1
|
Maleki M, Hosseini SM, Farahmand B, Saleh M, Shokouhi H, Torabi A, Fotouhi F. Induction of Homosubtypic and Heterosubtypic Immunity to Influenza Viruses Using a Conserved Internal and External Proteins. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:212. [PMID: 37191741 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03331-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The immunogenicity and protective properties of the designed recombinant fusion peptide of 3M2e and truncated nucleoprotein (trNP), originating from Influenza A virus, were investigated in the BALB/c mice model in comparison with the Mix protein (3M2e + trNP). The results were evaluated by antibody response, cytokine production, lymphocyte proliferation assay, and mortality rate after challenge with homologous (H1N1) and heterologous (H3N2) influenza viruses in BALB/c mice. The animals that received the chimer protein with or without adjuvant had more specific antibody responses and elicited memory CD4 T cells, and cytokines of Th1 and Th2 cells compared to the Mix protein. Moreover, the Mix protein, like the recombinant chimer protein, provided equal and effective protection against both homologous and heterologous challenges in mice. Nevertheless, the chimer protein demonstrated superior immune protection compared to the Mix protein. The percentage of survived animals in the adjuvanted protein group (78.4%) was less than the non-adjuvanted one (85.7%). However, the Mix protein plus Alum could induce protective immunity in only 57.1% and 42.8% of homologous and heterologous virus-challenged mice, respectively. Regarding the sufficient immunogenicity and protectivity of the chimer protein construct against influenza viruses, the findings of the study suggest that the chimer protein without a requirement of adjuvant can be used as an adequate vaccine formulation to protect against a broad spectrum of influenza viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahnoosh Maleki
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Tehran, 69, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrokh Farahmand
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Tehran, 69, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Maryam Saleh
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Tehran, 69, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Hadiseh Shokouhi
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Tehran, 69, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Ali Torabi
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Tehran, 69, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fotouhi
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Tehran, 69, 1316943551, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tan MP, Mohamed Alitheen NB, Tan WS, Yap WB. Expression of Influenza M2e-NP Recombinant Fusion Protein in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and Its Binding to Antibodies. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10122066. [PMID: 36560475 PMCID: PMC9784878 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The current influenza vaccines only confer protection against the circulating influenza subtypes, therefore universal vaccines are needed to prevent upcoming influenza outbreaks caused by emerging influenza subtypes. The extracellular domain of influenza A M2 protein (M2e) is highly conserved among different subtypes of influenza A viruses, and it is able to elicit protective immunity against the viruses. The influenza nucleoprotein (NP) was used to display the M2e in this study due to its promising T-cell response and adjuvanticity. The M2e gene was fused to the 5'-end of the NP gene and then cloned into pRSET B vector. The DNA sequencing analysis revealed six point mutations in the M2e-NP fusion gene, including one mutation in the M2e peptide and five mutations in the NP. The mutations were reverted using PCR site-directed mutagenesis. The recombinant plasmids (pRSET B-M2e-NP and pRSET B-mM2e-NP) were introduced into Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21 (DE3) for protein expression. The mutated and non-mutated proteins were subsequently expressed and named mM2e-NP and M2e-NP, respectively. The expression of mM2e-NP and M2e-NP was not affected by the mutations. The binding of anti-M2e antibody to the purified native mM2e-NP and M2e-NP also remained active. However, when the anti-NP antibody was tested, the signal produced by mM2e-NP was very weak. The results implied that the amino acid changes in the NP had adversely impacted on the conformation of mM2e-NP and subsequently affected the antibody binding. In light of the remarkable antibody binding to the M2e-NP fusion protein, this study highly recommends the potential of M2e-NP as a universal influenza vaccine candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Peng Tan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Noorjahan Banu Mohamed Alitheen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Wei Boon Yap
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Biomedical Science Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-92897920
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shivshankar P, Karmouty-Quintana H, Mills T, Doursout MF, Wang Y, Czopik AK, Evans SE, Eltzschig HK, Yuan X. SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Host Response, Immunity, and Therapeutic Targets. Inflammation 2022; 45:1430-1449. [PMID: 35320469 PMCID: PMC8940980 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01656-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has resulted in a global pandemic with severe socioeconomic effects. Immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and organ failure. Binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) on bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells triggers host inflammatory pathways that lead to pathophysiological changes. Proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferon (IFN) signaling in alveolar epithelial cells counter barrier disruption, modulate host innate immune response to induce chemotaxis, and initiate the resolution of inflammation. Here, we discuss experimental models to study SARS-CoV-2 infection, molecular pathways involved in SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammation, and viral hijacking of anti-inflammatory pathways, such as delayed type-I IFN response. Mechanisms of alveolar adaptation to hypoxia, adenosinergic signaling, and regulatory microRNAs are discussed as potential therapeutic targets for COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Shivshankar
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Harry Karmouty-Quintana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divisions of Critical Care, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Tingting Mills
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Marie-Francoise Doursout
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yanyu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Agnieszka K Czopik
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Scott E Evans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McGee MC, Huang W. Evolutionary conservation and positive selection of Influenza A Nucleoprotein CTL epitopes for universal vaccination: a proof-of-concept. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2578-2587. [PMID: 35171514 PMCID: PMC9052727 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Influenza (flu) infection is a leading cause of respiratory disease and death worldwide. While seasonal flu vaccines are effective at reducing morbidity and mortality, such effects rely on the odds of successful prediction of the upcoming viral strains. Additional threats from emerging flu viruses that we cannot predict and avian flu viruses that can be directly transmitted to humans, urge the strategic development of universal vaccinations that can protect against flu viruses of different subtypes and across species. Annual flu vaccines elicit mainly humoral responses. Under circumstances when antibodies induced by vaccination fail to recognize and neutralize the emerging virus adequately, virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are the major contributors to the control of viral replication and elimination of infected cells. Our studies exploited the evolutionary conservation of influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) and the fact that NP-specific CTL responses pose a constant selecting pressure on functional CTL epitopes, to screen for NP epitopes that are highly conserved among heterosubtypes but are subjected to positive selection historically. We identified a region on NP that is evolutionarily conserved and historically positively selected (NP137-182 ) and validated that it contains an epitope that is functional in eliciting NP-specific CTL responses and immunity that can partially protect immunized mice against lethal dose infection of a heterosubtypic influenza A virus. Our proof-of-concept study supports the hypothesis that evolutionary conservation and positive selection of influenza nucleoprotein can be exploited to identify functional CTL epitope to elicit cross protection against different heterosubtypes, therefore, to help develop strategies to modify flu vaccine formula for a broader and more durable protective immunity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C McGee
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Weishan Huang
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim B, Guaregua V, Chen X, Zhao C, Yeow W, Berg NK, Eltzschig HK, Yuan X. Characterization of a Murine Model System to Study MicroRNA-147 During Inflammatory Organ Injury. Inflammation 2021; 44:1426-1440. [PMID: 33566257 PMCID: PMC7873671 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01427-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory organ injury and sepsis have profound impacts on the morbidity and mortality of surgical and critical care patients. MicroRNAs are small RNAs composed of 20-25 nucleotides that have a significant contribution to gene regulation. MicroRNA-147 (miR-147), in particular, has been shown to have an emerging role in different physiological functions such as cell cycle regulation and inflammatory responses. However, animal model systems to study tissue-specific functions of miR-147 during inflammatory conditions in vivo are lacking. In the present study, we characterize miR-147 expression in different organs and cell types. Next, we generated a transgenic mouse line with a floxed miR-147 gene. Subsequently, we used this mouse line to generate mice with whole-body deletion of miR-147 (miR-147 -/-) by crossing "floxed" miR-147 mice with transgenic mice expressing Cre recombinase in all tissues (CMVcre mice). Systematic analysis of miR-147 -/- mice demonstrates normal growth, development, and off-spring. In addition, deletion of the target gene in different organs was successful at baseline or during inflammation, including the heart, intestine, stomach, liver, spleen, bone marrow, lungs, kidneys, or stomach. Moreover, miR-147 -/- mice have identical baseline inflammatory gene expression compared to C57BL/6 mice, except elevated IL-6 expression in the spleen (7.5 fold, p < 0.05). Taken together, our data show the successful development of a transgenic animal model for tissue and cell-specific deletion of miR-147 that can be used to study the functional roles of miR-147 during inflammatory organ injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boyun Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Victor Guaregua
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xuebo Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chad Zhao
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wanyi Yeow
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nathaniel K Berg
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mezhenskaya D, Isakova-Sivak I, Kotomina T, Matyushenko V, Kim MC, Bhatnagar N, Kim KH, Kang SM, Rudenko L. A Strategy to Elicit M2e-Specific Antibodies Using a Recombinant H7N9 Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine Expressing Multiple M2e Tandem Repeats. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020133. [PMID: 33535408 PMCID: PMC7912525 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses remain a serious public health problem. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent the disease; however, seasonal influenza vaccines demonstrate low or no effectiveness against antigenically drifted and newly emerged influenza viruses. Different strategies of eliciting immune responses against conserved parts of various influenza virus proteins are being developed worldwide. We constructed a universal live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) candidate with enhanced breadth of protection by modifying H7N9 LAIV by incorporating four epitopes of M2 protein extracellular part into its hemagglutinin molecule. The new recombinant H7N9+4M2e vaccine induced anti-M2e antibody responses and demonstrated increased protection against heterosubtypic challenge viruses in direct and serum passive protection studies, compared to the classical H7N9 LAIV. The results of our study suggest that the H7N9+4M2e warrants further investigation in pre-clinical and phase 1 clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Mezhenskaya
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.M.); (T.K.); (V.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.M.); (T.K.); (V.M.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tatiana Kotomina
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.M.); (T.K.); (V.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Victoria Matyushenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.M.); (T.K.); (V.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (M.-C.K.); (N.B.); (K.-H.K.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Noopur Bhatnagar
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (M.-C.K.); (N.B.); (K.-H.K.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (M.-C.K.); (N.B.); (K.-H.K.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (M.-C.K.); (N.B.); (K.-H.K.); (S.-M.K.)
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.M.); (T.K.); (V.M.); (L.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li X, Berg NK, Mills T, Zhang K, Eltzschig HK, Yuan X. Adenosine at the Interphase of Hypoxia and Inflammation in Lung Injury. Front Immunol 2021; 11:604944. [PMID: 33519814 PMCID: PMC7840604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia and inflammation often coincide in pathogenic conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and chronic lung diseases, which are significant contributors to morbidity and mortality for the general population. For example, the recent global outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has placed viral infection-induced ARDS under the spotlight. Moreover, chronic lung disease ranks the third leading cause of death in the United States. Hypoxia signaling plays a diverse role in both acute and chronic lung inflammation, which could partially be explained by the divergent function of downstream target pathways such as adenosine signaling. Particularly, hypoxia signaling activates adenosine signaling to inhibit the inflammatory response in ARDS, while in chronic lung diseases, it promotes inflammation and tissue injury. In this review, we discuss the role of adenosine at the interphase of hypoxia and inflammation in ARDS and chronic lung diseases, as well as the current strategy for therapeutic targeting of the adenosine signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University NanKai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Nathanial K. Berg
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tingting Mills
- Department of Biochemistry, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kaiying Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Holger K. Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Q, Zhang Y, Zou P, Wang M, Fu W, She J, Song Z, Xu J, Huang J, Wu F. Self-Assembly M2e-Based Peptide Nanovaccine Confers Broad Protection Against Influenza Viruses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1961. [PMID: 32922379 PMCID: PMC7457018 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular domain of influenza M2 protein (M2e) is highly conserved and is a promising target for development of universal influenza vaccines. Here, we synthesized a peptide vaccine consisting of M2e epitope linked to a fibrillizing peptide, which could self-assemble into nanoparticle in physiological salt solutions. When administrated into mice without additional adjuvant, the influenza A M2e epitope-bearing nanoparticles induced antibodies against M2e of different influenza subtypes. Comparing with other M2e-based vaccine, these M2e nanoparticles did not induce immune response against the fibrillizing peptide, demonstrating minimal immunogenicity of vaccine carrier. Furthermore, vaccination with M2e-based nanoparticles did not only protect mice against homologous challenge of influenza PR8 H1N1 virus, but also provide protection against heterologous challenge of highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N9 virus. These results indicated that M2e-based self-assembled nanoparticle vaccine is safe and can elicit cross-protection, therefore is a promising candidate of universal influenza vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qimin Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zou
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meixiang Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihui Fu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialei She
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Song
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinghe Huang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Samal S, Shrivastava T, Sonkusre P, Rizvi ZA, Kumar R, Ahmed S, Vishwakarma P, Yadav N, Bansal M, Chauhan K, Pokhrel S, Das S, Tambare P, Awasthi A. Tetramerizing tGCN4 domain facilitates production of Influenza A H1N1 M2e higher order soluble oligomers that show enhanced immunogenicity in vivo. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14352-14366. [PMID: 32817314 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One strategy for the development of a next generation influenza vaccine centers upon using conserved domains of the virus to induce broader and long-lasting immune responses. The production of artificial proteins by mimicking native-like structures has shown to be a promising approach for vaccine design against diverse enveloped viruses. The amino terminus of influenza A virus matrix 2 ectodomain (M2e) is highly conserved among influenza subtypes, and previous studies have shown M2e-based vaccines are strongly immunogenic, making it an attractive target for further exploration. We hypothesized that stabilizing M2e protein in the mammalian system might influence the immunogenicity of M2e with the added advantage to robustly produce the large scale of proteins with native-like fold and hence can act as an efficient vaccine candidate. In this study, we created an engineered construct in which the amino terminus of M2e is linked to the tetramerizing domain tGCN4, expressed the construct in a mammalian system, and tested for immunogenicity in BALB/c mice. We have also constructed a stand-alone M2e construct (without tGCN4) and compared the protein expressed in mammalian cells and in Escherichia coli using in vitro and in vivo methods. The mammalian-expressed protein was found to be more stable, more antigenic than the E. coli protein, and form higher-order oligomers. In an intramuscular protein priming and boosting regimen in mice, these proteins induced high titers of antibodies and elicited a mixed Th1/Th2 response. These results highlight the mammalian-expressed M2e soluble proteins as a promising vaccine development platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sweety Samal
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| | - Tripti Shrivastava
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| | - Praveen Sonkusre
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zaigham Abbas Rizvi
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| | - Shubbir Ahmed
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| | - Preeti Vishwakarma
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| | - Naveen Yadav
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| | - Manish Bansal
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| | - Kanchana Chauhan
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| | - Sebanta Pokhrel
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| | - Supratik Das
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| | - Padmakar Tambare
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Infection and Immunology, Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, Faridabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Prospects and Challenges in the Development of Universal Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030361. [PMID: 32640619 PMCID: PMC7563311 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines offer suboptimal protection and depend on annual reformulation and yearly administration. Vaccine technology has rapidly advanced during the last decade, facilitating development of next-generation influenza vaccines that can target a broader range of influenza viruses. The development and licensure of a universal influenza vaccine could provide a game changing option for the control of influenza by protecting against all influenza A and B viruses. Here we review important findings and considerations regarding the development of universal influenza vaccines and what we can learn from this moving forward with a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine design.
Collapse
|
11
|
Mezhenskaya D, Isakova-Sivak I, Rudenko L. M2e-based universal influenza vaccines: a historical overview and new approaches to development. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:76. [PMID: 31629405 PMCID: PMC6800501 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus was isolated for the first time in 1931, and the first attempts to develop a vaccine against the virus began soon afterwards. In addition to causing seasonal epidemics, influenza viruses can cause pandemics at random intervals, which are very hard to predict. Vaccination is the most effective way of preventing the spread of influenza infection. However, seasonal vaccination is ineffective against pandemic influenza viruses because of antigenic differences, and it takes approximately six months from isolation of a new virus to develop an effective vaccine. One of the possible ways to fight the emergence of pandemics may be by using a new type of vaccine, with a long and broad spectrum of action. The extracellular domain of the M2 protein (M2e) of influenza A virus is a conservative region, and an attractive target for a universal influenza vaccine. This review gives a historical overview of the study of M2 protein, and summarizes the latest developments in the preparation of M2e-based universal influenza vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Mezhenskaya
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Acad. Pavlov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Irina Isakova-Sivak
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Acad. Pavlov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia.
| | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 12 Acad. Pavlov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Targeting M2e to DEC-205 induces an enhanced serum antibody-dependent heterosubtypic protection against influenza A virus infection. Vaccine 2019; 37:2624-2633. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
13
|
Vuong CN, Chou WK, Briggs W, Faulkner O, Wolfenden A, Jonas M, Kapczynski DR, Hargis BM, Bielke LR, Berghman LR. Crude Inactivated Influenza A Virus Adjuvated with a Bispecific Antibody Complex Targeting Chicken CD40 and AIV M2e Confers Protection Against Lethal HPAI Challenge in Chickens. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2018; 37:245-251. [PMID: 30592705 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2018.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo targeting an immunogen to the CD40 receptor expressed on professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) dramatically enhances speed, magnitude, and quality of the immune response. Our previous evaluation of this strategy in poultry was limited to immunogenicity studies using CD40-targeted synthetic peptides, which demonstrated significant antigen-specific serum IgG and tracheal IgA levels <1 week after primary administration. In this study, this antibody-guided immunization strategy was modified to permit incorporation of inactivated highly pathogenic avian influenza virions (in lieu of short synthetic peptides) as the immunogen by simply mixing a bispecific antibody complex (anti-CD40/M2e) with crude inactivated virus before injection. Adjuvated avian influenza virus (AIV) induced significant hemagglutination inhibition titers up to 6 weeks postimmunization. In efficacy studies, administration of a single vaccine dose yielded 56%-64% survival against challenge with highly pathogenic H5N1, and 100% protection was achieved upon boosting. These results represent a feasible strategy to effectively target whole inactivated influenza A virus to chicken APCs, regardless of AIV clade and without phenotyping or purifying the virus from crude allantoic fluid. The data represent proof of principle for the unique prophylactic efficacy and versatility of a CD40-targeting adjuvation strategy that can in principle also be harnessed in other poultry vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine N Vuong
- 1 Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Wen-Ko Chou
- 2 Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Whitney Briggs
- 3 Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University , Wooster, Ohio
| | - Olivia Faulkner
- 4 Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Amanda Wolfenden
- 4 Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Melina Jonas
- 5 Medion Vaccine Company , Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Darrell R Kapczynski
- 6 Exotic and Emerging Viral Diseases Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , Athens, Georgia
| | - Billy M Hargis
- 4 Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas , Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Lisa R Bielke
- 3 Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University , Wooster, Ohio
| | - Luc R Berghman
- 1 Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas.,2 Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Farahmand B, Taheri N, Shokouhi H, Soleimanjahi H, Fotouhi F. Chimeric protein consisting of 3M2e and HSP as a universal influenza vaccine candidate: from in silico analysis to preliminary evaluation. Virus Genes 2018; 55:22-32. [PMID: 30382564 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1609-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The 23-amino acid ectodomain of influenza virus M2 protein (M2e) is highly conserved among human influenza virus variants and represents an attractive target for developing a universal vaccine. Although this peptide has limited potency and low immunogenicity, the degree of M2e density has been shown to be a critical factor influencing the magnitude of epitope-specific responses. The aim of this study was to design a chimer protein consisting of three tandem repeats of M2e peptide sequence fused to the Leishmania major HSP70 gene and evaluate its characteristics and immunogenicity. The structure of the deduced protein and its stability, aliphatic index, biocomputed half-life and the anticipated immunogenicity were analyzed by bioinformatics software. The oligonucleotides encoding 3M2e and chimer 3M2e-HSP70 were expressed in Escherichia coli and affinity purified. The immunogenicity of the purified recombinant proteins was preliminary examined in mouse model. It was predicted that fusion of HSP70 to the C-terminal of 3M2e peptide led to increased stability, hydropathicity, continuous B cell epitopes and antigenic propensity score of chimer protein. Also, the predominant 3M2e epitopes were not hidden in the chimer protein. The initial in vivo experiment showed that 3M2e-HSP chimer protein stimulates specific immune responses. In conclusion, the results of the current study suggest that 3M2e-HSP chimer protein would be an effective universal subunit vaccine candidate against influenza infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behrokh Farahmand
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Najmeh Taheri
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | - Hadiseh Shokouhi
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Fotouhi
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69, Tehran, 1316943551, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hajam IA, Kim J, Lee JH. Salmonella Gallinarum delivering M2eCD40L in protein and DNA formats acts as a bivalent vaccine against fowl typhoid and H9N2 infection in chickens. Vet Res 2018; 49:99. [PMID: 30285855 PMCID: PMC6389227 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0593-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fowl typhoid (FT), a septicemic disease caused by Salmonella Gallinarum (SG), and H9N2 influenza infection are two economically important diseases that affect poultry industry worldwide. Herein, we exploited a live attenuated SG mutant (JOL967) to deliver highly conserved extracellular domains of H9N2 M2 (M2e) to induce protective immunity against both H9N2 infection and FT. To increase the immunogenicity of M2e, we physically linked it with CD40L and cloned the fusion gene into either prokaryotic constitutive expression vector pJHL65 or mammalian expression vector pcDNA3.1+. Then pJHL65-M2eCD40L or pcDNA-M2eCD40L recombinant plasmid was electroporated into JOL967 strain and the resultant clones were designated as JOL2074 and JOL2076, respectively. We demonstrated that the chickens vaccinated once orally with a co-mix of JOL2074 and JOL2076 strains elicited significantly (p < 0.05) higher M2e-specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity compared to JOL2074 alone vaccinated group. However, SG-specific immune responses were comparable in both the vaccination groups. On challenge with the virulent H9N2 virus (105 TCID50) at 28th day post-vaccination, chickens that received a co-mix of JOL2074 plus JOL2076 strains exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) lower lung inflammation and viral load in both lungs and cloacal samples than JOL2074 alone vaccinated group. Against challenge with the lethal wild-type SG, both the vaccination groups exhibited only 12.5% mortality compared to 75% mortality observed in the control group. In conclusion, we show that SG delivering M2eCD40L can act as a bivalent vaccine against FT and H9N2 infection and further studies are warranted to develop this SG-M2eCD40L vaccine as a broadly protective vaccine against avian influenza virus subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Ahmed Hajam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596 Republic of Korea
| | - Jehyoung Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596 Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shokouhi H, Farahmand B, Ghaemi A, Mazaheri V, Fotouhi F. Vaccination with three tandem repeats of M2 extracellular domain fused to Leismania major HSP70 protects mice against influenza A virus challenge. Virus Res 2018; 251:40-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
17
|
Dabaghian M, Latifi AM, Tebianian M, NajmiNejad H, Ebrahimi SM. Nasal vaccination with r4M2e.HSP70c antigen encapsulated into N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanoparticulate systems: Preparation and immunogenicity in a mouse model. Vaccine 2018; 36:2886-2895. [PMID: 29627234 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the potential of N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanoparticles as a carrier system for the nasal delivery of the r4M2e.HSP70c, as an M2e-based universal recombinant influenza virus vaccine candidate, was investigated in mice. The anti-M2e specific cellular and humoral immune responses were assessed and the protective efficacy against a 90% lethal dose (LD90) of influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) in a mice model was evaluated. Our results showed that the intranasal immunization of mice with r4M2e.HSP70c+TMC rather than the control groups, r4M2e+TMC, r4M2e and PBS (Phosphate buffer saline), significantly elevated both longevity and serum level of the total M2e-specific IgG antibody with a significant shift in the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio toward IgG2a, induced a Th1 skewed humoral and cellular immune responses, increased IFN-γ, IgG, and IgA in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and promoted the proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with lower morbidity and mortality rate against viral challenge. In conclusion, based on evidence to our finding, nasal vaccination with r4M2e.HSP70c antigen encapsulated into N-Trimethyl Chitosan (TMC) nanoparticulate system showed to induce a long lasting M2e-specific humoral and cellular immune responses and also provided full protection against a 90% lethal dose (LD90) of the influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1). It seems, protective immunity following intranasal administration of r4M2e could be resulted by the cooperation of both adjuvants, TMC and HSP70c.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Chitosan/administration & dosage
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Carriers/administration & dosage
- Female
- HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins/administration & dosage
- HSP72 Heat-Shock Proteins/pharmacology
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Immunoglobulin A/analysis
- Immunoglobulin G/analysis
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Interferon-gamma/analysis
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Nanoparticles/administration & dosage
- Serum/immunology
- Survival Analysis
- Treatment Outcome
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Matrix Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Dabaghian
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-3651, Tehran, Iran; Biotechnology Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Latifi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-3651, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Tebianian
- Biotechnology Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Hamid NajmiNejad
- Yazd University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mahmoud Ebrahimi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-3651, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rajão DS, Pérez DR. Universal Vaccines and Vaccine Platforms to Protect against Influenza Viruses in Humans and Agriculture. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:123. [PMID: 29467737 PMCID: PMC5808216 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections pose a significant threat to public health due to annual seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. Influenza is also associated with significant economic losses in animal production. The most effective way to prevent influenza infections is through vaccination. Current vaccine programs rely heavily on the vaccine's ability to stimulate neutralizing antibody responses to the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. One of the biggest challenges to an effective vaccination program lies on the fact that influenza viruses are ever-changing, leading to antigenic drift that results in escape from earlier immune responses. Efforts toward overcoming these challenges aim at improving the strength and/or breadth of the immune response. Novel vaccine technologies, the so-called universal vaccines, focus on stimulating better cross-protection against many or all influenza strains. However, vaccine platforms or manufacturing technologies being tested to improve vaccine efficacy are heterogeneous between different species and/or either tailored for epidemic or pandemic influenza. Here, we discuss current vaccines to protect humans and animals against influenza, highlighting challenges faced to effective and uniform novel vaccination strategies and approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S. Rajão
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Self-assembly polymerization enhances the immunogenicity of influenza M2e peptide. Microbes Infect 2017; 19:648-654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
20
|
Elaish M, Ngunjiri JM, Ali A, Xia M, Ibrahim M, Jang H, Hiremath J, Dhakal S, Helmy YA, Jiang X, Renukaradhya GJ, Lee CW. Supplementation of inactivated influenza vaccine with norovirus P particle-M2e chimeric vaccine enhances protection against heterologous virus challenge in chickens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171174. [PMID: 28151964 PMCID: PMC5289506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The current inactivated influenza vaccines provide satisfactory protection against homologous viruses but limited cross-protection against antigenically divergent strains. Consequently, there is a need to develop more broadly protective vaccines. The highly conserved extracellular domain of the matrix protein 2 (M2e) has shown promising results as one of the components of a universal influenza vaccine in different animal models. As an approach to overcome the limited, strain specific, protective efficacy of inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV), a combination of recombinant M2e expressed on the surface of norovirus P particle (M2eP) and IIV was tested in chickens. Co-immunization of birds with both vaccines did not affect the production of M2e-specific IgG antibodies compared to the group vaccinated with M2eP alone. However, the co-immunized birds developed significantly higher pre-challenge hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers against the homologous IIV antigen and heterologous challenge virus. These combined vaccine groups also had cross reactive antibody responses against different viruses (H5, H6, and H7 subtypes) compared to the IIV alone vaccinated group. Upon intranasal challenge with homologous and heterologous viruses, the combined vaccine groups showed greater reduction in viral shedding in tracheal swabs compared to those groups receiving IIV alone. Moreover, M2eP antisera from vaccinated birds were able to bind to the native M2 expressed on the surface of whole virus particles and infected cells, and inhibit virus replication in vitro. Our results support the potential benefit of supplementing IIV with M2eP, to expand the vaccine cross protective efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elaish
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John M. Ngunjiri
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ahmed Ali
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ming Xia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mahmoud Ibrahim
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hyesun Jang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jagadish Hiremath
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yosra A. Helmy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chang-Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bernelin-Cottet C, Deloizy C, Stanek O, Barc C, Bouguyon E, Urien C, Boulesteix O, Pezant J, Richard CA, Moudjou M, Da Costa B, Jouneau L, Chevalier C, Leclerc C, Sebo P, Bertho N, Schwartz-Cornil I. A Universal Influenza Vaccine Can Lead to Disease Exacerbation or Viral Control Depending on Delivery Strategies. Front Immunol 2016; 7:641. [PMID: 28082980 PMCID: PMC5183740 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of influenza A virus (IAV) vaccines, which elicits cross-strain immunity against seasonal and pandemic viruses is a major public health goal. As pigs are susceptible to human, avian, and swine-adapted IAV, they would be key targets of so called universal IAV vaccines, for reducing both the zoonotic risk and the economic burden in the swine industry. They also are relevant preclinical models. However, vaccination with conserved IAV antigens (AGs) in pigs was reported to elicit disease exacerbation. In this study, we assessed whether delivery strategies, i.e., dendritic cell (DC) targeting by the intradermal (ID) or intramuscular (IM) routes, impact on the outcome of the vaccination with three conserved IAV AGs (M2e, NP, and HA2) in pigs. The AGs were addressed to CD11c by non-covalent binding to biotinylated anti-CD11c monoclonal antibody. The CD11c-targeted AGs given by the ID route exacerbated disease. Conversely, CD11c-targeted NP injected by the IM route promoted T cell response compared to non-targeted NP. Furthermore, the conserved IAV AGs injected by the IM route, independently of DC targeting, induced both a reduction of viral shedding and a broader IgG response as compared to the ID route. Our findings highlight in a relevant animal species that the route of vaccine delivery impacts on the protection induced by conserved IAV AGs and on vaccine adverse effects. Finally, our results indicate that HA2 stands as the most promising conserved IAV AG for universal vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ondrej Stanek
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Céline Barc
- INRA, UE1277, Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale, PFIE , Nouzilly , France
| | | | - Céline Urien
- VIM-INRA-Université Paris-Saclay , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - Olivier Boulesteix
- INRA, UE1277, Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale, PFIE , Nouzilly , France
| | - Jérémy Pezant
- INRA, UE1277, Plate-Forme d'Infectiologie Expérimentale, PFIE , Nouzilly , France
| | | | | | - Bruno Da Costa
- VIM-INRA-Université Paris-Saclay , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | - Luc Jouneau
- VIM-INRA-Université Paris-Saclay , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | | | - Claude Leclerc
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France; INSERM U1041, Unité de Régulation Immunitaire et Vaccinologie, Département Immunologie, Paris, France
| | - Peter Sebo
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Nicolas Bertho
- VIM-INRA-Université Paris-Saclay , Jouy-en-Josas , France
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kolpe A, Schepens B, Fiers W, Saelens X. M2-based influenza vaccines: recent advances and clinical potential. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 16:123-136. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1240041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annasaheb Kolpe
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Schepens
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Walter Fiers
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, B-9052, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ameghi A, Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi Y, Baradaran B, Barzegar A, Taghizadeh M, Zarghami N, Aghaiypour K. Protective Immunity Against Homologous and Heterologous Influenza Virus Lethal Challenge by Immunization with New Recombinant Chimeric HA2-M2e Fusion Protein in BALB/C Mice. Viral Immunol 2016; 29:228-34. [PMID: 27058011 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is an acute and highly contagious respiratory disease. The error prone RNA polymerase and segmented nature of the influenza A virus genome allow antigenic drift and shift, respectively. Therefore, most influenza vaccines are inefficient along time and against different viral subtypes. In this study, for the first time, protection properties of a new recombinant fusion of HA2 and M2e peptides originated from influenza virus A/Brisbane/59/2007-like (H1N1) in BALB/c mice model were investigated. After immunization of the BALB/c mice, the protection property of fusion peptide was determined by a neutralizing assay test. For further study, mice were lethal challenged by the (mouse adapted, A/PR8/34 [H1N1]) and heterologous (mouse adapted, A/Brisbane/10/2007 [H3N2]) influenza virus subtypes. Then, the lung viral titers, body weight, and survival rate of the immunized mice were monitored. The results showed that immunization by the M2e-HA2 recombinant fusion peptide provides strong protection against homologous challenge and an infirm protection against heterologous. These protections against homologous and heterologous influenza A virus challenges meant the universal nature of these recombinant peptides in an immunity manner against influenza A virus. However, more studies are needed to optimize this recombinant construction, and this experiment recommends HA2-M2e fusion peptide as a universal influenza A vaccine candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ameghi
- 1 Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran .,2 Department of Influenza Vaccine Research, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute , Alborz, Iran .,3 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yones Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi
- 1 Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran .,4 Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- 1 Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Barzegar
- 5 Research Institute for Fundamental Sciences (RIFS), University of Tabriz , Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Taghizadeh
- 2 Department of Influenza Vaccine Research, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute , Alborz, Iran .,6 Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science , Tehran, Iran
| | - Nosratollah Zarghami
- 1 Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran .,3 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran .,4 Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khosrow Aghaiypour
- 7 Department of Genomics and Genetic Engineering, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute , Alborz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zeng W, Horrocks KJ, Tan ACL, Jackson DC. Chemical Synthesis of Monomeric, Dimeric and Tetrameric Forms of the Ectodomain of Influenza Matrix 2 Protein. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
25
|
He F, Leyrer S, Kwang J. Strategies towards universal pandemic influenza vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 15:215-25. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1115352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang He
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sonja Leyrer
- Emergent Product Development Germany GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Jimmy Kwang
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zeng W, Tan ACL, Horrocks K, Jackson DC. A lipidated form of the extracellular domain of influenza M2 protein as a self-adjuvanting vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2015; 33:3526-32. [PMID: 26049002 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The highly conserved extracellular domain of Matrix protein 2 (M2e) of influenza A virus has been previously investigated as a potential target for an universal influenza vaccine. In this study we prepared four lipopeptide influenza vaccine candidates in which the TLR2 agonist S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl] cysteine, (Pam2Cys) was attached to either the N- or C-terminus of the M2e consensus sequence SLLTEVETPIRNEWGCRCNDSSDP and its analogue sequence with the two cysteine residues replaced with serine residues. The results of animal study show that each of these lipopeptides induced strong M2e-specific antibody responses in the absence of extraneous T helper cell epitope(s) which are normally incorporated in the previous studies or addition of extraneous adjuvant and that these antibodies are protective against lethal challenge with influenza virus. Comparison of different routes of inoculation demonstrated that intranasal administration of M2e lipopeptide induced higher titers of IgA and IgG2b antibodies in the bronchoalveolar lavage than did subcutaneous vaccination and was better at mitigating the severity of viral challenge. Finally, we show that anti-M2e antibody specificities absent from the antibody repertoire elicited by a commercially available influenza vaccine and by virus infection can be introduced by immunization with M2e-lipopeptide and boosted by viral challenge. Immunization with this lipidated form of the M2e epitope therefore offers a means of using a widely conserved epitope to generate protective antibodies which are not otherwise induced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiguang Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Amabel C L Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kylie Horrocks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - David C Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dabaghian M, Latifi AM, Tebianian M, Dabaghian F, Ebrahimi SM. A truncated C-terminal fragment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis HSP70 enhances cell-mediated immune response and longevity of the total IgG to influenza A virus M2e protein in mice. Antiviral Res 2015; 120:23-31. [PMID: 25989418 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
As the importance of virus-specific IgG2a and strong induction of Th1 type immune response for virus clearance was reported, conventional influenza vaccines induce a highly humoral immune response and fail to induce cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immunity. Hence, in agreement with heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) acting as Th1 cytokine-like adjuvant, an Escherichia coli-expressed r4M2e.HSP70c fusion protein comprising C-terminus of Mycobacterium tuberculosis HSP70 genetically fused to four tandem repeats of influenza A virus M2e was constructed. Then, the case-control study was carried out to evaluate the humoral and cellular responses elicited against M2e in Balb/C mice by intramuscular immunization with r4M2e.HSP70c alone. Our results showed that r4M2e.HSP70c rather than control groups, r4M2e, r4M2e+Alum, or rHSP70c, significantly elevated both longevity and serum level of the total M2e-specific IgG antibody, induced a Th1 skewed humoral and cellular immune responses, increased the level of IFN-γ in BALF, and promoted the proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Furthermore, a virus challenge experiment revealed that mice vaccinated with r4M2e.HSP70c limited the severity of influenza A disease by 100% survival rate, less sever body weight loss and delaying the onset of morbidity in mice for 2days rather than other control groups. Here, we used r4M2e.HSP70c to stimulate M2e-specific antibody and cellular immune responses in Balb/C mice. The mHSP70c in the fusion form induced a long lasting Th1 skewed humoral and cellular immune responses against its associated protein. It seems anti-M2e antibodies limit viral replication and ameliorate influenza infection that allows the immune system to induce sterilizing HA-antibody against whole virion that leads to full protection against virulent influenza infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Dabaghian
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-3651, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pathobiology, University of Tehran, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Latifi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-3651, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Tebianian
- Department of Biotechnology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), P.O. Box 31975/148, Karaj, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Dabaghian
- Department of Biotechnology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), P.O. Box 31975/148, Karaj, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mahmoud Ebrahimi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-3651, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Protective Efficacy of the Conserved NP, PB1, and M1 Proteins as Immunogens in DNA- and Vaccinia Virus-Based Universal Influenza A Virus Vaccines in Mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:618-30. [PMID: 25834017 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00091-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The conventional hemagglutinin (HA)- and neuraminidase (NA)-based influenza vaccines need to be updated most years and are ineffective if the glycoprotein HA of the vaccine strains is a mismatch with that of the epidemic strain. Universal vaccines targeting conserved viral components might provide cross-protection and thus complement and improve conventional vaccines. In this study, we generated DNA plasmids and recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing the conserved proteins nucleoprotein (NP), polymerase basic 1 (PB1), and matrix 1 (M1) from influenza virus strain A/Beijing/30/95 (H3N2). BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly with a single vaccine based on NP, PB1, or M1 alone or a combination vaccine based on all three antigens and were then challenged with lethal doses of the heterologous influenza virus strain A/PR/8/34 (H1N1). Vaccines based on NP, PB1, and M1 provided complete or partial protection against challenge with 1.7 50% lethal dose (LD50) of PR8 in mice. Of the three antigens, NP-based vaccines induced protection against 5 LD50 and 10 LD50 and thus exhibited the greatest protective effect. Universal influenza vaccines based on the combination of NP, PB1, and M1 induced a strong immune response and thus might be an alternative approach to addressing future influenza virus pandemics.
Collapse
|
29
|
Deng L, Cho KJ, Fiers W, Saelens X. M2e-Based Universal Influenza A Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:105-36. [PMID: 26344949 PMCID: PMC4494237 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful isolation of a human influenza virus in 1933 was soon followed by the first attempts to develop an influenza vaccine. Nowadays, vaccination is still the most effective method to prevent human influenza disease. However, licensed influenza vaccines offer protection against antigenically matching viruses, and the composition of these vaccines needs to be updated nearly every year. Vaccines that target conserved epitopes of influenza viruses would in principle not require such updating and would probably have a considerable positive impact on global human health in case of a pandemic outbreak. The extracellular domain of Matrix 2 (M2e) protein is an evolutionarily conserved region in influenza A viruses and a promising epitope for designing a universal influenza vaccine. Here we review the seminal and recent studies that focused on M2e as a vaccine antigen. We address the mechanism of action and the clinical development of M2e-vaccines. Finally, we try to foresee how M2e-based vaccines could be implemented clinically in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Deng
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ki Joon Cho
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Walter Fiers
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Xavier Saelens
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sun X, Wang Y, Dong C, Hu J, Yang L. High copy numbers and N terminal insertion position of influenza A M2E fused with hepatitis B core antigen enhanced immunogenicity. Biosci Trends 2015; 9:221-7. [DOI: 10.5582/bst.2015.01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xincheng Sun
- Basic Medical School of Zhengzhou University
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
| | - Yunlong Wang
- Basic Medical School of Zhengzhou University
- Bioengineering Research Center of Henan Province
- Henan Biotechnology Research Centre
| | - Caiwen Dong
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
| | - Jinqiang Hu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry
| | - Liping Yang
- Basic Medical School of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fotouhi F, Farahmand B, Heidarchi B, Esghaei M, Rafati S, Tavassoti Kheiri M. In Vitro Evaluation of Influenza M2 and Leishmania major HSP70 (221-604) Chimer Protein. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7:e11812. [PMID: 25485058 PMCID: PMC4255373 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.11812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Permanent antigenic variation of influenza viruses causes a major concern to develop an effective human influenza vaccine. Conserved antigens are new vaccine candidates because it is not necessary to match the prepared vaccine with circulating strains. Ion channel M2 protein is conserved among all influenza A viruses, allowing the virus to enter host cells. Objectives: To prepare an effective vaccine against influenza A viruses, a chimerical DNA plasmid encoding Influenza virus M2 protein and Leishmania major HSP70 was constructed. Materials and Methods: Influenza A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1) was inoculated into MDCK cell line and total RNA was extracted. The full length M2 gene was amplified by RT-PCR using designed specific primers, cloned into pGEM-T Easy cloning vector and completely sequenced. The M2 gene was then subcloned into the pcDNA upstream of HSP70 gene. Recombinant plasmids were transfected into COS-7 cells to evaluate protein expression. Results: The recombinant plasmids were confirmed by PCR, restriction enzyme analysis and sequencing. Three dimensional structure of chimer protein was assessed using specific software. Transient protein expression in eukaryotic cells was confirmed by specific mRNA detection, indirect Immunofluorescence test and western blotting. Conclusions: M2-HSP70 chimer protein was successfully expressed in eukaryotic cells. Computational studies of chimer peptide sequence revealed that fusing HSP to the C-terminal of M2 protein does not mask the predominant epitope of M2. HSP70 is a molecular chaperon and immunostimulatory component. Genetically fusing antigens to HSPs leads to the enrichment of DNA vaccine potency. The immunogenicity of this construct with different formulation would be evaluated in further investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Fotouhi
- Influenza Research Lab, Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Fatemeh Fotouhi, Influenza Research Lab, Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, , Tehran, IR Iran.Tel/ Fax: +98-2166496517, E-mail:
| | - Behrokh Farahmand
- Influenza Research Lab, Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Behnaz Heidarchi
- Influenza Research Lab, Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Maryam Esghaei
- Virology Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Sima Rafati
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Lab, Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, IR Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Intranasal chitosan-DNA vaccines that protect across influenza virus subtypes. Int J Pharm 2014; 473:113-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
33
|
Dabaghian M, Latify AM, Tebianian M, Nili H, Ranjbar ART, Mirjalili A, Mohammadi M, Banihashemi R, Ebrahimi SM. Vaccination with recombinant 4 × M2e.HSP70c fusion protein as a universal vaccine candidate enhances both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and decreases viral shedding against experimental challenge of H9N2 influenza in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:116-26. [PMID: 25293397 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
As cellular immunity is essential for virus clearance, it is commonly accepted that no adequate cellular immunity is achieved by all available inactivated HA-based influenza vaccines. Thus, an improved influenza vaccine to induce both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses is urgently required to control LPAI H9N2 outbreaks in poultry farms. M2e-based vaccines have been suggested and developed as a new generation of universal vaccine candidate against influenza A infection. Our previous study have shown that a prime-boost administration of recombinant 4×M2e.HSP70c (r4M2e/H70c) fusion protein compared to conventional HA-based influenza vaccines provided full protection against lethal dose of influenza A viruses in mice. In the present study, the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of (r4M2e/H70c) was examined in chickens. The data reported herein show that protection against H9N2 viral challenge was significantly increased in chickens by injection of r4M2e/H70c compared with injection of conventional HA-based influenza vaccine adjuvanted with MF59 or recombinant 4×M2e (r4M2e) without HSP70c. Oropharyngeal and cloacal shedding of the virus was detected in all of the r4M2e/H70c vaccinated birds at 2 days after challenge, but the titer was low and decreased rapidly to reach undetectable levels at 7 days after challenge. Moreover, comparison of protective efficacy against LPAI H9N2 in birds intramuscularly immunized with r4M2e/H70c likely represented the ability of the M2e-based vaccine in providing cross-protection against heterosubtypic H9N2 challenge and also allowed the host immune system to induce HA-homosubtype neutralizing antibody against H9N2 challenge. This protective immunity might be attributed to enhanced cell-mediated immunity, which is interpreted as increased lymphocytes proliferation, increased levels of Th1-type (IFN-γ) and Th2-type (IL-4) cytokines production and increased CD4(+) to CD8(+) ratios, resulting from the injection of four tandem repeats of the ectodomain of the conserved influenza matrix protein M2 (4×M2e) genetically fused to C-terminus of Mycobacterium tuberculosis HSP70 (mHSP70c).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Dabaghian
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14155-3651, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pathobiology, University of Tehran, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 14155-6453, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Latify
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14155-3651, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Tebianian
- Department of Biotechnology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), PO Box 31975/148, Karaj, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Nili
- Department of Avian Research, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, PO Box 1731, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Ali Mirjalili
- Department of Biotechnology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), PO Box 31975/148, Karaj, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mashallah Mohammadi
- Department of Biotechnology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), PO Box 31975/148, Karaj, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Banihashemi
- Department of Medical Immunology, Tarbiyat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mahmoud Ebrahimi
- Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 14155-3651, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Altenburg AF, Kreijtz JHCM, de Vries RD, Song F, Fux R, Rimmelzwaan GF, Sutter G, Volz A. Modified vaccinia virus ankara (MVA) as production platform for vaccines against influenza and other viral respiratory diseases. Viruses 2014; 6:2735-61. [PMID: 25036462 PMCID: PMC4113791 DOI: 10.3390/v6072735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses infections caused by influenza viruses, human parainfluenza virus (hPIV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and coronaviruses are an eminent threat for public health. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines available for hPIV, RSV and coronaviruses, and the available seasonal influenza vaccines have considerable limitations. With regard to pandemic preparedness, it is important that procedures are in place to respond rapidly and produce tailor made vaccines against these respiratory viruses on short notice. Moreover, especially for influenza there is great need for the development of a universal vaccine that induces broad protective immunity against influenza viruses of various subtypes. Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) is a replication-deficient viral vector that holds great promise as a vaccine platform. MVA can encode one or more foreign antigens and thus functions as a multivalent vaccine. The vector can be used at biosafety level 1, has intrinsic adjuvant capacities and induces humoral and cellular immune responses. However, there are some practical and regulatory issues that need to be addressed in order to develop MVA-based vaccines on short notice at the verge of a pandemic. In this review, we discuss promising novel influenza virus vaccine targets and the use of MVA for vaccine development against various respiratory viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arwen F Altenburg
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost H C M Kreijtz
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Fei Song
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU, University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU, University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU, University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU, University of Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chowdhury MYE, Li R, Kim JH, Park ME, Kim TH, Pathinayake P, Weeratunga P, Song MK, Son HY, Hong SP, Sung MH, Lee JS, Kim CJ. Mucosal vaccination with recombinant Lactobacillus casei-displayed CTA1-conjugated consensus matrix protein-2 (sM2) induces broad protection against divergent influenza subtypes in BALB/c mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94051. [PMID: 24714362 PMCID: PMC3979752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To develop a safe and effective mucosal vaccine against pathogenic influenza viruses, we constructed recombinant Lactobacillus casei strains that express conserved matrix protein 2 with (pgsA-CTA1-sM2/L. casei) or without (pgsA-sM2/L. casei) cholera toxin subunit A1 (CTA1) on the surface. The surface localization of the fusion protein was verified by cellular fractionation analyses, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. Oral and nasal inoculations of recombinant L. casei into mice resulted in high levels of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and mucosal IgA. However, the conjugation of cholera toxin subunit A1 induced more potent mucosal, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. In a challenge test with 10 MLD50 of A/EM/Korea/W149/06(H5N1), A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1), A/Aquatic bird /Korea/W81/2005(H5N2), A/Aquatic bird/Korea/W44/2005(H7N3), and A/Chicken/Korea/116/2004(H9N2) viruses, the recombinant pgsA-CTA1-sM2/L. casei provided better protection against lethal challenges than pgsA-sM2/L. casei, pgsA/L. casei and PBS in mice. These results indicate that mucosal immunization with recombinant L. casei expressing CTA1-conjugated sM2 protein on its surface is an effective means of eliciting protective immune responses against diverse influenza subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Y. E. Chowdhury
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Rui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Eun Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Prabuddha Pathinayake
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Prasanna Weeratunga
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Ki Song
- Laboratory Science Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Son
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (CJK); (JSL)
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (CJK); (JSL)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
He F, Prabakaran M, Rajesh Kumar S, Tan Y, Kwang J. Monovalent H5 vaccine based on epitope-chimeric HA provides broad cross-clade protection against variant H5N1 viruses in mice. Antiviral Res 2014; 105:143-51. [PMID: 24637255 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
H5N1 HPAI virus continues to be a severe threat for public health, as well as for the poultry industry, due to its high mortality and antigenic drift rate. There is no monovalent vaccine available which provides broad protection against those major circulating strains. In the present study, a monovalent H5 vaccine strain was developed with antigenic sequence analysis and epitope mutations. H5 from Indonesia strain (A/Indonesia/CDC669/2006) was used as backbone sequence. Three amino acids were mutated to express immunogenic epitopes from other circulating H5N1s in the backbone. RG influenza virus expressing the epitope-chimeric H5 can react in HI with multiple H5 monoclonal antibodies which fail to neutralize wild type CDC669. High titers in HI and virus neutralization against different clades H5N1s (clade 1, 2, 4 and 7) were detected using sera from mice immunized with the epitope-chimeric H5N1. The monovalent vaccine with RG-epitope-chimeric H5N1 protected mice from lethal challenge with H5N1s of different clades, including clade 1.0, 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3. This study indicates that the broad immune response elicited by this single H5N1 virus allows it to be a promising candidate for a monovalent H5 universal vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang He
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mookkan Prabakaran
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Yunrui Tan
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jimmy Kwang
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Assadian F, Nikbakht G, Niazi S, Khaltabadi RF, Jahantigh M. Immune responses to oral and IM administration of M2e-Hsp70 construct. Vet Res Commun 2014; 38:157-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-014-9599-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
38
|
Chowdhury MYE, Seo SK, Moon HJ, Talactac MR, Kim JH, Park ME, Son HY, Lee JS, Kim CJ. Heterosubtypic protective immunity against widely divergent influenza subtypes induced by fusion protein 4sM2 in BALB/c mice. Virol J 2014; 11:21. [PMID: 24502341 PMCID: PMC3923897 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regular reformulation of currently available vaccines is necessary due to the unpredictable variability of influenza viruses. Therefore, vaccine based on a highly conserved antigen with capability of induction of effective immune responses could be a potential solution. Influenza matrix protein-2 (M2) is highly conserved across influenza subtypes and a promising candidate for a broadly protective influenza vaccine. For the enhancement of broad protection, four tandem copies of consensus M2 gene containing extracellular (ED) and cytoplasmic (CD) without the trans-membrane domain (TM) reconstituted from H1N1, H5N1 and H9N2 influenza viruses were linked and named as 4sM2. The construct was effectively expressed in Escherichia coli, purified and proteins were used to immunize BALB/c mice. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were investigated following administration. Results Mice were intramuscularly immunized with 4sM2 protein 2 times at 2 weeks interval. Two weeks after the last immunization, first humoral and cell mediated immune response specific to sM2 protein were evaluated and the mice were challenged with a lethal dose (10MLD50) of divergent subtypes A/EM/Korea/W149/06(H5N1), A/PR/8/34(H1N1), A/Aquatic bird/Korea/W81/2005(H5N2), A/Aquatic bird/Korea/W44/2005(H7N3), and A/Chicken/Korea/116/2004(H9N2) viruses. The efficacy of 4sM2 was evaluated by determining survival rates, body weights and residual lung viral titers. Our studies demonstrate that the survival of mice immunized with 4sM2 was significantly higher (80–100% survival) than that of unimmunized mice (0% survival). We also examined the long lasting protection against heterosubtype H5N2 virus and found that mice vaccinated with 4sM2 displayed 80% of protection even after 6 months of final vaccination. Conclusion Taken together, these results suggest that prokaryotic expressed multimeric sM2 protein achieved cross protection against lethal infection of divergent influenza subtypes which are lasting for the long time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine (BK21 Plus Program), Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tarasenko IV, Taranov AI, Firsov AP, Dolgov SV. Expression of the nucleotide sequence for the M2e peptide of avian influenza virus in transgenic tobacco plants. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683813080061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
40
|
Swinkels WJC, Hoeboer J, Sikkema R, Vervelde L, Koets ADP. Vaccination induced antibodies to recombinant avian influenza A virus M2 protein or synthetic M2e peptide do not bind to the M2 protein on the virus or virus infected cells. Virol J 2013; 10:206. [PMID: 23800100 PMCID: PMC3701469 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza viruses are characterized by their highly variable surface proteins HA and NA. The third surface protein M2 is a nearly invariant protein in all Influenza A strains. Despite extensive studies in other animal models, this study is the first to describe the use of recombinant M2 protein and a peptide coding for the extracellular part of the M2 protein (M2e) to vaccinate poultry. Methods Four groups of layer chickens received a prime-boost vaccination with recombinant M2 protein, M2e, a tetrameric construct from M2e peptide bound to streptavidin and a control tetrameric construct formulated with Stimune adjuvant. Results We determined the M2-specific antibody (Ab) responses in the serum before vaccination, three weeks after vaccination and two weeks after booster, at days 21, 42 and 56 of age. The group vaccinated with the M2 protein in combination with Stimune adjuvant showed a significant Ab response to the complete M2 protein as compared to the other groups. In addition an increased Ab response to M2e peptide was found in the group vaccinated with the M2e tetrameric construct. None of the vaccinated animals showed seroconversion to AI in a commercial ELISA. Finally no Ab’s were found that bound to M2 expressed on in vitro AI infected MDCK cells. Conclusion Although Ab’s are formed against the M2 protein and to Streptavidin bound M2e peptide in a tetrameric conformation these Ab’s do not recognize of M2 on the virus or on infected cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willem J C Swinkels
- Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 Utrecht CL, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kim EH, Lee JH, Pascua PNQ, Song MS, Baek YH, Kwon HI, Park SJ, Lim GJ, Decano A, Chowdhury MY, Seo SK, Song MK, Kim CJ, Choi YK. Prokaryote-expressed M2e protein improves H9N2 influenza vaccine efficacy and protection against lethal influenza A virus in mice. Virol J 2013; 10:104. [PMID: 23551908 PMCID: PMC3621599 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza vaccines are prepared annually based on global epidemiological surveillance data. However, since there is no method by which to predict the influenza strain that will cause the next pandemic, the demand to develop new vaccination strategies with broad cross-reactivity against influenza viruses are clearly important. The ectodomain of the influenza M2 protein (M2e) is an attractive target for developing a vaccine with broad cross-reactivity. For these reasons, we investigated the efficacy of an inactivated H9N2 virus vaccine (a-H9N2) mixed with M2e (1xM2e or 4xM2e) proteins expressed in Escherichia coli, which contains the consensus of sequence the extracellular domain of matrix 2 (M2e) of A/chicken/Vietnam/27262/09 (H5N1) avian influenza virus, and investigated its humoral immune response and cross-protection against influenza A viruses. RESULTS Mice were intramuscularly immunized with a-H9N2, 1xM2e alone, 4xM2e alone, a-H9N2/1xM2e, or a-H9N2/4xM2e. Three weeks post-vaccination, mice were challenged with lethal homologous (A/ chicken /Korea/ma163/04, H9N2) or heterosubtypic virus (A/Philippines/2/82, H3N2 and A/aquatic bird/Korea/maW81/05, H5N2). Our studies demonstrate that the survival of mice immunized with a-H9N2/1xM2e or with a-H9N2/4xM2e (100% survival) was significantly higher than that of mouse-adapted H9N2 virus-infected mice vaccinated with 1xM2e alone or with 4xM2e alone (0% survival). We also evaluated the protective efficacy of the M2e + vaccine against infection with mouse-adapted H5N2 influenza virus. Protection from death in the control group (0% survival) was similar to that of the 1×M2e alone and 4xM2e alone-vaccinated groups (0% survival). Only 40% of mice vaccinated with vaccine alone survived challenge with H5N2, while the a-H9N2/1×M2e and a-H9N2/4×M2e groups showed 80% and 100% survival following mouse-adapted H5N2 challenge, respectively. We also examined cross-protection against human H3N2 virus and found that the a-H9N2/1×M2e group displayed partial cross-protection against H3N2 (40% survival), whereas vaccine alone, 1×M2e alone, 4×M2e alone, or H9N2/1×M2e groups showed incomplete protection (0% survival) in response to challenge with a lethal dose of human H3N2 virus. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that prokaryote-expressed M2e protein improved inactivated H9N2 virus vaccine efficacy and achieved cross-protection against lethal influenza A virus infection in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ha Kim
- Microbiology Department, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, 12 Gaeshin-Dong Heungduk-Ku, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang W, Huang B, Jiang T, Wang X, Qi X, Gao Y, Tan W, Ruan L. Robust immunity and heterologous protection against influenza in mice elicited by a novel recombinant NP-M2e fusion protein expressed in E. coli. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52488. [PMID: 23285063 PMCID: PMC3528677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 23-amino acid extracellular domain of matrix 2 protein (M2e) and the internal nucleoprotein (NP) of influenza are highly conserved among viruses and thus are promising candidate antigens for the development of a universal influenza vaccine. Various M2e- or NP-based DNA or viral vector vaccines have been shown to have high immunogenicity; however, high cost, complicated immunization procedures, and vector-specific antibody responses have restricted their applications. Immunization with an NP-M2e fusion protein expressed in Escherichia coli may represent an alternative strategy for the development of a universal influenza vaccine. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS cDNA encoding M2e was fused to the 3' end of NP cDNA from influenza virus A/Beijing/30/95 (H3N2). The fusion protein (NM2e) was expressed in E. coli and isolated with 90% purity. Mice were immunized with recombinant NM2e protein along with aluminum hydroxide gel and/or CpG as adjuvant. NM2e plus aluminum hydroxide gel almost completely protected the mice against a lethal (20 LD(50)) challenge of heterologous influenza virus A/PR/8/34. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The NM2e fusion protein expressed in E. coli was highly immunogenic in mice. Immunization with NM2e formulated with aluminum hydroxide gel protected mice against a lethal dose of a heterologous influenza virus. Vaccination with recombinant NM2e fusion protein is a promising strategy for the development of a universal influenza vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenling Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoying Huang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Jiang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuping Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangrong Qi
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingying Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Ruan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hashemi H, Pouyanfard S, Bandehpour M, Noroozbabaei Z, Kazemi B, Saelens X, Mokhtari-Azad T. Immunization with M2e-displaying T7 bacteriophage nanoparticles protects against influenza A virus challenge. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45765. [PMID: 23029232 PMCID: PMC3454340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the emergence of highly pathogenic influenza viruses and threat of worldwide pandemics, there is an urgent need to develop broadly-protective influenza vaccines. In this study, we demonstrate the potential of T7 bacteriophage-based nanoparticles with genetically fused ectodomain of influenza A virus M2 protein (T7-M2e) as a candidate universal flu vaccine. Immunization of mice with non-adjuvanted T7-M2e elicited M2e-specific serum antibody responses that were similar in magnitude to those elicited by M2e peptide administered in Freund’s adjuvant. Comparable IgG responses directed against T7 phage capsomers were induced following vaccination with wild type T7 or T7-M2e. T7-M2e immunization induced balanced amounts of IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies and these antibodies specifically recognized native M2 on the surface of influenza A virus-infected mammalian cells. The frequency of IFN-γ-secreting T cells induced by T7-M2e nanoparticles was comparable to those elicited by M2e peptide emulsified in Freund’s adjuvant. Emulsification of T7-M2e nanoparticles in Freund’s adjuvant, however, induced a significantly stronger T cell response. Furthermore, T7-M2e-immunized mice were protected against lethal challenge with an H1N1 or an H3N2 virus, implying the induction of hetero-subtypic immunity in our mouse model. T7-M2e-immunized mice displayed considerable weight loss and had significantly reduced viral load in their lungs compared to controls. We conclude that display of M2e on the surface of T7 phage nanoparticles offers an efficient and economical opportunity to induce cross-protective M2e-based immunity against influenza A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Hashemi
- Department of Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mojgan Bandehpour
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Biotechnology Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Noroozbabaei
- Department of Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Biotechnology Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: (BK); (TM)
| | - Xavier Saelens
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Department of Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail: (BK); (TM)
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Liu X, Guo J, Han S, Yao L, Chen A, Yang Q, Bo H, Xu P, Yin J, Zhang Z. Enhanced immune response induced by a potential influenza A vaccine based on branched M2e polypeptides linked to tuftsin. Vaccine 2012; 30:6527-33. [PMID: 22959982 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective means for preventing influenza-associated morbidity and mortality. Since the influenza virus mutates frequently, the virus strains for new vaccine production should be changed according to predicted epidemic strains. The extracellular domain of matrix protein 2 (M2e) is 24 amino acids long, which is highly conserved and therefore a good target for the development of a universal vaccine which may protect against a much wider range of influenza A virus strains. However its low antigenicity and immunogenicity, which are related to its small size, poses a big challenge for vaccine development. Multiple antigen peptide system (MAP) is based on an inert core molecule of radially branching lysine dendrites onto which a number of peptide antigens are anchored. Tuftsin is an immuno-stimulant molecule peptide. Here we developed a novel peptide vaccine by connecting a tuftsin to a branched, four-copy M2e. Not only did this increase the molecular mass, but also potentiate the immunogenicity. Two branched peptides, (M2e)4-tuftsin and (M2e)4-G4(tuftsin was replaced with four glycines), and a M2e monomer were synthesized using standard solid-phase methods. In vitro and in vivo studies were performed to compare their antigenicity and immunogenicity. Experiments in BALB/c mice demonstrated that the branched M2e could induce stronger humoral and cellular immune responses than the M2e monomer, and (M2e)4-tuftsin induced stronger humoral and cellular immune response than (M2e)4-G4. After lethal challenge with influenza virus PR8 strain, up to 80% of the animals in the (M2e)4-tuftsin vaccinated group still survived, in contrast to 44% in the (M2e)4-G4 group and 30% in the M2e monomer group. The combination of branched polypeptides and tuftsin in vaccine design is presented here for the first time, and the results show that the new construct is a promising candidate for a universal vaccine against the influenza A virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Liu
- Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Changbai Road 155, Beijing, 102206, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
In contrast to conventional inactivated influenza vaccines, 4xM2e.HSP70c fusion protein fully protected mice against lethal dose of H1, H3 and H9 influenza A isolates circulating in Iran. Virology 2012; 430:63-72. [PMID: 22595444 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ideal vaccines against influenza viruses should elicit not only a humoral response, but also a cellular response. Mycobacterium tuberculosis HSP70 (mHSP70) have been found to promote immunogenic APCs function, elicit a strong cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response, and prevent the induction of tolerance. Moreover, it showed linkage of antigens to the C-terminus of mHSP70 (mHSP70c) can represent them as vaccines resulted in more potent, protective antigen specific responses in the absence of adjuvants or complex formulations. Hence, recombinant fusion protein comprising C-terminus of mHSP70 genetically fused to four tandem repeats of the ectodomain of the conserved influenza matrix protein M2 (M2e) was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified under denaturing condition, refolding, and then confirmed by SDS-PAGE, respectively. The recombinant fusion protein, 4xM2e.HSP70c, retained its immunogenicity and displayed the protective epitope of M2e by ELISA and FITC assays. A prime-boost administration of 4xM2e.HSP70c formulated in F105 buffer by intramuscular route in mice (Balb/C) provided full protection against lethal dose of mouse-adapted H1N1, H3N2, or H9N2 influenza A isolates from Iran compared to 0-33.34% survival rate of challenged unimmunized and immunized mice with the currently in use conventional vaccines designated as control groups. However, protection induced by immunization with 4xM2e.HSP70c failed to prevent weight loss in challenged mice; they experienced significantly lower weight loss, clinical symptoms and higher lung viral clearance in comparison with protective effects of conventional influenza vaccines in challenged mice. These data demonstrate that C-terminal domain of mHSP70 can be a superior candidate to deliver the adjuvant function in M2e-based influenza A vaccine in order to provide significant protection against multiple influenza A virus strains.
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhou C, Zhou L, Chen YH. Immunization with high epitope density of M2e derived from 2009 pandemic H1N1 elicits protective immunity in mice. Vaccine 2012; 30:3463-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
47
|
Giles BM, Crevar CJ, Carter DM, Bissel SJ, Schultz-Cherry S, Wiley CA, Ross TM. A computationally optimized hemagglutinin virus-like particle vaccine elicits broadly reactive antibodies that protect nonhuman primates from H5N1 infection. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:1562-70. [PMID: 22448011 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses continue to spread via waterfowl, causing lethal infections in humans. Vaccines can prevent the morbidity and mortality associated with pandemic influenza isolates. Predicting the specific isolate that may emerge from the 10 different H5N1 clades is a tremendous challenge for vaccine design. METHODS In this study, we generated a synthetic hemagglutinin (HA) on the basis of a new method, computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA), which uses worldwide sequencing and surveillance efforts that are specifically focused on sequences from H5N1 clade 2 human isolates. RESULTS Cynomolgus macaques vaccinated with COBRA clade 2 HA H5N1 virus-like particles (VLPs) had hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers that recognized a broader number of representative isolates from divergent clades as compared to nonhuman primates vaccinated with clade 2.2 HA VLPs. Furthermore, all vaccinated animals were protected from A/Whooper Swan/Mongolia/244/2005 (WS/05) clade 2.2 challenge, with no virus detected in the nasal or tracheal washes. However, COBRA VLP-vaccinated nonhuman primates had reduced lung inflammation and pathologic effects as compared to those that received WS/05 VLP vaccines. CONCLUSIONS The COBRA clade 2 HA H5N1 VLP elicits broad humoral immunity against multiple H5N1 isolates from different clades. In addition, the COBRA VLP vaccine is more effective than a homologous vaccine against a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan M Giles
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wolf AI, Mozdzanowska K, Williams KL, Singer D, Richter M, Hoffmann R, Caton AJ, Otvos L, Erikson J. Vaccination with M2e-based multiple antigenic peptides: characterization of the B cell response and protection efficacy in inbred and outbred mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28445. [PMID: 22180783 PMCID: PMC3236751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The extracellular domain of the influenza A virus protein matrix protein 2 (M2e) is remarkably conserved between various human isolates and thus is a viable target antigen for a universal influenza vaccine. With the goal of inducing protection in multiple mouse haplotypes, M2e-based multiple antigenic peptides (M2e-MAP) were synthesized to contain promiscuous T helper determinants from the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein, the hepatitis B virus antigen and the influenza virus hemagglutinin. Here, we investigated the nature of the M2e-MAP-induced B cell response in terms of the distribution of antibody (Ab) secreting cells (ASCs) and Ab isotypes, and tested the protective efficacy in various mouse strains. Methodology/Principal Findings Immunization of BALB/c mice with M2e-MAPs together with potent adjuvants, CpG 1826 oligonucleotides (ODN) and cholera toxin (CT) elicited high M2e-specific serum Ab titers that protected mice against viral challenge. Subcutaneous (s.c.) and intranasal (i.n.) delivery of M2e-MAPs resulted in the induction of IgG in serum and airway secretions, however only i.n. immunization induced anti-M2e IgA ASCs locally in the lungs, correlating with M2-specific IgA in the bronchio-alveolar lavage (BAL). Interestingly, both routes of vaccination resulted in equal protection against viral challenge. Moreover, M2e-MAPs induced cross-reactive and protective responses to diverse M2e peptides and variant influenza viruses. However, in contrast to BALB/c mice, immunization of other inbred and outbred mouse strains did not induce protective Abs. This correlated with a defect in T cell but not B cell responsiveness to the M2e-MAPs. Conclusion/Significance Anti-M2e Abs induced by M2e-MAPs are highly cross-reactive and can mediate protection to variant viruses. Although synthetic MAPs are promising designs for vaccines, future constructs will need to be optimized for use in the genetically heterogeneous human population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amaya I. Wolf
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Katie L. Williams
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David Singer
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Monique Richter
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrew J. Caton
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Laszlo Otvos
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jan Erikson
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kang SM, Song JM, Compans RW. Novel vaccines against influenza viruses. Virus Res 2011; 162:31-8. [PMID: 21968298 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Killed and live attenuated influenza virus vaccines are effective in preventing and curbing the spread of influenza epidemics when the strains present in the vaccines are closely matched with the predicted epidemic strains. These vaccines are primarily targeted to induce immunity to the variable major target antigen, hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus. However, current vaccines are not effective in preventing the emergence of new pandemic or highly virulent viruses. New approaches are being investigated to develop universal influenza virus vaccines as well as to apply more effective vaccine delivery methods. Conserved vaccine targets including the influenza M2 ion channel protein and HA stalk domains are being developed using recombinant technologies to improve the level of cross protection. In addition, recent studies provide evidence that vaccine supplements can provide avenues to further improve current vaccies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, 100 Piedmont Avenue, 7th Floor 718, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Mancini N, Solforosi L, Clementi N, De Marco D, Clementi M, Burioni R. A potential role for monoclonal antibodies in prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of influenza. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:15-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|