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Baker HJ, Martin DR, Gross AL, Chamorro MF, Naskou MC, Johnson AK, Brock KV, Van Kampen KR, Willoughby RE. Rabies: who should care? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 261:592-596. [PMID: 36476414 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.09.0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rabies is the deadliest viral infection known, with no reliable treatment, and although it is entirely preventable, rabies continues to kill more than 60,000 people every year, mostly children in countries where dog rabies is endemic. America is only 1 generation away from the time when rabies killed more than 10,000 animals and 50 Americans every year, but 3 to 5 Americans continue to die annually from rabies. Distressingly, > 50,000 Americans undergo rabies prevention therapy every year after exposure to potentially rabid animals. While enormous progress has been made, more must be done to defeat this ancient but persistent, fatal zoonosis. In the US, lack of public awareness and ambivalence are the greatest dangers imposed by rabies, resulting in unnecessary exposures, anxiety, and risk. Veterinarians have a special role in informing and reassuring the public about prevention and protection from rabies. This summary of current facts and future advances about rabies will assist veterinarians in informing their clients about the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Baker
- 1Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
- 2Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
| | - Douglas R Martin
- 1Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
- 3Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
| | - Amanda L Gross
- 1Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
| | - Manuel F Chamorro
- 4Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
| | - Maria C Naskou
- 1Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
- 2Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
| | - Aime K Johnson
- 1Scott-Ritchey Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
- 4Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL
| | - Kenny V Brock
- 5Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, AL
| | | | - Rodney E Willoughby
- 7Medical College of Wisconsin and Milwaukee Children's Hospital, Milwaukee, WI
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2
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Bansal A, Gamal W, Menon IJ, Olson V, Wu X, D'Souza MJ. Laser-assisted skin delivery of immunocontraceptive rabies nanoparticulate vaccine in poloxamer gel. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 155:105560. [PMID: 32949750 PMCID: PMC10964170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A painless skin delivery of vaccine for disease prevention is of great advantage in improving compliance in patients. To test this idea as a proof of concept, we utilized a pDNA vaccine construct, pDNAg333-2GnRH that has a dual function of controlling rabies and inducing immunocontraception in animals. The pDNA was administered to mice in a nanoparticulate form delivered through the skin using the P.L.E.A.S.E.® (Precise Laser Epidermal System) microporation laser device. Laser application was well tolerated, and mild skin reaction was healed completely in 8 days. We demonstrated that adjuvanted nanoparticulate pDNA vaccine significantly upregulated the expression of co-stimulatory molecules in dendritic cells. After topical administration of the adjuvanted nano-vaccine in mice, the high avidity serum for GnRH antibodies were induced and maintained up to 9 weeks. The induced immune response was of a mixed Th1/Th2 profile as measured by IgG subclasses (IgG2a and IgG1) and cytokine levels (IFN-γ and IL-4). Using flow cytometry, we revealed an increase of CD8+ T-cells and CD45R B cells upon the administration of the adjuvanted vaccine. Our previous study used the same pDNA nanoparticulate vaccine through an IM route, and a comparable immune response was induced using P.L.E.A.S.E. However, the vaccine dose in the current study was four-fold less than what was applied through the IM route.We concluded that laser-assisted skin vaccination has a potential of becoming a safe and reliable vaccination tool for rabies vaccination in animals or even in humans for pre- or post-exposure prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bansal
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Mercer University, College of Pharmacy, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Wael Gamal
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Mercer University, College of Pharmacy, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Ipshita Jayaprakash Menon
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Mercer University, College of Pharmacy, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Victoria Olson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, DHCPP, NCEZID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Xianfu Wu
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, DHCPP, NCEZID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Martin J D'Souza
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Mercer University, College of Pharmacy, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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3
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Scher G, Schnell MJ. Rhabdoviruses as vectors for vaccines and therapeutics. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 44:169-182. [PMID: 33130500 PMCID: PMC8331071 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate choice of vaccine vector is crucial for effective vaccine development. Rhabdoviral vectors, such as rabies virus and vesicular stomatitis virus, have been used in a variety of vaccine strategies. These viruses have small, easily manipulated genomes that can stably express foreign glycoproteins due to a well-established reverse genetics system for virus recovery. Both viruses have well-described safety profiles and have been demonstrated to be effective vaccine vectors. This review will describe how these Rhabdoviruses can be manipulated for use as vectors, their various applications as vaccines or therapeutics, and the advantages and disadvantages of their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Scher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Matthias J Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Jefferson Vaccine Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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4
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Wu X, Yang Y, Kling C, Seigler L, Gallardo-Romero NF, Martin BE, Smith TG, Olson VA. Inactivated Rabies Virus-Vectored Immunocontraceptive Vaccine in a Thermo-Responsive Hydrogel Induces High and Persistent Antibodies against Rabies, but Insufficient Antibodies against Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone for Contraception. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E73. [PMID: 31349649 PMCID: PMC6789544 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is preventable through vaccination, but the need to mount annual canine vaccination campaigns presents major challenges in rabies control and prevention. The development of a rabies vaccine that ensures lifelong immunity and animal population management in one dose could be extremely advantageous. A nonsurgical alternative to spay/neuter is a high priority for animal welfare, but irreversible infertility in one dose has not been achieved. Towards this goal, we developed a rabies virus-vectored immunocontraceptive vaccine ERA-2GnRH, which protected against rabies virus challenge and induced >80% infertility in mice after three doses in a live, liquid-vaccine formulation (Wu et al., 2014). To improve safety and use, we formulated an inactivated vaccine in a thermo-responsive chitosan hydrogel for one-dose delivery and studied the immune responses in mice. The hydrogel did not cause any injection site reactions, and the killed ERA-2GnRH vaccine induced high and persistent rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (rVNA) in mice. The rVNA in the hydrogel group reached an average of 327.40 IU/mL, more than 200 times higher than the liquid vaccine alone. The Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antibodies were also present and lasted longer in the hydrogel group, but did not prevent fertility in mice, reflecting a possible threshold level of GnRH antibodies for contraception. In conclusion, the hydrogel facilitated a high and long-lasting immunity, and ERA-2GnRH is a promising dual vaccine candidate. Future studies will focus on rabies protection in target species and improving the anti-GnRH response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfu Wu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch/DHCPP/NCEZID, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
| | - Yong Yang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch/DHCPP/NCEZID, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- ARK Temporary Staffing, Lawrenceville, GA 30046, USA
| | - Chantal Kling
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch/DHCPP/NCEZID, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Laurie Seigler
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch/DHCPP/NCEZID, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- ARK Temporary Staffing, Lawrenceville, GA 30046, USA
| | - Nadia F Gallardo-Romero
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch/DHCPP/NCEZID, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Brock E Martin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch/DHCPP/NCEZID, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Todd G Smith
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch/DHCPP/NCEZID, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Victoria A Olson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch/DHCPP/NCEZID, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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Ruan QZ, Fu JQ, Wu XX, Huang LP, Ruan RS. Rational combinations of in vivo cancer antigen priming and adoptive T-cell therapy mobilize immune and clinical responses in terminal cancers. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2018; 67:907-915. [PMID: 29511794 PMCID: PMC11028218 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-018-2142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE It is now recognized that solid tumors encroach on the host's immune microenvironment to favor its own proliferation. Strategies to enhance the specificity of the endogenous T-cell population against tumors have been met with limited clinical success. We aimed to devise a two-tier protocol coupling in vivo whole antigen priming with ex vivo cellular expansion to clinically evaluate survival in patients following re-infusion of primed, autologous T cells, thereby determining treatment efficacy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Treatment commenced with the acquisition of whole tumor antigens from tumor cell lines corresponding with patients' primary malignancy. Lysate mixture was inoculated intradermally, while peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were periodically extracted via phlebotomy and expanded in culture ex vivo for re-infusion. Post-treatment tumor-specific T-cell response and cytotoxicity was confirmed via Elispot and real-time cell analyzing (RTCA) assay. Serum cytokine levels and cytotoxicity scores were evaluated for associations with survival status and duration. RESULTS There was a significant increase in cytotoxicity exhibited by T cells measured using both Elispot and RTCA following treatment. Correlation analysis determined significant association between higher post-treatment cytotoxicity scores and survival status (R = 0.52, p = 0.0028) as well as longer survival duration in months (R = 0.59, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Our treatment protocol successfully demonstrated significant correlation between tumor-associated antigen-specific immune response and objective prolongation of survival. Whole-cell cancer antigen priming and adoptive T-cell therapy is, therefore, a highly feasible clinical model which can be easily replicated to positively influence outcome in end-stage malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhao Ruan
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jian Qian Fu
- Department of Oncology, Xiamen 5th Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiao Xuan Wu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Cancer Theranostics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, #246-248, Xiangan Nanlu, Xiangan District, Xiamen, China
| | - Li Ping Huang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Cancer Theranostics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, #246-248, Xiangan Nanlu, Xiangan District, Xiamen, China
| | - Run Sheng Ruan
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Translational Medicine of Cancer Theranostics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, #246-248, Xiangan Nanlu, Xiangan District, Xiamen, China.
- Zhang Zhou Xing Pu Hospital, Zhang Zhou, China.
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Bansal A, Wu X, Olson V, D'Souza MJ. Characterization of rabies pDNA nanoparticulate vaccine in poloxamer 407 gel. Int J Pharm 2018; 545:318-328. [PMID: 29746999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid DNA (pDNA) vaccines have the potential for protection against a wide range of diseases including rabies but are rapid in degradation and poor in uptake by antigen-presenting cells. To overcome the limitations, we fabricated a pDNA nanoparticulate vaccine. The negatively charged pDNA was adsorbed onto the surface of cationic PLGA (poly (d, l-lactide-co-glycolide))-chitosan nanoparticles and were used as a delivery vehicle. To create a hydrogel for sustainable vaccine release, we dispersed the pDNA nanoparticles in poloxamer 407 gel which is liquid at 4 °C and turns into soft gels at 37 °C, providing ease of administration and preventing burst release of pDNA. Complete immobilization of pDNA to cationic nanoparticles was achieved at a pDNA to nanoparticles ratio (P/N) of 1/50. Cellular uptake of nanoparticles was both time and concentration dependent and followed a saturation kinetics with Vmax of 11.389 µg/mL h and Km of 139.48 µg/mL. The in vitro release studies showed the nanoparticulate vaccine has a sustained release for up to 24 days. In summary, pDNA PLGA-chitosan nanoparticles were non-cytotoxic, their buffering capacity and cell uptake were enhanced, and sustained the release of pDNA. We expect our pDNA vaccine's potency will be greatly improved in the animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bansal
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Mercer University, College of Pharmacy, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Xianfu Wu
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, DHCPP, NCEZID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Victoria Olson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, DHCPP, NCEZID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Martin J D'Souza
- Center for Drug Delivery Research, Vaccine Nanotechnology Laboratory, Mercer University, College of Pharmacy, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Zhang Y, Zhou M, Li Y, Luo Z, Chen H, Cui M, Fu ZF, Zhao L. Recombinant rabies virus with the glycoprotein fused with a DC-binding peptide is an efficacious rabies vaccine. Oncotarget 2018; 9:831-841. [PMID: 29416659 PMCID: PMC5787516 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that recruiting and/or activating dendritic cells (DCs) enhanced the immunogenicity of recombinant rabies viruses (rRABV). In this study, rRABV LBNSE with a small DC-binding peptide (designated as rLBNSE-DCBp) or a negative control peptide (designated as rLBNSE-DCCp) fused to the glycoprotein (G) was constructed and rescued. As expected, significantly more activated DCs were detected in rLBNSE-DCBp-immunized mice than those immunized with rLBNSE or rLBNSE-DCCp. Subsequently, significantly more generation of TFH and GC B cells were observed in rLBNSE-DCBp immunized mice than those in rLBNSE or rLBNSE-DCCp-immunized mice. In addition, significantly higher levels of virus neutralizing antibodies (VNAs) were observed in mice immunized with rLBNSE-DCBp than those immunized with rLBNSE or rLBNSE-DCCp, resulting in a better protection of rLBNSE-DCBp immunized mice against the lethal challenge. Taken together, our results suggest that rRABV with G fused with DCBp is a promising rabies vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yachun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yingying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhaochen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhen F. Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Velasco-Villa A, Escobar LE, Sanchez A, Shi M, Streicker DG, Gallardo-Romero NF, Vargas-Pino F, Gutierrez-Cedillo V, Damon I, Emerson G. Successful strategies implemented towards the elimination of canine rabies in the Western Hemisphere. Antiviral Res 2017; 143:1-12. [PMID: 28385500 PMCID: PMC5543804 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Almost all cases of human rabies result from dog bites, making the elimination of canine rabies a global priority. During recent decades, many countries in the Western Hemisphere have carried out large-scale dog vaccination campaigns, controlled their free-ranging dog populations and enforced legislation for responsible pet ownership. This article reviews progress in eliminating canine rabies from the Western Hemisphere. After briefly summarizing the history of control efforts and describing the approaches listed above, we note that programs in some countries have been hindered by societal attitudes and severe economic disparities, which underlines the need to discuss measures that will be required to complete the elimination of canine rabies throughout the region. We also note that there is a constant threat for dog-maintained epizootics to re-occur, so as long as dog-maintained rabies "hot spots" are still present, free-roaming dog populations remain large, herd immunity becomes low and dog-derived rabies lyssavirus (RABLV) variants continue to circulate in close proximity to rabies-naïve dog populations. The elimination of dog-maintained rabies will be only feasible if both dog-maintained and dog-derived RABLV lineages and variants are permanently eliminated. This may be possible by keeping dog herd immunity above 70% at all times, fostering sustained laboratory-based surveillance through reliable rabies diagnosis and RABLV genetic typing in dogs, domestic animals and wildlife, as well as continuing to educate the population on the risk of rabies transmission, prevention and responsible pet ownership. Complete elimination of canine rabies requires permanent funding, with governments and people committed to make it a reality. An accompanying article reviews the history and epidemiology of canine rabies in the Western Hemisphere, beginning with its introduction during the period of European colonization, and discusses how spillovers of viruses between dogs and various wild carnivores will affect future eradication efforts (Velasco-Villa et al., 2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Velasco-Villa
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, NE, Atlanta, 30329 GA, USA.
| | - Luis E Escobar
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, 55108 MN, USA
| | - Anthony Sanchez
- Research & Environmental Safety Programs, Research Compliance and Safety, Georgia State University, Dahlberg Hall Building, 30 Courtland Street, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mang Shi
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Daniel G Streicker
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ Scotland, UK; MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Sir Henry Wellcome Building, Glasgow, G61 1QH Scotland, UK
| | - Nadia F Gallardo-Romero
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, NE, Atlanta, 30329 GA, USA
| | - Fernando Vargas-Pino
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades (CENAPRECE), Secretaria de Salud, Cuidad de México, Mexico
| | - Veronica Gutierrez-Cedillo
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades (CENAPRECE), Secretaria de Salud, Cuidad de México, Mexico
| | - Inger Damon
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, NE, Atlanta, 30329 GA, USA
| | - Ginny Emerson
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, NE, Atlanta, 30329 GA, USA
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Darkaoui S, Cliquet F, Wasniewski M, Robardet E, Aboulfidaa N, Bouslikhane M, Fassi-Fihri O. A Century Spent Combating Rabies in Morocco (1911-2015): How Much Longer? Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:78. [PMID: 28626749 PMCID: PMC5454081 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies has no known beginning in Morocco and to date, government control efforts and plans fail to eradicate the disease. A review and analysis of available epidemiological data are crucial to learn lessons from the past and to propose effective actions. Legally, animal rabies is a notifiable disease since 1913 and legislation has been updated periodically since. Dogs have always been considered as both the disease's vector and reservoir, while cattle, other herbivores, and humans are victims. Animal rabies cases evolution from 1942 to 2015 is characterized by ascending phase then decreasing one following structured rabies control plan implementation in 1980s. Indeed, from 1986 to 2010, three rabies control plans have been conducted based on free of charge rabies vaccination of owned dogs through mass campaigns. The geographical distribution of rabies is stable over the years with highest cases number in rich rural areas and around cities. Human rabies cases are decreasing over the time (1976-2015) thanks to the opening of new antirabic treatment centers in the last decade which permit the administration of more PEPs. After a century of rabies control, Morocco registered an average of 301 animal cases and 21 human cases annually for the last decade (2005-2015). Few reasons led to those limited results. The lack in law enforcement and, moreover, the fact that the law do not take into account responsible dog ownership aspect are of importance. Lack of dog population knowledge and management and intersectoral coordination deficiency are additional failure reasons. The gathered data will help to build a new strategy with a focus on a "One Health" approach. Dog population ecology parameters' study is of primary importance. We estimated dog population to be 2.8 million dogs based on human:dog ratio. Enhancing vaccination coverage of dog population is feasible by combining parenteral vaccination and complementary oral vaccination. Updating legislation by inclusion of responsible dog ownership and law enforcement are crucial. Over the last century, Morocco registered a slow decreasing tendency in the number of animal and human rabies cases. Urgent strategy need to be implemented because rabies elimination is an achievable goal in Morocco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Darkaoui
- Division of Pharmacy and Veterinary Inputs, National Food Safety Office, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES – Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Marine Wasniewski
- ANSES – Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Emmanuelle Robardet
- ANSES – Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, Malzéville, France
| | - Nadia Aboulfidaa
- Division of Pharmacy and Veterinary Inputs, National Food Safety Office, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Bouslikhane
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ouafaa Fassi-Fihri
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat, Morocco
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10
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Naz RK, Saver AE. Immunocontraception for Animals: Current Status and Future Perspective. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 75:426-39. [PMID: 26412331 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
An alternative to surgical sterilization for fertility control of animals (wild, zoo, farm, and domestic) is needed to prevent problems related to overpopulation, including culling and relocation. A PubMed and Google Scholar database search was conducted using the keywords 'contraceptive vaccine animals,' 'immunocontraception animals,' 'non-surgical sterilization animals,' 'PZP vaccine,' and 'GnRH vaccine.' The searches from 1972 to 2015 yielded over 1500 publications. These articles were read, and 375 were selected for detailed analysis. Articles referenced in these publications were also thoroughly examined. PZP and GnRH contraceptive vaccines (CVs) have been extensively investigated for fertility control of wild, zoo, farm, and domestic animal populations. Both vaccines have shown tremendous success with PZP vaccines taking the lead. Novel technologies and targets are being developed to improve existing vaccines and generate second-generation CVs. Single-shot vaccines, which can be delivered remotely, will greatly advance the field of immunocontraception for animal use with potential human application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Naz
- Reproductive Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ashley E Saver
- Reproductive Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Whole Tumor Antigen Vaccines: Where Are We? Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:344-72. [PMID: 26343191 PMCID: PMC4494356 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With its vast amount of uncharacterized and characterized T cell epitopes available for activating CD4+ T helper and CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes simultaneously, whole tumor antigen represents an attractive alternative source of antigens as compared to tumor-derived peptides and full-length recombinant tumor proteins for dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy. Unlike defined tumor-derived peptides and proteins, whole tumor lysate therapy is applicable to all patients regardless of their HLA type. DCs are essentially the master regulators of immune response, and are the most potent antigen-presenting cell population for priming and activating naïve T cells to target tumors. Because of these unique properties, numerous DC-based immunotherapies have been initiated in the clinics. In this review, we describe the different types of whole tumor antigens that we could use to pulse DCs ex vivo and in vivo. We also discuss the different routes of delivering whole tumor antigens to DCs in vivo and activating them with toll-like receptor agonists.
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13
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Massei G, Miller LA. Nonsurgical fertility control for managing free-roaming dog populations: a review of products and criteria for field applications. Theriogenology 2013; 80:829-38. [PMID: 23998740 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
About 75% of dogs worldwide are free to roam and reproduce, thus creating locally overabundant populations. Problems caused by roaming dogs include diseases transmitted to livestock and humans, predation on livestock, attacks on humans, road traffic accidents, and nuisance behavior. Nonsurgical fertility control is increasingly advocated as more cost-effective than surgical sterilization to manage dog populations and their impact. The aims of this review were to 1) analyze trends in numbers of scientific publications on nonsurgical fertility control for dogs; 2) illustrate the spectrum of fertility inhibitors available for dogs; 3) examine how differences between confined and free-roaming dogs might affect the choice of fertility inhibitors to be used in dog population management; and 4) provide a framework of criteria to guide decisions regarding the use of nonsurgical fertility control for dog population management. The results showed that the 117 articles published between 1982 and 2011 focussed on long-term hormonal contraceptives, such as gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, immunocontraceptives, and male chemical sterilants. The number of articles published biennially increased from one to five papers produced in the early 1980s to 10 to 20 in the past decade. Differences between confined dogs and free-roaming dogs include reproduction and survival as well as social expectations regarding the duration of infertility, the costs of sterilization, and the responsibilities for meeting these costs. These differences are likely to dictate which fertility inhibitors will be used for confined or free-roaming dogs. The criteria regarding the use of fertility control for dog population management, presented as a decision tree, covered social acceptance, animal welfare, effectiveness, legal compliance, feasibility, and sustainability. The review concluded that the main challenges for the future are evaluating the feasibility, effectiveness, sustainability, and effects of mass nonsurgical sterilization campaigns on dog population size and impact as well as integrating nonsurgical fertility control with disease vaccination and public education programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Massei
- National Wildlife Management Centre, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO26 5LE, UK.
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Franka R, Smith TG, Dyer JL, Wu X, Niezgoda M, Rupprecht CE. Current and future tools for global canine rabies elimination. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:220-5. [PMID: 23871797 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Even though rabies is almost uniformly fatal, it is readily preventable with currently available tools. Vaccination is highly efficacious for the pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) of rabies in humans and animals, and prompt postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) with vaccine and rabies immune globulin (RIG) can reliably prevent disease in humans. However, access to these tools and knowledge of their proper use are often limited, especially in impoverished, rabies-enzootic countries with the highest disease burden. In the absence of reliable diagnostic capacity and risk assessments, vaccines and RIG are often administered inappropriately, leading to chronic supply shortages and otherwise preventable deaths. Rather than focusing solely on human prophylaxis, it is more cost-effective over the long term to eliminate canine rabies in its natural terrestrial reservoirs. Because more than 99% of human rabies deaths result from dog bites, prevention efforts should focus on dogs. A versatile "One Health" strategy for canine rabies elimination should aim to create sustainable herd immunity in dogs, using proven vaccination strategies at the local level, coupled with community education and humane population management. Such strategies have succeeded in both developed and developing countries, and can be adapted to any locality. Numerous examples in Africa, Asia, and Latin America have shown that community-based, locally guided vaccination and education programs, based on a shared vision and long-term commitment, can eliminate canine rabies. Such programs should have specific goals and measurable outcomes, and should be conducted under the guidance of supportive governments, in collaboration with international partners and nongovernmental organizations. In addition to currently available tools, rabies prevention can be augmented by new dose-sparing human vaccine schedules, alternative routes of vaccine administration, monoclonal antibodies as an alternative to RIG, sensitive and specific point-of-care diagnostics and the development of canine immunocontraceptive methods. Accurate risk assessments of potential human exposures and support for decentralized laboratory capacity will be essential to ensure the most effective utilization of vaccines and RIG until canine rabies has been eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Franka
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, NE, Mail Stop G33, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Yang DK, Kim HH, Lee KW, Song JY. The present and future of rabies vaccine in animals. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2013; 2:19-25. [PMID: 23596586 PMCID: PMC3623496 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2013.2.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective strategy for preventing rabies consists of controlling rabies in the host reservoir with vaccination. Rabies vaccine has proven to be the most effective weapon for coping with this fatal viral zoonotic disease of warm-blooded animals, including human. Natural rabies infection of an individual is always associated with exposure to rabid animals, and the duration of clinical signs can vary from days to months. The incubation period for the disease depends on the site of the bite, severity of injury, and the amount of infecting virus at the time of exposure. The mortality of untreated cases in humans is 100%. Over the last 100 years, various rabies vaccines have been developed and used to prevent or control rabies in animals, such as modified live vaccine, inactivated rabies vaccine, and oral modified live vaccine. These have proved safe and efficacious worldwide. New-generation rabies vaccines, including recombinant rabies virus-based vaccines, vectored vaccines, DNA-based vaccines, and plant vaccines, have been explored to overcome the limitations of conventional rabies vaccines. This article discusses current and next-generation rabies vaccines in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Kun Yang
- Viral Disease Division, Animal, Plant and Fishery Quarantine Inspection Agency, Anyang, Korea
| | - Ha-Hyun Kim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal, Plant and Fishery Quarantine Inspection Agency, Anyang, Korea
| | - Kyung-Woo Lee
- Viral Disease Division, Animal, Plant and Fishery Quarantine Inspection Agency, Anyang, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Song
- Viral Disease Division, Animal, Plant and Fishery Quarantine Inspection Agency, Anyang, Korea
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Recent advances in the administration of vaccines for infectious diseases: microneedles as painless delivery devices for mass vaccination. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:1061-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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17
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Levy JK. Contraceptive vaccines for the humane control of community cat populations. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66:63-70. [PMID: 21501281 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2011.01005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Free-roaming unowned stray and feral cats exist throughout the world, creating concerns regarding their welfare as well as their impact on the environment and on public health. Millions of healthy cats are culled each year in an attempt to control their numbers. Surgical sterilization followed by return to the environment is an effective non-lethal population control method but is limited in scope because of expense and logistical impediments. Immunocontraception has the potential to be a more practical and cost-effective method of control. This is a review of current research in immunocontraception in domestic cats. Functional characteristics of an ideal immunocontraceptive for community cats would include a wide margin of safety for target animals and the environment, rapid onset and long duration of activity following a single treatment in males and females of all ages, and sex hormone inhibition. In addition, product characteristics should include stability and ease of use under field conditions, efficient manufacturing process, and low cost to the user. Two reproductive antigens, zona pellucida and GnRH, have been identified as possible targets for fertility control in cats. Zona pellucida, which is used successfully in multiple wildlife species, has achieved little success in cats. In contrast, immunization against GnRH has resulted in long-term contraception in both male and female cats following a single dose. GnRH is an ideal contraceptive target because it regulates pituitary and gonadal hormone responses in both males and females, thus suppressing nuisance behaviors associated with sex hormones in addition to preventing pregnancy. The responsiveness of cats to fertility control via GnRH suppression should encourage researchers and cat control stakeholders to continue efforts to optimize vaccines that induce multiyear contraception following a single dose in a high proportion of treated cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Levy
- Maddie's Shelter Medicine Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Cross ML, Zheng T, Duckworth JA, Cowan PE. Could recombinant technology facilitate the realisation of a fertility-control vaccine for possums? NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2010.541468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ML Cross
- a Landcare Research – Manaaki Whenua , Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - T Zheng
- b AgResearch , Hopkirk Research Institute , Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - JA Duckworth
- a Landcare Research – Manaaki Whenua , Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - PE Cowan
- c Landcare Research , Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Smith TG, Wu X, Franka R, E. Rupprecht C. Design of future rabies biologics and antiviral drugs. Adv Virus Res 2011; 79:345-63. [PMID: 21601054 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-387040-7.00016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, no major paradigm shifts have occurred in the utilization of new products for the prevention and control of rabies. Development of new cost-effective rabies biologics and antiviral drugs is critical in continuing to prevent and reduce disease. Current rabies vaccines are highly effective but have developed largely based on technical improvements in the vaccine industry. In the future, alternative approaches for improved vaccines, including novel avirulent rabies virus (RABV) vectors, should be pursued. Any rabies vaccine that is effective without the need for rabies immune globulin (RIG) will contribute fundamentally to disease prevention by reducing the cost and complexity of postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). The lack of high quality, affordable RIG is a continuing problem. Virus-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) will soon fulfill the PEP requirement for passive immunity, currently met with RIG. Several relevant strategies for mAb production, including use of transgenic mice, humanization of mouse mAbs, and generation of human immune libraries, are underway. As a result of successful PEP and pre-exposure prophylaxis in developed countries, until recently, no significant focused efforts have been devoted to RABV-specific antiviral agents. To date, combination therapy including broad spectrum antiviral agents has been successful in only one case, and reports of antiviral activity are often conflicting. Current antiviral strategies target either the nucleoprotein or phosphoprotein, but drugs targeting the viral polymerase should be considered. Considering the lag from creation of new concepts to experimental development and clinical trials, many years will likely elapse between today's ideas and tomorrow's practices.
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Bourhy H, Dautry-Varsat A, Hotez PJ, Salomon J. Rabies, still neglected after 125 years of vaccination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e839. [PMID: 21152052 PMCID: PMC2994912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter J. Hotez
- Sabin Vaccine Institute, Washington, D. C., United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
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Changes in human Langerhans cells following intradermal injection of influenza virus-like particle vaccines. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12410. [PMID: 20811642 PMCID: PMC2928298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a significant gap in our fundamental understanding of early morphological and migratory changes in human Langerhans cells (LCs) in response to vaccine stimulation. As the vast majority of LCs studies are conducted in small animal models, substantial interspecies variation in skin architecture and immunity must be considered when extrapolating the results to humans. This study aims to determine whether excised human skin, maintained viable in organ culture, provides a useful human model for measuring and understanding early immune response to intradermally delivered vaccine candidates. Excised human breast skin was maintained viable in air-liquid-interface organ culture. This model was used for the first time to show morphological changes in human LCs stimulated with influenza virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines delivered via intradermal injection. Immunohistochemistry of epidermal sheets and skin sections showed that LCs in VLP treated skin lost their typical dendritic morphology. The cells were more dispersed throughout the epidermis, often in close proximity to the basement membrane, and appeared vertically elongated. Our data provides for increased understanding of the complex morphological, spatial and temporal changes that occur to permit LC migration through the densely packed keratinocytes of the epidermis following exposure to vaccine. Significantly, the data not only supports previous animal data but also provides new and essential evidence of host response to this vaccination strategy in the real human skin environment.
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