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Duan ZL, Zou WW, Chen D, Zhu JY, Wen JS. Japanese encephalitis virus E protein domain III immunization mediates cross-protection against Zika virus in mice via antibodies and CD8 +T cells. Virus Res 2024; 345:199376. [PMID: 38643856 PMCID: PMC11046216 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are antigenically related flaviviruses that co-circulate in many countries/territories. The interaction between the two viruses needs to be determined. Recent findings by ourselves and other labs showed that JEV-elicited antibodies (Abs) and CD8+T cells exacerbate and protect against subsequent ZIKV infection, respectively. However, the impact of JEV envelope (E) protein domain III (EDIII)-induced immune responses on ZIKV infection is unclear. We show here that sera from JEV-EDIII-vaccinated mice cross-react with ZIKV-EDIII in vitro, and transfer of the same sera to mice significantly decreases death upon lethal ZIKV infection at a dose-dependent manner. Maternally acquired anti-JEV-EDIII Abs also significantly reduce the mortality of neonatal mice born to JEV-EDIII-immune mothers post ZIKV challenge. Similarly, transfer of ZIKV-EDIII-reactive IgG purified from JEV-vaccinated humans increases the survival of ZIKV-infected mice. Notably, transfer of an extremely low volume of JEV-EDIII-immune sera or ZIKV-EDIII-reactive IgG does not mediate the Ab-mediated enhancement (ADE) of ZIKV infection. Similarly, transfer of JEV-EDIII-elicited CD8+T cells protects recipient mice against ZIKV challenge. These results demonstrate that JEV-EDIII-induced immune components including Abs and T cells have protective roles in ZIKV infection, suggesting EDIII is a promising immunogen for developing effective and safety JEV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Liang Duan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Wenzhou Central Blood Station, Wenzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, College of Laboratory Medicine and Life sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jia-Yang Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jin-Sheng Wen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
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Zhang T, Chen Z, Xie L, Xu R, Chen L, Jia T, Shi W, Wang Y, Song Y, Han Q, Xia X, Yuan T, Zhang J. A fusion protein of vimentin with Fc fragment inhibits Japanese encephalitis virus replication. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1368725. [PMID: 38500602 PMCID: PMC10944967 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1368725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a member of the Flaviviridae family and a flavivirus, is known to induce acute encephalitis. Vimentin protein has been identified as a potential receptor for JEV, engaging in interactions with the viral membrane protein. The Fc fragment, an integral constituent of immunoglobulins, plays a crucial role in antigen recognition by dendritic cells (DCs) or phagocytes, leading to subsequent antigen presentation, cytotoxicity, or phagocytosis. In this study, we fused the receptor of JEV vimentin with the Fc fragment of IgG and expressed the resulting vimentin-Fc fusion protein in Escherichia coli. Pull-down experiments demonstrated the binding ability of the vimentin-Fc fusion protein to JEV virion in vitro. Additionally, we conducted inhibition assays at the cellular level, revealing the ability of vimentin-Fc protein suppressing JEV replication, it may be a promising passive immunotherapy agent for JEV. These findings pave the way for potential therapeutic strategies against JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taoping Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Virology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Gynecological and Obstetric Disease, Kunming, China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Lyu Xie
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruixian Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Ting Jia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Wengang Shi
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yongbo Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yuzhu Song
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Qinqin Han
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xueshan Xia
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Virology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
- Department of Gynecology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Jinyang Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Province Clinical Research Center for Gynecological and Obstetric Disease, Kunming, China
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Weiß R, Issmail L, Rockstroh A, Grunwald T, Fertey J, Ulbert S. Immunization with different recombinant West Nile virus envelope proteins induces varying levels of serological cross-reactivity and protection from infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1279147. [PMID: 38035335 PMCID: PMC10684968 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1279147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction West Nile Virus (WNV) is a zoonotic flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes. Especially in the elderly or in immunocompromised individuals an infection with WNV can lead to severe neurological symptoms. To date, no human vaccine against WNV is available. The Envelope (E) protein, located at the surface of flaviviruses, is involved in the invasion into host cells and is the major target for neutralizing antibodies and therefore central to vaccine development. Due to their close genetic and structural relationship, flaviviruses share highly conserved epitopes, such as the fusion loop domain (FL) in the E protein, that are recognized by cross-reactive antibodies. These antibodies can lead to enhancement of infection with heterologous flaviviruses, which is a major concern for potential vaccines in areas with co-circulation of different flaviviruses, e.g. Dengue or Zika viruses. Material To reduce the potential of inducing cross-reactive antibodies, we performed an immunization study in mice using WNV E proteins with either wild type sequence or a mutated FL, and WNV E domain III which does not contain the FL at all. Results and discussion Our data show that all antigens induce high levels of WNV-binding antibodies. However, the level of protection against WNV varied, with the wildtype E protein inducing full, the other antigens only partial protection. On the other hand, serological cross-reactivity to heterologous flaviviruses was significantly reduced after immunization with the mutated E protein or domain III as compared to the wild type version. These results have indications for choosing antigens with the optimal specificity and efficacy in WNV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sebastian Ulbert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Vaccines and Infection Models, Leipzig, Germany
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4
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Sun H, Acharya D, Paul AM, Lai H, He J, Bai F, Chen Q. Antibody-Dependent Enhancement Activity of a Plant-Made Vaccine against West Nile Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:197. [PMID: 36851075 PMCID: PMC9966755 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) causes annual outbreaks globally and is the leading cause of mosquito-borne disease in Unite States. In the absence of licensed therapeutics, there is an urgent need to develop effective and safe human vaccines against WNV. One of the major safety concerns for WNV vaccine development is the risk of increasing infection by related flaviviruses in vaccinated subjects via antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ADE). Herein, we report the development of a plant-based vaccine candidate that provides protective immunity against a lethal WNV challenge mice, while minimizes the risk of ADE for infection by Zika (ZIKV) and dengue (DENV) virus. Specifically, a plant-produced virus-like particle (VLP) that displays the WNV Envelope protein domain III (wDIII) elicited both high neutralizing antibody titers and antigen-specific cellular immune responses in mice. Passive transfer of serum from VLP-vaccinated mice protected recipient mice from a lethal challenge of WNV infection. Notably, VLP-induced antibodies did not enhance the infection of Fc gamma receptor-expressing K562 cells by ZIKV or DENV through ADE. Thus, a plant-made wDIII-displaying VLP presents a promising WNV vaccine candidate that induces protective immunity and minimizes the concern of inducing ADE-prone antibodies to predispose vaccinees to severe infection by DENV or ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Sun
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Dhiraj Acharya
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Amber M. Paul
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Huafang Lai
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Junyun He
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Fengwei Bai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Hou B, Chen H, Gao N, An J. Cross-Reactive Immunity among Five Medically Important Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses Related to Human Diseases. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061213. [PMID: 35746683 PMCID: PMC9228836 DOI: 10.3390/v14061213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses cause a spectrum of potentially severe diseases. Most flaviviruses are transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks and are widely distributed all over the world. Among them, several mosquito-borne flaviviruses are co-epidemic, and the similarity of their antigenicity creates abundant cross-reactive immune responses which complicate their prevention and control. At present, only effective vaccines against yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis have been used clinically, while the optimal vaccines against other flavivirus diseases are still under development. The antibody-dependent enhancement generated by cross-reactive immune responses against different serotypes of dengue virus makes the development of the dengue fever vaccine a bottleneck. It has been proposed that the cross-reactive immunity elicited by prior infection of mosquito-borne flavivirus could also affect the outcome of the subsequent infection of heterologous flavivirus. In this review, we focused on five medically important flaviviruses, and rearranged and recapitulated their cross-reactive immunity in detail from the perspectives of serological experiments in vitro, animal experiments in vivo, and human cohort studies. We look forward to providing references and new insights for the research of flavivirus vaccines and specific prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Hou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (B.H.); (J.A.)
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (B.H.); (J.A.)
- Experimental Center for Basic Medical Teaching, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (N.G.)
| | - Na Gao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (B.H.); (J.A.)
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (N.G.)
| | - Jing An
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; (B.H.); (J.A.)
- Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100093, China
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An Advax-Adjuvanted Inactivated Cell-Culture Derived Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Induces Broadly Neutralising Anti-Flavivirus Antibodies, Robust Cellular Immunity and Provides Single Dose Protection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111235. [PMID: 34835166 PMCID: PMC8618450 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
ccJE+Advax is an inactivated cell culture Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine formulated with Advax, a novel polysaccharide adjuvant based on delta inulin. This vaccine has previously shown promise in murine and equine studies and the current study sought to better understand its mechanism of action and assess the feasibility of single dose vaccine protection. Mice immunised with ccJE+Advax had higher serum neutralisation titres than those immunised with ccJE alone or with alum adjuvant. ccJE+Advax induced extraordinarily broad cross-neutralising antibodies against multiple flaviviruses including West Nile virus (WNV), Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV), St Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) and Dengue virus-1 and -2 (DENV-1 and -2). Notably, the DENV-2 cross-neutralising antibodies from ccJE+Advax immunised mice uniquely had no DENV-2 antibody-dependent infection enhancement (ADIE) activity, in contrast to high ADIE activity seen with DENV-1 cross-reactive antibodies induced by mbJE or ccJE alone or with alum adjuvant. JEV-stimulated splenocytes from ccJE+Advax immunised mice showed increased IL-17 and IFN-γ production, consistent with a mixed Th1 and Th17 response, whereas ccJE-alum was associated with production of mainly Th2 cytokines. In a mouse lethal challenge study against highly virulent JaTH160 JEV strain, ccJE+Advax conferred complete protection in a two-dose schedule with 50 ng of vaccine antigen and near complete protection after a single 200 ng dose of vaccine antigen. There is an ongoing lack of human vaccines against particular flaviviruses, including WNV, SLEV and MVEV. Given its ability to provide single-dose JEV protection and induce broadly neutralising antibodies devoid of ADIE activity, ccJE+Advax vaccine could be useful in situations where rapid protection is desirable, e.g., during a local outbreak or for use in travellers or armies requiring rapid deployment to JEV endemic regions.
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He J, Lai H, Esqueda A, Chen Q. Plant-Produced Antigen Displaying Virus-Like Particles Evokes Potent Antibody Responses against West Nile Virus in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:60. [PMID: 33477363 PMCID: PMC7830312 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed a hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg)-based virus-like particle (VLP) that displays the West Nile virus (WNV) Envelope protein domain III (wDIII) as a vaccine candidate for WNV. The HBcAg-wDIII fusion protein was quickly produced in Nicotiana benthamiana plants and reached a high expression level of approximately 1.2 mg of fusion protein per gram of leaf fresh weight within six days post gene infiltration. Electron microscopy and gradient centrifugation analysis indicated that the introduction of wDIII did not interfere with VLP formation and HBcAg-wDIII successfully assembled into VLPs. HBcAg-wDIII VLPs can be easily purified in large quantities from Nicotiana benthamiana leaves to >95% homogeneity. Further analysis revealed that the wDIII was displayed properly and demonstrated specific binding to an anti-wDIII monoclonal antibody that recognizes a conformational epitope of wDIII. Notably, HBcAg-wDIII VLPs were shown to be highly immunogenic and elicited potent humoral responses in mice with antigen-specific IgG titers equivalent to that of protective wDIII antigens in previous studies. Thus, our wDIII-based VLP vaccine offers an attractive option for developing effective, safe, and low-cost vaccines against WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyun He
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.H.); (H.L.); (A.E.)
| | - Huafang Lai
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.H.); (H.L.); (A.E.)
| | - Adrian Esqueda
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.H.); (H.L.); (A.E.)
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; (J.H.); (H.L.); (A.E.)
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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8
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Araujo SC, Pereira LR, Alves RPS, Andreata-Santos R, Kanno AI, Ferreira LCS, Gonçalves VM. Anti-Flavivirus Vaccines: Review of the Present Situation and Perspectives of Subunit Vaccines Produced in Escherichia coli. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030492. [PMID: 32878023 PMCID: PMC7564369 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This article aims to review the present status of anti-flavivirus subunit vaccines, both those at the experimental stage and those already available for clinical use. Aspects regarding development of vaccines to Yellow Fever virus, (YFV), Dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are highlighted, with particular emphasis on purified recombinant proteins generated in bacterial cells. Currently licensed anti-flavivirus vaccines are based on inactivated, attenuated, or virus-vector vaccines. However, technological advances in the generation of recombinant antigens with preserved structural and immunological determinants reveal new possibilities for the development of recombinant protein-based vaccine formulations for clinical testing. Furthermore, novel proposals for multi-epitope vaccines and the discovery of new adjuvants and delivery systems that enhance and/or modulate immune responses can pave the way for the development of successful subunit vaccines. Nonetheless, advances in this field require high investments that will probably not raise interest from private pharmaceutical companies and, therefore, will require support by international philanthropic organizations and governments of the countries more severely stricken by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio C. Araujo
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo–SP 05503-900, Brazil; (S.C.A.); (A.I.K.)
| | - Lennon R. Pereira
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo–SP 05508-000, Brazil; (L.R.P.); (R.P.S.A.); (R.A.-S.)
| | - Rubens P. S. Alves
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo–SP 05508-000, Brazil; (L.R.P.); (R.P.S.A.); (R.A.-S.)
| | - Robert Andreata-Santos
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo–SP 05508-000, Brazil; (L.R.P.); (R.P.S.A.); (R.A.-S.)
| | - Alex I. Kanno
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo–SP 05503-900, Brazil; (S.C.A.); (A.I.K.)
| | - Luis Carlos S. Ferreira
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo–SP 05508-000, Brazil; (L.R.P.); (R.P.S.A.); (R.A.-S.)
- Correspondence: (L.C.S.F.); (V.M.G.)
| | - Viviane M. Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Vaccine Development, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo–SP 05503-900, Brazil; (S.C.A.); (A.I.K.)
- Correspondence: (L.C.S.F.); (V.M.G.)
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Li N, Zhang ZR, Zhang YN, Liu J, Deng CL, Shi PY, Yuan ZM, Ye HQ, Zhang B. A replication-defective Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccine candidate with NS1 deletion confers dual protection against JEV and West Nile virus in mice. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:73. [PMID: 32802412 PMCID: PMC7406499 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, we have demonstrated in the context of WNV-ΔNS1 vaccine (a replication-defective West Nile virus (WNV) lacking NS1) that the NS1 trans-complementation system may offer a promising platform for the development of safe and efficient flavivirus vaccines only requiring one dose. Here, we produced high titer (107 IU/ml) replication-defective Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) with NS1 deletion (JEV-ΔNS1) in the BHK-21 cell line stably expressing NS1 (BHKNS1) using the same strategy. JEV-ΔNS1 appeared safe with a remarkable genetic stability and high degrees of attenuation of in vivo neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence. Meanwhile, it was demonstrated to be highly immunogenic in mice after a single dose, providing similar degrees of protection to SA14-14-2 vaccine (a most widely used live attenuated JEV vaccine), with healthy condition, undetectable viremia and gradually rising body weight. Importantly, we also found JEV-ΔNS1 induced robust cross-protective immune responses against the challenge of heterologous West Nile virus (WNV), another important member in the same JEV serocomplex, accounting for up to 80% survival rate following a single dose of immunization relative to mock-vaccinated mice. These results not only support the identification of the NS1-deleted flavivirus vaccines with a satisfied balance between safety and efficacy, but also demonstrate the potential of the JEV-ΔNS1 as an alternative vaccine candidate against both JEV and WNV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Zhe-Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Lin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Han-Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Drug Discovery Center for Infectious Disease, Nankai University, 300350 Tianjin, China
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10
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A Molecular Determinant of West Nile Virus Secretion and Morphology as a Target for Viral Attenuation. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.00086-20. [PMID: 32269117 PMCID: PMC7307099 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00086-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a worldwide (re)emerging mosquito-transmitted Flavivirus causing fatal neurological diseases in humans. However, no human vaccine has been yet approved. One of the most effective live-attenuated vaccines was empirically obtained by serial passaging of wild-type yellow fever Flavivirus. However, such an approach is not acceptable nowadays, and the development of a rationally designed vaccine is necessary. Generating molecular infectious clones and mutating specific residues known to be involved in Flavivirus virulence constitute a powerful tool to promote viral attenuation. WNV membrane glycoprotein is thought to carry such essential determinants. Here, we identified two residues of this protein whose substitutions are key to the full and stable attenuation of WNV in vivo, most likely through inhibition of secretion and possible alteration of morphology. Applied to other flaviviruses, this approach should help in designing new vaccines against these viruses, which are an increasing threat to global human health. West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flavivirus genus and currently one of the most common arboviruses worldwide, is associated with severe neurological disease in humans. Its high potential to reemerge and rapidly disseminate makes it a bona fide global public health problem. The surface membrane glycoprotein (M) has been associated with Flavivirus-induced pathogenesis. Here, we identified a key amino acid residue at position 36 of the M protein whose mutation impacts WNV secretion and promotes viral attenuation. We also identified a compensatory site at position M-43 whose mutation stabilizes M-36 substitution both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we found that introduction of the two mutations together confers a full attenuation phenotype and protection against wild-type WNV lethal challenge, eliciting potent neutralizing-antibody production in mice. Our study thus establishes the M protein as a new viral target for rational design of attenuated WNV strains. IMPORTANCE West Nile virus (WNV) is a worldwide (re)emerging mosquito-transmitted Flavivirus causing fatal neurological diseases in humans. However, no human vaccine has been yet approved. One of the most effective live-attenuated vaccines was empirically obtained by serial passaging of wild-type yellow fever Flavivirus. However, such an approach is not acceptable nowadays, and the development of a rationally designed vaccine is necessary. Generating molecular infectious clones and mutating specific residues known to be involved in Flavivirus virulence constitute a powerful tool to promote viral attenuation. WNV membrane glycoprotein is thought to carry such essential determinants. Here, we identified two residues of this protein whose substitutions are key to the full and stable attenuation of WNV in vivo, most likely through inhibition of secretion and possible alteration of morphology. Applied to other flaviviruses, this approach should help in designing new vaccines against these viruses, which are an increasing threat to global human health.
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Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a widely spread human pathogenic arthropod-borne virus. It can lead to severe, sometimes fatal, neurological disease. Over the last two decades, several vaccine candidates for the protection of humans from WNV have been developed. Some technologies were transferred into clinical testing, but these approaches have not yet led to a licensed product. This review summarizes the current status of a human WNV vaccine and discusses reasons for the lack of clinically advanced product candidates. It also discusses the problem of immunological cross-reactivity between flaviviruses and how it can be addressed during vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ulbert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Immunology , Leipzig , Germany
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12
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Role of NS1 and TLR3 in Pathogenesis and Immunity of WNV. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070603. [PMID: 31277274 PMCID: PMC6669597 DOI: 10.3390/v11070603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus which causes encephalitis especially in elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Previous studies have suggested the protective role of the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) pathway against WNV entry into the brain, while the WNV non-structural protein 1 (NS1) interferes with the TLR3 signaling pathway, besides being a component of viral genome replication machinery. In this study, we investigated whether immunization with NS1 could protect against WNV neuroinvasion in the context of TLR3 deficiency. We immunized mice with either an intact or deleted TLR3 system (TLR3KO) with WNV envelope glycoprotein (gE) protein, NS1, or a combination of gE and NS1. Immunization with gE or gE/NS1, but not with NS1 alone, induced WNV neutralizing antibodies and protected against WNV brain invasion and inflammation. The presence of intact TLR3 signaling had no apparent effect on WNV brain invasion. However, mock-immunized TLR3KO mice had higher inflammatory cell invasion upon WNV brain infection than NS1-immunized TLR3KO mice and wild type mice. Thus, immunization against NS1 may reduce brain inflammation in a context of TLR3 signaling deficiency.
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Simón D, Fajardo A, Moreno P, Moratorio G, Cristina J. An Evolutionary Insight into Zika Virus Strains Isolated in the Latin American Region. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120698. [PMID: 30544785 PMCID: PMC6316622 DOI: 10.3390/v10120698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging pathogen member of the Flaviviridae family. ZIKV has spread rapidly in the Latin American region, causing hundreds of thousands of cases of ZIKV disease, as well as microcephaly in congenital infections. Detailed studies on the pattern of evolution of ZIKV strains have been extremely important to our understanding of viral survival, fitness, and evasion of the host’s immune system. For these reasons, we performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of ZIKV strains recently isolated in the Americas. The results of these studies revealed evidence of diversification of ZIKV strains circulating in the Latin American region into at least five different genetic clusters. This diversification was also reflected in the different trends in dinucleotide bias and codon usage variation. Amino acid substitutions were found in E and prM proteins of the ZIKV strains isolated in this region, revealing the presence of novel genetic variants circulating in Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Simón
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
- Laboratorio de Organización y Evolución del Genoma, Unidad de Genómica Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
| | - Alvaro Fajardo
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
| | - Pilar Moreno
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
| | - Gonzalo Moratorio
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
- Laboratorio de Inmunovirología, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
| | - Juan Cristina
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá 4225, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
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Tripathi NK, Karothia D, Shrivastava A, Banger S, Kumar JS. Enhanced production and immunological characterization of recombinant West Nile virus envelope domain III protein. N Biotechnol 2018; 46:7-13. [PMID: 29768182 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging mosquito-borne virus which is responsible for severe and fatal encephalitis in humans and for which there is no licensed vaccine or therapeutic available to prevent infection. The envelope domain III protein (EDIII) of WNV was over-expressed in Escherichia coli and purified using a two-step chromatography process which included immobilized metal affinity chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. E. coli cells were grown in a bioreactor to high density using batch and fed-batch cultivation. Wet biomass obtained after batch and fed-batch cultivation processes was 11.2 g and 84 g/L of culture respectively. Protein yield after affinity purification was 5.76 mg and 5.81 mg/g wet cell weight after batch and fed-batch processes respectively. The purified WNV EDIII elicited specific antibodies in rabbits, confirming its immunogenicity. Moreover, the antibodies were able to neutralize WNV in vitro. These results established that the refolded and purified WNV EDIII could be a potential vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagesh K Tripathi
- Bioprocess Scale Up Facility, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002, India.
| | - Divyanshi Karothia
- Division of Virology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Ambuj Shrivastava
- Division of Virology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Swati Banger
- Bioprocess Scale Up Facility, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002, India
| | - Jyoti S Kumar
- Division of Virology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002, India
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15
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A plant-produced vaccine protects mice against lethal West Nile virus infection without enhancing Zika or dengue virus infectivity. Vaccine 2018; 36:1846-1852. [PMID: 29490880 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) has caused multiple global outbreaks with increased frequency of neuroinvasive disease in recent years. Despite many years of research, there are no licensed therapeutics or vaccines available for human use. One of the major impediments of vaccine development against WNV is the potential enhancement of infection by related flaviviruses in vaccinated subjects through the mechanism of antibody-dependent enhancement of infection (ADE). For instance, the recent finding of enhancement of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection by pre-exposure to WNV further complicates the development of WNV vaccines. Epidemics of WNV and the potential risk of ADE by current vaccine candidates demand the development of effective and safe vaccines. We have previously reported that the domain III (DIII) of the WNV envelope protein can be readily expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, purified to homogeneity, and promote antigen-specific antibody response in mice. Herein, we further investigated the in vivo potency of a plant-made DIII (plant-DIII) in providing protective immunity against WNV infection. Furthermore, we examined if vaccination with plant-DIII would enhance the risk of a subsequent infection by ZIKV and Dengue virus (DENV). Plant-DIII vaccination evoked antigen-specific cellular immune responses as well as humoral responses. DIII-specific antibodies were neutralizing and the neutralization titers met the threshold correlated with protective immunity by vaccines against multiple flaviviruses. Furthermore, passive administration of anti-plant DIII mouse serum provided full protection against a lethal challenge of WNV infection in mice. Notably, plant DIII-induced antibodies did not enhance ZIKV and DENV infection in Fc gamma receptor-expressing cells, addressing the concern of WNV vaccines in inducing cross-reactive antibodies and sensitizing subjects to subsequent infection by heterologous flavivirus. This study provides the first report of a WNV subunit vaccine that induces protective immunity, while circumventing induction of antibodies with enhancing activity for ZIKV and DENV infection.
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16
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Abstract
The persistence of West Nile virus (WNV) infections throughout the USA since its inception in 1999 and its continuous spread throughout the globe calls for an urgent need of effective treatments and prevention measures. Although the licensing of several WNV vaccines for veterinary use provides a proof of concept, similar efforts on the development of an effective vaccine for humans remain still unsuccessful. Increased understanding of biology and pathogenesis of WNV together with recent technological advancements have raised hope that an effective WNV vaccine may be available in the near future. In addition, rapid progress in the structural and functional characterization of WNV and other flaviviral proteins have provided a solid base for the design and development of several classes of inhibitors as potential WNV therapeutics. Moreover, the therapeutic monoclonal antibodies demonstrate an excellent efficacy against WNV in animal models and represent a promising class of WNV therapeutics. However, there are some challenges as to the design and development of a safe and efficient WNV vaccine or therapeutic. In this chapter, we discuss the current approaches, progress, and challenges toward the development of WNV vaccines, therapeutic antibodies, and antiviral drugs.
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Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an arbovirus with increased global incidence in the last decade. It is also a major cause of human encephalitis in the USA. WNV is an arthropod-transmitted virus that mainly affects birds but humans become infected as incidental dead-end hosts which can cause outbreaks in naïve populations. The main vectors of WNV are mosquitoes of the genus Culex, which preferentially feed on birds. As in many other arboviruses, the characteristics that allow Flaviviruses like WNV to replicate and transmit to different hosts are encrypted in their genome, which also contains information for the production of structural and nonstructural proteins needed for host cell infection. WNV and other Flaviviruses have developed different strategies to establish infection, replication, and successful transmission. Most of these strategies include the diversion of the host's immune responses away from the virus. In this review, we describe the molecular structure and protein function of WNV with emphasis on protein involvement in the modulation of antiviral immune responses.
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18
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Piyasena TBH, Setoh YX, Hobson-Peters J, Prow NA, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Khromykh AA, Perera D, Cardosa MJ, Kirkland PD, Hall RA. Differential Diagnosis of Flavivirus Infections in Horses Using Viral Envelope Protein Domain III Antigens in Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:825-835. [PMID: 29083957 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Australia, infection of horses with the West Nile virus (WNV) or Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) occasionally results in severe neurological disease that cannot be clinically differentiated. Confirmatory serological tests to detect antibody specific for MVEV or WNV in horses are often hampered by cross-reactive antibodies induced to conserved epitopes on the envelope (E) protein. This study utilized bacterially expressed recombinant antigens derived from domain III of the E protein (rE-DIII) of MVEV and WNV, respectively, to determine whether these subunit antigens provided specific diagnostic markers of infection with these two viruses. When a panel of 130 serum samples, from horses with known flavivirus infection status, was tested in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using rE-DIII antigens, a differential diagnosis of MVEV or WNV was achieved for most samples. Time-point samples from horses exposed to flavivirus infection during the 2011 outbreak of equine encephalitis in south-eastern Australia also indicated that the rE-DIII antigens were capable of detecting and differentiating MVEV and WNV infection in convalescent sera with similar sensitivity and specificity to virus neutralization tests and blocking ELISAs. Overall, these results indicate that the rE-DIII is a suitable antigen for use in rapid immunoassays for confirming MVEV and WNV infections in horses in the Australian context and warrant further assessment on sensitive, high-throughput serological platforms such as multiplex immune assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thisun B H Piyasena
- 1 Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Australia
| | - Yin X Setoh
- 1 Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Australia
| | - Jody Hobson-Peters
- 1 Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Australia
| | - Natalie A Prow
- 1 Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- 1 Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Australia .,2 School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland , Gatton, Australia
| | - Alexander A Khromykh
- 1 Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Australia
| | - David Perera
- 3 Institute of Health & Community Medicine , Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - Mary J Cardosa
- 3 Institute of Health & Community Medicine , Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - Peter D Kirkland
- 4 Virology Laboratory, Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute , Menangle, Australia
| | - Roy A Hall
- 1 Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Australia
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19
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Liu SA, Haque M, Stanfield B, Andrews FM, Roy AA, Kousoulas KG. A recombinant fusion protein consisting of West Nile virus envelope domain III fused in-frame with equine CD40 ligand induces antiviral immune responses in horses. Vet Microbiol 2017; 198:51-58. [PMID: 28062007 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) is endemic in the US and causes severe neurologic disease in horses since its introduction in 1999. There is no effective pharmaceutical treatment for WNV infection rendering vaccination as the only approach to prevention and control of disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a recombinant vaccine containing domain III (DIII) of the WNV envelope glycoprotein with and without a natural adjuvant equine (CD40L) in producing virus neutralizing antibodies in horses. Serum IgG1 concentration in the groups of horses vaccinated with the DIII-CD40L+TiterMax and DIII-CD40L proteins were significantly increased (p<0.05) after the second booster vaccination compared to other groups. Serum IgG4 and IgG7, IgG3 and IgG5 concentrations were not significantly increased among all groups. Western blot results showed that animals immunized with the DIII-CD40L protein (with or without TiterMax) exhibited the highest specific anti-DIII antibody activities after vaccinations. Moreover, animals immunized with the DIII-CD40L protein (with or without TiterMax) exhibited significantly stronger neutralization activity (p<0.05) compared to other groups starting at week eight. The DIII-CD40L protein (with or without TiterMax) stimulated more CD8+T cells, but not CD4+T cells in equine PMBCs. The results demonstrated that vaccination with recombinant WNV E DIII-CD40L protein induced superior humoral and cellular immune response in healthy horses that may be protective against WNV-associated disease in infected animals. CD40L could be utilized as a non-toxic, alternative adjuvant to boost the immunogenicity of subunit vaccines in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang A Liu
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Muzammel Haque
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Brent Stanfield
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Frank M Andrews
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Alma A Roy
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Konstantin G Kousoulas
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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20
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Chan SK, Lim TS. Immune Human Antibody Libraries for Infectious Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1053:61-78. [PMID: 29549635 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72077-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The incident of two children in Europe who died of diphtheria due to a shortage of anti-toxin drugs has highlighted the need for alternative anti-toxins. Historically, antiserum produced from immunised horses have been used to treat diphtheria. Despite the potential of antiserum, the economical and medial concerns associated with the use of animal antiserum has led to its slow market demise. Over the years, new and emerging infectious diseases have grown to be a major global health threat. The emergence of drug-resistant superbugs has also pushed the boundaries of available therapeutics to deal with new infectious diseases. Antibodies have emerged as a possible alternative to combat the continuous onslaught of various infectious agents. The isolation of antibodies against pathogens of infectious diseases isolated from immune libraries utilising phage display has yielded promising results in terms of affinities and neutralizing activities. This chapter focuses on the concept of immune antibody libraries and highlights the application of immune antibody libraries to generate antibodies for various infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Khim Chan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Theam Soon Lim
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
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21
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Zhao H, Fernandez E, Dowd KA, Speer SD, Platt DJ, Gorman MJ, Govero J, Nelson CA, Pierson TC, Diamond MS, Fremont DH. Structural Basis of Zika Virus-Specific Antibody Protection. Cell 2016; 166:1016-1027. [PMID: 27475895 PMCID: PMC4983199 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy has emerged as a global public health problem because of its ability to cause severe congenital disease. Here, we developed six mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against ZIKV including four (ZV-48, ZV-54, ZV-64, and ZV-67) that were ZIKV specific and neutralized infection of African, Asian, and American strains to varying degrees. X-ray crystallographic and competition binding analyses of Fab fragments and scFvs defined three spatially distinct epitopes in DIII of the envelope protein corresponding to the lateral ridge (ZV-54 and ZV-67), C-C' loop (ZV-48 and ZV-64), and ABDE sheet (ZV-2) regions. In vivo passive transfer studies revealed protective activity of DIII-lateral ridge specific neutralizing mAbs in a mouse model of ZIKV infection. Our results suggest that DIII is targeted by multiple type-specific antibodies with distinct neutralizing activity, which provides a path for developing prophylactic antibodies for use in pregnancy or designing epitope-specific vaccines against ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhao
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Estefania Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kimberly A Dowd
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Scott D Speer
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Derek J Platt
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew J Gorman
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jennifer Govero
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christopher A Nelson
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Theodore C Pierson
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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22
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Plante JA, Torres M, Huang CYH, Beasley DWC. Plasticity of a critical antigenic determinant in the West Nile virus NY99 envelope protein domain III. Virology 2016; 496:97-105. [PMID: 27284640 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes febrile illness, encephalitis, and occasionally death in humans. The envelope protein is the main component of the WNV virion surface, and domain III of the envelope protein (EIII) is both a putative receptor binding domain and a target of highly specific, potently neutralizing antibodies. Envelope E-332 (E-332) is known to have naturally occurring variation and to be a key determinant of neutralization for anti-EIII antibodies. A panel of viruses containing all possible amino acid substitutions at E-332 was constructed. E-332 was found to be highly tolerant of mutation, and almost all of these changes had large impacts on antigenicity of EIII but only limited effects on growth or virulence phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Plante
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Maricela Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Claire Y-H Huang
- Arbovirus Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - David W C Beasley
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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23
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Ulbert S, Magnusson SE. Technologies for the development of West Nile virus vaccines. Future Microbiol 2015; 9:1221-32. [PMID: 25405890 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), an emerging mosquito-borne and zoonotic flavivirus, continues to spread worldwide and represents a major problem for human and veterinary medicine. In recent years, severe outbreaks were observed in the USA and Europe with neighboring countries, and the virus is considered to be endemic in an increasing number of areas. Although most infections remain asymptomatic, WNV can cause severe, even fatal, neurological disease, which affects mostly the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Several vaccines have been licensed in the veterinary sector, but no human vaccine is available today. This review summarizes recent strategies that are being followed to develop WNV vaccines with emphasis on technologies suitable for the use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ulbert
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy & Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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24
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Chen HL, Hsiao WH, Lee HC, Wu SC, Cheng JW. Selection and Characterization of DNA Aptamers Targeting All Four Serotypes of Dengue Viruses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131240. [PMID: 26110785 PMCID: PMC4482433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue viruses (DENVs) are members of Flaviviridae family, which are associated with human disease. The envelope (E) protein plays an important role in viral infection. However, there is no effective antibody for clinical treatment due to antibody dependent enhancement of infection. In this study, using Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX), we demonstrated the first aptamer (S15) that can bind to DENV-2 envelop protein domain III (ED3) with a high binding affinity. S15 was found to form a parallel quadruplex based on Quadfinder prediction, gel mobility assay and circular dichroism studies. Both the quadruplex structure and the sequence on 5’-end were necessary for the binding activity of S15. NMR titration experiments indicated that S15 bound to a highly conserved loop between βA and βB strands of ED3. Moreover, S15 can neutralize the infections by all four serotypes of DENVs. Our result provides a new opportunity in the development of DNA aptamers against DENVs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Li Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsin Hsiao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chi Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Suh-Chin Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Jya-Wei Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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25
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Cielens I, Jackevica L, Strods A, Kazaks A, Ose V, Bogans J, Pumpens P, Renhofa R. Mosaic RNA phage VLPs carrying domain III of the West Nile virus E protein. Mol Biotechnol 2014; 56:459-69. [PMID: 24570176 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-014-9743-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The virus-neutralising domain III (DIII) of the West Nile virus glycoprotein E was exposed on the surface of RNA phage AP205 virus-like particles (VLPs) in mosaic form. For this purpose, a 111 amino acid sequence of DIII was added via amber or opal termination codons to the C-terminus of the AP205 coat protein, and mosaic AP205-DIII VLPs were generated by cultivation in amber- or opal-suppressing Escherichia coli strains. After extensive purification to 95 % homogeneity, mosaic AP205-DIII VLPs retained up to 11-16 % monomers carrying DIII domains. The DIII domains appeared on the VLP surface because they were fully accessible to anti-DIII antibodies. Immunisation of BALB/c mice with AP205-DIII VLPs resulted in the induction of specific anti-DIII antibodies, of which the level was comparable to that of the anti-AP205 antibodies generated against the VLP carrier. The AP205-DIII-induced anti-DIII response was represented by a significant fraction of IgG2 isotype antibodies, in contrast to parallel immunisation with the DIII oligopeptide, which failed to induce IgG2 isotype antibodies. Formulation of AP-205-DIII VLPs in alum adjuvant stimulated the level of the anti-DIII response, but did not alter the fraction of IgG2 isotype antibodies. Mosaic AP205-DIII VLPs could be regarded as a promising prototype of a putative West Nile vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indulis Cielens
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Street 1, Riga, 1067, Latvia
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Tinker JK, Yan J, Knippel RJ, Panayiotou P, Cornell KA. Immunogenicity of a West Nile virus DIII-cholera toxin A2/B chimera after intranasal delivery. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1397-418. [PMID: 24759174 PMCID: PMC4014742 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6041397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) causes potentially fatal neuroinvasive disease and persists at endemic levels in many parts of the world. Despite advances in our understanding of WNV pathogenesis, there remains a significant need for a human vaccine. The domain III (DIII) region of the WNV envelope protein contains epitopes that are the target of neutralizing antibodies. We have constructed a chimeric fusion of the non-toxic cholera toxin (CT) CTA2/B domains to DIII for investigation as a novel mucosally-delivered WNV vaccine. Purification and assembly of the chimera, as well as receptor-binding and antigen delivery, were verified by western blot, GM1 ELISA and confocal microscopy. Groups of BALB/c mice were immunized intranasally with DIII-CTA2/B, DIII, DIII mixed with CTA2/B, or CTA2/B control, and boosted at 10 days. Analysis of serum IgG after 14 and 45 days revealed that mucosal immunization with DIII-CTA2/B induced significant DIII-specific humoral immunity and drove isotype switching to IgG2a. The DIII-CTA2/B chimera also induced antigen-specific IgM and IgA responses. Bactericidal assays indicate that the DIII-CTA2/B immunized mice produced DIII-specific antibodies that can trigger complement-mediated killing. A dose escalation resulted in increased DIII-specific serum IgG titers on day 45. DIII antigen alone, in the absence of adjuvant, also induced significant systemic responses after intranasal delivery. Our results indicate that the DIII-CTA2/B chimera is immunogenic after intranasal delivery and merits further investigation as a novel WNV vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette K Tinker
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Reece J Knippel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Panos Panayiotou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
| | - Kenneth A Cornell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA.
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A plant-produced antigen elicits potent immune responses against West Nile virus in mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:952865. [PMID: 24804264 PMCID: PMC3996298 DOI: 10.1155/2014/952865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We described the rapid production of the domain III (DIII) of the envelope (E) protein in plants as a vaccine candidate for West Nile Virus (WNV). Using various combinations of vector modules of a deconstructed viral vector expression system, DIII was produced in three subcellular compartments in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana by transient expression. DIII expressed at much higher levels when targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) than that targeted to the chloroplast or the cytosol, with accumulation level up to 73 μ g DIII per gram of leaf fresh weight within 4 days after infiltration. Plant ER-derived DIII was soluble and readily purified to > 95% homogeneity without the time-consuming process of denaturing and refolding. Further analysis revealed that plant-produced DIII was processed properly and demonstrated specific binding to an anti-DIII monoclonal antibody that recognizes a conformational epitope. Furthermore, subcutaneous immunization of mice with 5 and 25 μ g of purified DIII elicited a potent systemic response. This study provided the proof of principle for rapidly producing immunogenic vaccine candidates against WNV in plants with low cost and scalability.
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Mathengtheng L, Burt FJ. Use of envelope domain III protein for detection and differentiation of flaviviruses in the Free State Province, South Africa. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2014; 14:261-71. [PMID: 24689894 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2013.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of the mosquito-borne flavivirus species West Nile virus (WNV) and Wesselsbron virus (WESSV) in southern Africa is well established; however, their true prevalence remains unknown. To date, the presence of tick-borne flaviviruses has not been confirmed in this region. Serological assays using reagents that can be handled in a biosafety level 2 or lower facility were developed and evaluated for the detection and differentiation of tick- and mosquito-borne flaviviruses in the Free State province of South Africa. A total of 2393 serum samples from a variety of species including humans, cattle, and sheep were tested using Kunjin virus (KUNV) cell lysate antigen for the detection of anti-flavivirus antibodies in an indirect immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immonosorbent assay (ELISA). To further differentiate positive reactors on the KUNV assay for antibodies against tick- or mosquito-borne flaviviruses, recombinant envelope domain III (r-EDIII) proteins of Langat virus (LGTV), WNV, and WESSV were expressed in a bacterial expression system and used in ELISA. A total of 722 samples were positive using the KUNV assay, of which 71, 457, and 431 were positive using the r-LGTVEDIII, r-WNVEDIII, and r-WESSVEDIII assays, respectively. A total of 70 samples were reactive using the KUNV assay but not using any of the other assays, suggesting that there are possibly other flaviviruses circulating in the Free State province for which specific r-EDIII assays were not available. Collectively, the results suggest a strong presence of flaviviruses co-circulating in the Free State province with an abundance of mosquito-borne flaviviruses. There is evidence suggesting the presence of tick-borne flaviviruses, but it has yet to be confirmed. The EDIII protein is a useful tool that can be used in the detection and differentiation of flaviviruses in resource-limited laboratories, but virus neutralization assays are suggested for accurate confirmation of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lehlohonolo Mathengtheng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, University of the Free State/National Health Laboratory Services , Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
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Nzonza A, Lecollinet S, Chat S, Lowenski S, Mérour E, Biacchesi S, Brémont M. A recombinant novirhabdovirus presenting at the surface the E Glycoprotein from West Nile Virus (WNV) is immunogenic and provides partial protection against lethal WNV challenge in BALB/c mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91766. [PMID: 24663075 PMCID: PMC3963854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) is a zoonotic mosquito-transmitted flavivirus that can infect and cause disease in mammals including humans. Our study aimed at developing a WNV vectored vaccine based on a fish Novirhabdovirus, the Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia virus (VHSV). VHSV replicates at temperatures lower than 20°C and is naturally inactivated at higher temperatures. A reverse genetics system has recently been developed in our laboratory for VHSV allowing the addition of genes in the viral genome and the recovery of the respective recombinant viruses (rVHSV). In this study, we have generated rVHSV vectors bearing the complete WNV envelope gene (EWNV) (rVHSV-EWNV) or fragments encoding E subdomains (either domain III alone or domain III fused to domain II) (rVHSV-DIIIWNV and rVHSV-DII-DIIIWNV, respectively) in the VHSV genome between the N and P cistrons. With the objective to enhance the targeting of the EWNV protein or EWNV-derived domains to the surface of VHSV virions, Novirhadovirus G-derived signal peptide and transmembrane domain (SPG and TMG) were fused to EWNV at its amino and carboxy termini, respectively. By Western-blot analysis, electron microscopy observations or inoculation experiments in mice, we demonstrated that both the EWNV and the DIIIWNV could be expressed at the viral surface of rVHSV upon addition of SPG. Every constructs expressing EWNV fused to SPG protected 40 to 50% of BALB/cJ mice against WNV lethal challenge and specifically rVHSV-SPGEWNV induced a neutralizing antibody response that correlated with protection. Surprisingly, rVHSV expressing EWNV-derived domain III or II and III were unable to protect mice against WNV challenge, although these domains were highly incorporated in the virion and expressed at the viral surface. In this study we demonstrated that a heterologous glycoprotein and non membrane-anchored protein, can be efficiently expressed at the surface of rVHSV making this approach attractive to develop new vaccines against various pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angella Nzonza
- UR0892 Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, CRJ, Jouy en Josas, France
| | | | - Sophie Chat
- UR1196 Unité Génomique et Physiologie de la Lactation, Plateau de Microscopie Électronique, INRA, CRJ, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Steeve Lowenski
- UMR 1161 Virologie, INRA, ANSES, UPEC ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emilie Mérour
- UR0892 Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, CRJ, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Stéphane Biacchesi
- UR0892 Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, CRJ, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Michel Brémont
- UR0892 Unité de Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, INRA, CRJ, Jouy en Josas, France
- * E-mail:
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Brandler S, Tangy F. Vaccines in development against West Nile virus. Viruses 2013; 5:2384-409. [PMID: 24084235 PMCID: PMC3814594 DOI: 10.3390/v5102384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile encephalitis emerged in 1999 in the United States, then rapidly spread through the North American continent causing severe disease in human and horses. Since then, outbreaks appeared in Europe, and in 2012, the United States experienced a new severe outbreak reporting a total of 5,387 cases of West Nile virus (WNV) disease in humans, including 243 deaths. So far, no human vaccine is available to control new WNV outbreaks and to avoid worldwide spreading. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art of West Nile vaccine development and the potential of a novel safe and effective approach based on recombinant live attenuated measles virus (MV) vaccine. MV vaccine is a live attenuated negative-stranded RNA virus proven as one of the safest, most stable and effective human vaccines. We previously described a vector derived from the Schwarz MV vaccine strain that stably expresses antigens from emerging arboviruses, such as dengue, West Nile or chikungunya viruses, and is strongly immunogenic in animal models, even in the presence of MV pre-existing immunity. A single administration of a recombinant MV vaccine expressing the secreted form of WNV envelope glycoprotein elicited protective immunity in mice and non-human primates as early as two weeks after immunization, indicating its potential as a human vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Brandler
- Unité de Génomique Virale et Vaccination, INSTITUT PASTEUR, 28 rue du Dr Roux, Paris 75015, France.
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31
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A review of vaccine approaches for West Nile virus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:4200-23. [PMID: 24025396 PMCID: PMC3799512 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10094200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The West Nile virus (WNC) first appeared in North America in 1999. The North American lineages of WNV were characterized by the presence of neuroinvasive and neurovirulent strains causing disease and death in humans, birds and horses. The 2012 WNV season in the United States saw a massive spike in the number of neuroinvasive cases and deaths similar to what was seen in the 2002–2003 season, according to the West Nile virus disease cases and deaths reported to the CDC by year and clinical presentation, 1999–2012, by ArboNET (Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). In addition, the establishment and recent spread of lineage II WNV virus strains into Western Europe and the presence of neurovirulent and neuroinvasive strains among them is a cause of major concern. This review discusses the advances in the development of vaccines and biologicals to combat human and veterinary West Nile disease.
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32
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Zhu B, Ye J, Lu P, Jiang R, Yang X, Fu ZF, Chen H, Cao S. Induction of antigen-specific immune responses in mice by recombinant baculovirus expressing premembrane and envelope proteins of West Nile virus. Virol J 2012; 9:132. [PMID: 22799608 PMCID: PMC3424137 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background West Nile Virus (WNV) is an emerging arthropod-born flavivirus with increasing distribution worldwide that is responsible for a large proportion of viral encephalitis in humans and horses. Given that there are no effective antiviral drugs available for treatment of the disease, efforts have been directed to develop vaccines to prevent WNV infection. Recently baculovirus has emerged as a novel and attractive gene delivery vehicle for mammalian cells. Results In the present study, recombinant baculoviruses expressing WNV premembrane (prM) and envelope (E) proteins under the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter with or without vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV/G) were constructed. The recombinant baculoviruses designated Bac-G-prM/E and Bac-prM/E, efficiently express E protein in mammalian cells. Intramuscular injection of the two recombinant baculoviruses (at doses of 108 or 109 PFU/mouse) induced the production of WNV-specific antibodies, neutralizing antibodies as well as gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in a dose-dependent pattern. Interestingly, the recombinant baculovirus Bac-G-prM/E was found to be a more efficient immunogen than Bac-prM/E to elicit a robust immune response upon intramuscular injection. In addition, inoculation of baculovirus resulted in the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-2 and IL-6. Conclusions These recombinant baculoviruses are capable of eliciting robust humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, and may be considered as novel vaccine candidates for West Nile Virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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33
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Martínez CA, Giulietti AM, Talou JR. Research advances in plant-made flavivirus antigens. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1493-505. [PMID: 22480936 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of flaviviruses such as dengue (DV), yellow fever (YFV), Japanese encephalitis (JEV), tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV) and West Nile (WNV) affect numerous countries around the world. The fast spread of these viruses is the result of increases in the human population, rapid urbanisation and globalisation. While vector control is an important preventive measure against vector-borne diseases, it has failed to prevent the spread of these diseases, particularly in developing countries where the implementation of control measures is intermittent. As antiviral drugs against flaviviruses are not yet available, vaccination remains the most important tool for prevention. Although human vaccines for YFV, TBEV and JEV are available, on-going vaccination efforts are insufficient to prevent infection. No vaccines against DENV and WNV are available. Research advances have provided important tools for flavivirus vaccine development, such as the use of plants as a recombinant antigen production platform. This review summarises the research efforts in this area and highlights why a plant system is considered a necessary alternative production platform for high-tech subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Martínez
- Cátedra de Microbiología Industrial y Biotecnología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Junín 956, CP 1113, C.A.B.A, Argentina
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De Filette M, Ulbert S, Diamond M, Sanders NN. Recent progress in West Nile virus diagnosis and vaccination. Vet Res 2012; 43:16. [PMID: 22380523 PMCID: PMC3311072 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family, a large family with 3 main genera (flavivirus, hepacivirus and pestivirus). Among these viruses, there are several globally relevant human pathogens including the mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV), yellow fever virus (YFV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV), as well as tick-borne viruses such as tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Since the mid-1990s, outbreaks of WN fever and encephalitis have occurred throughout the world and WNV is now endemic in Africa, Asia, Australia, the Middle East, Europe and the Unites States. This review describes the molecular virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and highlights recent progress regarding diagnosis and vaccination against WNV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina De Filette
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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35
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Gangwar RS, Shil P, Sapkal GN, Khan SA, Gore MM. Induction of virus-specific neutralizing immune response against West Nile and Japanese encephalitis viruses by chimeric peptides representing T-helper and B-cell epitopes. Virus Res 2012; 163:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Anderson KB, Gibbons RV, Thomas SJ, Rothman AL, Nisalak A, Berkelman RL, Libraty DH, Endy TP. Preexisting Japanese encephalitis virus neutralizing antibodies and increased symptomatic dengue illness in a school-based cohort in Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1311. [PMID: 21991398 PMCID: PMC3186763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue viruses (DENVs) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) have significant cross-reactivity in serological assays; the clinical implications of this remain undefined. An improved understanding of whether and how JEV immunity modulates the clinical outcome of DENV infection is important as large-scale DENV vaccine trials will commence in areas where JEV is co-endemic and/or JEV immunization is routine. Methods and Findings The association between preexisting JEV neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and the clinical severity of DENV infection was evaluated in a prospective school-based cohort in Thailand that captured asymptomatic, non-hospitalized, and hospitalized DENV infections. Covariates considered included age, baseline DENV antibody status, school of attendance, epidemic year, and infecting DENV serotype. 942 children experienced at least one DENV infection between 1998 and 2002, out of 3,687 children who were enrolled for at least one full year. In crude analysis, the presence of JEV NAbs was associated with an increased occurrence of symptomatic versus asymptomatic infection (odds ratio [OR] = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.08–2.23) but not hospitalized illness or dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). The association was strongest in children with negative DENV serology (DENV-naive) (OR = 2.75, 95% CI: 1.12–6.72), for whom the presence of JEV NAbs was also associated with a symptomatic illness of longer duration (5.4 days for JEV NAb+ versus 2.6 days for JEV NAb-, p = 0.048). JEV NAbs were associated with increased DHF in younger children with multitypic DENV NAb profiles (OR = 4.05, 95% CI: 1.18 to 13.87). Among those with JEV NAbs, the association with symptomatic illness did not vary by antibody titer. Interpretation The prior existence of JEV NAbs was associated with an increased probability of symptomatic as compared to asymptomatic DENV illness. These findings are in contrast to previous studies suggesting an attenuating effect of heterologous flavivirus immunity on DENV disease severity. Dengue viruses (DENVs) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) have significant cross-reactivity in serological assays, but the possible clinical implications of this remain poorly understood. Interactions between these flaviviruses are potentially important for public health because wild-type JEV continues to co-circulate with DENV in Southeast Asia, the area with the highest burden of DENV illness, and JEV vaccination coverage in this region is high. In this study, we examined how preexisting JEV neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) influenced the clinical severity of subsequent DENV infection using data from a prospective school-based cohort study in Thailand that captured a wide range of clinical severities, including asymptomatic, non-hospitalized, and hospitalized DENV infections. We found that the prior existence of JEV NAbs was associated with an increased occurrence of symptomatic versus asymptomatic DENV infection. This association was most notable in DENV-naives, in whom the presence of JEV NAbs was also associated with an illness of longer duration. These findings suggest that the issue of heterologous flavivirus immunity and DENV infection merits renewed attention and interest and that DENV vaccine developers might incorporate detailed assessments of preexisting immunity to non-DENV flaviviruses and histories of vaccination against non-DENV flaviviruses in evaluating DENV vaccine safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn B. Anderson
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert V. Gibbons
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stephen J. Thomas
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alan L. Rothman
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ananda Nisalak
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ruth L. Berkelman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Daniel H. Libraty
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Timothy P. Endy
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
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Schneeweiss A, Chabierski S, Salomo M, Delaroque N, Al-Robaiy S, Grunwald T, Bürki K, Liebert UG, Ulbert S. A DNA vaccine encoding the E protein of West Nile Virus is protective and can be boosted by recombinant domain DIII. Vaccine 2011; 29:6352-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a zoonotic virus that circulates in birds and is transmitted by mosquitoes. Incidentally, humans, horses and other mammals can also be infected. Disease symptoms caused by WNV range from fever to neurological complications, such as encephalitis or meningitis. Mortality is observed mostly in older and immunocompromised individuals. In recent years, epidemics caused by WNV in humans and horses have become more frequent in several Southern European countries, such as Italy and Greece. In 1999, WNV was introduced into the USA and spread over North America within a couple of years. The increasing number of WNV outbreaks is associated with the emergence of novel viral strains, which display higher virulence and greater epidemic potential for humans. Upon infection with WNV, the mammalian immune system counteracts the virus at several different levels. On the other side, WNV has developed elaborated escape mechanisms to avoid its elimination. This review summarizes recent findings in WNV research that help to understand the complex biology associated with this emerging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ulbert
- Vaccine Technologies Unit, Fraunhofer Institute of Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany. Sebastian.ulbert @ izi.fraunhofer.de
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Martina BEE, van den Doel P, Koraka P, van Amerongen G, Spohn G, Haagmans BL, Provacia LBV, Osterhaus ADME, Rimmelzwaan GF. A recombinant influenza A virus expressing domain III of West Nile virus induces protective immune responses against influenza and West Nile virus. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18995. [PMID: 21541326 PMCID: PMC3082541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) continues to circulate in the USA and forms a threat to the rest of the Western hemisphere. Since methods for the treatment of WNV infections are not available, there is a need for the development of safe and effective vaccines. Here, we describe the construction of a recombinant influenza virus expressing domain III of the WNV glycoprotein E (Flu-NA-DIII) and its evaluation as a WNV vaccine candidate in a mouse model. FLU-NA-DIII-vaccinated mice were protected from severe body weight loss and mortality caused by WNV infection, whereas control mice succumbed to the infection. In addition, it was shown that one subcutaneous immunization with 105 TCID50 Flu-NA-DIII provided 100% protection against challenge. Adoptive transfer experiments demonstrated that protection was mediated by antibodies and CD4+T cells. Furthermore, mice vaccinated with FLU-NA-DIII developed protective influenza virus-specific antibody titers. It was concluded that this vector system might be an attractive platform for the development of bivalent WNV-influenza vaccines.
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40
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Li SH, Li XF, Zhao H, Jiang T, Deng YQ, Yu XD, Zhu QY, Qin ED, Qin CF. Cross protection against lethal West Nile virus challenge in mice immunized with recombinant E protein domain III of Japanese encephalitis virus. Immunol Lett 2011; 138:156-60. [PMID: 21515306 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are closely related mosquito-borne flaviviruses that cause severe encephalitic diseases with global impact. Cross protection among JEV and WNV has been previously described, and most cross reactive epitopes were identified within the domain II of E protein (EDII). In this study, the E protein domain III (EDIII) of JEV was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli, purified by a Ni-NTA column and characterized by Western blotting assay. Competitive inhibition assay showed that this recombinant JEV EDIII blocks the entry of JEV into BHK-21 cells. Mice immunized with the recombinant JEV EDIII developed high IgG and neutralizing antibodies titers against JEV. Most importantly, antibodies induced by JEV EDIII could neutralize WNV in vitro and partially protected mice against lethal WNV challenge. These results demonstrate that immunization with JEV EDIII induces cross-protective immunity against WNV infection, indicating a possible role of EDIII for the cross-protection among flavivirus.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing
- Antibodies, Viral
- Binding, Competitive
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line
- Chromatography, Affinity
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cricetinae
- Cross Protection/immunology
- Cross Reactions
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/physiology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control
- Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
- Escherichia coli
- Female
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin E/chemistry
- Immunoglobulin E/genetics
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Immunoglobulin E/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin E/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Transfection
- Virus Internalization/drug effects
- West Nile Fever/immunology
- West Nile Fever/prevention & control
- West Nile Fever/virology
- West Nile virus/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, No. 20 Dongda Street, Beijing 100071, China
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41
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Alonso-Padilla J, de Oya NJ, Blázquez AB, Escribano-Romero E, Escribano JM, Saiz JC. Recombinant West Nile virus envelope protein E and domain III expressed in insect larvae protects mice against West Nile disease. Vaccine 2011; 29:1830-5. [PMID: 21211580 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, West Nile virus (WNV) envelope (rE) protein and its domain III (rDIII) were efficiently expressed in a cost-effective system based on insect larvae as non-fermentative living biofactories. Mice immunized with the partially purified rE or rDIII elicited high antibodies titers that neutralized viral infectivity in cell culture and in suckling mice. All vaccinated animals were fully protected when challenged with neurovirulent WNV NY99. Passive transfer of protective antibodies from immunized mothers to their offspring occurred both by transplacental and lactation routes. These results indicate that the insect-derived antigens tested may constitute potential vaccine candidates to be further evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Alonso-Padilla
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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42
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Fischer NO, Infante E, Ishikawa T, Blanchette CD, Bourne N, Hoeprich PD, Mason PW. Conjugation to nickel-chelating nanolipoprotein particles increases the potency and efficacy of subunit vaccines to prevent West Nile encephalitis. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:1018-22. [PMID: 20509624 DOI: 10.1021/bc100083d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Subunit antigens are attractive candidates for vaccine development, as they are safe, cost-effective, and rapidly produced. Nevertheless, subunit antigens often need to be adjuvanted and/or formulated to produce products with acceptable potency and efficacy. Here, we describe a simple method for improving the potency and efficacy of a recombinant subunit antigen by its immobilization on nickel-chelating nanolipoprotein particles (NiNLPs). NiNLPs are membrane mimetic nanoparticles that provide a delivery and presentation platform amenable to binding any recombinant subunit immunogens featuring a polyhistidine tag. A His-tagged, soluble truncated form of the West Nile virus (WNV) envelope protein (trE-His) was immobilized on NiNLPs. Single inoculations of the NiNLP-trE-His produced superior anti-WNV immune responses and provided significantly improved protection against a live WNV challenge compared to mice inoculated with trE-His alone. These results have broad implications in vaccine development and optimization, as NiNLP technology is well-suited to many types of vaccines, providing a universal platform for enhancing the potency and efficacy of recombinant subunit immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O Fischer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
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43
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Ohtaki N, Takahashi H, Kaneko K, Gomi Y, Ishikawa T, Higashi Y, Kurata T, Sata T, Kojima A. Immunogenicity and efficacy of two types of West Nile virus-like particles different in size and maturation as a second-generation vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2010; 28:6588-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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Spohn G, Jennings GT, Martina BE, Keller I, Beck M, Pumpens P, Osterhaus AD, Bachmann MF. A VLP-based vaccine targeting domain III of the West Nile virus E protein protects from lethal infection in mice. Virol J 2010; 7:146. [PMID: 20604940 PMCID: PMC2914671 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Since its first appearance in the USA in 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) has spread in the Western hemisphere and continues to represent an important public health concern. In the absence of effective treatment, there is a medical need for the development of a safe and efficient vaccine. Live attenuated WNV vaccines have shown promise in preclinical and clinical studies but might carry inherent risks due to the possibility of reversion to more virulent forms. Subunit vaccines based on the large envelope (E) glycoprotein of WNV have therefore been explored as an alternative approach. Although these vaccines were shown to protect from disease in animal models, multiple injections and/or strong adjuvants were required to reach efficacy, underscoring the need for more immunogenic, yet safe DIII-based vaccines. Results We produced a conjugate vaccine against WNV consisting of recombinantly expressed domain III (DIII) of the E glycoprotein chemically cross-linked to virus-like particles derived from the recently discovered bacteriophage AP205. In contrast to isolated DIII protein, which required three administrations to induce detectable antibody titers in mice, high titers of DIII-specific antibodies were induced after a single injection of the conjugate vaccine. These antibodies were able to neutralize the virus in vitro and provided partial protection from a challenge with a lethal dose of WNV. Three injections of the vaccine induced high titers of virus-neutralizing antibodies, and completely protected mice from WNV infection. Conclusions The immunogenicity of DIII can be strongly enhanced by conjugation to virus-like particles of the bacteriophage AP205. The superior immunogenicity of the conjugate vaccine with respect to other DIII-based subunit vaccines, its anticipated favourable safety profile and low production costs highlight its potential as an efficacious and cost-effective prophylaxis against WNV.
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Dunn MD, Rossi SL, Carter DM, Vogt MR, Mehlhop E, Diamond MS, Ross TM. Enhancement of anti-DIII antibodies by the C3d derivative P28 results in lower viral titers and augments protection in mice. Virol J 2010; 7:95. [PMID: 20462412 PMCID: PMC2885341 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies generated against West Nile virus (WNV) during infection are essential for controlling dissemination. Recent studies have demonstrated that epitopes in all three domains of the flavivirus envelope protein (E) are targets for neutralizing antibodies, with determinants in domain III (DIII) eliciting antibodies with strong inhibitory properties. In order to increase the magnitude and quality of the antibody response against the WNV E protein, DNA vaccines with derivatives of the WNV E gene (full length E, truncated E, or DIII region, some in the context of the pre-membrane [prM] gene) were conjugated to the molecular adjuvant P28. The P28 region of the complement protein C3d is the minimum CR2-binding domain necessary for the adjuvant activity of C3d. Delivery of DNA-based vaccines by gene gun and intramuscular routes stimulated production of IgG antibodies against the WNV DIII region of the E protein. With the exception of the vaccine expressing prM/E given intramuscularly, only mice that received DNA vaccines by gene gun produced protective neutralizing antibody titers (FRNT80 titer >1/40). Correspondingly, mice vaccinated by the gene gun route were protected to a greater level from lethal WNV challenge. In general, mice vaccinated with P28-adjuvated vaccines produced higher IgG titers than mice vaccinated with non-adjuvanted vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Dunn
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, 9047 Biomedical Science Tower 3, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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46
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Bioinformatics in new generation flavivirus vaccines. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:864029. [PMID: 20467477 PMCID: PMC2867002 DOI: 10.1155/2010/864029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavivirus infections are the most prevalent arthropod-borne infections world wide, often causing severe disease especially among children, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. In the absence of effective antiviral treatment, prevention through vaccination would greatly reduce morbidity and mortality associated with flavivirus infections. Despite the success of the empirically developed vaccines against yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus, there is an increasing need for a more rational design and development of safe and effective vaccines. Several bioinformatic tools are available to support such rational vaccine design. In doing so, several parameters have to be taken into account, such as safety for the target population, overall immunogenicity of the candidate vaccine, and efficacy and longevity of the immune responses triggered. Examples of how bio-informatics is applied to assist in the rational design and improvements of vaccines, particularly flavivirus vaccines, are presented and discussed.
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Lobigs M, Pavy M, Hall RA, Lobigs P, Cooper P, Komiya T, Toriniwa H, Petrovsky N. An inactivated Vero cell-grown Japanese encephalitis vaccine formulated with Advax, a novel inulin-based adjuvant, induces protective neutralizing antibody against homologous and heterologous flaviviruses. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:1407-17. [PMID: 20130134 PMCID: PMC2888167 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.019190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advax is a polysaccharide-based adjuvant that potently stimulates vaccine immunogenicity without the increased reactogenicity seen with other adjuvants. This study investigated the immunogenicity of a novel Advax-adjuvanted Vero cell culture candidate vaccine against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in mice and horses. The results showed that, in mice, a two-immunization, low-dose (50 ng JEV antigen) regimen with adjuvanted vaccine produced solid neutralizing immunity comparable to that elicited with live ChimeriVax-JE immunization and superior to that elicited with tenfold higher doses of a traditional non-adjuvanted JEV vaccine (JE-VAX; Biken Institute) or a newly approved alum-adjuvanted vaccine (Jespect; Novartis). Mice vaccinated with the Advax-adjuvanted, but not the unadjuvanted vaccine, were protected against live JEV challenge. Equine immunizations against JEV with Advax-formulated vaccine similarly showed enhanced vaccine immunogenicity, confirming that the adjuvant effects of Advax are not restricted to rodent models. Advax-adjuvanted JEV vaccine elicited a balanced T-helper 1 (Th1)/Th2 immune response against JEV with protective levels of cross-neutralizing antibody against other viruses belonging to the JEV serocomplex, including Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV). The adjuvanted JEV vaccine was well tolerated with minimal reactogenicity and no systemic toxicity in immunized animals. The cessation of manufacture of traditional mouse brain-derived unadjuvanted JEV vaccine in Japan has resulted in a JEV vaccine shortage internationally. There is also an ongoing lack of human vaccines against other JEV serocomplex flaviviruses, such as MVEV, making this adjuvanted, cell culture-grown JEV vaccine a promising candidate to address both needs with one vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Lobigs
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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48
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Coimmunization with an optimized IL15 plasmid adjuvant enhances humoral immunity via stimulating B cells induced by genetically engineered DNA vaccines expressing consensus JEV and WNV E DIII. Vaccine 2009; 27:4370-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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49
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Upadhyaya B, Manjunath R. Baker's yeast expressing the Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein on its cell surface: induction of an antigen-specific but non-neutralizing antibody response. Yeast 2009; 26:383-97. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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50
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Ludolfs D, Reinholz M, Schmitz H. Highly specific detection of antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus in humans using a domain III antigen and a sensitive immune complex (IC) ELISA. J Clin Virol 2009; 45:125-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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