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Hendy DA, Johnson-Weaver BT, Batty CJ, Bachelder EM, Abraham SN, Staats HF, Ainslie KM. Delivery of small molecule mast cell activators for West Nile Virus vaccination using acetalated dextran microparticles. Int J Pharm 2023; 634:122658. [PMID: 36731641 PMCID: PMC9975031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been increasing interest in the activation of mast cells to promote vaccine efficacy. Several mast cell activating (MCA) compounds have been reported such as M7 and Compound 48/80 (C48/80). While these MCAs have been proven to be efficacious vaccine adjuvants, their translatability is limited by batch-to-batch variability, challenging large-scale manufacturing, and poor in vivo stability for the M7 peptide. Due to this, high throughput screening was performed to identify small molecule MCAs. Several potent MCAs were identified via this screening, but the in vivo translatability of the compounds was limited due to their poor aqueous solubility. To enhance the delivery of these MCAs we encapsulated them in acetalated dextran (Ace-DEX) microparticles (MPs). We have previously utilized Ace-DEX MPs for vaccine delivery due to their passive targeting to phagocytic cells, acid sensitivity, and tunable degradation. Four different MCA loaded MPs were combined with West Nile Virus Envelope III protein (EDIII) and their vaccine adjuvant activities were compared in vivo. MPs containing the small molecule MCA ST101036 produced the highest anti-EDIII IgG titers of all the MCAs tested. Further, ST101036 MPs produced higher titers than ST101036 formulated with PEG as a cosolvent which highlights the benefit of Ace-DEX MPs over a conventional formulation technique. Finally, in a mouse model of West Nile Virus infection ST101036 MPs produced similar survival to soluble M7 (80-90%). Overall, these data show that ST101036 MPs produce a robust antibody response against EDIII and survival emphasizing the benefits of using Ace-DEX as a delivery platform for the poorly soluble ST101036.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan A Hendy
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | - Cole J Batty
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | | | - Herman F Staats
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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2
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Ontiveros-Padilla L, Batty CJ, Hendy DA, Pena ES, Roque JA, Stiepel RT, Carlock MA, Simpson SR, Ross TM, Abraham SN, Staats HF, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Development of a broadly active influenza intranasal vaccine adjuvanted with self-assembled particles composed of mastoparan-7 and CpG. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1103765. [PMID: 37033992 PMCID: PMC10081679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1103765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently licensed vaccine adjuvants offer limited mucosal immunity, which is needed to better combat respiratory infections such as influenza. Mast cells (MCs) are emerging as a target for a new class of mucosal vaccine adjuvants. Here, we developed and characterized a nanoparticulate adjuvant composed of an MC activator [mastoparan-7 (M7)] and a TLR ligand (CpG). This novel nanoparticle (NP) adjuvant was co-formulated with a computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) for hemagglutinin (HA), which is broadly reactive against influenza strains. M7 was combined at different ratios with CpG and tested for in vitro immune responses and cytotoxicity. We observed significantly higher cytokine production in dendritic cells and MCs with the lowest cytotoxicity at a charge-neutralizing ratio of nitrogen/phosphate = 1 for M7 and CpG. This combination formed spherical NPs approximately 200 nm in diameter with self-assembling capacity. Mice were vaccinated intranasally with COBRA HA and M7-CpG NPs in a prime-boost-boost schedule. Vaccinated mice had significantly higher antigen-specific antibody responses (IgG and IgA) in serum and mucosa compared with controls. Splenocytes from vaccinated mice had significantly increased cytokine production upon antigen recall and the presence of central and effector memory T cells in draining lymph nodes. Finally, co-immunization with NPs and COBRA HA induced influenza H3N2-specific HA inhibition antibody titers across multiple strains and partially protected mice from a challenge against an H3N2 virus. These results illustrate that the M7-CpG NP adjuvant combination can induce a protective immune response with a broadly reactive influenza antigen via mucosal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ontiveros-Padilla
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Cole J. Batty
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Dylan A. Hendy
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Erik S. Pena
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NC State/UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - John A. Roque
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Rebeca T. Stiepel
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Michael A. Carlock
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Port Saint, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sean R. Simpson
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Port Saint, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Port St. Lucie, FL, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Soman N. Abraham
- Departments of Pathology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Herman F. Staats
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccines Institute, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Eric M. Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kristy M. Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NC State/UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Kristy M. Ainslie,
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Natarajan S, Govender K, Shobo A, Baijnath S, Arvidsson PI, Govender T, Lin J, Maguire GE, Naicker T, Kruger HG. Potential of brain mast cells for therapeutic application in the immune response to bacterial and viral infections. Brain Res 2021; 1767:147524. [PMID: 34015358 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of microorganisms can infect the central nervous system (CNS). The immune response of the CNS provides limited protection against microbes penetrating the blood-brain barrier. This results in a neurological deficit and sometimes leads to high morbidity and mortality rates despite advanced therapies. For the last two decades, different studies have expanded our understanding of the molecular basis of human neuroinfectious diseases, especially concerning the contributions of mast cell interactions with other central nervous system compartments. Brain mast cells are multifunctional cells derived from the bone marrow and reside in the brain. Their proximity to blood vessels, their role as "first responders" their unique receptors systems and their ability to rapidly release pathogen responsive mediators enable them to exert a crucial defensive role in the host-defense system. This review describes key biological and physiological functions of mast cells, concerning their ability to recognize pathogens via various receptor systems, followed by a coordinated and selective mediator release upon specific interactions with pathogenic stimulating factors. The goal of this review is to direct attention to the possibilities for therapeutic applications of mast cells against bacterial and viral related infections. We also focus on opportunities for future research activating mast cells via adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheesh Natarajan
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-Block, 6th Floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kamini Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-Block, 6th Floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Adeola Shobo
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-Block, 6th Floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-Block, 6th Floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Per I Arvidsson
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-Block, 6th Floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa; Science for Life Laboratory, Drug Discovery and Development, Platform and Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Johnson Lin
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Glenn Em Maguire
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-Block, 6th Floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-Block, 6th Floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-Block, 6th Floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa.
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Li Z, Li Y, Wang Y, Hou Y, Cao H, Wu X, Hu S, Long D. Intranasal immunization with a rNMB0315 and combination adjuvants induces protective immunity against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 93:107411. [PMID: 33548582 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis (N. meningitidis) is a human-specific pathogen and a major cause of meningitis and septicemia with a high case fatality rate. N. meningitidis may penetrate the nasopharyngeal mucosal membrane and cause severe meningitis, a mucosal immune response plays a key role in the defense against meningococcal infections. Our previous study demonstrated that N. meningitidis serogroup B 0315 (NMB0315) was a vaccine candidate against N. meningitidis serogroup B (NMB) through parenteral immunization. In this study, immunopotentiators (C48/80 or CpG-ODN) were loaded into chitosan nanoparticle (Chi NP) to form combination adjuvants (Chi-CpG NP and Chi-C48/80 NP) and adopted to enhance the immunogenicity of NMB0315 through intranasal immunization. The experimental results have indicated that both Chi-CpG NP and Chi-C48/80 NP are effective mucosal adjuvants for the induction of significantly higher rNMB0315-specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and sIgA antibodies. Meanwhile, Chi-CpG NP and Chi-C48/80 NP could change the ratio of IgG1/IgG2a, inducing a more balanced cellular/humoral immune response. Chi-CpG NP and Chi-C48/80 NP also boosted interleukin-4 (IL-4), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-17 A (IL-17A) production by splenocytes. The bactericidal antibodies have been detected in sera from mice immunized with rNMB0315 + Chi-CpG NP and rNMB0315 + Chi-C48/80 NP. Overall, the combination adjuvants could be applicable to the development of a mucosal vaccine against NMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yumeng Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Operating Room, The Second Hospital University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yongli Hou
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Sihai Hu
- Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Dingxin Long
- China School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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Willows S, Kulka M. Harnessing the Power of Mast Cells in unconventional Immunotherapy Strategies and Vaccine Adjuvants. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122713. [PMID: 33352850 PMCID: PMC7766453 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are long-lived, granular, myeloid-derived leukocytes that have significant protective and repair functions in tissues. Mast cells sense disruptions in the local microenvironment and are first responders to physical, chemical and biological insults. When activated, mast cells release growth factors, proteases, chemotactic proteins and cytokines thereby mobilizing and amplifying the reactions of the innate and adaptive immune system. Mast cells are therefore significant regulators of homeostatic functions and may be essential in microenvironmental changes during pathogen invasion and disease. During infection by helminths, bacteria and viruses, mast cells release antimicrobial factors to facilitate pathogen expulsion and eradication. Mast cell-derived proteases and growth factors protect tissues from insect/snake bites and exposure to ultraviolet radiation. Finally, mast cells release mediators that promote wound healing in the inflammatory, proliferative and remodelling stages. Since mast cells have such a powerful repertoire of functions, targeting mast cells may be an effective new strategy for immunotherapy of disease and design of novel vaccine adjuvants. In this review, we will examine how certain strategies that specifically target and activate mast cells can be used to treat and resolve infections, augment vaccines and heal wounds. Although these strategies may be protective in certain circumstances, mast cells activation may be deleterious if not carefully controlled and any therapeutic strategy using mast cell activators must be carefully explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Willows
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada;
| | - Marianna Kulka
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 11421 Saskatchewan Dr, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M9, Canada;
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-641-1687
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6
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Mast Cell Functions Linking Innate Sensing to Adaptive Immunity. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122538. [PMID: 33255519 PMCID: PMC7761480 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mast cells (MCs) are known as key drivers of type I allergic reactions, there is increasing evidence for their critical role in host defense. MCs not only play an important role in initiating innate immune responses, but also influence the onset, kinetics, and amplitude of the adaptive arm of immunity or fine-tune the mode of the adaptive reaction. Intriguingly, MCs have been shown to affect T-cell activation by direct interaction or indirectly, by modifying the properties of antigen-presenting cells, and can even modulate lymph node-borne adaptive responses remotely from the periphery. In this review, we provide a summary of recent findings that explain how MCs act as a link between the innate and adaptive immunity, all the way from sensing inflammatory insult to orchestrating the final outcome of the immune response.
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St. John AL, Choi HW, Walker QD, Blough B, Kuhn CM, Abraham SN, Staats HF. Novel mucosal adjuvant, mastoparan-7, improves cocaine vaccine efficacy. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:12. [PMID: 32047657 PMCID: PMC7002721 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-0161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is one of the most potent and addictive psychostimulants known and there are no available pharmacotherapies to treat cocaine addiction. Here we describe a novel cocaine vaccine employing the mucosal adjuvant and mast cell-activating oligopeptide, mastoparan-7 (M7), to achieve optimal IgA antibody responses in mucosal secretions and effective induction of humoral immunity using a short immunization protocol. This formulation, using a hapten-carrier system to deliver cocaine as antigen, also reduced cocaine penetration of the blood brain barrier and protected mice from its psychoactive effects by reducing cocaine-induced locomotion. Surprisingly, the magnitude of cocaine-specific antibody titers induced by each adjuvant was not the major determinant of functional protection from cocaine challenge. A side-by-side comparison of the two haptens, cocaine and its analog GNC demonstrated that cocaine haptenation resulted in superior functional protection when used in combination with the novel mucosal adjuvant, M7. These results provide a new potential strategy for combatting cocaine addiction through mucosal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. St. John
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228 Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore, 168753 Singapore
| | - Hae Woong Choi
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
- Present Address: Korea University, Division of Life Sciences, 108 Hana-Science Building, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Q. David Walker
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Bruce Blough
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC 27709 USA
| | - Cynthia M. Kuhn
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Soman N. Abraham
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Herman F. Staats
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
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Optimized Mucosal Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Prime/Soluble gp120 Boost HIV Vaccination Regimen Induces Antibody Responses Similar to Those of an Intramuscular Regimen. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00475-19. [PMID: 31068425 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00475-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefits of mucosal vaccines over injected vaccines are difficult to ascertain, since mucosally administered vaccines often induce serum antibody responses of lower magnitude than those induced by injected vaccines. This study aimed to determine if mucosal vaccination using a modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 (MVAgp120) prime and a HIV-1 gp120 protein boost could be optimized to induce serum antibody responses similar to those induced by an intramuscularly (i.m.) administered MVAgp120 prime/gp120 boost to allow comparison of an i.m. immunization regimen to a mucosal vaccination regimen for the ability to protect against a low-dose rectal simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge. A 3-fold higher antigen dose was required for intranasal (i.n.) immunization with gp120 to induce serum anti-gp120 IgG responses not significantly different than those induced by i.m. immunization. gp120 fused to the adenovirus type 2 fiber binding domain (gp120-Ad2F), a mucosal targeting ligand, exhibited enhanced i.n. immunogenicity compared to gp120. MVAgp120 was more immunogenic after i.n. delivery than after gastric or rectal delivery. Using these optimized vaccines, an i.n. MVAgp120 prime/combined i.m. (gp120) and i.n. (gp120-Ad2F) boost regimen (i.n./i.m.-plus-i.n.) induced serum anti-gp120 antibody titers similar to those induced by the intramuscular prime/boost regimen (i.m./i.m.) in rabbits and nonhuman primates. Despite the induction of similar systemic anti-HIV-1 antibody responses, neither the i.m./i.m. nor the i.n./i.m.-plus-i.n. regimen protected against a repeated low-dose rectal SHIV challenge. These results demonstrate that immunization regimens utilizing the i.n. route are able to induce serum antigen-specific antibody responses similar to those induced by systemic immunization.IMPORTANCE Mucosal vaccination is proposed as a method of immunization able to induce protection against mucosal pathogens that is superior to protection provided by parenteral immunization. However, mucosal vaccination often induces serum antigen-specific immune responses of lower magnitude than those induced by parenteral immunization, making the comparison of mucosal and parenteral immunization difficult. We identified vaccine parameters that allowed an immunization regimen consisting of an i.n. prime followed by boosters administered by both i.n. and i.m. routes to induce serum antibody responses similar to those induced by i.m. prime/boost vaccination. Additional studies are needed to determine the potential benefit of mucosal immunization for HIV-1 and other mucosally transmitted pathogens.
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Bento D, Jesus S, Lebre F, Gonçalves T, Borges O. Chitosan Plus Compound 48/80: Formulation and Preliminary Evaluation as a Hepatitis B Vaccine Adjuvant. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11020072. [PMID: 30744102 PMCID: PMC6409706 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current vaccine research is mostly based on subunit antigens. Despite the better toxicity profile of these antigens they are often poorly immunogenic, so adjuvant association has been explored as a strategy to obtain a potent vaccine formulation. Recently, mast cell activators were recognized as a new class of vaccine adjuvants capable of potentiating mucosal and systemic immune responses. In this study, a co-adjuvanted delivery system was developed and characterized, combining the mast cell activator C48/80 with chitosan nanoparticles (Chi-C48/80 NPs), and the results were compared with plain chitosan nanoparticles. The adsorption of model antigens onto the NP surface as well as the biocompatibility of the system was not affected by the incorporation of C48/80 in the formulation. The stability of the nanoparticles was demonstrated by studying the variation of size and zeta potential at different times, and the ability to be internalized by antigen presenting cells was confirmed by confocal microscopy. Vaccination studies with hepatitis B surface antigen loaded Chi-C48/80 NPs validated the adjuvanticity of the delivery system, demonstrating for the first time a successful association between a mast cell activator and chitosan nanoparticles as a vaccine adjuvant for hepatitis B virus, applied to a nasal vaccination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce Bento
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-0504 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Sandra Jesus
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-0504 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Filipa Lebre
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-0504 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Gonçalves
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-0504 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Olga Borges
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-0504 Coimbra, Portugal.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
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10
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Stassen M, Hartmann AK, Delgado SJ, Dehmel S, Braun A. Mast cells within cellular networks. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:S46-S54. [PMID: 30731122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are highly versatile in terms of their mode of activation by a host of stimuli and their ability to flexibly release a plethora of biologically highly active mediators. Within the immune system, mast cells can best be designated as an active nexus interlinking innate and adaptive immunity. Here we try to draw an arc from initiation of acute inflammatory reactions to microbial pathogens to development of adaptive immunity and allergies. This multifaceted nature of mast cells is made possible by interaction with multiple cell types of immunologic and nonimmunologic origin. Examples for the former include neutrophils, eosinophils, T cells, and professional antigen-presenting cells. These interactions allow mast cells to orchestrate inflammatory innate reactions and complex adaptive immunity, including the pathogenesis of allergies. Important partners of nonimmunologic origin include cells of the sensory neuronal system. The intimate association between mast cells and sensory nerve fibers allows bidirectional communication, leading to neurogenic inflammation. Evidence is accumulating that this mast cell/nerve crosstalk is of pathophysiologic relevance in patients with allergic diseases, such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stassen
- Institute for Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Ann-Kathrin Hartmann
- Institute for Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sharon Jiménez Delgado
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) research network, Member of the Cluster of Excellence Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy (REBIRTH), Hannover, Germany; Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susann Dehmel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) research network, Member of the Cluster of Excellence Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy (REBIRTH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) research network, Member of the Cluster of Excellence Regenerative Biology to Reconstructive Therapy (REBIRTH), Hannover, Germany; Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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11
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Roy S, Ganguly A, Haque M, Ali H. Angiogenic Host Defense Peptide AG-30/5C and Bradykinin B 2 Receptor Antagonist Icatibant Are G Protein Biased Agonists for MRGPRX2 in Mast Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1229-1238. [PMID: 30651343 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AG-30/5C is an angiogenic host defense peptide that activates human mast cells (MC) via an unknown mechanism. Using short hairpin RNA-silenced human MC line LAD2 and stably transfected RBL-2H3 cells, we demonstrate that AG-30/5C induces MC degranulation via Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2). Most G protein-coupled receptors signal via parallel and independent pathways mediated by G proteins and β-arrestins. AG-30/5C and compound 48/80 induced similar maximal MC degranulation via MRGPRX2, which was abolished by pertussis toxin. However, compound 48/80 induced a robust β-arrestin activation as determined by transcriptional activation following arrestin translocation (Tango), but AG-30/5C did not. Overnight culture of MC with compound 48/80 resulted in reduced cell surface MRGPRX2 expression, and this was associated with a significant decrease in subsequent MC degranulation in response to compound 48/80 or AG-30/5C. However, AG-30/5C pretreatment had no effect on cell surface MRGPRX2 expression or degranulation in response to compound 48/80 or AG-30/5C. Icatibant, a bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, promotes MC degranulation via MRGPRX2 and causes pseudoallergic drug reaction. Icatibant caused MC degranulation via a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein but did not activate β-arrestin. A screen of the National Institutes of Health Clinical Collection library led to the identification of resveratrol as an inhibitor of MRGPRX2. Resveratrol inhibited compound 48/80-induced Tango and MC degranulation in response to compound 48/80, AG-30/5C, and Icatibant. This study demonstrates the novel finding that AG-30/5C and Icatibant serve as G protein-biased agonists for MRGPRX2, but compound 48/80 signals via both G protein and β-arrestin with distinct differences in receptor regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Roy
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Anirban Ganguly
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Maureen Haque
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Hydar Ali
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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12
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Schubert N, Lisenko K, Auerbach C, Weitzmann A, Ghouse SM, Muhandes L, Haase C, Häring T, Schulze L, Voehringer D, Gunzer F, Müller W, Feyerabend TB, Rodewald HR, Dudeck A, Roers A. Unimpaired Responses to Vaccination With Protein Antigen Plus Adjuvant in Mice With Kit-Independent Mast Cell Deficiency. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1870. [PMID: 30210490 PMCID: PMC6123530 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate inflammatory responses are crucial for induction and regulation of T cell and antibody responses. Mast cell (MC)-deficient Kit mutant mice showed impaired adaptive immunity, suggesting that MCs provide essential adjuvant activities, and pharmacological MC activation was proposed as a new adjuvant principle. However, the Kit mutations result in complex alterations of the immune system in addition to MC deficiency. We revisited the role of MCs in vaccination responses using Mcpt5-Cre R26DTA/DTA and Cpa3Cre/+ mice that lack connective tissue MCs or all MCs, respectively, but feature an otherwise normal immune system. These animals showed no impairment of T and B cell responses to intradermal vaccination with protein antigen plus complete Freund’s adjuvant. Moreover, we demonstrate that the adjuvant effects of the MC secretagogue c48/80 in intradermal or mucosal immunization are independent of the presence of MCs. We hence find no evidence for a regulation by MCs of adaptive immune responses to protein antigens. The finding that immunological MC functions differ from those suggested by experiments in Kit mutants, emphasizes the importance of rigorous tests in Kit-independent MC-deficiency models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Schubert
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute for Immunology, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katharina Lisenko
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute for Immunology, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Auerbach
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anke Weitzmann
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute for Immunology, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Shanawaz Mohammed Ghouse
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute for Immunology, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lina Muhandes
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute for Immunology, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christa Haase
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute for Immunology, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Häring
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute for Immunology, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Livia Schulze
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute for Immunology, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Gunzer
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Werner Müller
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hans-Reimer Rodewald
- Division of Cellular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Dudeck
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute for Immunology, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Axel Roers
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute for Immunology, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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13
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Mast cell activators as novel immune regulators. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 41:89-95. [PMID: 29843056 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are an important cell type of the innate immune system that when activated, play a crucial role in generating protective innate host responses after bacterial and viral infection. Additionally, activated mast cells influence lymph node composition to regulate the induction of adaptive immune responses. The recognition that mast cells play a beneficial role in host responses to microbial infection and induction of adaptive immunity has provided the rationale to evaluate mast cell activators for use as antimicrobials or vaccine adjuvants. This review summarizes the role of mast cell activators in antimicrobial responses while also discussing the use of different classes of mast cell activators as potent vaccine adjuvants that enhance the induction of protective immune responses.
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14
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Redegeld FA, Yu Y, Kumari S, Charles N, Blank U. Non-IgE mediated mast cell activation. Immunol Rev 2018; 282:87-113. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank A. Redegeld
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Sangeeta Kumari
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Charles
- INSERM U1149; Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation; Paris France
- CNRS ERL8252; Paris France
- Université Paris-Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Faculté de Médecine; Site Xavier Bichat; Paris France
| | - Ulrich Blank
- INSERM U1149; Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation; Paris France
- CNRS ERL8252; Paris France
- Université Paris-Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Faculté de Médecine; Site Xavier Bichat; Paris France
- Inflamex Laboratory of Excellence; Paris France
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15
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Jesus S, Soares E, Borchard G, Borges O. Adjuvant Activity of Poly-ε-caprolactone/Chitosan Nanoparticles Characterized by Mast Cell Activation and IFN-γ and IL-17 Production. Mol Pharm 2017; 15:72-82. [PMID: 29160080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) are extremely attractive vaccine adjuvants, able to promote antigen delivery and in some instances, exert intrinsic immunostimulatory properties that enhance antigen specific humoral and cellular immune responses. The poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL)/chitosan NPs were designed with the aim of being able to combine the properties of the 2 polymers in the preparation of an adjuvant for the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). This article reports important results of an in vitro mechanistic study and immunization studies with HBsAg associated with different concentrations of the nanoparticles. The results revealed that PCL/chitosan NPs promoted mast cell (MC) activation (β-hexosaminidase release) and that its adjuvant effect is not mediated by the TNF-α secretion. Moreover, we demonstrated that HBsAg loaded PCL/chitosan NPs, administered through the subcutaneous (SC) route, were able to induce higher specific antibody titers without increasing IgE when compared to a commercial vaccine, and that the IgG titers are nanoparticle-dose dependent. The results also revealed the NPs' capability to promote a cellular immune response against HBsAg, characterized by the production of IFN-γ and IL-17. These results demonstrated that PCL/chitosan NPs are a good hepatitis B antigen adjuvant, with direct influence on the intensity and type of the immune response generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jesus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra , 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra , 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Edna Soares
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra , 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra , 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gerrit Borchard
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Unssssiversity of Lausanne , 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olga Borges
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra , 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra , 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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16
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Yoshino N, Takeshita R, Kawamura H, Sasaki Y, Kagabu M, Sugiyama T, Muraki Y, Sato S. Mast cells partially contribute to mucosal adjuvanticity of surfactin in mice. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2017; 6:117-127. [PMID: 29105371 PMCID: PMC5818442 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Surfactin (SF) is a cyclic lipopeptide that has potent mucosal adjuvant properties. However, immunological mechanisms of SF adjuvant action have not yet been elucidated. As some cyclic lipopeptides, such as polymyxin, can stimulate histamine release from mast cells, we hypothesized that mast cell activation is critical for SF adjuvanticity. Methods/Results We observed that following intranasal immunization with ovalbumin (OVA) plus SF, the titers of the OVA‐specific antibody (Ab) in the mucosal secretions and plasma of mast cell‐deficient mice were significantly lower than those in congenic normal mice, although OVA‐specific Ab did not entirely disappear from mast cell‐deficient mice. SF induced degranulation of mast cells and release of histamine in vitro. To investigate whether SF stimulated mast cells in vivo, we measured body temperature of mice immunized intranasally with OVA plus SF because histamine level affects body temperature. Following immunizations, body temperature of immunized congenic normal mice transiently decreased, whereas body temperature of mast cell‐deficient mice did not change. Plasma levels of OVA‐specific IgE Ab were not significantly different in mast cell‐deficient and congenic normal mice. These findings suggest that SF directly affected mast cells in an IgE Ab‐independent fashion. Furthermore, we analyzed the effects of SF on MC/9 mast cells cultured in vitro. MC/9 cells stimulated by SF released not only histamine but also leukotriene B4 and prostaglandin D2. Moreover, SF up‐regulated mRNA expression levels of Tnf, Ccr5, and Il4 genes in mast cells. These cytokines may play a facilitating role in OVA‐specific immune responses in mice. Conclusion Overall, our results showed that mast cell activation partially mediated SF adjuvanticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Yoshino
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takeshita
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hanae Kawamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yutaka Sasaki
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kagabu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Toru Sugiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yasushi Muraki
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Sato
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
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17
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Boyaka PN. Inducing Mucosal IgA: A Challenge for Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28630108 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal IgA or secretory IgA (SIgA) are structurally equipped to resist chemical degradation in the harsh environment of mucosal surfaces and enzymes of host or microbial origin. Production of SIgA is finely regulated, and distinct T-independent and T-dependent mechanisms orchestrate Ig α class switching and SIgA responses against commensal and pathogenic microbes. Most infectious pathogens enter the host via mucosal surfaces. To provide a first line of protection at these entry ports, vaccines are being developed to induce pathogen-specific SIgA in addition to systemic immunity achieved by injected vaccines. Mucosal or epicutaneous delivery of vaccines helps target the inductive sites for SIgA responses. The efficacy of such vaccines relies on the identification and/or engineering of vaccine adjuvants capable of supporting the development of SIgA alongside systemic immunity and delivery systems that improve vaccine delivery to the targeted anatomic sites and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosper N Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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18
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Ayyadurai S, Gibson AJ, D'Costa S, Overman EL, Sommerville LJ, Poopal AC, Mackey E, Li Y, Moeser AJ. Frontline Science: Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor subtype 1 is a critical modulator of mast cell degranulation and stress-induced pathophysiology. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:1299-1312. [PMID: 28684600 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2hi0317-088rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Life stress is a major risk factor in the onset and exacerbation of mast cell-associated diseases, including allergy/anaphylaxis, asthma, and irritable bowel syndrome. Although it is known that mast cells are highly activated upon stressful events, the mechanisms by which stress modulates mast cell function and disease pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of corticotropin-releasing factor receptor subtype 1 (CRF1) in mast cell degranulation and associated disease pathophysiology. In a mast cell-dependent model of IgE-mediated passive systemic anaphylaxis (PSA), prophylactic administration of the CRF1-antagonist antalarmin attenuated mast cell degranulation and hypothermia. Mast cell-deficient KitW-sh/W-sh mice engrafted with CRF1-/- bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) exhibited attenuated PSA-induced serum histamine, hypothermia, and clinical scores compared with wild-type BMMC-engrafted KitW-sh/W-sh mice. KitW-sh/W-sh mice engrafted with CRF1-/- BMMCs also exhibited suppressed in vivo mast cell degranulation and intestinal permeability in response to acute restraint stress. Genetic and pharmacologic experiments with murine BMMCs, rat RBL-2H3, and human LAD2 mast cells demonstrated that although CRF1 activation did not directly induce MC degranulation, CRF1 signaling potentiated the degranulation responses triggered by diverse mast cell stimuli and was associated with enhanced release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. Taken together, our results revealed a prominent role for CRF1 signaling in mast cells as a positive modulator of stimuli-induced degranulation and in vivo pathophysiologic responses to immunologic and psychologic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Ayyadurai
- Gastrointestinal Stress Biology Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Susan D'Costa
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Overman
- Department of Biology, Methodist University, Fayetteville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura J Sommerville
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ashwini C Poopal
- Gastrointestinal Stress Biology Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily Mackey
- Gastrointestinal Stress Biology Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yihang Li
- Gastrointestinal Stress Biology Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Adam J Moeser
- Gastrointestinal Stress Biology Laboratory, Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA; .,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA; and.,Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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19
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Li X, Chen S, Huang S, Lu F. Mast cell activator compound 48/40 is not an effective adjuvant for UV-attenuated Toxoplasma gondii vaccine. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:2347-2353. [PMID: 28573462 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5522-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii, Tg) is a globally distributed parasitic protozoan causing different forms of toxoplasmosis in humans. Mast cells (MCs) play a role during T. gondii infection. Several studies suggest that MC activator compound 48/80 (C48/80) may be an effective vaccine adjuvant resulting in a potent and protective antigen-specific immune response against bacteria or virus infections. The present study was performed to determine whether C48/80 had adjuvant activity for ultraviolet (UV)-attenuated T. gondii vaccine to induce protective immune responses against T. gondii in mouse model. Kunming mice were divided into the following groups: naive mice, naive mice administrated with C48/80 intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, mice infected by i.p. injection of 104 T. gondii RH strain alone (Tg group), mice infected with 104 RH tachyzoites plus C48/80 administration (Tg + C48/80), mice immunized with UV-Tg alone, and mice immunized with UV-Tg plus C48/80 administration (UV-Tg + C48/80). All the vaccinated mice were challenged with 104 tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain at the same time as the primary infection. The survival rates, liver histopathologies, liver parasite burdens, and mRNA expression levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in the livers and spleens detected by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were compared among the aforementioned groups after primary infection or challenge infection. The results showed that, compared to the Tg group or Tg + C48/80 group, the UV-Tg + Tg group and UV-Tg + C48/80 + Tg group had significantly prolonged survival time, lower liver histopathological scores, decreased liver parasite burdens, and increased levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in the livers and spleens. There was no significant difference of survival time between the UV-Tg + Tg group and the UV-Tg + C48/80 + Tg group; however, the UV-Tg + C48/80 + Tg group showed higher parasite burden, more severe liver histopathology, and decreased IL-4 level compared to the UV-Tg + Tg group. These results indicate that C48/80 had no adjuvant activity for the immunization induced by UV-attenuated T. gondii vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengjie Chen
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiguang Huang
- Jinan University School of Stomatology, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Fangli Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
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20
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Martin TL, Jee J, Kim E, Steiner HE, Cormet-Boyaka E, Boyaka PN. Sublingual targeting of STING with 3'3'-cGAMP promotes systemic and mucosal immunity against anthrax toxins. Vaccine 2017; 35:2511-2519. [PMID: 28343781 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis, a zoonotic bacterial pathogen affecting humans and livestock worldwide. The current human anthrax vaccine, anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA), is an injected vaccine with a cumbersome administration schedule and fails to promote mucosal immunity. Bacterial enterotoxins, which stimulate production of the cyclic nucleotide cAMP are effective experimental mucosal vaccine adjuvants, but their inherent toxicity has precluded their use in humans. We investigated whether cyclic dinucleotides that target Stimulator of Interferon Gamma Genes (STING) in mammalian cells could represent an alternative to bacterial enterotoxins as adjuvant for sublingual immunization and promotion of mucosal immunity and secretory IgA responses in addition to systemic immunity. We found that sublingual immunization of mice with Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA) and the STING ligand 3'3'-cGAMP promotes PA-specific serum IgG Ab responses of the same magnitude as those induced after immunization with PA and the experimental adjuvant cholera toxin (CT). Interestingly, this STING ligand also promoted serum anti-PA IgA and IgA-producing cells in the bone marrow. Furthermore, the saliva of mice immunized with the STING ligand exhibited similar levels of PA-specific IgA Abs as groups immunized with CT as adjuvant. The adjuvant activity of 3'3'-cGAMP was associated with mixed Th1, Th2, and Th17 responses. This STING ligand also induced rapid IFN-β and IL-10 responses in sublingual tissues and cervical lymph nodes, and TGF-β responses in the cervical lymph nodes, which could contribute to promoting IgA responses after sublingual immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Martin
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Junbae Jee
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Eunsoo Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Haley E Steiner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Estelle Cormet-Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Prosper N Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
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21
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Chillo O, Kleinert EC, Lautz T, Lasch M, Pagel JI, Heun Y, Troidl K, Fischer S, Caballero-Martinez A, Mauer A, Kurz ARM, Assmann G, Rehberg M, Kanse SM, Nieswandt B, Walzog B, Reichel CA, Mannell H, Preissner KT, Deindl E. Perivascular Mast Cells Govern Shear Stress-Induced Arteriogenesis by Orchestrating Leukocyte Function. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2197-2207. [PMID: 27524614 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The body has the capacity to compensate for an occluded artery by creating a natural bypass upon increased fluid shear stress. How this mechanical force is translated into collateral artery growth (arteriogenesis) is unresolved. We show that extravasation of neutrophils mediated by the platelet receptor GPIbα and uPA results in Nox2-derived reactive oxygen radicals, which activate perivascular mast cells. These c-kit(+)/CXCR-4(+) cells stimulate arteriogenesis by recruiting additional neutrophils as well as growth-promoting monocytes and T cells. Additionally, mast cells may directly contribute to vascular remodeling and vascular cell proliferation through increased MMP activity and by supplying growth-promoting factors. Boosting mast cell recruitment and activation effectively promotes arteriogenesis, thereby protecting tissue from severe ischemic damage. We thus find that perivascular mast cells are central regulators of shear stress-induced arteriogenesis by orchestrating leukocyte function and growth factor/cytokine release, thus providing a therapeutic target for treatment of vascular occlusive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omary Chillo
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Eike Christian Kleinert
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Lautz
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Manuel Lasch
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Judith-Irina Pagel
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Hospital of the University of Munich, Department of Anesthesiology, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Yvonn Heun
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Troidl
- Division of Arteriogenesis Research, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Silvia Fischer
- Institute for Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-Universität, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Amelia Caballero-Martinez
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Annika Mauer
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Institute for Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-Universität, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Angela R M Kurz
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerald Assmann
- Institute of Pathology, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Rehberg
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sandip M Kanse
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Walzog
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph A Reichel
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany; Hospital of the University of Munich, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Hanna Mannell
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus T Preissner
- Institute for Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig-Universität, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Deindl
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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22
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Gupta K, Kotian A, Subramanian H, Daniell H, Ali H. Activation of human mast cells by retrocyclin and protegrin highlight their immunomodulatory and antimicrobial properties. Oncotarget 2016; 6:28573-87. [PMID: 26378047 PMCID: PMC4745678 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical evaluation of Retrocyclins (RC-100, RC-101) and Protegrin-1 (PG-1) antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) is important because of their therapeutic potential against bacterial, fungal and viral infections. Human mast cells (HMCs) play important roles in host defense and wound healing but the abilities of retrocyclins and protegrin-1 to harness these functions have not been investigated. Here, we report that chemically synthesized RC-100 and PG-1 caused calcium mobilization and degranulation in HMCs but these responses were not blocked by an inhibitor of formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1), a known receptor for AMPs. However, RC-100 and PG-1 induced degranulation in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells stably expressing Mas related G protein coupled receptor X2 (MrgX2). Chemical synthesis of these AMPs is prohibitively expensive and post-synthesis modifications (cyclization, disulfide bonds, folding) are inadequate for optimal antimicrobial activity. Indeed, we found that synthetic RC-100, which caused mast cell degranulation via MrgX2, did not display any antimicrobial activity. Green-fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged RC-101 (analog of RC-100) and GFP-tagged PG-1 purified from transgenic plant chloroplasts killed bacteria and induced mast cell degranulation. Furthermore, GFP-PG1 bound specifically to RBL-2H3 cells expressing MrgX2. These findings suggest that retrocyclins and protegrins activate HMCs independently of FPRL1 but via MrgX2. Harnessing this novel feature of AMPs to activate mast cell's host defense/wound healing properties in addition to their antimicrobial activities expands their clinical potential. Low cost production of AMPs in plants should facilitate their advancement to the clinic overcoming major hurdles in current production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij Gupta
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Akhil Kotian
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hariharan Subramanian
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hydar Ali
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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23
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Subramanian H, Gupta K, Ali H. Roles of Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 on mast cell-mediated host defense, pseudoallergic drug reactions, and chronic inflammatory diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:700-710. [PMID: 27448446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs), which are granulated tissue-resident cells of hematopoietic lineage, contribute to vascular homeostasis, innate/adaptive immunity, and wound healing. However, MCs are best known for their roles in allergic and inflammatory diseases, such as anaphylaxis, food allergy, rhinitis, itch, urticaria, atopic dermatitis, and asthma. In addition to the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI), MCs express numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which are the largest group of membrane receptor proteins and the most common targets of drug therapy. Antimicrobial host defense peptides, neuropeptides, major basic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, and many US Food and Drug Administration-approved peptidergic drugs activate human MCs through a novel GPCR known as Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2; formerly known as MrgX2). Unique features of MRGPRX2 that distinguish it from other GPCRs include their presence both on the plasma membrane and intracellular sites and their selective expression in MCs. In this article we review the possible roles of MRGPRX2 on host defense, drug-induced anaphylactoid reactions, neurogenic inflammation, pain, itch, and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as urticaria and asthma. We propose that host defense peptides that kill microbes directly and activate MCs through MRGPRX2 could serve as novel GPCR targets to modulate host defense against microbial infection. Furthermore, mAbs or small-molecule inhibitors of MRGPRX2 could be developed for the treatment of MC-dependent allergic and inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariharan Subramanian
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Kshitij Gupta
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa
| | - Hydar Ali
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa.
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24
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Effect of particulate adjuvant on the anthrax protective antigen dose required for effective nasal vaccination. Vaccine 2015; 33:3609-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Fang Y, Xiang Z. Roles and relevance of mast cells in infection and vaccination. J Biomed Res 2015; 30:253-63. [PMID: 26565602 PMCID: PMC4946316 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20150038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to their well-established role in allergy mast cells have been described as contributing to functional regulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses in host defense. Mast cells are of hematopoietic origin but typically complete their differentiation in tissues where they express immune regulatory functions by releasing diverse mediators and cytokines. Mast cells are abundant at mucosal tissues which are portals of entry for common infectious agents in addition to allergens. Here, we review the current understanding of the participation of mast cells in defense against infection. We also discuss possibilities of exploiting mast cell activation to provide adequate adjuvant activity that is needed in high-quality vaccination against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Clinical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Zou Xiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Research Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden.
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26
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Bento D, Staats HF, Gonçalves T, Borges O. Development of a novel adjuvanted nasal vaccine: C48/80 associated with chitosan nanoparticles as a path to enhance mucosal immunity. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 93:149-64. [PMID: 25818119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In a time in which mucosal vaccines development has been delayed by the lack of safe and effective mucosal adjuvants, the combination of adjuvants has started to be explored as a strategy to obtain potent vaccine formulations. This study describes a novel adjuvant combination as an effective approach for a nasal vaccine - the association of the mast cell activator compound 48/80 with chitosan based nanoparticles. It was hypothesized that mucoadhesive nanoparticles would promote the cellular uptake and prolong the antigen residence time on nasal cavity. Simultaneously, mast cell activation would promote a local microenvironment favorable to the development of an immune response. To test this hypothesis, two different C48/80 loaded nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared: Chitosan-C48/80 NP (Chi-C48/80 NP) and Chitosan/Alginate-C48/80 NP (Chi/Alg-C48/80 NP). The potential as a vaccine adjuvant of the two delivery systems was evaluated and directly compared. Both formulations had a mean size near 500nm and a positive charge; however, Chi-C48/80 NP was a more effective adjuvant delivery system when compared with Chi/Alg-C48/80 NP or C48/80 alone. Chi-C48/80 NP activated mast cells at a greater extent, were better internalized by antigen presenting cells than Chi/Alg-C48/80 NP and successfully enhanced the nasal residence time of a model antigen. Superiority of Chi-C48/80 NP as adjuvant was also observed in vivo. Therefore, nasal immunization of mice with Bacillus anthracis protective antigen (PA) adsorbed on Chi-C48/80 NP elicited high levels of serum anti-PA neutralizing antibodies and a more balanced Th1/Th2 profile than C48/80 in solution or Chi/Alg-C48/80 NP. The incorporation of C48/80 within Chi NP also promoted a mucosal immunity greater than all the other adjuvanted groups tested, showing that the combination of a mast cell activator and chitosan NP could be a promising strategy for nasal immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bento
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - H F Staats
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - T Gonçalves
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - O Borges
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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27
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Ding J, Fang Y, Xiang Z. Antigen/IgG immune complex-primed mucosal mast cells mediate antigen-specific activation of co-cultured T cells. Immunology 2015; 144:387-394. [PMID: 25196548 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are proposed to be one of the targets for mucosal vaccine adjuvants. We previously demonstrated that mucosal adjuvants containing IgG immune complexes could activate connective tissue mast cells enhancing immune responses. Here we suggest that mucosal mast cells (MMC) may also contribute to augmentation of antigen-specific immune responses following treatment with antigens complexed with IgG. We demonstrated that both bone marrow-derived cultured MMC and tissue resident MMC incorporated ovalbumin (OVA) at a greater level in the presence of anti-OVA IgG. Co-culture of OVA/IgG-pulsed bone marrow-derived MMC with splenocytes from OT-II mice promoted OVA-specific activation and proliferation of T cells, a process known as cross-presentation. Furthermore, bone marrow-derived cultured MMC underwent apoptosis following treatment with IgG immune complexes, a feature that has been described as favouring phagocytosis of mast cells by professional antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, China
| | - Zou Xiang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Research Centre, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Zeng L, Liu Y, Wang H, Liao P, Song Z, Gao S, Wu Y, Zhang X, Yin Y, Xu W. Compound 48/80 acts as a potent mucosal adjuvant for vaccination against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in young mice. Vaccine 2015; 33:1008-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Mast cells have been demonstrated to have critical roles in host defense against a number of types of pathogens. In order to better understand how mast cells participate in effective immune responses, it is important to evaluate their ability to respond directly to pathogens and their products. In the current chapter we provide a methodology to evaluate human mast cell responses to a number of bacterial and fungal pathogen products and to mammalian reovirus as a model of acute viral infection. These methods should provide key information necessary to aid in the effective design of experiments to evaluate human mast cell responses to a number of other organisms. However, it is important to carefully consider the biology of the mast cell subsets and pathogens involved and the optimal experimental conditions necessary to evaluate mediators of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian D Haidl
- Dalhousie Inflammation Group, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2
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30
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31
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Oskeritzian CA. Mast cell plasticity and sphingosine-1-phosphate in immunity, inflammation and cancer. Mol Immunol 2015; 63:104-12. [PMID: 24766823 PMCID: PMC4226394 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) are found in all vascularized tissues at homeostasis and, until recently, were viewed only as effector cells of allergic reactions via degranulation, the canonical process through which MC release mediators, including histamine and pre-formed proteases and cytokines such as TNF. Cross-linking of IgE bound to surface high affinity receptors for IgE (FcɛRI) by a specific antigen (Ag) triggers signaling events leading to degranulation. We and others have reported the concomitant production and export of an influential multifaceted sphingolipid mediator, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) transported outside of MC by ATP-binding cassettes (ABC) transporters, i.e., independently of degranulation. Indeed, the MC horizon expanded by the discovery of their unique ability to selectively release mediators depending upon the stimulus and receptors involved. Aside from degranulation and transporter usage, MC are also endowed with piecemeal degranulation, a slower process during which mediator release occurs with minor morphological changes. The broad spectrum of pro- and anti-inflammatory bioactive substances MC produce and release, their amounts and delivery pace render these cells bona fide fine-tuners of the immune response. In this viewpoint article, MC developmental, phenotypic and functional plasticity, its modulation by microRNAs and its relevance to immunity, inflammation and cancer will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole A Oskeritzian
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Building 2, Room C10, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC 29209, USA.
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32
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Gómez-González NE, García-García E, Montero J, García-Alcázar A, Meseguer J, García-Ayala A, Mulero V. Isolation of mast cells from the peritoneal exudate of the teleost fish gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:225-232. [PMID: 25047357 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is the first response of animals to infection or tissue damage. Sparus aurata (Perciformes) was the first fish species shown to possess histamine-containing mast cells at mucosal tissues. We report a separation protocol for obtaining highly enriched (over 95% purity) preparations of fish mast cells in high numbers (5-20 million mast cells per fish). The peritoneal exudate of S. aurata is composed of lymphocytes, acidophilic granulocytes, macrophages and mast cells. We separated the lymphocyte fraction through discontinuous density gradient centrifugation. The remaining cells were cultivated overnight in RPMI-1640 culture medium containing 5% fetal calf serum, which allowed macrophages to adhere to the cell culture flasks. Finally, acidophilic granulocytes were separated from the mast cells though a Magnetic-Activated Cell Separation (MACS) protocol, using a monoclonal antibody against these cells. The purity of mast cells-enriched fractions was analyzed by flow cytometry and by transmission electron microscopy. The functionality of purified mast cells was confirmed by the detection of histamine release by ELISA after stimulation with compound 48/80 and the induction of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-8 following stimulation with bacterial DNA. This fish mast cells separation protocol is a stepping stone for further studies addressing the evolution of vertebrate inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Esther Gómez-González
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Erick García-García
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jana Montero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alicia García-Alcázar
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Planta de Cultivos Marinos, Ctra. de la Azohía s/n, 30860 Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Meseguer
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfonsa García-Ayala
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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33
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Reber LL, Frossard N. Targeting mast cells in inflammatory diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 142:416-35. [PMID: 24486828 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although mast cells have long been known to play a critical role in anaphylaxis and other allergic diseases, they also participate in some innate immune responses and may even have some protective functions. Data from the study of mast cell-deficient mice have facilitated our understanding of some of the molecular mechanisms driving mast cell functions during both innate and adaptive immune responses. This review presents an overview of the biology of mast cells and their potential involvement in various inflammatory diseases. We then discuss some of the current pharmacological approaches used to target mast cells and their products in several diseases associated with mast cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent L Reber
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Nelly Frossard
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, France
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Xu L, Bao L, Li F, Lv Q, Yuan J, Xu Y, Deng W, Yao Y, Yu P, Qin C. Intranasal immunization of mice with inactivated virus and mast cell activator C48/80 elicits protective immunity against influenza H1 but not H5. Immunol Invest 2013; 43:224-35. [PMID: 24295504 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2013.859155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination represents the most economic and effective strategy of preventing influenza pandemics. We previously demonstrated that intranasal immunization of mice with recombinant hemagglutinin and the mast cell activator C48/80 elicited protective immunity against challenge with the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza in mice, demonstrating that the novel C48/80 mucosal adjuvant was safe and effective. The present study demonstrated that intranasal immunization with inactivated H1N1 virus and C48/80 elicited protective immunity against lethal challenge with homologous virus, however, when the immunogen was replaced with inactivated H5N1 virus protection was lost. These observations suggested that the adjuvant effects conferred by C48/80 were virus subtype specific and that its use as a broad-spectrum adjuvant for use in immunizations against all influenza viruses needs to be further analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical Collage (PUMC); Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health; Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Model, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Beijing, 100021 , China
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35
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The immune complex CTA1-DD/IgG adjuvant specifically targets connective tissue mast cells through FcγRIIIA and augments anti-HPV immunity after nasal immunization. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:1168-78. [PMID: 23571505 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have previously reported that CTA1-DD/IgG immune complexes augment antibody responses in a mast cell-dependent manner following intranasal (IN) immunizations. However, from a safety perspective, mast cell activation could preclude clinical use. Therefore, we have extended these studies and demonstrate that CTA1-DD/IgG immune complexes administered IN did not trigger an anaphylactic reaction. Importantly, CTA1-DD/IgE immune complexes did not activate mast cells. Interestingly, only connective tissue, but not mucosal, mast cells could be activated by CTA1-DD/IgG immune complexes. This effect was mediated by FcγRIIIA, only expressed on connective tissue mast cells, and found in the nasal submucosa. FcγRIIIA-deficient mice had compromised responses to immunization adjuvanted by CTA1-DD/IgG. Proof-of-concept studies revealed that IN immunized mice with human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 L1 virus-like particles (VLP) and CTA1-DD/IgG immune complexes demonstrated strong and sustained specific antibody titers in serum and vaginal secretions. From a mast cell perspective, CTA1-DD/IgG immune complexes appear to be safe and effective mucosal adjuvants.
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36
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Trivedi NH, Guentzel MN, Rodriguez AR, Yu JJ, Forsthuber TG, Arulanandam BP. Mast cells: multitalented facilitators of protection against bacterial pathogens. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2013; 9:129-38. [PMID: 23390944 DOI: 10.1586/eci.12.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are crucial effector cells evoking immune responses against bacterial pathogens. The positioning of mast cells at the host-environment interface, and the multitude of pathogen-recognition receptors and preformed mediator granules make these cells potentially the earliest to respond to an invading pathogen. In this review, the authors summarize the receptors used by mast cells to recognize invading bacteria and discuss the function of immune mediators released by mast cells in control of bacterial infection. The interaction of mast cells with other immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells and T cells, to induce protective immunity is highlighted. The authors also discuss mast cell-based vaccine strategies and the potential application in control of bacterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita H Trivedi
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
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37
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Bento D, Borchard G, Gonçalves T, Borges O. Validation of a new 96-well plate spectrophotometric method for the quantification of compound 48/80 associated with particles. AAPS PharmSciTech 2013; 14:649-55. [PMID: 23468340 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-013-9950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A new, simple, inexpensive, and rapid 96-well plate UV spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the quantification of compound 48/80 (C48/80) associated with particles. C48/80 was quantified at 570 nm after reaction with acetaldehyde and sodium nitroprusside in an alkaline solution (pH 9.6). The method was validated according to the recommendations of the ICH Guidelines for specificity, linearity, range, accuracy, precision, and detection and quantification limits (DL and QL). All the validation parameters were assessed in three different solvents, i.e., deionized water, blank matrix of chitosan nanoparticles, and blank matrix of chitosan/alginate nanoparticles. The method was found to be linear in the concentration range of 5 to 160 μg/ml (R(2)>0.9994). Intraday and interday precision was adequate, with relative standard deviation lower than those given by the Horwitz equation. The mean recoveries of C48/80 from spiked samples ranged between 98.1% and 105.9% for calibration curves done with the blank matrices and between 89.3% and 103.3% for calibration curves done with water, respectively. The DL were lower than 1.01 μg/ml and the QL were lower than 3.30 μg/ml. The results showed that the developed method is sensitive, linear, precise, and accurate for its intended use, with the additional advantages of being cost-effective and time-effective, allowing the use of small-volume samples, and the simultaneous analysis of a large number of samples. The proposed method was already successfully applied to evaluate the loading efficacy of C48/80 chitosan-based nanoparticles and can be easily applied during the development of other C48/80-based formulations.
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38
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Gwinn WM, Johnson BT, Kirwan SM, Sobel AE, Abraham SN, Gunn MD, Staats HF. A comparison of non-toxin vaccine adjuvants for their ability to enhance the immunogenicity of nasally-administered anthrax recombinant protective antigen. Vaccine 2013; 31:1480-9. [PMID: 23352329 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Development of nasal immunization for human use is hindered by the lack of acceptable adjuvants. Although CT is an effective adjuvant, its toxicity will likely prevent its use in nasal vaccines. This study compared non-toxin adjuvants to CT for their ability to induce protective antibody responses with nasal immunization. C3H/HeN and C57BL/6 mice were immunized with rPA formulated with the following adjuvants: CT, IL-1α, LPS, CpG, Pam3CSK4, 3M-019, resiquimod/R848 or c48/80. Serum and nasal wash cytokine concentrations were monitored 6h post-vaccination as biomarkers for acute activation of the innate immune system. Not all of the adjuvants induced significant changes in innate serum or nasal wash cytokines, but when changes were observed, the cytokine signatures were unique for each adjuvant. All adjuvants except Pam3CSK4 induced significantly increased anti-rPA serum IgG titers in both strains of mice, while only IL-1α, c48/80 and CpG enhanced mucosal anti-rPA IgA. Pam3CSK4 was the only adjuvant unable to enhance the induction of serum LeTx-neutralizing antibodies in C3H/HeN mice while c48/80 was the only adjuvant to induce increased serum LeTx-neutralizing antibodies in C57BL/6 mice. Only CT enhanced total serum IgE in C3H/HeN mice while IL-1α enhanced total serum IgE in C57BL/6 mice. The adjuvant influenced antigen-specific serum IgG subclass and T cell cytokine profiles, but these responses did not correlate with the induction of LeTx-neutralizing activity. Our results demonstrate the induction of diverse innate and adaptive immune responses by non-toxin nasal vaccine adjuvants that lead to protective humoral immunity comparable to CT and that these responses may be influenced by the host strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Gwinn
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Staats HF, Kirwan SM, Choi HW, Shelburne CP, Abraham SN, Leung GYC, Chen DYK. A Mast Cell Degranulation Screening Assay for the Identification of Novel Mast Cell Activating Agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013; 4. [PMID: 23667736 DOI: 10.1039/c2md20073b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development and use of vaccines and their ability to prevent infection/disease is a shining example of the benefit of biomedical research. Modern vaccines often utilize subunit immunogens that exhibit minimal immunogenicity and require the use of adjuvants to maximize the induction of protective immune responses. We recently described a novel class of vaccine adjuvants, mast cell (MC) activators, that exhibit safe and effective vaccine adjuvant activity when administered by intranasal or intradermal routes. A compound library containing 580 functionalized benzopyrans, a structural motif found in a diverse array of natural and designed bioactive compounds, was screened using a MC degranulation assay to identify novel MC activating compounds for future evaluation as novel vaccine adjuvants. This approach identified 12 novel MC degranulating compounds. Therefore, MC degranulation can be used to reliably detect novel compounds for evaluation as adjuvants for use in mucosal vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman F Staats
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C. 27710, USA ; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C. 27710, USA ; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, N.C. 27710, USA
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Rhee JH, Lee SE, Kim SY. Mucosal vaccine adjuvants update. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2012; 1:50-63. [PMID: 23596577 PMCID: PMC3623511 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2012.1.1.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal vaccination, capable of inducing protective immune responses both in the mucosal and systemic immune compartments, has many advantages and is regarded as a blue ocean in the vaccine industry. Mucosal vaccines can offer lower costs, better accessability, needle-free delivery, and higher capacity of mass immunizations during pandemics. However, only very limited number of mucosal vaccines was approved for human use in the market yet. Generally, induction of immune responses following mucosal immunization requires the co-administration of appropriate adjuvants that can initiate and support the effective collaboration between innate and adaptive immunity. Classically, adjuvant researches were rather empirical than keenly scientific. However, during last several years, fundamental scientific achievements in innate immunity have been translated into the development of new mucosal adjuvants. This review focuses on recent developments in the concepts of adjuvants and innate immunity, mucosal immunity with special interest of vaccine development, and basic and applied researches in mucosal adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Haeng Rhee
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Korea. ; Department of Microbiology and Research Institute of Vibrio Infections, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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Li DY, Tang YP, Zhao LY, Geng CY, Tang JT. Antitumor effect and immune response induced by local hyperthermia in B16 murine melanoma: Effect of thermal dose. Oncol Lett 2012. [PMID: 23205088 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the antitumor effect and immune response induced by local high-temperature hyperthermia at different thermal doses in B16 murine melanoma. The screened optimal thermal dose (50°C, 15 min) which was demonstrated to be the most effective in immune response activation was applied to the treatment of lung metastasis. The optimal thermal dose was determined by evaluating the tumor volume change, survival period of tumor-bearing mice, and immune indices including interleukin (IL)-2, interferon (IFN)-γ and TNF-α mRNA expression in the spleen of mice subjected to local hyperthermia at various thermal doses. The activation of the immune response was further investigated by rechallenging the cured mice 60 days after hyperthermia treatment. The screened optimal thermal dose combined with immunoadjuvant compound 48/80 was applied for melanoma lung metastasis. While local hyperthermia effectively inhibited B16 melanoma tumor growth and prolonged the survival period of tumor-bearing mice, the antitumor immunity was significantly enhanced and the effect was thermal dose-dependent. Higher temperatures (≥50°C) induced a significant effect even with a short treatment time (≤15 min). No tumor regrowth was observed for rechallenged B16 melanoma in mice following treatment with local hyperthermia at a higher temperature. Local hyperthermia by optimal thermal dose in combination with immunoadjuvant compound 48/80 is an effective approach for the treatment of B16 melanoma lung metastasis. This study indicated that the use of a local high-temperature hyperthermia protocol inhibits tumor growth and stimulates a favorable antitumor immune response against malignant melanoma. The results of these experiments may have clinical significance for the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ye Li
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008; ; Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging, Ministry of Education, Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084
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Intradermal immunization using coated microneedles containing an immunoadjuvant. Vaccine 2012; 30:4355-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tunis MC, Dawicki W, Carson KR, Wang J, Marshall JS. Mast cells and IgE activation do not alter the development of oral tolerance in a murine model. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:705-715.e1. [PMID: 22607990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to their well-known role as potent effector cells in patients with allergic disease, mast cells have important immunomodulatory roles regulating tolerance in allograft rejection models. The roles of mast cells in oral tolerance development have not previously been examined. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the importance of mast cells, IgE-mediated mast cell activation, and histamine receptor 1 or 2 blockade on oral tolerance development in mice. METHODS Oral tolerance was assessed in 2 mast cell-deficient murine strains (Kit(W-sh/W-sh) and Kit(W/W-v) mice) and control mice. Mice were fed ovalbumin (OVA) or peanut butter for 1 week and then immunized and boosted with relevant protein antigens. Antibody responses were assessed by using ELISA. The oral antihistamines pyrilamine and ranitidine were administered during tolerance induction to OVA. IgE-mediated mast cell activation was initiated during oral tolerance induction or OVA immunization. OVA-specific regulatory T cells were assessed in the Peyer patches, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleens by using flow cytometry after adoptive transfer. RESULTS Oral tolerance was successfully induced to OVA and peanut butter in mast cell-deficient mice. Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice had higher proportions of antigen-specific regulatory T cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes than mast cell-containing control mice. However, mast cell reconstitution studies suggested this effect was mast cell independent. Oral antihistamine treatments with pyrilamine or ranitidine did not impair tolerance and neither did IgE-mediated activation. CONCLUSIONS Mast cells are not necessary for the induction of oral tolerance, and allergic activation of mast cells does not impair tolerance to OVA. Oral antihistamine treatments do not disrupt the development of oral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Tunis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Zhou C, Zhou L, Chen YH. Immunization with high epitope density of M2e derived from 2009 pandemic H1N1 elicits protective immunity in mice. Vaccine 2012; 30:3463-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Thompson AL, Johnson BT, Sempowski GD, Gunn MD, Hou B, DeFranco AL, Staats HF. Maximal adjuvant activity of nasally delivered IL-1α requires adjuvant-responsive CD11c(+) cells and does not correlate with adjuvant-induced in vivo cytokine production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2834-46. [PMID: 22345651 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IL-1 has been shown to have strong mucosal adjuvant activities, but little is known about its mechanism of action. We vaccinated IL-1R1 bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice to determine whether IL-1R1 expression on stromal cells or hematopoietic cells was sufficient for the maximal adjuvant activity of nasally delivered IL-1α as determined by the acute induction of cytokine responses and induction of Bacillus anthracis lethal factor (LF)-specific adaptive immunity. Cytokine and chemokine responses induced by vaccination with IL-1α were predominantly derived from the stromal cell compartment and included G-CSF, IL-6, IL-13, MCP-1, and keratinocyte chemoattractant. Nasal vaccination of Il1r1(-/-) (knock-out [KO]) mice given wild-type (WT) BM (WT→KO) and WT→WT mice with LF + IL-1α induced maximal adaptive immune responses, whereas vaccination of WT mice given Il1r1(-/-) BM (KO→WT) resulted in significantly decreased production of LF-specific serum IgG, IgG subclasses, lethal toxin-neutralizing Abs, and mucosal IgA compared with WT→KO and WT→WT mice (p < 0.05). IL-1α adjuvant activity was not dependent on mast cells. However, the ability of IL-1α to induce serum LF-specific IgG2c and lethal toxin-neutralizing Abs was significantly impaired in CD11c-Myd88(-/-) mice when compared with WT mice (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that CD11c(+) cells must be directly activated by nasally administered IL-1α for maximal adjuvant activity and that, although stromal cells are required for maximal adjuvant-induced cytokine production, the adjuvant-induced stromal cell cytokine responses are not required for effective induction of adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afton L Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Zhou J, Tsai YT, Weng H, Tang L. Noninvasive assessment of localized inflammatory responses. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:218-26. [PMID: 22080048 PMCID: PMC3249500 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases are associated with the accumulation of activated inflammatory cells, particularly polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), which release reactive oxygen species (ROS) to eradicate foreign bodies and microorganisms. To assess the location and extent of localized inflammatory responses, L-012, a highly sensitive chemiluminescent probe, was employed to noninvasively monitor the production of ROS. We found that L-012-associated chemiluminescence imaging can be used to identify and to quantify the extent of inflammatory responses. Furthermore, regardless of differences among animal models, there is a good linear relationship between chemiluminescence intensity and PMN numbers surrounding inflamed tissue. Depletion of PMNs substantially diminished L-012-associated chemiluminescence in vivo. Finally, L-012-associated chemiluminescence imaging was found to be a powerful tool for assessing implant-mediated inflammatory responses by measuring chemiluminescence intensity at the implantation sites. These results support the use of L-012 for monitoring the kinetics of inflammatory responses in vivo via the detection and quantification of ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hong Weng
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, TX 76019
| | - Liping Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, TX 76019
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Chan CY, St John AL, Abraham SN. Plasticity in mast cell responses during bacterial infections. Curr Opin Microbiol 2011; 15:78-84. [PMID: 22055570 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) have been implicated in orchestrating the host's early innate immune and adaptive immune responses in several models of acute bacterial infections. Most of this activity results in early clearance of the bacteria and timely resolution of infection. However, during chronic infections because of the prolonged nature of MC-bacterial interactions, the role of the MC in determining the fate of infection is markedly more complex. Depending on the nature of the pathogen, severity of infection, and its association with a preexisting inflammatory disease, MCs may promote rather than contain chronic infections and exacerbate their pathological sequellae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Y Chan
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Bal SM, Slütter B, Verheul R, Bouwstra JA, Jiskoot W. Adjuvanted, antigen loaded N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles for nasal and intradermal vaccination: adjuvant- and site-dependent immunogenicity in mice. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 45:475-81. [PMID: 22009113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanoparticles have been shown to increase the immunogenicity of subunit antigens after nasal and intradermal administration. This work describes a second generation of TMC nanoparticles containing ovalbumin as a model antigen (TMC/OVA nanoparticles) and an immunopotentiator (TMC/OVA/immunopotentiator nanoparticles). The selection of immunopotentiators included Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands lipopolysaccharide (LPS), PAM(3)CSK(4) (PAM), CpG DNA, the NOD-like receptor 2 ligand muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and the GM1 ganglioside receptor ligand, cholera toxin B subunit (CTB). The TMC/OVA/immunopotentiator nanoparticles were characterised physico-chemically and their immunogenicity was assessed by determining the serum IgG, IgG1, IgG2a titres and secretory IgA levels in nasal washes after intradermal and nasal vaccination in mice. After nasal vaccination, TMC/OVA nanoparticles containing LPS or MDP elicited higher IgG, IgG1 and sIgA levels than non-adjuvanted TMC/OVA particles, whereas nanoparticles containing CTB, PAM or CpG did not. After intradermal vaccination, the TMC/OVA/CpG and TMC/OVA/LPS nanoparticles provoked higher IgG titres than plain TMC/OVA particles. Altogether, our results show that co-encapsulation of an additional immunopotentiator with the antigen into TMC nanoparticles can further improve the immunogenicity of the vaccine. However, the strength and quality of the response depends on the immunopotentiator as well as the route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Bal
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Dunkin D, Berin MC, Mayer L. Allergic sensitization can be induced via multiple physiologic routes in an adjuvant-dependent manner. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 128:1251-1258.e2. [PMID: 21762973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral exposure to food allergens may be limited in infancy, and the initial site of antigen exposure likely plays an important role in food allergy induction. OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of different routes of exposure by using milk allergens, with and without adjuvant, on sensitization. METHODS C3H/HeJ mice were repeatedly exposed to the milk allergen α-lactalbumin (ALA), with or without cholera toxin (CT). Sensitization routes used were intragastric, cutaneous, intranasal, and sublingual. Anaphylaxis severity was assessed by symptoms and body temperature in response to oral challenge. Antigen-specific serum antibodies were measured by ELISA. The mechanism of adjuvant activity of cutaneous CT was also determined. RESULTS Sensitization to ALA as measured by allergen-specific IgE occurred by all routes of sensitization and was maximal in response to cutaneous exposure. Sensitization was dependent on CT and did not occur to antigen alone by any route. Mucosal, but not cutaneous, exposure resulted in a robust allergen-specific IgA response. Anaphylaxis occurred in all sensitized groups when orally challenged with ALA. Topical CT induced migration of langerin(neg) dermal dendritic cells to the lymph node, resulting in enhanced proliferation and T(H)2 cytokine production from responder T cells. CONCLUSIONS Sensitization can occur via all physiologic routes when adjuvant is present. The skin is a potent and likely important physiologic route of sensitization whereby adjuvant induces an efflux of antigen-bearing dermal dendritic cells to the lymph node that generate a proallergic T(H)2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dunkin
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Chitlaru T, Altboum Z, Reuveny S, Shafferman A. Progress and novel strategies in vaccine development and treatment of anthrax. Immunol Rev 2011; 239:221-36. [PMID: 21198675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lethal anthrax disease is caused by spores of the gram-positive Bacillus anthracis, a member of the cereus group of bacilli. Although the disease is very rare in the Western world, development of anthrax countermeasures gains increasing attention due to the potential use of B. anthracis spores as a bio-terror weapon. Protective antigen (PA), the non-toxic subunit of the bacterial secreted exotoxin, fulfills the role of recognizing a specific receptor and mediating the entry of the toxin into the host target cells. PA elicits a protective immune response and represents the basis for all current anthrax vaccines. Anti-PA neutralizing antibodies are useful correlates for protection and for vaccine efficacy evaluation. Post exposure anti-toxemic and anti-bacteremic prophylactic treatment of anthrax requires prolonged antibiotic administration. Shorter efficient postexposure treatments may require active or passive immunization, in addition to antibiotics. Although anthrax is acknowledged as a toxinogenic disease, additional factors, other than the bacterial toxin, may be involved in the virulence of B. anthracis and may be needed for the long-lasting protection conferred by PA immunization. The search for such novel factors is the focus of several high throughput genomic and proteomic studies that are already leading to identification of novel targets for therapeutics, for vaccine candidates, as well as biomarkers for detection and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodor Chitlaru
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
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