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Muniraju M, Mutsvunguma LZ, Reidel IG, Escalante GM, Cua S, Musonda W, Calero-Landa J, Farelo MA, Rodriguez E, Li Z, Ogembo JG. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus complement control protein (KCP) and glycoprotein K8.1 are not required for viral infection in vitro or in vivo. J Virol 2024; 98:e0057624. [PMID: 38767375 PMCID: PMC11237445 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00576-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus-8, is the causal agent of Kaposi sarcoma, a cancer that appears as tumors on the skin or mucosal surfaces, as well as primary effusion lymphoma and KSHV-associated multicentric Castleman disease, which are B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Effective prophylactic and therapeutic strategies against KSHV infection and its associated diseases are needed. To develop these strategies, it is crucial to identify and target viral glycoproteins involved in KSHV infection of host cells. Multiple KSHV glycoproteins expressed on the viral envelope are thought to play a pivotal role in viral infection, but the infection mechanisms involving these glycoproteins remain largely unknown. We investigated the role of two KSHV envelope glycoproteins, KSHV complement control protein (KCP) and K8.1, in viral infection in various cell types in vitro and in vivo. Using our newly generated anti-KCP antibodies, previously characterized anti-K8.1 antibodies, and recombinant mutant KSHV viruses lacking KCP, K8.1, or both, we demonstrated the presence of KCP and K8.1 on the surface of both virions and KSHV-infected cells. We showed that KSHV lacking KCP and/or K8.1 remained infectious in KSHV-susceptible cell lines, including epithelial, endothelial, and fibroblast, when compared to wild-type recombinant KSHV. We also provide the first evidence that KSHV lacking K8.1 or both KCP and K8.1 can infect human B cells in vivo in a humanized mouse model. Thus, these results suggest that neither KCP nor K8.1 is required for KSHV infection of various host cell types and that these glycoproteins do not determine KSHV cell tropism. IMPORTANCE Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic human gamma-herpesvirus associated with the endothelial malignancy Kaposi sarcoma and the lymphoproliferative disorders primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman disease. Determining how KSHV glycoproteins such as complement control protein (KCP) and K8.1 contribute to the establishment, persistence, and transmission of viral infection will be key for developing effective anti-viral vaccines and therapies to prevent and treat KSHV infection and KSHV-associated diseases. Using newly generated anti-KCP antibodies, previously characterized anti-K8.1 antibodies, and recombinant mutant KSHV viruses lacking KCP and/or K8.1, we show that KCP and K8.1 can be found on the surface of both virions and KSHV-infected cells. Furthermore, we show that KSHV lacking KCP and/or K8.1 remains infectious to diverse cell types susceptible to KSHV in vitro and to human B cells in vivo in a humanized mouse model, thus providing evidence that these viral glycoproteins are not required for KSHV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Muniraju
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Lorraine Z Mutsvunguma
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Ivana G Reidel
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Gabriela M Escalante
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Simeon Cua
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Webster Musonda
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Calero-Landa
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Mafalda A Farelo
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Esther Rodriguez
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
- Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Zhou Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Javier Gordon Ogembo
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
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Yll-Pico M, Park Y, Martinez J, Iniguez A, Kha M, Kim T, Medrano L, Nguyen VH, Kaltcheva T, Dempsey S, Chiuppesi F, Wussow F, Diamond DJ. Highly stable and immunogenic CMV T cell vaccine candidate developed using a synthetic MVA platform. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:68. [PMID: 38555379 PMCID: PMC10981716 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00859-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common infectious cause of complications post-transplantation, while a CMV vaccine for transplant recipients has yet to be licensed. Triplex, a multiantigen Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA)-vectored CMV vaccine candidate based on the immunodominant antigens phosphoprotein 65 (pp65) and immediate-early 1 and 2 (IE1/2), is in an advanced stage of clinical development. However, its limited genetic and expression stability restricts its potential for large-scale production. Using a recently developed fully synthetic MVA (sMVA) platform, we developed a new generation Triplex vaccine candidate, T10-F10, with different sequence modifications for enhanced vaccine stability. T10-F10 demonstrated genetic and expression stability during extensive virus passaging. In addition, we show that T10-F10 confers comparable immunogenicity to the original Triplex vaccine to elicit antigen-specific T cell responses in HLA-transgenic mice. These results demonstrate improvements in translational vaccine properties of an sMVA-based CMV vaccine candidate designed as a therapeutic treatment for transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcal Yll-Pico
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
| | - Yoonsuh Park
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Joy Martinez
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Angelina Iniguez
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Mindy Kha
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Taehyun Kim
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Leonard Medrano
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Vu H Nguyen
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Teodora Kaltcheva
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Shannon Dempsey
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Flavia Chiuppesi
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Felix Wussow
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Don J Diamond
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
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3
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Neckermann P, Mohr M, Billmeier M, Karlas A, Boilesen DR, Thirion C, Holst PJ, Jordan I, Sandig V, Asbach B, Wagner R. Transgene expression knock-down in recombinant Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara vectors improves genetic stability and sustained transgene maintenance across multiple passages. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1338492. [PMID: 38380318 PMCID: PMC10877035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1338492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Modified vaccinia virus Ankara is a versatile vaccine vector, well suited for transgene delivery, with an excellent safety profile. However, certain transgenes render recombinant MVA (rMVA) genetically unstable, leading to the accumulation of mutated rMVA with impaired transgene expression. This represents a major challenge for upscaling and manufacturing of rMVA vaccines. To prevent transgene-mediated negative selection, the continuous avian cell line AGE1.CR pIX (CR pIX) was modified to suppress transgene expression during rMVA generation and amplification. This was achieved by constitutively expressing a tetracycline repressor (TetR) together with a rat-derived shRNA in engineered CR pIX PRO suppressor cells targeting an operator element (tetO) and 3' untranslated sequence motif on a chimeric poxviral promoter and the transgene mRNA, respectively. This cell line was instrumental in generating two rMVA (isolate CR19) expressing a Macaca fascicularis papillomavirus type 3 (MfPV3) E1E2E6E7 artificially-fused polyprotein following recombination-mediated integration of the coding sequences into the DelIII (CR19 M-DelIII) or TK locus (CR19 M-TK), respectively. Characterization of rMVA on parental CR pIX or engineered CR pIX PRO suppressor cells revealed enhanced replication kinetics, higher virus titers and a focus morphology equaling wild-type MVA, when transgene expression was suppressed. Serially passaging both rMVA ten times on parental CR pIX cells and tracking E1E2E6E7 expression by flow cytometry revealed a rapid loss of transgene product after only few passages. PCR analysis and next-generation sequencing demonstrated that rMVA accumulated mutations within the E1E2E6E7 open reading frame (CR19 M-TK) or deletions of the whole transgene cassette (CR19 M-DelIII). In contrast, CR pIX PRO suppressor cells preserved robust transgene expression for up to 10 passages, however, rMVAs were more stable when E1E2E6E7 was integrated into the TK as compared to the DelIII locus. In conclusion, sustained knock-down of transgene expression in CR pIX PRO suppressor cells facilitates the generation, propagation and large-scale manufacturing of rMVA with transgenes hampering viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Neckermann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Madlen Mohr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martina Billmeier
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Ditte R. Boilesen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Center for Medical Parasitology, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- InProTher APS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Peter J. Holst
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Center for Medical Parasitology, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- InProTher APS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Benedikt Asbach
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institue of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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4
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Joshi LR, do Nascimento GM, Diel DG. The transcriptome of the parapoxvirus Orf virus reveals novel promoters for heterologous gene expression by poxvirus vectors. Virology 2023; 587:109864. [PMID: 37595395 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) has been used as a vaccine delivery vector for multiple animal species. Several strategies are being used to improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of ORFV vectors, including the use of poxviral promoter(s) with strong early and late activity capable of driving the expression of the heterologous genes for a prolonged time and eliciting a potent immune response. Here, we used RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) approach to analyze the transcriptome of ORFV during infection in primary ovine cells. Based on the transcriptional profile of individual ORFV genes, we identified ORFV promoters with strong early and late activity and have shown that they can be used to express heterologous genes in ORFV vectors. Our results show that the intergenic regulatory sequence containing core promoter sequences present upstream of ORF112 (p112) and ORF116 (p116) lead to markedly higher transgene expression than conventional poxviral promoters. Thus, these promoters are valuable alternatives to express transgenes in poxviral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok R Joshi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Gabriela Mansano do Nascimento
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA.
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5
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Langenmayer MC, Luelf-Averhoff AT, Marr L, Jany S, Freudenstein A, Adam-Neumair S, Tscherne A, Fux R, Rojas JJ, Blutke A, Sutter G, Volz A. Newly Designed Poxviral Promoters to Improve Immunogenicity and Efficacy of MVA-NP Candidate Vaccines against Lethal Influenza Virus Infection in Mice. Pathogens 2023; 12:867. [PMID: 37513714 PMCID: PMC10383309 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza, a respiratory disease mainly caused by influenza A and B, viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae, is still a burden on our society's health and economic system. Influenza A viruses (IAV) circulate in mammalian and avian populations, causing seasonal outbreaks with high numbers of cases. Due to the high variability in seasonal IAV triggered by antigenic drift, annual vaccination is necessary, highlighting the need for a more broadly protective vaccine against IAV. The safety tested Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is licensed as a third-generation vaccine against smallpox and serves as a potent vector system for the development of new candidate vaccines against different pathogens. Here, we generated and characterized recombinant MVA candidate vaccines that deliver the highly conserved internal nucleoprotein (NP) of IAV under the transcriptional control of five newly designed chimeric poxviral promoters to further increase the immunogenic properties of the recombinant viruses (MVA-NP). Infections of avian cell cultures with the recombinant MVA-NPs demonstrated efficient synthesis of the IAV-NP which was expressed under the control of the five new promoters. Prime-boost or single shot immunizations in C57BL/6 mice readily induced circulating serum antibodies' binding to recombinant IAV-NP and the robust activation of IAV-NP-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Moreover, the MVA-NP candidate vaccines protected C57BL/6 mice against lethal respiratory infection with mouse-adapted IAV (A/Puerto Rico/8/1934/H1N1). Thus, further studies are warranted to evaluate the immunogenicity and efficacy of these recombinant MVA-NP vaccines in other IAV challenge models in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Langenmayer
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Lisa Marr
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Infectiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Klinikum Nürnberg, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Sylvia Jany
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Astrid Freudenstein
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Silvia Adam-Neumair
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Alina Tscherne
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Juan J Rojas
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapies, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- German Center of Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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6
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Stephan AS, Kosinska AD, Mück-Häusl M, Muschaweckh A, Jäger C, Röder N, Heikenwälder M, Dembek C, Protzer U. Evaluation of the Effect of CD70 Co-Expression on CD8 T Cell Response in Protein-Prime MVA-Boost Vaccination in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020245. [PMID: 36851121 PMCID: PMC9966001 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we investigate the potential of CD70 co-expression during viral vector boost vaccination to improve an antigen-specific T cell response. To determine the chance of activating antigen-specific T cells by CD70, we used the HBV core antigen as a model antigen in a heterologous protein-prime, Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) boost vaccination scheme. Both the HBV core and a CD70 expression cassette were co-expressed upon delivery by an MVA vector under the same promoter linked by a P2A site. To compare immunogenicity with and without CD70 co-expression, HBV-naïve, C57BL/6 (wt) mice and HBV-transgenic mice were prime-vaccinated using recombinant HBV core antigen followed by the MVA vector boost. Co-expression of CD70 increased the number of vaccine-induced HBV core-specific CD8 T cells by >2-fold and improved their effector functions in HBV-naïve mice. In vaccinated HBV1.3tg mice, the number and functionality of HBV core-specific CD8 T cells was slightly increased upon CD70 co-expression in low-viremic, but not in high-viremic animals. CD70 co-expression did not impact liver damage as indicated by ALT levels in the serum, but increased the number of vaccine-induced, proliferative T cell clusters in the liver. Overall, this study indicates that orchestrated co-expression of CD70 and a vaccine antigen may be an interesting and safe means of enhancing antigen-specific CD8 T cell responses using vector-based vaccines, although in our study it was not sufficient to break immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Sophie Stephan
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Anna D. Kosinska
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Mück-Häusl
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Muschaweckh
- Institute for Experimental Neuroimmunology, Technical University of Munich School of Medicine, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Clemens Jäger
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Natalie Röder
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwälder
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Dembek
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (U.P.); Tel.: +49-89-4140-6821 (U.P.)
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (U.P.); Tel.: +49-89-4140-6821 (U.P.)
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7
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Alharbi NK, Aljamaan F, Aljami HA, Alenazi MW, Albalawi H, Almasoud A, Alharthi FJ, Azhar EI, Barhoumi T, Bosaeed M, Gilbert SC, Hashem AM. Immunogenicity of High-Dose MVA-Based MERS Vaccine Candidate in Mice and Camels. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081330. [PMID: 36016218 PMCID: PMC9413082 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic pathogen that can transmit from dromedary camels to humans, causing severe pneumonia, with a 35% mortality rate. Vaccine candidates have been developed and tested in mice, camels, and humans. Previously, we developed a vaccine based on the modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) viral vector, encoding a full-length spike protein of MERS-CoV, MVA-MERS. Here, we report the immunogenicity of high-dose MVA-MERS in prime–boost vaccinations in mice and camels. Methods: Three groups of mice were immunised with MVA wild-type (MVA-wt) and MVA-MERS (MVA-wt/MVA-MERS), MVA-MERS/MVA-wt, or MVA-MERS/MVA-MERS. Camels were immunised with two doses of PBS, MVA-wt, or MVA-MERS. Antibody (Ab) responses were evaluated using ELISA and MERS pseudovirus neutralisation assays. Results: Two high doses of MVA-MERS induced strong Ab responses in both mice and camels, including neutralising antibodies. Anti-MVA Ab responses did not affect the immune responses to the vaccine antigen (MERS-CoV spike). Conclusions: MVA-MERS vaccine, administered in a homologous prime–boost regimen, induced high levels of neutralising anti-MERS-CoV antibodies in mice and camels. This could be considered for further development and evaluation as a dromedary vaccine to reduce MERS-CoV transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif Khalaf Alharbi
- Vaccine Development Unit, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Fahad Aljamaan
- Animal Facilities, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haya A. Aljami
- Vaccine Development Unit, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed W. Alenazi
- Vaccine Development Unit, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind Albalawi
- Vaccine Development Unit, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Almasoud
- Vaccine Development Unit, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima J. Alharthi
- Vaccine Development Unit, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam I. Azhar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tlili Barhoumi
- Vaccine Development Unit, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Bosaeed
- Vaccine Development Unit, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Anwar M. Hashem
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Nuismer SL, C. Layman N, Redwood AJ, Chan B, Bull JJ. Methods for measuring the evolutionary stability of engineered genomes to improve their longevity. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2021; 6:ysab018. [PMID: 34712842 PMCID: PMC8546616 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse applications rely on engineering microbes to carry and express foreign transgenes. This engineered baggage rarely benefits the microbe and is thus prone to rapid evolutionary loss when the microbe is propagated. For applications where a transgene must be maintained for extended periods of growth, slowing the rate of transgene evolution is critical and can be achieved by reducing either the rate of mutation or the strength of selection. Because the benefits realized by changing these quantities will not usually be equal, it is important to know which will yield the greatest improvement to the evolutionary half-life of the engineering. Here, we provide a method for jointly estimating the mutation rate of transgene loss and the strength of selection favoring these transgene-free, revertant individuals. The method requires data from serial transfer experiments in which the frequency of engineered genomes is monitored periodically. Simple mathematical models are developed that use these estimates to predict the half-life of the engineered transgene and provide quantitative predictions for how alterations to mutation and selection will influence longevity. The estimation method and predictive tools have been implemented as an interactive web application, MuSe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Nuismer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
| | - Nathan C. Layman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
| | - Alec J Redwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- The Institute for Respiratory Health, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Baca Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- The Institute for Respiratory Health, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - James J Bull
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Dr, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
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9
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Ahmed J, Chard LS, Yuan M, Wang J, Howells A, Li Y, Li H, Zhang Z, Lu S, Gao D, Wang P, Chu Y, Al Yaghchi C, Schwartz J, Alusi G, Lemoine N, Wang Y. A new oncolytic V accinia virus augments antitumor immune responses to prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis after surgery. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2019-000415. [PMID: 32217766 PMCID: PMC7206973 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Local recurrence and remote metastasis are major challenges to overcome in order to improve the survival of patients with cancer after surgery. Oncolytic viruses are a particularly attractive option for prevention of postsurgical disease as they offer a non-toxic treatment option that can directly target residual tumor deposits and beneficially modulate the systemic immune environment that is suppressed post surgery and allows residual disease escape from control. Here, we report that a novel Vaccinia virus (VV), VVΔTKΔN1L (with deletion of both thymidine kinase (TK) and N1L genes) armed with interleukin 12 (IL-12), can prolong postoperative survival when used as a neoadjuvant treatment in different murine and hamster surgical models of cancer. Methods A tumor-targeted replicating VV with deletion of TK gene and N1L gene (VVΔTKΔN1L) was created. This virus was armed rationally with IL-12. The effect of VVΔTKΔN1L and VVΔTKΔN1L-IL12 on modulation of the tumor microenvironment and induction of tumor-specific immunity as well the feasibility and safety as a neoadjuvant agent for preventing recurrence and metastasis after surgery were assessed in several clinically relevant models. Results VVΔTKΔN1L can significantly prolong postoperative survival when used as a neoadjuvant treatment in three different surgery-induced metastatic models of cancer. Efficacy was critically dependent on elevation of circulating natural killer cells that was achieved by virus-induced cytokine production from cells infected with N1L-deleted, but not N1L-intact VV. This effect was further enhanced by arming VVΔTKΔN1L with IL-12, a potent antitumor cytokine. Five daily treatments with VVΔTKΔN1L-IL12 before surgery dramatically improved postsurgical survival. VVΔTKΔN1L armed with human IL-12 completely prevented tumor recurrence in surgical models of head and neck cancer in Syrian hamsters. Conclusions These data provide a proof of concept for translation of the regime into clinical trials. VVΔTKΔN1L-IL12 is a promising agent for use as an adjuvant to surgical treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Ahmed
- Centre for Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Louisa S Chard
- Centre for Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ming Yuan
- Centre for Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jiwei Wang
- National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Anwen Howells
- Centre for Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yuenan Li
- National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haoze Li
- National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhongxian Zhang
- National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuangshuang Lu
- National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dongling Gao
- National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Pengju Wang
- National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yongchao Chu
- National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chadwan Al Yaghchi
- Centre for Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Joel Schwartz
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ghassan Alusi
- Centre for Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Lemoine
- Centre for Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yaohe Wang
- Centre for Biomarkers & Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Plotkin SA, Wang D, Oualim A, Diamond DJ, Kotton CN, Mossman S, Carfi A, Anderson D, Dormitzer PR. The Status of Vaccine Development Against the Human Cytomegalovirus. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:S113-S122. [PMID: 32134478 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous candidate vaccines against cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and disease are in development. Whereas the previous article [1] provides background and opinions about the issues relating to vaccination, this article provides specifics about the vaccines in active development, as reported at a National Institutes of Health-sponsored meeting in Bethesda on September 4-6, 2018. Here, vaccine developers provide synopses of their candidate vaccines to immunize women to protect against congenital CMV disease and to prevent the consequences of CMV disease in recipients of transplanted organs or hematopoietic stem calls. The projects are presented here roughly in the descending order of their stage of development in the opinion of the first author.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley A Plotkin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Vaxconsult, Doylestown, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dai Wang
- Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Don J Diamond
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | | | | | - Andrea Carfi
- Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Chiuppesi F, Salazar MD, Contreras H, Nguyen VH, Martinez J, Park Y, Nguyen J, Kha M, Iniguez A, Zhou Q, Kaltcheva T, Levytskyy R, Ebelt ND, Kang TH, Wu X, Rogers TF, Manuel ER, Shostak Y, Diamond DJ, Wussow F. Development of a multi-antigenic SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate using a synthetic poxvirus platform. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6121. [PMID: 33257686 PMCID: PMC7705736 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19819-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is a highly attenuated poxvirus vector that is widely used to develop vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer. We demonstrate the construction of a vaccine platform based on a unique three-plasmid system to efficiently generate recombinant MVA vectors from chemically synthesized DNA. In response to the ongoing global pandemic caused by SARS coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), we use this vaccine platform to rapidly produce fully synthetic MVA (sMVA) vectors co-expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid antigens, two immunodominant antigens implicated in protective immunity. We show that mice immunized with these sMVA vectors develop robust SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses, including potent neutralizing antibodies. These results demonstrate the potential of a vaccine platform based on synthetic DNA to efficiently generate recombinant MVA vectors and to rapidly develop a multi-antigenic poxvirus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Chiuppesi
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Marcela d'Alincourt Salazar
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Heidi Contreras
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Vu H Nguyen
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Joy Martinez
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Yoonsuh Park
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Jenny Nguyen
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Mindy Kha
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Angelina Iniguez
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Teodora Kaltcheva
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Roman Levytskyy
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Nancy D Ebelt
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Tae Hyuk Kang
- Integrative Genomics Core, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Xiwei Wu
- Integrative Genomics Core, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Thomas F Rogers
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Scripps Research, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, 10550N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Edwin R Manuel
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Yuriy Shostak
- Research Business Development, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Don J Diamond
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Felix Wussow
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
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12
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Chiuppesi F, Salazar MD, Contreras H, Nguyen V, Martinez J, Park S, Nguyen J, Kha M, Iniguez A, Zhou Q, Kaltcheva T, Levytskyy R, Ebelt N, Kang T, Wu X, Rogers T, Manuel E, Shostak Y, Diamond D, Wussow F. Development of a Multi-Antigenic SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Using a Synthetic Poxvirus Platform. RESEARCH SQUARE 2020:rs.3.rs-40198. [PMID: 32702732 PMCID: PMC7373143 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-40198/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is a highly attenuated poxvirus vector that is widely used to develop vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer. We developed a novel vaccine platform based on a unique three-plasmid system to efficiently generate recombinant MVA vectors from chemically synthesized DNA. In response to the ongoing global pandemic caused by SARS coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), we used this novel vaccine platform to rapidly produce fully synthetic MVA (sMVA) vectors co-expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid antigens, two immunodominant antigens implicated in protective immunity. Mice immunized with these sMVA vectors developed robust SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses, including potent neutralizing antibodies. These results demonstrate the potential of a novel vaccine platform based on synthetic DNA to efficiently generate recombinant MVA vectors and to rapidly develop a multi-antigenic poxvirus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tae Kang
- Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope
| | - Xiwei Wu
- Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope
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13
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Chiuppesi F, Salazar MD, Contreras H, Nguyen VH, Martinez J, Park S, Nguyen J, Kha M, Iniguez A, Zhou Q, Kaltcheva T, Levytskyy R, Ebelt ND, Kang TH, Wu X, Rogers T, Manuel ER, Shostak Y, Diamond DJ, Wussow F. Development of a Synthetic Poxvirus-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.07.01.183236. [PMID: 32637957 PMCID: PMC7337387 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.01.183236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is a highly attenuated poxvirus vector that is widely used to develop vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer. We developed a novel vaccine platform based on a unique three-plasmid system to efficiently generate recombinant MVA vectors from chemically synthesized DNA. In response to the ongoing global pandemic caused by SARS coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), we used this novel vaccine platform to rapidly produce fully synthetic MVA (sMVA) vectors co-expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid antigens, two immunodominant antigens implicated in protective immunity. Mice immunized with these sMVA vectors developed robust SARS-CoV-2 antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses, including potent neutralizing antibodies. These results demonstrate the potential of a novel vaccine platform based on synthetic DNA to efficiently generate recombinant MVA vectors and to rapidly develop a multi-antigenic poxvirus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Chiuppesi
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte CA 91010, USA
| | | | - Heidi Contreras
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte CA 91010, USA
| | - Vu H Nguyen
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte CA 91010, USA
| | - Joy Martinez
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte CA 91010, USA
| | - Soojin Park
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte CA 91010, USA
| | - Jenny Nguyen
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte CA 91010, USA
| | - Mindy Kha
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte CA 91010, USA
| | - Angelina Iniguez
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte CA 91010, USA
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte CA 91010, USA
| | - Teodora Kaltcheva
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte CA 91010, USA
| | - Roman Levytskyy
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte CA 91010, USA
| | - Nancy D Ebelt
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte CA 91010, USA
| | - Tae Hyuk Kang
- Department of Genomic core facility, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte CA 91010, USA
| | - Xiwei Wu
- Department of Genomic core facility, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte CA 91010, USA
| | - Thomas Rogers
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093; Scripps Research, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Edwin R Manuel
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte CA 91010, USA
| | - Yuriy Shostak
- Research Business Development, City of Hope, Duarte CA 91010, USA
| | - Don J Diamond
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte CA 91010, USA
| | - Felix Wussow
- Department of Hematology and Transplant Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte CA 91010, USA
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14
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Pérez P, Marín MQ, Lázaro-Frías A, Sorzano CÓS, Di Pilato M, Gómez CE, Esteban M, García-Arriaza J. An MVA Vector Expressing HIV-1 Envelope under the Control of a Potent Vaccinia Virus Promoter as a Promising Strategy in HIV/AIDS Vaccine Design. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040208. [PMID: 31817622 PMCID: PMC6963416 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly attenuated poxviral vectors, such as modified vaccinia virus ankara (MVA), are promising vaccine candidates against several infectious diseases. One of the approaches developed to enhance the immunogenicity of poxvirus vectors is increasing the promoter strength and accelerating during infection production levels of heterologous antigens. Here, we have generated and characterized the biology and immunogenicity of an optimized MVA-based vaccine candidate against HIV/AIDS expressing HIV-1 clade B gp120 protein under the control of a novel synthetic late/early optimized (LEO) promoter (LEO160 promoter; with a spacer length of 160 nucleotides), termed MVA-LEO160-gp120. In infected cells, MVA-LEO160-gp120 significantly increased the expression levels of HIV-1 gp120 mRNA and protein, compared to the clinical vaccine MVA-B vector expressing HIV-1 gp120 under the control of the commonly used synthetic early/late promoter. When mice were immunized with a heterologous DNA-prime/MVA-boost protocol, the immunization group DNA-gp120/MVA-LEO160-gp120 induced an enhancement in the magnitude of gp120-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses, compared to DNA-gp120/MVA-B; with most of the responses being mediated by the CD8+ T-cell compartment, with a T effector memory phenotype. DNA-gp120/MVA-LEO160-gp120 also elicited a trend to a higher magnitude of gp120-specific CD4+ T follicular helper cells, and modest enhanced levels of antibodies against HIV-1 gp120. These findings revealed that this new optimized vaccinia virus promoter could be considered a promising strategy in HIV/AIDS vaccine design, confirming the importance of early expression of heterologous antigen and its impact on the antigen-specific immunogenicity elicited by poxvirus-based vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pérez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.P.); (M.Q.M.); (A.L.-F.); (C.E.G.)
| | - María Q. Marín
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.P.); (M.Q.M.); (A.L.-F.); (C.E.G.)
| | - Adrián Lázaro-Frías
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.P.); (M.Q.M.); (A.L.-F.); (C.E.G.)
| | - Carlos Óscar S. Sorzano
- Biocomputing Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Mauro Di Pilato
- Infection and Immunity Group, Istituto di Ricerca in Biomedicina (IRB), Università Della Svizzera Italiana, CH-6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland;
| | - Carmen E. Gómez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.P.); (M.Q.M.); (A.L.-F.); (C.E.G.)
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.P.); (M.Q.M.); (A.L.-F.); (C.E.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.E.); (J.G.-A.); Tel.: +34-915-854-553 (M.E.); +34-915-854-560 (J.G.-A.)
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (P.P.); (M.Q.M.); (A.L.-F.); (C.E.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.E.); (J.G.-A.); Tel.: +34-915-854-553 (M.E.); +34-915-854-560 (J.G.-A.)
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15
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MVA-Vectored Pentameric Complex (PC) and gB Vaccines Improve Pregnancy Outcome after Guinea Pig CMV Challenge, but Only gB Vaccine Reduces Vertical Transmission. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040182. [PMID: 31739399 PMCID: PMC6963609 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: A congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) vaccine is a major research priority, but the essential glycoprotein target(s) remain unclear. We compared CMV gB (gpgB), gH/gL (gp75/gL), and pentameric complex (gpPC, composed of gH/gL/GP129/GP131/GP133) vaccines in a guinea pig CMV (GPCMV) congenital infection model. (2) Methods: Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vaccines expressing GPCMV glycoproteins were used to immunize GPCMV-seronegative, female Hartley guinea pigs (three-dose series, 3 × 107 pfu/dose). After pregnancy was established, the dams underwent an early third-trimester challenge with salivary gland (SG)-adapted GPCMV. (3) Results: All vaccines elicited GPCMV-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies. Preconception immunization resulted in 19.5-, 4.9-, and 698-fold reductions in maternal DNAemia in MVA-gp75/gL, MVA-gpPC and MVA-gpgB groups, respectively, at day 14, post-SG challenge. Vaccination improved pups’ birth weight and reduced mortality and congenital CMV transmission. In controls, cCMV infection was observed in 100% of pups (mean viral load in all visceral organs, 2.4 × 104 genomes/mg), versus 50% in the gB group (visceral viral load, 9.4 × 102 genomes/mg; p < 0.05). No significant reductions in congenital transmission were noted in the MVA-gp75/gL and MVA-gpPC groups. (4) Conclusions: MVA-vectored gB, gH/gL, and PC vaccines were immunogenic, and protected against maternal DNAemia and pup mortality. These results support the inclusion of multiple glycoprotein complexes in a cCMV vaccine.
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Asthagiri Arunkumar G, McMahon M, Pavot V, Aramouni M, Ioannou A, Lambe T, Gilbert S, Krammer F. Vaccination with viral vectors expressing NP, M1 and chimeric hemagglutinin induces broad protection against influenza virus challenge in mice. Vaccine 2019; 37:5567-5577. [PMID: 31399277 PMCID: PMC6717082 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza virus infections cause significant morbidity and mortality every year. Annual influenza virus vaccines are effective but only when well matched with circulating strains. Therefore, there is an urgent need for better vaccines that induce broad protection against drifted seasonal and emerging pandemic influenza viruses. One approach to design such vaccines is based on targeting conserved regions of the influenza virus hemagglutinin. Sequential vaccination with chimeric hemagglutinin constructs can refocus antibody responses towards the conserved immunosubdominant stalk domain of the hemagglutinin, rather than the variable immunodominant head. A complementary approach for a universal influenza A virus vaccine is to induce T-cell responses to conserved internal influenza virus antigens. For this purpose, replication deficient recombinant viral vectors based on Chimpanzee Adenovirus Oxford 1 and Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus are used to express the viral nucleoprotein and the matrix protein 1. In this study, we combined these two strategies and evaluated the efficacy of viral vectors expressing both chimeric hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein plus matrix protein 1 in a mouse model against challenge with group 2 influenza viruses including H3N2, H7N9 and H10N8. We found that vectored vaccines expressing both sets of antigens provided enhanced protection against H3N2 virus challenge when compared to vaccination with viral vectors expressing only one set of antigens. Vaccine induced antibody responses against divergent group 2 hemagglutinins, nucleoprotein and matrix protein 1 as well as robust T-cell responses to the nucleoprotein and matrix protein 1 were detected. Of note, it was observed that while antibodies to the H3 stalk were already boosted to high levels after two vaccinations with chimeric hemagglutinins (cHAs), three exposures were required to induce strong reactivity across subtypes. Overall, these results show that a combinations of different universal influenza virus vaccine strategies can induce broad antibody and T-cell responses and can provide increased protection against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guha Asthagiri Arunkumar
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Meagan McMahon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Vincent Pavot
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Andriani Ioannou
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
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17
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McMahon M, Asthagiri Arunkumar G, Liu WC, Stadlbauer D, Albrecht RA, Pavot V, Aramouni M, Lambe T, Gilbert SC, Krammer F. Vaccination With Viral Vectors Expressing Chimeric Hemagglutinin, NP and M1 Antigens Protects Ferrets Against Influenza Virus Challenge. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2005. [PMID: 31497029 PMCID: PMC6712942 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality in the global population every year. Although seasonal vaccination limits disease, mismatches between the circulating strain and the vaccine strain can severely impair vaccine effectiveness. Because of this, there is an urgent need for a universal vaccine that induces broad protection against drifted seasonal and emerging pandemic influenza viruses. Targeting the conserved stalk region of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA), the major glycoprotein on the surface of the virus, results in the production of broadly protective antibody responses. Furthermore, replication deficient viral vectors based on Chimpanzee Adenovirus Oxford 1 (ChAdOx1) and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus expressing the influenza virus internal antigens, the nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix 1 (M1) protein, can induce strong heterosubtypic influenza virus-specific T cell responses in vaccinated individuals. Here, we combine these two platforms to evaluate the efficacy of a viral vectored vaccination regimen in protecting ferrets from H3N2 influenza virus infection. We observed that viral vectored vaccines expressing both stalk-targeting, chimeric HA constructs, and the NP+M1 fusion protein, in a prime-boost regimen resulted in the production of antibodies toward group 2 HAs, the HA stalk, NP and M1, as well as in induction of influenza virus-specific-IFNγ responses. The immune response induced by this vaccination regime ultimately reduced viral titers in the respiratory tract of influenza virus infected ferrets. Overall, these results improve our understanding of vaccination platforms capable of harnessing both cellular and humoral immunity with the goal of developing a universal influenza virus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan McMahon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Guha Asthagiri Arunkumar
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wen-Chun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Daniel Stadlbauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Randy A. Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vincent Pavot
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Aramouni
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah C. Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Kugler F, Drexler I, Protzer U, Hoffmann D, Moeini H. Generation of recombinant MVA-norovirus: a comparison study of bacterial artificial chromosome- and marker-based systems. Virol J 2019; 16:100. [PMID: 31399106 PMCID: PMC6688233 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara has been employed as a safe and potent viral vector vaccine against infectious diseases and cancer. We generated recMVAs encoding norovirus GII.4 genotype capsid protein by using a marker-based approach and a BAC-based system. In the marker-based approach, the capsid gene together with a reporter gene was introduced into the MVA genome in DF-1 cells. Several rounds of plaque purification were carried out to get rid of the WT-MVA. In the BAC-based approach, recMVA-BAC was produced by en passant recombineering in E. coli. Subsequently, the recMVAs were rescued in DF-1 cells using a helper rabbit fibroma virus. The BAC backbone and the helper virus were eliminated by passaging in DF-1 cells. Biochemical characteristics of the recMVAs were studied. RESULTS We found the purification of the rare spontaneous recombinants time-consuming in the marker-based system. In contrast, the BAC-based system rapidly inserted the gene of interest in E. coli by en passant recombineering before virion production in DF-1 cells. The elimination of the reporter gene was found to be faster and more efficient in the BAC-based approach. With Western blotting and electron microscopy, we could prove successful capsid protein expression and proper virus-assembly, respectively. The MVA-BAC produced higher recombinant virus titers and infected DF-1 cells more efficiently. CONCLUSIONS Comparing both methods, we conclude that, in contrast to the tedious and time-consuming traditional method, the MVA-BAC system allows us to quickly generate high titer recMVAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Kugler
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo Drexler
- Institute for Virology, Universitätklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter Hoffmann
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Hassan Moeini
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
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19
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Bull JJ, Nuismer SL, Antia R. Recombinant vector vaccine evolution. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006857. [PMID: 31323032 PMCID: PMC6668849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Replicating recombinant vector vaccines consist of a fully competent viral vector backbone engineered to express an antigen from a foreign transgene. From the perspective of viral replication, the transgene is not only dispensable but may even be detrimental. Thus vaccine revertants that delete or inactivate the transgene may evolve to dominate the vaccine virus population both during the process of manufacture of the vaccine as well as during the course of host infection. A particular concern is that this vaccine evolution could reduce its antigenicity—the immunity elicited to the transgene. We use mathematical and computational models to study vaccine evolution and immunity. These models include evolution arising during the process of manufacture, the dynamics of vaccine and revertant growth, plus innate and adaptive immunity elicited during the course of infection. Although the selective basis of vaccine evolution is easy to comprehend, the immunological consequences are not. One complication is that the opportunity for vaccine evolution is limited by the short period of within-host growth before the viral population is cleared. Even less obvious, revertant growth may only weakly interfere with vaccine growth in the host and thus have a limited effect on immunity to vaccine. Overall, we find that within-host vaccine evolution can sometimes compromise vaccine immunity, but only when the extent of evolution during vaccine manufacture is severe, and this evolution can be easily avoided or mitigated. Recombinant vector vaccines are live replicating viruses that are engineered to carry extra genes derived from a pathogen—and these extra genes produce proteins against which we want to generate immunity. These vaccine genomes may evolve to lose the extra genes during the process of manufacture of the vaccine or during replication within an individual, and there is a concern that this evolution might severely limit the vaccine’s efficacy. The dynamics of this process are studied here with mathematical models. The potential for vaccine evolution within the host is somewhat limited by the short-term growth of the vaccine population before it is suppressed by the immune response. We find that evolution is a problem only when the process of manufacture results in the majority of the vaccine virus being revertant. We show that increasing the vaccine inoculum size or reducing the level of revertant in the vaccine inoculum can largely avoid the loss of immunity arising from evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Bull
- Department Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Scott L. Nuismer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Rustom Antia
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Altanta, Georgia, United States of America
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20
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Multiantigenic Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Vaccine Vectors To Elicit Potent Humoral and Cellular Immune Reponses against Human Cytomegalovirus in Mice. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01012-18. [PMID: 30045984 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01012-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a common cause of disease in newborns and transplant recipients, developing an HCMV vaccine is considered a major public health priority. Yet an HCMV vaccine candidate remains elusive. Although the precise HCMV immune correlates of protection are unclear, both humoral and cellular immune responses have been implicated in protection against HCMV infection and disease. Here we describe a vaccine approach based on the well-characterized modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vector to stimulate robust HCMV humoral and cellular immune responses by an antigen combination composed of the envelope pentamer complex (PC), glycoprotein B (gB), and phosphoprotein 65 (pp65). We show that in mice, multiantigenic MVA vaccine vectors simultaneously expressing all five PC subunits, gB, and pp65 elicit potent complement-independent and complement-dependent HCMV neutralizing antibodies as well as mouse and human MHC-restricted, polyfunctional T cell responses by the individual antigens. In addition, we demonstrate that the PC/gB antigen combination of these multiantigenic MVA vectors can enhance the stimulation of humoral immune responses that mediate in vitro neutralization of different HCMV strains and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. These results support the use of MVA to develop a multiantigenic vaccine candidate for controlling HCMV infection and disease in different target populations, such as pregnant women and transplant recipients.IMPORTANCE The development of a human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) vaccine to prevent congenital disease and transplantation-related complications is an unmet medical need. While many HCMV vaccine candidates have been developed, partial success in preventing or controlling HCMV infection in women of childbearing age and transplant recipients has been observed with an approach based on envelope glycoprotein B (gB). We introduce a novel vaccine strategy based on the clinically deployable modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vaccine vector to elicit potent humoral and cellular immune responses by multiple immunodominant HCMV antigens, including gB, phosphoprotein 65, and all five subunits of the pentamer complex. These findings could contribute to development of a multiantigenic vaccine strategy that may afford more protection against HCMV infection and disease than a vaccine approach employing solely gB.
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21
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Alharbi NK. Poxviral promoters for improving the immunogenicity of MVA delivered vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 15:203-209. [PMID: 30148692 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1513439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a replication-deficient poxvirus, attenuated in chick embryo fibroblast primary cells. It has been utilised as a viral vector to develop many vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases such as malaria, HIV/AIDS, influenza, and tuberculosis, MERS-CoV, and Ebola virus infection. There is accumulating data from many preclinical and clinical studies that highlights the excellent safety and immunogenicity of MVA. However, due to the complex nature of many pathogens and their pathogenicity, MVA vectored vaccine candidates need to be optimised to improve their immunogenicity. One of the main approaches to improve MVA immunogenicity focuses on optimising poxviral promoters that drive recombinant vaccine antigens, encoded within recombinant MVA vector genome. A number of promoters were described or optimised to improve the development of MVA based vaccines such as p7.5, pF11, and mH5 promoters. This review focuses on poxviral promoters, their optimisation, genetic stability, and clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif Khalaf Alharbi
- a Infectious Disease Research Department , King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC) , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
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22
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Okoli A, Okeke MI, Tryland M, Moens U. CRISPR/Cas9-Advancing Orthopoxvirus Genome Editing for Vaccine and Vector Development. Viruses 2018; 10:E50. [PMID: 29361752 PMCID: PMC5795463 DOI: 10.3390/v10010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/associated protein 9 (Cas9) technology is revolutionizing genome editing approaches. Its high efficiency, specificity, versatility, flexibility, simplicity and low cost have made the CRISPR/Cas9 system preferable to other guided site-specific nuclease-based systems such as TALENs (Transcription Activator-like Effector Nucleases) and ZFNs (Zinc Finger Nucleases) in genome editing of viruses. CRISPR/Cas9 is presently being applied in constructing viral mutants, preventing virus infections, eradicating proviral DNA, and inhibiting viral replication in infected cells. The successful adaptation of CRISPR/Cas9 to editing the genome of Vaccinia virus paves the way for its application in editing other vaccine/vector-relevant orthopoxvirus (OPXV) strains. Thus, CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to resolve some of the major hindrances to the development of OPXV-based recombinant vaccines and vectors, including sub-optimal immunogenicity; transgene and genome instability; reversion of attenuation; potential of spread of transgenes to wildtype strains and close contacts, which are important biosafety and risk assessment considerations. In this article, we review the published literature on the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in virus genome editing and discuss the potentials of CRISPR/Cas9 in advancing OPXV-based recombinant vaccines and vectors. We also discuss the application of CRISPR/Cas9 in combating viruses of clinical relevance, the limitations of CRISPR/Cas9 and the current strategies to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinze Okoli
- Biosafety of Genome Editing Research Group, GenØk-Centre for Biosafety, Siva Innovation Centre, N-9294 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Malachy I Okeke
- Biosafety of Genome Editing Research Group, GenØk-Centre for Biosafety, Siva Innovation Centre, N-9294 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Morten Tryland
- Biosafety of Genome Editing Research Group, GenØk-Centre for Biosafety, Siva Innovation Centre, N-9294 Tromsø, Norway.
- Artic Infection Biology, Department of Artic and Marine Biology, The Artic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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23
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Brault AC, Domi A, McDonald EM, Talmi-Frank D, McCurley N, Basu R, Robinson HL, Hellerstein M, Duggal NK, Bowen RA, Guirakhoo F. A Zika Vaccine Targeting NS1 Protein Protects Immunocompetent Adult Mice in a Lethal Challenge Model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14769. [PMID: 29116169 PMCID: PMC5677088 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that has rapidly extended its geographic range around the world. Its association with abnormal fetal brain development, sexual transmission, and lack of a preventive vaccine have constituted a global health concern. Designing a safe and effective vaccine requires significant caution due to overlapping geographical distribution of ZIKV with dengue virus (DENV) and other flaviviruses, possibly resulting in more severe disease manifestations in flavivirus immune vaccinees such as Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE, a phenomenon involved in pathogenesis of DENV, and a risk associated with ZIKV vaccines using the envelope proteins as immunogens). Here, we describe the development of an alternative vaccine strategy encompassing the expression of ZIKV non-structural-1 (NS1) protein from a clinically proven safe, Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vector, thus averting the potential risk of ADE associated with structural protein-based ZIKV vaccines. A single intramuscular immunization of immunocompetent mice with the MVA-ZIKV-NS1 vaccine candidate provided robust humoral and cellular responses, and afforded 100% protection against a lethal intracerebral dose of ZIKV (strain MR766). This is the first report of (i) a ZIKV vaccine based on the NS1 protein and (ii) single dose protection against ZIKV using an immunocompetent lethal mouse challenge model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron C Brault
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | | | - Erin M McDonald
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Dalit Talmi-Frank
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Nisha K Duggal
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Richard A Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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24
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Okeke MI, Okoli AS, Diaz D, Offor C, Oludotun TG, Tryland M, Bøhn T, Moens U. Hazard Characterization of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Vector: What Are the Knowledge Gaps? Viruses 2017; 9:v9110318. [PMID: 29109380 PMCID: PMC5707525 DOI: 10.3390/v9110318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is the vector of choice for human and veterinary applications due to its strong safety profile and immunogenicity in vivo. The use of MVA and MVA-vectored vaccines against human and animal diseases must comply with regulatory requirements as they pertain to environmental risk assessment, particularly the characterization of potential adverse effects to humans, animals and the environment. MVA and recombinant MVA are widely believed to pose low or negligible risk to ecosystem health. However, key aspects of MVA biology require further research in order to provide data needed to evaluate the potential risks that may occur due to the use of MVA and MVA-vectored vaccines. The purpose of this paper is to identify knowledge gaps in the biology of MVA and recombinant MVA that are of relevance to its hazard characterization and discuss ongoing and future experiments aimed at providing data necessary to fill in the knowledge gaps. In addition, we presented arguments for the inclusion of uncertainty analysis and experimental investigation of verifiable worst-case scenarios in the environmental risk assessment of MVA and recombinant MVA. These will contribute to improved risk assessment of MVA and recombinant MVA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malachy I Okeke
- Genome Editing Research Group, GenØk-Center for Biosafety, Siva Innovation Center, N-9294 Tromso, Norway.
| | - Arinze S Okoli
- Genome Editing Research Group, GenØk-Center for Biosafety, Siva Innovation Center, N-9294 Tromso, Norway.
| | - Diana Diaz
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University i Tromsø (UiT)-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromso, Norway.
| | - Collins Offor
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, IMC University of Applied Sciences Piaristengasse 1, A-3500 Krems, Austria.
| | - Taiwo G Oludotun
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, IMC University of Applied Sciences Piaristengasse 1, A-3500 Krems, Austria.
| | - Morten Tryland
- Genome Editing Research Group, GenØk-Center for Biosafety, Siva Innovation Center, N-9294 Tromso, Norway.
- Artic Infection Biology, Department of Artic and Marine Biology, UIT-The Artic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromso, Norway.
| | - Thomas Bøhn
- Genome Editing Research Group, GenØk-Center for Biosafety, Siva Innovation Center, N-9294 Tromso, Norway.
| | - Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University i Tromsø (UiT)-The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromso, Norway.
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Dowall SD, Buttigieg KR, Findlay-Wilson SJD, Rayner E, Pearson G, Miloszewska A, Graham VA, Carroll MW, Hewson R. A Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) viral vaccine expressing nucleoprotein is immunogenic but fails to confer protection against lethal disease. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:519-27. [PMID: 26309231 PMCID: PMC5049717 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1078045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a severe tick-borne disease, endemic in many countries in Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe and Asia. Between 15–70% of reported cases are fatal with no approved vaccine available. In the present study, the attenuated poxvirus vector, Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara, was used to develop a recombinant candidate vaccine expressing the CCHF virus nucleoprotein. Cellular and humoral immunogenicity was confirmed in 2 mouse strains, including type I interferon receptor knockout mice, which are susceptible to CCHF disease. Despite the immune responses generated post-immunisation, the vaccine failed to protect animals from lethal disease in a challenge model.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Dowall
- a Public Health England ; Porton Down; Salisbury , Wiltshire , UK
| | - K R Buttigieg
- a Public Health England ; Porton Down; Salisbury , Wiltshire , UK
| | | | - E Rayner
- a Public Health England ; Porton Down; Salisbury , Wiltshire , UK
| | - G Pearson
- a Public Health England ; Porton Down; Salisbury , Wiltshire , UK
| | - A Miloszewska
- a Public Health England ; Porton Down; Salisbury , Wiltshire , UK
| | - V A Graham
- a Public Health England ; Porton Down; Salisbury , Wiltshire , UK
| | - M W Carroll
- a Public Health England ; Porton Down; Salisbury , Wiltshire , UK
| | - R Hewson
- a Public Health England ; Porton Down; Salisbury , Wiltshire , UK
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26
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MVA vaccine encoding CMV antigens safely induces durable expansion of CMV-specific T cells in healthy adults. Blood 2016; 129:114-125. [PMID: 27760761 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-07-729756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Attenuated poxvirus modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is a useful viral-based vaccine for clinical investigation, because of its excellent safety profile and property of inducing potent immune responses against recombinant (r) antigens. We developed Triplex by constructing an rMVA encoding 3 immunodominant cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens, which stimulates a host antiviral response: UL83 (pp65), UL123 (IE1-exon4), and UL122 (IE2-exon5). We completed the first clinical evaluation of the Triplex vaccine in 24 healthy adults, with or without immunity to CMV and vaccinia virus (previous DryVax smallpox vaccination). Three escalating dose levels (DL) were administered IM in 8 subjects/DL, with an identical booster injection 28 days later and 1-year follow-up. Vaccinations at all DL were safe with no dose-limiting toxicities. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were documented. Local and systemic reactogenicity was transient and self-limiting. Robust, functional, and durable Triplex-driven expansions of CMV-specific T cells were detected by measuring T-cell surface levels of 4-1BB (CD137), binding to CMV-specific HLA multimers, and interferon-γ production. Marked and durable CMV-specific T-cell responses were also detected in Triplex-vaccinated CMV-seronegatives, and in DryVax-vaccinated subjects. Long-lived memory effector phenotype, associated with viral control during CMV primary infection, was predominantly found on the membrane of CMV-specific and functional T cells, whereas off-target vaccine responses activating memory T cells from the related herpesvirus Epstein-Barr virus remained undetectable. Combined safety and immunogenicity results of MVA in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) recipients and Triplex in healthy adults motivated the initiation of a placebo-controlled multicenter trial of Triplex in HCT patients. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02506933.
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27
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Hain KS, Joshi LR, Okda F, Nelson J, Singrey A, Lawson S, Martins M, Pillatzki A, Kutish GF, Nelson EA, Flores EF, Diel DG. Immunogenicity of a recombinant parapoxvirus expressing the spike protein of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2719-2731. [PMID: 27558814 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The parapoxvirus Orf virus (ORFV), has long been recognized for its immunomodulatory properties in permissive and non-permissive animal species. Here, a new recombinant ORFV expressing the full-length spike (S) protein of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was generated and its immunogenicity and protective efficacy were evaluated in pigs. The PEDV S was inserted into the ORFV121 gene locus, an immunomodulatory gene that inhibits activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway and contributes to ORFV virulence in the natural host. The recombinant ORFV-PEDV-S virus efficiently and stably expressed the PEDV S protein in cell culture in vitro. Three intramuscular (IM) immunizations with the recombinant ORFV-PEDV-S in 3-week-old pigs elicited robust serum IgG, IgA and neutralizing antibody responses against PEDV. Additionally, IM immunization with the recombinant ORFV-PEDV-S virus protected pigs from clinical signs of porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) and reduced virus shedding in faeces upon challenge infection. These results demonstrate the suitability of ORFV121 gene locus as an insertion site for heterologous gene expression and delivery by ORFV-based viral vectors. Additionally, the results provide evidence of the potential of ORFV as a vaccine delivery vector for enteric viral diseases of swine. This study may have important implications for future development of ORFV-vectored vaccines for swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Hain
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Lok R Joshi
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Faten Okda
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Julie Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Aaron Singrey
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Steven Lawson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Mathias Martins
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Gerald F Kutish
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Eric A Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego G Diel
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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Abdul-Jawad S, Ondondo B, van Hateren A, Gardner A, Elliott T, Korber B, Hanke T. Increased Valency of Conserved-mosaic Vaccines Enhances the Breadth and Depth of Epitope Recognition. Mol Ther 2016; 24:375-384. [PMID: 26581160 PMCID: PMC4817818 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The biggest roadblock in development of effective vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the virus genetic diversity. For T-cell vaccine, this can be tackled by focusing the vaccine-elicited T-cells on the highly functionally conserved regions of HIV-1 proteins, mutations in which typically cause a replicative fitness loss, and by computing multivalent mosaic proteins, which maximize the coverage of potential 9-mer T-cell epitopes of the input viral sequences. Our first conserved region vaccines HIVconsv employed clade alternating consensus sequences and showed promise in the initial clinical trials in terms of magnitude and breadth of elicited CD8(+) T-cells. Here, monitoring T-cells restricted by HLA-A*02:01 in transgenic mice, we assessed whether or not the tHIVconsv design (HIVconsv with a tissue plasminogen activator leader sequence) benefits from combining with a complementing conserved mosaic immunogen tHIVcmo, and compared the bivalent immunization to that with trivalent conserved mosaic vaccines. A hierarchy of tHIVconsv ≤ tHIVconsv+tHIVcmo < tCmo1+tCmo2+tCmo3 vaccinations for induction of CD8(+) T-cell responses was observed in terms of recognition of tested peptide variants. Thus, our HLA-A*02:01-restricted epitope data concur with previously published mouse and macaque observations and suggest that even conserved region vaccines benefit from oligovalent mosaic design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andy van Hateren
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Tim Elliott
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA; The New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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Alharbi NK, Spencer AJ, Salman AM, Tully CM, Chinnakannan SK, Lambe T, Yamaguchi Y, Morris SJ, Orubu T, Draper SJ, Hill AV, Gilbert SC. Enhancing cellular immunogenicity of MVA-vectored vaccines by utilizing the F11L endogenous promoter. Vaccine 2016; 34:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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Vaccine-Derived Neutralizing Antibodies to the Human Cytomegalovirus gH/gL Pentamer Potently Block Primary Cytotrophoblast Infection. J Virol 2015; 89:11884-98. [PMID: 26378171 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01701-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) elicits neutralizing antibodies (NAb) of various potencies and cell type specificities to prevent HCMV entry into fibroblasts (FB) and epithelial/endothelial cells (EpC/EnC). NAb targeting the major essential envelope glycoprotein complexes gB and gH/gL inhibit both FB and EpC/EnC entry. In contrast to FB infection, HCMV entry into EpC/EnC is additionally blocked by extremely potent NAb to conformational epitopes of the gH/gL/UL128/130/131A pentamer complex (PC). We recently developed a vaccine concept based on coexpression of all five PC subunits by a single modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vector, termed MVA-PC. Vaccination of mice and rhesus macaques with MVA-PC resulted in a high titer and sustained NAb that blocked EpC/EnC infection and lower-titer NAb that inhibited FB entry. However, antibody function responsible for the neutralizing activity induced by the MVA-PC vaccine is uncharacterized. Here, we demonstrate that MVA-PC elicits NAb with cell type-specific neutralization potency and antigen recognition pattern similar to human NAb targeting conformational and linear epitopes of the UL128/130/131A subunits or gH. In addition, we show that the vaccine-derived PC-specific NAb are significantly more potent than the anti-gH NAb to prevent HCMV spread in EpC and infection of human placental cytotrophoblasts, cell types thought to be of critical importance for HCMV transmission to the fetus. These findings further validate MVA-PC as a clinical vaccine candidate to elicit NAb that resembles those induced during HCMV infection and provide valuable insights into the potency of PC-specific NAb to interfere with HCMV cell-associated spread and infection of key placental cells. IMPORTANCE As a consequence of the leading role of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in causing permanent birth defects, developing a vaccine against HCMV has been assigned a major public health priority. We have recently introduced a vaccine strategy based on a widely used, safe, and well-characterized poxvirus vector platform to elicit potent and durable neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses targeting the HCMV envelope pentamer complex (PC), which has been suggested as a critical component for a vaccine to prevent congenital HCMV infection. With this work, we confirm that the NAb elicited by the vaccine vector have properties that are similar to those of human NAb isolated from individuals chronically infected with HCMV. In addition, we show that PC-specific NAb have potent ability to prevent infection of key placental cells that HCMV utilizes to cross the fetal-maternal interface, suggesting that NAb targeting the PC may be essential to prevent HCMV vertical transmission.
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31
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Investigation of IRES Insertion into the Genome of Recombinant MVA as a Translation Enhancer in the Context of Transcript Decapping. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127978. [PMID: 26011541 PMCID: PMC4444188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) has been used to deliver vaccine candidate antigens against infectious diseases and cancer. MVA is a potent viral vector for inducing high magnitudes of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells; however the cellular immune responses to a recombinant antigen in MVA could be further enhanced by increasing transgene expression. Previous reports showed the importance of utilizing an early poxviral promoter for increasing transgene expression and therefore enhancing cellular immune responses. However, the vaccinia D10 decapping enzyme is reported to target and decap vaccinia virus early transcripts – a mechanism that could limit the usefulness of early promoters in MVA viral vectors if this enzyme shows the same activity in this closely related virus. Therefore, we attempted to increase transgene expression in recombinant MVA by inserting the encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) internal ribosome entry site (IRES) upstream of a transgene sequence that is controlled by the B8R early promoter, and assessed D10 enzyme decapping activity in MVA. The aim of the IRES element was to initiate translation of the transgene transcript (after the removal of the cap structure by the D10 decapping protein) in a cap-independent manner. Here, we report that overexpression of the D10 decapping protein, in trans, in MVA reduced growth and transgene expression; however, the IRES element was not able to compensate for the negative effect of the D10 decapping protein. Recombinant MVA with EMCV IRES induced levels of both gene expression and transcription that were similar to the control recombinant MVA, encoding the same transgene but without the IRES element. Both viruses were tested in BALB/c mice and induced similar magnitudes of epitope-specific CD8+ T cells. This work indicates that the MVA version of the D10 decapping enzyme, overexpressed using a plasmid, is functional, but its negative effect on transgene expression by recombinant MVA cannot be overcome by the use of the EMCV IRES inserted upstream of the transgene initiation codon.
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Early Kinetics of the HLA Class I-Associated Peptidome of MVA.HIVconsv-Infected Cells. J Virol 2015; 89:5760-71. [PMID: 25810538 PMCID: PMC4442425 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03627-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cytotoxic T cells substantially contribute to the control of intracellular pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Here, we evaluated the immunopeptidome of Jurkat cells infected with the vaccine candidate MVA.HIVconsv, which delivers HIV-1 conserved antigenic regions by using modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA). We employed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify 6,358 unique peptides associated with the class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA), of which 98 peptides were derived from the MVA vector and 7 were derived from the HIVconsv immunogen. Human vaccine recipients responded to the peptide sequences identified by LC-MS/MS. Peptides derived from the conserved HIV-1 regions were readily detected as early as 1.5 h after MVA.HIVconsv infection. Four of the seven conserved peptides were monitored between 0 and 3.5 h of infection by using quantitative mass spectrometry (Q-MS), and their abundance in HLA class I associations reflected levels of the whole HIVconsv protein in the cell. While immunopeptides delivered by the incoming MVA vector proteins could be detected, all early HIVconsv-derived immunopeptides were likely synthesized de novo. MVA.HIVconsv infection generally altered the composition of HLA class I-associated human (self) peptides, but these changes corresponded only partially to changes in the whole cell host protein abundance. IMPORTANCE The vast changes in cellular antigen presentation after infection of cells with a vectored vaccine, as shown here for MVA.HIVconsv, highlight the complexity of factors that need to be considered for efficient antigen delivery and presentation. Identification and quantitation of HLA class I-associated peptides by Q-MS will not only find broad application in T-cell epitope discovery but also inform vaccine design and allow evaluation of efficient epitope presentation using different delivery strategies.
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Human cytomegalovirus vaccine based on the envelope gH/gL pentamer complex. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004524. [PMID: 25412505 PMCID: PMC4239111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) utilizes two different pathways for host cell entry. HCMV entry into fibroblasts requires glycoproteins gB and gH/gL, whereas HCMV entry into epithelial and endothelial cells (EC) requires an additional complex composed of gH, gL, UL128, UL130, and UL131A, referred to as the gH/gL-pentamer complex (gH/gL-PC). While there are no established correlates of protection against HCMV, antibodies are thought to be important in controlling infection. Neutralizing antibodies (NAb) that prevent gH/gL-PC mediated entry into EC are candidates to be assessed for in vivo protective function. However, these potent NAb are predominantly directed against conformational epitopes derived from the assembled gH/gL-PC. To address these concerns, we constructed Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viruses co-expressing all five gH/gL-PC subunits (MVA-gH/gL-PC), subsets of gH/gL-PC subunits (gH/gL or UL128/UL130/UL131A), or the gB subunit from HCMV strain TB40/E. We provide evidence for cell surface expression and assembly of complexes expressing full-length gH or gB, or their secretion when the corresponding transmembrane domains are deleted. Mice or rhesus macaques (RM) were vaccinated three times with MVA recombinants and serum NAb titers that prevented 50% infection of human EC or fibroblasts by HCMV TB40/E were determined. NAb responses induced by MVA-gH/gL-PC blocked HCMV infection of EC with potencies that were two orders of magnitude greater than those induced by MVA expressing gH/gL, UL128-UL131A, or gB. In addition, MVA-gH/gL-PC induced NAb responses that were durable and efficacious to prevent HCMV infection of Hofbauer macrophages, a fetal-derived cell localized within the placenta. NAb were also detectable in saliva of vaccinated RM and reached serum peak levels comparable to NAb titers found in HCMV hyperimmune globulins. This vaccine based on a translational poxvirus platform co-delivers all five HCMV gH/gL-PC subunits to achieve robust humoral responses that neutralize HCMV infection of EC, placental macrophages and fibroblasts, properties of potential value in a prophylactic vaccine. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) fetal infection during pregnancy and infection of immunocompromised patients are both clinical problems considered extremely important by the Institute of Medicine. Limited efficacy against primary HCMV infection was found using a subunit vaccine based on glycoprotein B, an important neutralizing antibody determinant blocking HCMV entry into fibroblasts. The HCMV field has been transformed by the discovery that a five-member (pentamer) protein complex is a required factor for epithelial and endothelial cell entry and indispensable for transmission as shown in non-human primates. Targeting HCMV with antibodies specific to the pentamer may interrupt horizontal and vertical transmission. We describe an innovative vaccine strategy to induce serum neutralizing antibodies of impressive magnitude against HCMV in two animal models. Using an attenuated poxvirus vector system, we demonstrate that co-expression of all five pentamer components is significantly more potent to induce serum neutralizing antibodies than subunit subsets of the complex or glycoprotein B, reaching peak levels comparable to HCMV hyperimmune globulin. A vaccine that elicits systemic and mucosal antibody responses that prevents infection of multiple cell types crucial to natural history of HCMV infection could play a role in preventing congenital HCMV infection and control of infection in immunocompromised patients.
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Optimizing parallel induction of HIV type 1-specific antibody and T-cell responses by multicomponent subunit vaccines. AIDS 2014; 28:2495-504. [PMID: 25229267 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Protection against HIV type 1 (HIV-1) infection/AIDS will likely require concerted actions of protective CD8(+) killer T cells and protective antibodies. The challenges in inducing such effectors by active immunization are such that the T-cell and antibody vaccine components require separate development. Here, a rational attempt is taken to combine two separately optimized heterologous regimens into a single T-cell-inducing and antibody-inducing vaccination schedule with minimal induction of unprotective Env-specific T cells. DESIGN Clade A BG505 Env-derived uncleaved gp140 (BG505u) and conserved region tHIVc immunogens were utilized and presented to the immune system using non-replicating simian (chimpanzee) adenovirus ChAdV-63 (C) and poxvirus-modified vaccinia virus Ankara MVA (M). In addition, purified BG505 gp120 (P) was used for antibody induction. METHODS BALB/c mice were vaccinated to elicit Env antibodies alone using ChAdV63.BG505u. MVA.BG505u and BG505 gp120 in regimens CMP, CPP and PPP, and in combination with the ChAdV63.tHIVc and MVA.tHIVc components in regimens CMP+CMM, CPP+CMM and PPP+CMM. Antibody and T-cell responses to BG505 Env and conserved regions of the HIV-1 proteome were determined. RESULTS Although all three regimens delivering BG505 Env induced similar levels of antibodies, BG505-specific T cells were induced in the CMP>CPP>PPP hierarchy, which was maintained during coinduction of tHIVc-specific T cells. Adjuvanted BG505 PPP decreased induction of tHIVc-specific T cells and tHIVc T-cell induction decreased induction of BG505 Ab. As expected, the antibodies that were induced neutralized tier 1 HIV-1 strains. CONCLUSION These results inform designs of initial human studies combining separately optimized T-cell and B-cell HIV-1 vaccines into a single regimen.
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35
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Goossens M, Pauwels K, Willemarck N, Breyer D. Environmental risk assessment of clinical trials involving modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)-based vectors. Curr Gene Ther 2014; 13:413-20. [PMID: 24397528 PMCID: PMC4031919 DOI: 10.2174/156652321306140103221941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) strain, which has been developed as a vaccine against smallpox, is
since the nineties widely tested in clinical trials as recombinant vector for vaccination or gene therapy applications. Although
MVA is renowned for its safety, several biosafety aspects need to be considered when performing the risk assessment
of a recombinant MVA (rMVA). This paper presents the biosafety issues and the main lessons learned from the
evaluation of the clinical trials with rMVA performed in Belgium. Factors such as the specific characteristics of the
rMVA, the inserted foreign sequences/transgene, its ability for reconversion, recombination and dissemination in the
population and the environment are the main points of attention. Measures to prevent or manage identified risks are also
discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Didier Breyer
- Scientific Institute of Public Health, Biosafety and Biotechnology Unit, Rue J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B- 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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36
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Hardwick NR, Carroll M, Kaltcheva T, Qian D, Lim D, Leong L, Chu P, Kim J, Chao J, Fakih M, Yen Y, Espenschied J, Ellenhorn JDI, Diamond DJ, Chung V. p53MVA therapy in patients with refractory gastrointestinal malignancies elevates p53-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:4459-70. [PMID: 24987057 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To conduct a phase I trial of a modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccine delivering wild-type human p53 (p53MVA) in patients with refractory gastrointestinal cancers. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Three patients were vaccinated with 1.0×10(8) plaque-forming unit (pfu) p53MVA followed by nine patients at 5.6×10(8) pfu. Toxicity was classified using the NCI Common Toxicity Criteria and clinical responses were assessed by CT scan. Peripheral blood samples were collected pre- and post-immunization for immunophenotyping, monitoring of p53MVA-induced immune response, and examination of PD1 checkpoint inhibition in vitro. RESULTS p53MVA immunization was well tolerated at both doses, with no adverse events above grade 2. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells showing enhanced recognition of a p53 overlapping peptide library were detectable after the first immunization, particularly in the CD8+ T-cell compartment (P=0.03). However, in most patients, this did not expand further with the second and third immunization. The frequency of PD1+ T cells detectable in patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was significantly higher than in healthy controls. Furthermore, the frequency of PD1+ CD8+ T cells showed an inverse correlation with the peak CD8+ p53 response (P=0.02) and antibody blockade of PD1 in vitro increased the p53 immune responses detected after the second or third immunizations. Induction of strong T-cell and antibody responses to the MVA backbone were also apparent. CONCLUSION p53MVA was well tolerated and induced robust CD8+ T-cell responses. Combination of p53MVA with immune checkpoint inhibition could help sustain immune responses and lead to enhanced clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola R Hardwick
- Division of Translational Vaccine Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Mary Carroll
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Teodora Kaltcheva
- Division of Translational Vaccine Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Dajun Qian
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Dean Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Lucille Leong
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Peiguo Chu
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Joseph Kim
- Department of Surgical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Joseph Chao
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Marwan Fakih
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Yun Yen
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Jonathan Espenschied
- Division of Cancer Etiology and Outcomes Research, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | | | - Don J Diamond
- Division of Translational Vaccine Research, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California.
| | - Vincent Chung
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
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Buttigieg KR, Dowall SD, Findlay-Wilson S, Miloszewska A, Rayner E, Hewson R, Carroll MW. A novel vaccine against Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever protects 100% of animals against lethal challenge in a mouse model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91516. [PMID: 24621656 PMCID: PMC3951450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a severe tick-borne disease, endemic in many countries in Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe and Asia. Between 15-70% of reported cases are fatal. There is no approved vaccine available, and preclinical protection in vivo by an experimental vaccine has not been demonstrated previously. In the present study, the attenuated poxvirus vector, Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara, was used to develop a recombinant candidate vaccine expressing the CCHF virus glycoproteins. Cellular and humoral immunogenicity was confirmed in two mouse strains, including type I interferon receptor knockout mice, which are susceptible to CCHF disease. This vaccine protected all recipient animals from lethal disease in a challenge model adapted to represent infection via a tick bite. Histopathology and viral load analysis of protected animals confirmed that they had been exposed to challenge virus, even though they did not exhibit clinical signs. This is the first demonstration of efficacy of a CCHF vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- DNA, Recombinant/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/physiology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/metabolism
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/pathology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/prevention & control
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Mice
- Plasmids/genetics
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Viral Load
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R. Buttigieg
- Microbiology Services Research, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart D. Dowall
- Microbiology Services Research, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Findlay-Wilson
- Microbiology Services Research, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandra Miloszewska
- Microbiology Services Research, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Rayner
- Microbiology Services Research, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Hewson
- Microbiology Services Research, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- Microbiology Services Research, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
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38
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Jabbar TK, Calvo-Pinilla E, Mateos F, Gubbins S, Bin-Tarif A, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Alpar O, Ortego J, Takamatsu HH, Mertens PPC, Castillo-Olivares J. Protection of IFNAR (-/-) mice against bluetongue virus serotype 8, by heterologous (DNA/rMVA) and homologous (rMVA/rMVA) vaccination, expressing outer-capsid protein VP2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60574. [PMID: 23593251 PMCID: PMC3625202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The protective efficacy of recombinant vaccines expressing serotype 8 bluetongue virus (BTV-8) capsid proteins was tested in a mouse model. The recombinant vaccines comprised plasmid DNA or Modified Vaccinia Ankara viruses encoding BTV VP2, VP5 or VP7 proteins. These constructs were administered alone or in combination using either a homologous prime boost vaccination regime (rMVA/rMVA) or a heterologous vaccination regime (DNA/rMVA). The DNA/rMVA or rMVA/rMVA prime-boost were administered at a three week interval and all of the animals that received VP2 generated neutralising antibodies. The vaccinated and non-vaccinated-control mice were subsequently challenged with a lethal dose of BTV-8. Mice vaccinated with VP7 alone were not protected. However, mice vaccinated with DNA/rMVA or rMVA/rMVA expressing VP2, VP5 and VP7 or VP2 alone were all protected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Francisco Mateos
- Centro en Investigación y Sanidad Animal, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Oya Alpar
- Centre for Drug Delivery Research, London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Ortego
- Centro en Investigación y Sanidad Animal, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
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A vaccine based on the rhesus cytomegalovirus UL128 complex induces broadly neutralizing antibodies in rhesus macaques. J Virol 2012; 87:1322-32. [PMID: 23152525 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01669-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (NAb) are important for interfering with horizontal transmission of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) leading to primary and congenital HCMV infection. Recent findings have shown that a pentameric virion complex formed by the glycoproteins gH/gL, UL128, UL130, and UL131A (UL128C) is required for HCMV entry into epithelial/endothelial cells (Epi/EC) and is the target of potent NAb in HCMV-seropositive individuals. Using bacterial artificial chromosome technology, we have generated a modified vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA) that stably coexpresses all 5 rhesus CMV (RhCMV) proteins homologous to HCMV UL128C, termed MVA-RhUL128C. Coimmunoprecipitation confirmed the interaction of RhgH with the other 4 RhCMV subunits of the pentameric complex. All 8 RhCMV-naïve rhesus macaques (RM) vaccinated with MVA-RhUL128C developed NAb that blocked infection of monkey kidney epithelial cells (MKE) and rhesus fibroblasts. NAb titers induced by MVA-RhUL128C measured on both cell types at 2 to 6 weeks postvaccination were comparable to levels observed in naturally infected RM. In contrast, MVA expressing a subset of RhUL128C proteins or RhgB glycoprotein only minimally stimulated NAb that inhibited infection of MKE. In addition, following subcutaneous RhCMV challenge at 8 weeks postvaccination, animals vaccinated with MVA-RhUL128C showed reduced plasma viral loads. These results indicate that MVA expressing the RhUL128C induces NAb inhibiting RhCMV entry into both Epi/EC and fibroblasts and limits RhCMV replication in RM. This novel approach is the first step in developing a prophylactic HCMV vaccine designed to interfere with virus entry into major cell types permissive for viral replication, a required property of an effective vaccine.
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40
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Orubu T, Alharbi NK, Lambe T, Gilbert SC, Cottingham MG. Expression and cellular immunogenicity of a transgenic antigen driven by endogenous poxviral early promoters at their authentic loci in MVA. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40167. [PMID: 22761956 PMCID: PMC3384612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cell responses to vaccinia virus are directed almost exclusively against early gene products. The attenuated strain modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is under evaluation in clinical trials of new vaccines designed to elicit cellular immune responses against pathogens including Plasmodium spp., M. tuberculosis and HIV-1. All of these recombinant MVAs (rMVA) utilize the well-established method of linking the gene of interest to a cloned poxviral promoter prior to insertion into the viral genome at a suitable locus by homologous recombination in infected cells. Using BAC recombineering, we show that potent early promoters that drive expression of non-functional or non-essential MVA open reading frames (ORFs) can be harnessed for immunogenic expression of recombinant antigen. Precise replacement of the MVA orthologs of C11R, F11L, A44L and B8R with a model antigen positioned to use the same translation initiation codon allowed early transgene expression similar to or slightly greater than that achieved by the commonly-used p7.5 or short synthetic promoters. The frequency of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells induced in mice by single shot or adenovirus-prime, rMVA-boost vaccination were similarly equal or marginally enhanced using endogenous promoters at their authentic genomic loci compared to the traditional constructs. The enhancement in immunogenicity observed using the C11R or F11L promoters compared with p7.5 was similar to that obtained with the mH5 promoter compared with p7.5. Furthermore, the growth rates of the viruses were unimpaired and the insertions were genetically stable. Insertion of a transgenic ORF in place of a viral ORF by BAC recombineering can thus provide not only a potent promoter, but also, concomitantly, a suitable insertion site, potentially facilitating development of MVA vaccines expressing multiple recombinant antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toritse Orubu
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah C. Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Hopkins R, Bridgeman A, Joseph J, Gilbert SC, McShane H, Hanke T. Dual neonate vaccine platform against HIV-1 and M. tuberculosis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20067. [PMID: 21603645 PMCID: PMC3094449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and tuberculosis (TB) are two of the
world's most devastating diseases. The first vaccine the majority of
infants born in Africa receive is Mycobacterium bovis bacillus
Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as a prevention against TB. BCG protects against
disseminated disease in the first 10 years of life, but provides a variable
protection against pulmonary TB and enhancing boost delivered by recombinant
modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA) expressing antigen 85A (Ag85A) of
M. tuberculosis is currently in phase IIb evaluation in
African neonates. If the newborn's mother is positive for human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the baby is at high risk of acquiring
HIV-1 through breastfeeding. We suggested that a vaccination consisting of
recombinant BCG expressing HIV-1 immunogen administered at birth followed by a
boost with rMVA sharing the same immunogen could serve as a strategy for
prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 and rMVA expressing an
African HIV-1-derived immunogen HIVA is currently in phase I trials in African
neonates. Here, we aim to develop a dual neonate vaccine platform against HIV-1
and TB consisting of BCG.HIVA administered at birth followed by a boost with
MVA.HIVA.85A. Thus, mMVA.HIVA.85A and sMVA.HIVA.85A vaccines were constructed,
in which the transgene transcription is driven by either modified H5 or short
synthetic promoters, respectively, and tested for immunogenicity alone and in
combination with BCG.HIVA222. mMVA.HIVA.85A was produced markerless
and thus suitable for clinical manufacture. While sMVA.HIVA.85A expressed higher
levels of the immunogens, it was less immunogenic than mMVA.HIVA.85A in BALB/c
mice. A BCG.HIVA222–mMVA.HIVA.85A prime-boost regimen induced
robust T cell responses to both HIV-1 and M. tuberculosis.
Therefore, proof-of-principle for a dual anti-HIV-1/M.
tuberculosis infant vaccine platform is established. Induction of
immune responses against these pathogens soon after birth is highly desirable
and may provide a basis for lifetime protection maintained by boosts later in
life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hopkins
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall
Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United
Kingdom
| | - Anne Bridgeman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall
Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United
Kingdom
| | - Joan Joseph
- AIDS Research Unit, Hospital
Clínic/IDIBAPS-HIVACAT, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona,
Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah C. Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford,
Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford,
Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall
Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United
Kingdom
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford,
Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Bhambure R, Kumar K, Rathore AS. High-throughput process development for biopharmaceutical drug substances. Trends Biotechnol 2011; 29:127-35. [PMID: 21255855 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Quality by Design (QbD) is gaining industry acceptance as an approach towards development and commercialization of biotechnology therapeutic products that are expressed via microbial or mammalian cell lines. In QbD, the process is designed and controlled to deliver specified quality attributes consistently. To acquire the enhanced understanding that is necessary to achieve the above, however, requires more extensive experimentation to establish the design space for the process and the product. With biotechnology companies operating under ever-increasing pressure towards lowering the cost of manufacturing, the use of high-throughput tools has emerged as a necessary enabler of QbD in a time- and resource-constrained environment. We review this topic for those in academia and industry that are engaged in drug substance process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhambure
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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Manuel ER, Wang Z, Li Z, La Rosa C, Zhou W, Diamond DJ. Intergenic region 3 of modified vaccinia ankara is a functional site for insert gene expression and allows for potent antigen-specific immune responses. Virology 2010; 403:155-62. [PMID: 20471051 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Integration of exogenous DNA into modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is often accomplished using mapped deletion sites in the viral genome. Since MVA has a large capacity (> or =30kb) for foreign gene inserts and a limited number of unique integration sites, development of additional integration sites is needed to take full advantage of the extraordinary capacity for foreign gene insertion. In this report, we evaluate an alternative insertion site known as intergenic region 3 (IGR3). Recombinant MVA carrying the cytomegalovirus pp65 gene in IGR3 (rMVA-pp65-IGR3) demonstrated expression and genetic stability of the insert gene upon passage. Immunization of transgenic HLA-A2 mice with rMVA-pp65-IGR3 induced robust antigen-specific immune responses. Moreover, rMVA-pp65-IGR3-infected human EBV-transformed B cell lines were able to stimulate high levels of pp65-specific memory T cell responses in human PBMCs. These data support the usage of IGR3 for the development of highly immunogenic rMVA vaccines for clinical or veterinary use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R Manuel
- Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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