and children aged under five years in both high- and low-middle-income countries (LMICs). In LMICs, RoV infections are associated with substantial mortality. Two RoV vaccines (Rotarix and Rotateq) are widely available for use in infants, both of which have been shown to be highly efficacious in Europe and North America. However, for unknown reasons, these RoV vaccines have markedly lower efficacy in LMICs. We hypothesize that poor RoV vaccine efficacy across in certain regions may be associated with genetic heritability or gene expression in the human host. Methods/design: We designed an open-label single-arm interventional trial with the Rotarix RoV vaccine to identify genetic and transcriptomic markers associated with generating a protective immune response against RoV. Overall, 1,000 infants will be recruited prior to Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) vaccinations at two months of age and vaccinated with oral Rotarix vaccine at two and three months, after which the infants will be followed-up for diarrheal disease until 18 months of age. Blood sampling for genetics, transcriptomics, and immunological analysis will be conducted before each Rotarix vaccination, 2-3 days post-vaccination, and at each follow-up visit (i.e. 6, 12 and 18 months of age). Stool samples will be collected during each diarrheal episode to identify RoV infection. The primary outcome will be Rotarix vaccine failure events (i.e. symptomatic RoV infection despite vaccination), secondary outcomes will be antibody responses and genotypic characterization of the infection virus in Rotarix failure events. Discussion: This study will be the largest and best powered study of its kind to be conducted to date in infants, and will be critical for our understanding of RoV immunity, human genetics in the Vietnam population, and mechanisms determining RoV vaccine-mediated protection. Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT03587389. Registered on 16 July 2018.
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Abstract
There is substantial variation between individuals in the immune response to vaccination. In this review, we provide an overview of the plethora of studies that have investigated factors that influence humoral and cellular vaccine responses in humans. These include intrinsic host factors (such as age, sex, genetics, and comorbidities), perinatal factors (such as gestational age, birth weight, feeding method, and maternal factors), and extrinsic factors (such as preexisting immunity, microbiota, infections, and antibiotics). Further, environmental factors (such as geographic location, season, family size, and toxins), behavioral factors (such as smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, and sleep), and nutritional factors (such as body mass index, micronutrients, and enteropathy) also influence how individuals respond to vaccines. Moreover, vaccine factors (such as vaccine type, product, adjuvant, and dose) and administration factors (schedule, site, route, time of vaccination, and coadministered vaccines and other drugs) are also important. An understanding of all these factors and their impacts in the design of vaccine studies and decisions on vaccination schedules offers ways to improve vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy.
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Wyatt L, Permar SR, Ortiz E, Berky A, Woods CW, Amouou GF, Itell H, Hsu-Kim H, Pan W. Mercury Exposure and Poor Nutritional Status Reduce Response to Six Expanded Program on Immunization Vaccines in Children: An Observational Cohort Study of Communities Affected by Gold Mining in the Peruvian Amazon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16040638. [PMID: 30795575 PMCID: PMC6406457 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background: Poor nutritional status combined with mercury exposure can generate adverse child health outcomes. Diet is a mediator of mercury exposure and evidence suggests that nutritional status modifies aspects of mercury toxicity. However, health impacts beyond the nervous system are poorly understood. This study evaluates antibody responses to six vaccines from the expanded program on immunization (EPI), including hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type B, measles, pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria in children with variable hair mercury and malnutrition indicators. Methods: An observational cohort study (n = 98) was conducted in native and non-native communities in Madre de Dios, Peru, a region with elevated mercury exposure from artisanal and small-scale gold mining. Adaptive immune responses in young (3–48 months) and older children (4–8 year olds) were evaluated by vaccine type (live attenuated, protein subunits, toxoids) to account for differences in response by antigen, and measured by total IgG concentration and antibody (IgG) concentrations of each EPI vaccine. Mercury was measured from hair samples and malnutrition determined using anthropometry and hemoglobin levels in blood. Generalized linear mixed models were used to evaluate associations with each antibody type. Results: Changes in child antibodies and protection levels were associated with malnutrition indicators, mercury exposure, and their interaction. Malnutrition was associated with decreased measles and diphtheria-specific IgG. A one-unit decrease in hemoglobin was associated with a 0.17 IU/mL (95% CI: 0.04–0.30) decline in measles-specific IgG in younger children and 2.56 (95% CI: 1.01–6.25) higher odds of being unprotected against diphtheria in older children. Associations between mercury exposure and immune responses were also dependent on child age. In younger children, one-unit increase in log10 child hair mercury content was associated with 0.68 IU/mL (95% CI: 0.18–1.17) higher pertussis and 0.79 IU/mL (95% CI: 0.18–1.70) higher diphtheria-specific IgG levels. In older children, child hair mercury content exceeding 1.2 µg/g was associated with 73.7 higher odds (95% CI: 2.7–1984.3) of being a non-responder against measles and hair mercury content exceeding 2.0 µg/g with 0.32 IU/mL (95% CI: 0.10–0.69) lower measles-specific antibodies. Log10 hair mercury significantly interacted with weight-for-height z-score, indicating a multiplicative effect of higher mercury and lower nutrition on measles response. Specifically, among older children with poor nutrition (WHZ = −1), log10 measles antibody is reduced from 1.40 to 0.43 for low (<1.2 µg/g) vs. high mercury exposure, whereas for children with good nutritional status (WHZ = 1), log10 measles antibody is minimally changed for low vs. high mercury exposure (0.72 vs. 0.81, respectively). Conclusions: Child immune response to EPI vaccines may be attenuated in regions with elevated mercury exposure risk and exacerbated by concurrent malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Wyatt
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Sallie Robey Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Ernesto Ortiz
- Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Axel Berky
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Christopher W Woods
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | | | - Hannah Itell
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Heileen Hsu-Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - William Pan
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
- Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Cell-intrinsic regulation of peripheral memory-phenotype T cell frequencies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200227. [PMID: 30557341 PMCID: PMC6296671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T and B lymphocyte numbers are thought to be regulated by recent and cumulative microbial exposures. We report here that memory-phenotype lymphocyte frequencies in B, CD4 and CD8 T-cells in 3-monthly serial bleeds from healthy young adult humans were relatively stable over a 1-year period, while Plasmablast frequencies were not, suggesting that recent environmental exposures affected steady state levels of recently activated but not of memory lymphocyte subsets. Frequencies of memory B and CD4 T cells were not correlated, suggesting that variation in them was unlikely to be determined by cumulative antigenic exposures. Immunophenotyping of adult siblings showed high concordance in memory, but not of recently activated lymphocyte subsets. To explore the possibility of cell-intrinsic regulation of T cell memory, we screened effector memory-phenotype T cell (TEM) frequencies in common independent inbred mice strains. Using two pairs from these strains that differed predominantly in either CD4 TEM and/or CD8 TEM frequencies, we constructed bi-parental bone marrow chimeras in F1 recipient mice, and found that memory T cell frequencies in recipient mice were determined by donor genotypes. Together, these data suggest cell-autonomous determination of memory T niche size, and suggest mechanisms maintaining immune variability.
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Marley KB, Kuehn LA, Keele JW, Wileman BW, Gonda MG. Genetic variation in humoral response to an Escherichia coli O157:H7 vaccine in beef cattle. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197347. [PMID: 29758060 PMCID: PMC5951538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals often respond differently to the same vaccine; some of this variation may be caused by genetic differences among animals. Our objective was to estimate heritability and identify genomic regions associated with humoral response to an Escherichia coli O157:H7 vaccine in beef cattle. Crossbred beef cattle (n = 651) were vaccinated with a commercially available E. coli O157:H7 vaccine. Serum was collected at time of initial vaccination (d 0), booster (d 21), and d 56 after initial vaccination. Total antibodies specific to siderophore receptor and porin proteins in the vaccine were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Genomic DNA was isolated from whole blood and genotyped with the bovine GeneSeek Genomic Profiler-High Density 78K or 26K Single Nucleotide Polymorphism BeadChip and imputed to 777,000 SNP genotypes. Heritability was estimated by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) using both 1) pedigree and 2) genomic relationships among individuals. Fixed effects were contemporary group, calf age, sex, principal components from SNP genotype data, and pedigree-derived heterozygosity effects. Additive and dominance effects of SNPs were estimated individually while accounting for contemporary group, sex, and the top 20 principal components calculated from the genomic relationship matrix. Heritability of initial response to vaccination (d 21 –d 0) was 0.10 ± 0.175 using pedigree relationships and 0.14 ± 0.149 using genomic relationships, but neither estimate was statistically different from zero. Heritability of booster (d 56 –d 21) and overall (d 56 –d 0) responses were low and not statistically significant from zero. There were no clusters of linked SNP associated with vaccine response, but eight regionally isolated SNPs were significantly associated with initial or overall response to vaccination. Regional genetic variation for initial response to an E. coli O157:H7 vaccine was observed, although overall heritability of this response was not statistically significant from zero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara B. Marley
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Larry A. Kuehn
- Meat Animal Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - John W. Keele
- Meat Animal Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Clay Center, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Benjamin W. Wileman
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Gonda
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Rolland M, Eller M. Systems Vaccinology. HUMAN VACCINES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802302-0.00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gianchecchi E, Torelli A, Piccini G, Piccirella S, Montomoli E. N. meningitidis and TLR Polymorphisms: A Fascinating Immunomodulatory Network. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4020020. [PMID: 27240411 PMCID: PMC4931637 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4020020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N. meningitidis infections represent a global health problem that can lead to the development of serious permanent sequelae. Although the use of antibiotics and prevention via vaccination have reduced the incidence of meningococcal disease, our understanding regarding N. meningitidis pathogenesis is still limited, especially of those mechanisms responsible for IMD and fulminant or deadly septic shock. These severe clinical presentations occur in a limited number of subjects, whereas about 10% of healthy individuals are estimated to carry the bacteria as a commensal. Since TLR activation is involved in the defense against N. meningitidis, several studies have highlighted the association between host TLR SNPs and a higher susceptibility and severity of N. meningitidis infections. Moreover, TLR SNPs induced variations in immunological responses and in their persistence upon vaccination against meningococcal disease. In the absence of mass vaccination programs, the early identification of risk factors for meningococcal disease would be recommended in order to start immunization strategies and antibiotic treatment in those subjects carrying the risk variants. In addition, it could allow us to identify individuals with a higher risk for severe disease and sequelae in order to develop a personalized healthcare of high-risk subjects based on their genomic profile. In this review, we have illustrated important preliminary correlations between TLR variants and meningococcal susceptibility/severity and with vaccine-induced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Torelli
- Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 53100 Siena, Italy.
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | | | | | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo, 53100 Siena, Italy.
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Abstract
The strategies employed in vaccinology have improved since the seminal work of Edward Jenner in the eighteenth century. Stimulated by failure to develop vaccines for cancers and chronic infectious diseases as well as an emergence of a multitude of new technologies not available earlier, vaccinology has moved from a largely experimental art to a new phase of innovation. Currently, immune reactions can be predicted and modeled before they occur and formulations can be optimized in advance for genetic background, age, sex, lifestyle, environmental factors, and microbiome. A multitude of scientific insights and technological advancements have led us to this current status, yet possibly none of the recent developments is individually more promising to achieve these goals than the interdisciplinary science of systems vaccinology. This review summarizes current trends and applications of systems vaccinology, including technically tangible areas of vaccine and immunology research which allow the transformative process into a truly broad understanding of vaccines, thereby effectively modeling interaction of vaccines with health and disease. It is becoming clear that a multitude of factors have to be considered to understand inter-patient variability of vaccine responses including those characterized from the interfaces between the immune system, microbiome, metabolome, and the nervous system.
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Brodin P, Jojic V, Gao T, Bhattacharya S, Angel CJL, Furman D, Shen-Orr S, Dekker CL, Swan GE, Butte AJ, Maecker HT, Davis MM. Variation in the human immune system is largely driven by non-heritable influences. Cell 2015; 160:37-47. [PMID: 25594173 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 702] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable heterogeneity in immunological parameters between individuals, but its sources are largely unknown. To assess the relative contribution of heritable versus non-heritable factors, we have performed a systems-level analysis of 210 healthy twins between 8 and 82 years of age. We measured 204 different parameters, including cell population frequencies, cytokine responses, and serum proteins, and found that 77% of these are dominated (>50% of variance) and 58% almost completely determined (>80% of variance) by non-heritable influences. In addition, some of these parameters become more variable with age, suggesting the cumulative influence of environmental exposure. Similarly, the serological responses to seasonal influenza vaccination are also determined largely by non-heritable factors, likely due to repeated exposure to different strains. Lastly, in MZ twins discordant for cytomegalovirus infection, more than half of all parameters are affected. These results highlight the largely reactive and adaptive nature of the immune system in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Brodin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, 17121 Solna, Sweden; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Vladimir Jojic
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tianxiang Gao
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sanchita Bhattacharya
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Cesar J Lopez Angel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - David Furman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Shai Shen-Orr
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Cornelia L Dekker
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Gary E Swan
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Atul J Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Center for Pediatric Bioinformatics, Lucille Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Holden T Maecker
- Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Human Immune Monitoring Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Mark M Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Institute of Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304, USA.
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12
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Newport MJ. The genetic regulation of infant immune responses to vaccination. Front Immunol 2015; 6:18. [PMID: 25699041 PMCID: PMC4313718 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of factors are recognized to influence immune responses to vaccinations including age, gender, the dose, and quality of the antigen used, the number of doses given, the route of administration, and the nutritional status of the recipient. Additionally, several immunogenetic studies have identified associations between polymorphisms in genes encoding immune response proteins, both innate and adaptive, and variation in responses to vaccines. Variants in the genes encoding Toll-like receptors, HLA molecules, cytokines, and cytokine receptors have associated with heterogeneity of responses to a wide range of vaccines including measles, hepatitis B, influenza A, BCG, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and certain Neisseria meningitidis serotypes, amongst others. However, the vast majority of these studies have been conducted in older children and adults and there are very few data available from studies conducted in infants. This paper reviews the evidence to date that host genes influencing vaccines responses in these older population and identifies a large gap in our understanding of the genetic regulation of responses in early life. Given the high mortality from infection in early life and the challenges of developing vaccines that generate effective immune responses in the context of the developing immune system further research on infant populations is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J. Newport
- Division of Clinical Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
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Systems vaccinology: probing humanity's diverse immune systems with vaccines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:12300-6. [PMID: 25136102 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1400476111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Homo sapiens are genetically diverse, but dramatic demographic and socioeconomic changes during the past century have created further diversification with respect to age, nutritional status, and the incidence of associated chronic inflammatory disorders and chronic infections. These shifting demographics pose new challenges for vaccination, as emerging evidence suggests that age, the metabolic state, and chronic infections can exert major influences on the immune system. Thus, a key public health challenge is learning how to reprogram suboptimal immune systems to induce effective vaccine immunity. Recent advances have applied systems biological analysis to define molecular signatures induced early after vaccination that correlate with and predict the later adaptive immune responses in humans. Such "systems vaccinology" approaches offer an integrated picture of the molecular networks driving vaccine immunity, and are beginning to yield novel insights about the immune system. Here we discuss the promise of systems vaccinology in probing humanity's diverse immune systems, and in delineating the impact of genes, the environment, and the microbiome on protective immunity induced by vaccination. Such insights will be critical in reengineering suboptimal immune systems in immunocompromised populations.
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Exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms within TLR3 associated with infant responses to serogroup C meningococcal conjugate vaccine. Vaccine 2014; 32:3424-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Grignolio A, Mishto M, Faria AMC, Garagnani P, Franceschi C, Tieri P. Towards a liquid self: how time, geography, and life experiences reshape the biological identity. Front Immunol 2014; 5:153. [PMID: 24782860 PMCID: PMC3988364 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The conceptualization of immunological self is amongst the most important theories of modern biology, representing a sort of theoretical guideline for experimental immunologists, in order to understand how host constituents are ignored by the immune system (IS). A consistent advancement in this field has been represented by the danger/damage theory and its subsequent refinements, which at present represents the most comprehensive conceptualization of immunological self. Here, we present the new hypothesis of "liquid self," which integrates and extends the danger/damage theory. The main novelty of the liquid self hypothesis lies in the full integration of the immune response mechanisms into the host body's ecosystems, i.e., in adding the temporal, as well as the geographical/evolutionary and environmental, dimensions, which we suggested to call "immunological biography." Our hypothesis takes into account the important biological changes occurring with time (age) in the IS (including immunosenescence and inflammaging), as well as changes in the organismal context related to nutrition, lifestyle, and geography (populations). We argue that such temporal and geographical dimensions impinge upon, and continuously reshape, the antigenicity of physical entities (molecules, cells, bacteria, viruses), making them switching between "self" and "non-self" states in a dynamical, "liquid" fashion. Particular attention is devoted to oral tolerance and gut microbiota, as well as to a new potential source of unexpected self epitopes produced by proteasome splicing. Finally, our framework allows the set up of a variety of testable predictions, the most straightforward suggesting that the immune responses to defined molecules representing potentials antigens will be quantitatively and qualitatively quite different according to the immuno-biographical background of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Grignolio
- Interdepartmental Center "Luigi Galvani" for Bioinformatics, Biophysics and Biocomplexity, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Michele Mishto
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sul Cancro "G. Prodi", University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy ; Institut für Biochemie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Ana Maria Caetano Faria
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Interdepartmental Center "Luigi Galvani" for Bioinformatics, Biophysics and Biocomplexity, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy ; Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna , Bologna , Italy ; IRCCS of Neurological Science , Bologna , Italy ; Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council , Bologna , Italy
| | - Paolo Tieri
- Institute for Applied Mathematics "M. Picone", National Research Council , Rome , Italy
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Dockrell HM. Real vaccines in the real world: tuberculosis vaccines move south. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 7:703-7. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.6.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Li S, Nakaya HI, Kazmin DA, Oh JZ, Pulendran B. Systems biological approaches to measure and understand vaccine immunity in humans. Semin Immunol 2013; 25:209-18. [PMID: 23796714 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated the utility of using systems approaches to identify molecular signatures that can be used to predict vaccine immunity in humans. Such approaches are now being used extensively in vaccinology, and are beginning to yield novel insights about the molecular networks driving vaccine immunity. In this review, we present a broad review of the methodologies involved in these studies, and discuss the promise and challenges involved in this emerging field of "systems vaccinology."
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhao Li
- Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Falola MI, Wiener HW, Wineinger NE, Cutter GR, Kimberly RP, Edberg JC, Arnett DK, Kaslow RA, Tang J, Shrestha S. Genomic copy number variants: evidence for association with antibody response to anthrax vaccine adsorbed. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64813. [PMID: 23741398 PMCID: PMC3669407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anthrax and its etiologic agent remain a biological threat. Anthrax vaccine is highly effective, but vaccine-induced IgG antibody responses vary widely following required doses of vaccinations. Such variation can be related to genetic factors, especially genomic copy number variants (CNVs) that are known to be enriched among genes with immunologic function. We have tested this hypothesis in two study populations from a clinical trial of anthrax vaccination. Methods We performed CNV-based genome-wide association analyses separately on 794 European Americans and 200 African-Americans. Antibodies to protective antigen were measured at week 8 (early response) and week 30 (peak response) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We used DNA microarray data (Affymetrix 6.0) and two CNV detection algorithms, hidden markov model (PennCNV) and circular binary segmentation (GeneSpring) to determine CNVs in all individuals. Multivariable regression analyses were used to identify CNV-specific associations after adjusting for relevant non-genetic covariates. Results Within the 22 autosomal chromosomes, 2,943 non-overlapping CNV regions were detected by both algorithms. Genomic insertions containing HLA-DRB5, DRB1 and DQA1/DRA genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region (chromosome 6p21.3) were moderately associated with elevated early antibody response (β = 0.14, p = 1.78×10−3) among European Americans, and the strongest association was observed between peak antibody response and a segmental insertion on chromosome 1, containing NBPF4, NBPF5, STXMP3, CLCC1, and GPSM2 genes (β = 1.66, p = 6.06×10−5). For African-Americans, segmental deletions spanning PRR20, PCDH17 and PCH68 genes on chromosome 13 were associated with elevated early antibody production (β = 0.18, p = 4.47×10−5). Population-specific findings aside, one genomic insertion on chromosome 17 (containing NSF, ARL17 and LRRC37A genes) was associated with elevated peak antibody response in both populations. Conclusion Multiple CNV regions, including the one consisting of MHC genes that is consistent with earlier research, can be important to humoral immune responses to anthrax vaccine adsorbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I. Falola
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Howard W. Wiener
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Nathan E. Wineinger
- Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gary R. Cutter
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Robert P. Kimberly
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey C. Edberg
- Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Donna K. Arnett
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Kaslow
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jianming Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Sadeep Shrestha
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kollmann TR. Variation between Populations in the Innate Immune Response to Vaccine Adjuvants. Front Immunol 2013; 4:81. [PMID: 23565115 PMCID: PMC3613898 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of the World Health Organization recommended “Expanded Program of Immunization” (EPI) and similar regional or national programs has been astounding. However, infectious threats currently not covered by these programs continue to infect millions of infants around the world. Furthermore, many infants do not receive existing vaccines either on time or for the required number of doses to provide optimal protection. Nor do all infants around the world develop the same protective immune response to the same vaccine. As a result approximately three million infants die every year from vaccine preventable infections. To tackle these issues, new vaccines need to be developed as well as existing ones made easier to administer. This requires identification of age-optimized vaccine schedules and formulations. In order to be most effective this approach will need to take population-based differences in response to vaccines and adjuvants into account. This review summarizes what is currently known about differences between populations around the world in the innate immune response to existing as well as new and promising vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias R Kollmann
- Division of Infectious and Immunological Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada
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20
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Sudenga SL, Royse KE, Shrestha S. Role and uptake of human papillomavirus vaccine in adolescent health in the United States. ADOLESCENT HEALTH MEDICINE AND THERAPEUTICS 2011; 2011:63-74. [PMID: 24155627 PMCID: PMC3804132 DOI: 10.2147/ahmt.s15941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Both the prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, Gardasil® and Cervarix®, are licensed for the prevention of cervical cancer in females, and Gardasil is also licensed for the prevention of genital warts and anal cancer in both males and females. This review focuses on the uptake of these vaccines in adolescent males and females in the USA and the barriers associated with vaccine initiation and completion. In the USA in 2009, approximately 44.3% of adolescent females aged 13-17 years had received at least one dose of the HPV vaccine, but only 26.7% had received all three doses. In general, the Northeast and Midwest regions of the USA have the highest rates of HPV vaccine initiation in adolescent females, while the Southeast has the lowest rates of vaccine initiation. Uptake of the first dose of the HPV vaccine in adolescent females did not vary by race/ethnicity; however, completion of all three doses is lower among African Americans (23.1%) and Latinos (23.4%) compared with Caucasians (29.3%). At present, vaccination rates among adolescent females are lower than expected, and thus vaccine models suggest that it is more cost-effective to vaccinate both adolescent males and females. Current guidelines for HPV vaccination in adolescent males is recommended only for "permissive use," which leaves this population out of routine vaccination for HPV. The uptake of the vaccine is challenged by the high cost, feasibility, and logistics of three-dose deliveries. The biggest impact on acceptability of the vaccine is by adolescents, physicians, parents, and the community. Future efforts need to focus on HPV vaccine education among adolescents and decreasing the barriers associated with poor vaccine uptake and completion in adolescents before their sexual debut, but Papanicolau screening should remain routine among adults and those already infected until a therapeutic vaccine can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Staci L Sudenga
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Miller EK, Dumitrescu L, Cupp C, Dorris S, Taylor S, Sparks R, Fawkes D, Frontiero V, Rezendes AM, Marchant C, Edwards KM, Crawford DC. Atopy history and the genomics of wheezing after influenza vaccination in children 6-59 months of age. Vaccine 2011; 29:3431-7. [PMID: 21396408 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A multinational clinical trial compared the safety and efficacy of intranasal trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) with intramuscular trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) in very young children prior to the 2004-5 influenza season [1]. Wheezing was noted more often in recipients of LAIV and laboratory-confirmed influenza infection was noted more often in recipients of TIV. We sought to determine whether epidemiologic or genetic factors were associated with these outcomes. METHODS Atopy surveys and DNA collections were performed in trial participants at two United States sites, Nashville, TN and Boston, MA. DNA samples were genotyped on Illumina Infinium 610 or 660-Quad. Standard allelic tests of association were performed. RESULTS At the Nashville and Boston sites, a total of 99 children completed the trial, 6 (1 TIV, 5 LAIV) developed medically attended wheezing within 42 days following vaccination, and 8 (5 TIV, 3 LAIV) developed laboratory-confirmed influenza during the season. Eighty-one surveys and 70 DNA samples were collected. Family history of asthma (p=0.001) was associated with wheezing after vaccination. Of 468,458 single nucleotide polymorphisms tested in the genome-wide association study (GWAS), none achieved genome-wide significance for either wheezing after vaccination or laboratory-confirmed influenza infection. CONCLUSIONS Family history of asthma appears to be a risk factor for wheezing after influenza vaccination. Given the limitations of the sample size, our pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of performing a GWAS but was not able to determine genetic polymorphisms associated with wheezing after influenza immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kathryn Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, CCC-5323 Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes recent developments related to cofactors that may influence response to vaccination. RECENT FINDINGS The unexpected increased HIV acquisition among vaccinees in the Step trial with prior exposure to adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) led to several studies trying to understand whether an underlying biological risk factor may have been responsible for this observation. Demographic factors and genetic background of the human populations in HIV vaccine trials remain a source of potential variation in responses observed in vaccine trials, yet empirical data remain limited on the impact of those factors. Coinfections, particularly those that may modulate the immune response, are a further concern for HIV vaccine trialists, with recent data providing further insight into effects of coinfections on innate and adaptive immunity and vaccine responses. SUMMARY Individuals and human populations display variation in response to vaccination. Key explanatory variables for this variation include host factors, such as host genetics, and environmental factors, such as prior exposure to the vaccine vector, coinfection with other pathogens, and demographic factors. This review will outline some of the recent developments investigating the role of various cofactors on vaccine responses, with a particular emphasis on studies of HIV vaccines.
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Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Jacobson RM. Application of pharmacogenomics to vaccines. Pharmacogenomics 2009; 10:837-52. [PMID: 19450131 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.09.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics provides a promising science base for vaccine research and development. A broad range of phenotype/genotype data combined with high-throughput genetic sequencing and bioinformatics are increasingly being integrated into this emerging field of vaccinomics. This paper discusses the hypothesis of the 'immune response gene network' and genetic (and bioinformatic) strategies to study associations between immune response gene polymorphisms and variations in humoral and cellular immune responses to prophylactic viral vaccines, such as measles-mumps-rubella, influenza, HIV, hepatitis B and smallpox. Immunogenetic studies reveal promising new vaccine targets by providing a better understanding of the mechanisms by which gene polymorphisms may influence innate and adaptive immune responses to vaccines, including vaccine failure and vaccine-associated adverse events. Additional benefits from vaccinomic studies include the development of personalized vaccines, the development of novel vaccines and the development of novel vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Abstract
Following their discovery in the early 1970s, classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci have been the prototypical candidates for genetic susceptibility to infectious disease. Indeed, the original hypothesis for the extreme variability observed at HLA loci (H-2 in mice) was the major selective pressure from infectious diseases. Now that both the human genome and the molecular basis of innate and acquired immunity are understood in greater detail, do the classical HLA loci still stand out as major genes that determine susceptibility to infectious disease? This review looks afresh at the evidence supporting a role for classical HLA loci in susceptibility to infectious disease, examines the limitations of data reported to date, and discusses current advances in methodology and technology that will potentially lead to greater understanding of their role in infectious diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenefer M Blackwell
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, P.O. Box 855, West Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6872.
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Sirugo G, Hennig BJ, Adeyemo AA, Matimba A, Newport MJ, Ibrahim ME, Ryckman KK, Tacconelli A, Mariani-Costantini R, Novelli G, Soodyall H, Rotimi CN, Ramesar RS, Tishkoff SA, Williams SM. Genetic studies of African populations: an overview on disease susceptibility and response to vaccines and therapeutics. Hum Genet 2008; 123:557-98. [PMID: 18512079 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Africa is the ultimate source of modern humans and as such harbors more genetic variation than any other continent. For this reason, studies of the patterns of genetic variation in African populations are crucial to understanding how genes affect phenotypic variation, including disease predisposition. In addition, the patterns of extant genetic variation in Africa are important for understanding how genetic variation affects infectious diseases that are a major problem in Africa, such as malaria, tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, and HIV/AIDS. Therefore, elucidating the role that genetic susceptibility to infectious diseases plays is critical to improving the health of people in Africa. It is also of note that recent and ongoing social and cultural changes in sub-Saharan Africa have increased the prevalence of non-communicable diseases that will also require genetic analyses to improve disease prevention and treatment. In this review we give special attention to many of the past and ongoing studies, emphasizing those in Sub-Saharan Africans that address the role of genetic variation in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Sirugo
- Medical Research Council Laboratories, Fajara, The Gambia, West Africa.
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Kimman TG, Vandebriel RJ, Hoebee B. Genetic variation in the response to vaccination. Public Health Genomics 2007; 10:201-17. [PMID: 17895626 DOI: 10.1159/000106559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are the most powerful means to prevent and diminish the burden of infectious disease. However, there are limitations to their use: vaccines are not yet available for all infectious diseases (including human immunodeficiency virus and respiratory syncytial virus), they sometimes lack efficacy, the response to vaccination is limited by maternal antibodies in very young infants, and the response to vaccination is variable or may even be absent in some individuals. This review focuses on genetic factors that determine the variable response to vaccination. The highly polymorphic human leukocyte antigen system, which is involved in antigen presentation, has been researched most in this aspect, and clearly affects the response to vaccination. Other, but less polymorphic pathways involved are the Toll-like receptor pathway, which is involved in antigen recognition and stimulation of the immune system, and the cytokine immunoregulatory network. The heritability, or the proportion of total variance that is due to additive genetic factors, appears to be particularly large for vaccine-induced antibody responses in young infants compared with cell-mediated responses and antibody responses in older, immunologically more mature individuals. Both antibody and cell-mediated responses are not only affected by loci within, but also strongly by loci outside the human leukocyte antigen system. Because most genes that are important in influencing immune responses to vaccination are still unknown, clearly more work is required. A better understanding of the factors that determine an effective response to vaccination may lead to the identification of specific genes and pathways as targets for the development of novel more uniformly effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Kimman
- Laboratorie for Vaccine-Preventable Diseases, National Institute of Public Health and Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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