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Al-Kaif LAIK, Al-Ameri H, Alfatlawi WRO, Mahdi AE, Al-Khafaji YAK, Al-Saadi MAK, Al-Charrakh AH, Al-Mammori RT, Akkaif MA. Detection of CTLA-4 level and humeral immune response after the second dose of COVID-19 vaccine in certain Iraqi provinces participants. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296521. [PMID: 38180994 PMCID: PMC10769031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluating immune responses following COVID-19 vaccination is paramount to understanding vaccine effectiveness and optimizing public health interventions. This study seeks to elucidate individuals' immune status after administering a second dose of diverse COVID-19 vaccines. By analyzing immune responses through serological markers, we aim to contribute valuable insights into the uniformity of vaccine performance. METHODS A total of 80 participants were enrolled in this study, with demographic and COVID-19 infection-related data collected for categorization. Serum samples were acquired within a specified timeframe, and SARS-CoV-2 IgM/IgG rapid tests were conducted. Moreover, CTLA-4 levels were measured through ELISA assays, allowing us to assess the immune responses comprehensively. The participants were divided into eight groups based on various factors, facilitating a multifaceted analysis. RESULTS The outcomes of our investigation demonstrated consistent immune responses across the diverse types of COVID-19 vaccines administered in Iraq. Statistical analysis revealed no significant distinctions among the vaccine categories. In contrast, significant differences were observed in CTLA-4 among the control group (non-infected/non-vaccinated, infected/non-vaccinated) and infected/Pfizer, non-infected/Pfizer, and infected/Sinopharm, non-infected/sinopharm (P = 0.001, < 0.001, 0.023, respectively). This suggests that these vaccines exhibit comparable effectiveness in eliciting an immune response among the study participants. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our study's results underscore the lack of discriminatory variations between different COVID-19 vaccine types utilized in Iraq. The uniform immune responses observed signify the equitable efficacy and performance of these vaccines. Despite minor quantitative discrepancies, these variations do not hold statistical significance, reaffirming the notion that the various vaccines serve a similar purpose in conferring protection against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith A. I. K. Al-Kaif
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hammurabi College of Medicine, University of Babylon, Hillah, Babylon, Iraq
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Hussain Al-Ameri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University, Hillah, Babylon, Iraq
| | | | - Ammar Eesa Mahdi
- Basic Science Department, College of Dentistry, University of Babylon, Hillah, Babylon, Iraq
| | | | | | - Alaa H. Al-Charrakh
- Basic Science Department, College of Dentistry, University of Babylon, Hillah, Babylon, Iraq
| | | | - Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif
- Department of Cardiology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Manenti A, Solfanelli N, Cantaloni P, Mazzini L, Leonardi M, Benincasa L, Piccini G, Marchi S, Boncioli M, Spertilli Raffaelli C, Tacconi D, Mattiuzzo G, Kistner O, Montomoli E, Trombetta CM. Evaluation of Monkeypox- and Vaccinia virus-neutralizing antibodies in human serum samples after vaccination and natural infection. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1195674. [PMID: 37415699 PMCID: PMC10321151 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1195674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In early to mid-2022, an unexpected outbreak of Monkeypox virus infections occurred outside the African endemic regions. Vaccines originally developed in the past to protect against smallpox are one of the available countermeasures to prevent and protect against Orthopoxvirus infections. To date, there are few studies on the cross-reactivity of neutralizing antibodies elicited by previous vaccinia virus-based vaccination and/or Monkeypox virus infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate a possible approach to performing Monkeypox and vaccinia live-virus microneutralization assays in which the read-out is based on the production of cytopathic effect in the cell monolayer. Methods Given the complexity of Orthopoxviruses, the microneutralization assay was performed in such a way as to uncover a potential role of complement, with and without the addition of an external source of Baby Rabbit Complement. A set of human serum samples from individuals who had been naturally infected with Monkeypox virus and individuals who may have and not have undergone vaccinia virus vaccinations, was used to evaluate the performance, sensitivity, and specificity of the assay. Results and conclusions The results of the present study confirm the presence and cross-reactivity of antibodies elicited by vaccinia-based vaccines, which proved able to neutralize the Monkeypox virus in the presence of an external source of complement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Serena Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Danilo Tacconi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Donato, Arezzo, Italy
| | - Giada Mattiuzzo
- Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, United Kingdom
| | | | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi Srl, Siena, Italy
- VisMederi Research Srl, Siena, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Maria Trombetta
- VisMederi Research Srl, Siena, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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3
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Shamsi TN, Yin J, James ME, James MN. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea: Causative Agent, Epidemiology, Clinical
Characteristics, and Treatment Strategy Targeting Main Protease. Protein Pept Lett 2022; 29:392-407. [DOI: 10.2174/0929866529666220316145149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aims:
This aimed to study the causative agent, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and
treatment strategy targeting the main protease in porcine epidemic diarrhea.
Background:
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a contagious intestinal viral infection causing
severe diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration in pigs. High rates of mortalities and severe morbidities,
approaching 100%, are reported in piglets infected with PEDV. In recent years, PED has been
observed to influence the swine-farming nations in Europe, Asia, the USA, South Korea, and
Canada. The PED virus (PEDV) transmission takes place through a faecal-oral route.
Objective:
The objective is to review the characteristics of PEDV and its role in the disease. In
addition, we aim to outline some possible methods to combat PED infection, including targeting the
main protease of coronavirus and their future perspectives.
Method:
This study is a review of literature on the PED virus.
Results:
Apart from symptomatic treatment and supportive care, there is no available specific
treatment for PEDV. Appropriate disinfectants and cleaning are pivotal for the control of PEDV. To
date, apart from anti-PEDV inhibitors, there are no specific drugs available commercially to treat
the disease. Therefore, 3C-like protease (3CLpro) in PEDV that has highly conserved structure and
catalytic mechanism serves as an alluring drug as it plays a vital role during viral polyprotein
processing at the time of infection.
Conclusion:
A well synchronized and collective effort of scientists, swine veterinarians, pork
industry experts, and associated authorities is essential for the accomplishment of proper execution
of these required measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tooba N. Shamsi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7,
Canada
| | - Jiang Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7,
Canada
| | - Michelle E. James
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7,
Canada
| | - Michael N.G. James
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2H7,
Canada
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4
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Kumar A, Sharma P, Arun A, Meena LS. Development of peptide vaccine candidate using highly antigenic PE-PGRS family proteins to stimulate the host immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H 37Rv: an immuno-informatics approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 41:3382-3404. [PMID: 35293852 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2048079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a fast spreading; transmissible disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). M. tuberculosis has a high death rate in its endemic regions due to a lack of appropriate treatment and preventative measures. We have used a vaccinomics strategy to create an effective multi-epitope vaccine against M. tuberculosis. The antigenic proteins with the highest antigenicity were utilised to predict cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL), helper T-lymphocyte (HTL), and linear B-lymphocyte (LBL) epitopes. CTL and HTL epitopes were covered in 99.97% of the population. Seven epitopes each of CTL, HTL, and LBL were ultimately selected and utilised to develop a multi-epitope vaccine. A vaccine design was developed by combining these epitopes with suitable linkers and LprG adjuvant. The vaccine chimera was revealed to be highly immunogenic, non-allergenic, and non-toxic. To ensure a better expression within the Escherichia coli K12 (E. coli K12) host system, codon adaptation and in silico cloning were accomplished. Following that, various validation studies were conducted, including molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and immunological simulation, all of which indicated that the designed vaccine would be stable in the biological environment and effective against M. tuberculosis infection. The immune simulation revealed higher levels of T-cell and B-cell activity, which corresponded to the actual immune response. Exposure simulations were repeated several times, resulting in increased clonal selection and faster antigen clearance. These results suggest that, if proposed vaccine chimera would test both in-vitro and in-vivo, it could be a viable treatment and preventive strategy for TB.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Kumar
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Akanksha Arun
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Laxman S Meena
- CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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5
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Moysi E, Paris RM, Le Grand R, Koup RA, Petrovas C. Human lymph node immune dynamics as driver of vaccine efficacy: an understudied aspect of immune responses. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:633-644. [PMID: 35193447 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2045198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the last century, changes in hygiene, sanitation, and the advent of childhood vaccination have resulted in profound reductions in mortality from infectious diseases. Despite this success, infectious diseases remain an enigmatic public health threat, where effective vaccines for influenza, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis, and malaria, among others remain elusive. AREA COVERED In addition to the immune evasion tactics employed by complex pathogens, our understanding of immunopathogenesis and the development of effective vaccines is also complexified by the inherent variability of human immune responses. Lymph nodes (LNs) are the anatomical sites where B cell responses develop. An important, but understudied component of immune response complexity is variation in LN immune dynamics and in particular variation in germinal center follicular helper T cells (Tfh) and B cells which can be impacted by genetic variation, aging, the microbiome and chronic infection. EXPERT OPINION This review describes the contribution of genetic variation, aging, microbiome and chronic infection on LN immune dynamics and associated Tfh responses and offers perspective on how inclusion of LN immune subset and cytoarchitecture analyses, along with peripheral blood biomarkers can supplement systems vaccinology or immunology approaches for the development of vaccines or other interventions to prevent infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Moysi
- Tissue Analysis Core, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Roger Le Grand
- Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Richard A Koup
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Tissue Analysis Core, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Ghodake GS, Shinde SK, Kadam AA, Saratale RG, Saratale GD, Syed A, Elgorban AM, Marraiki N, Kim DY. Biological characteristics and biomarkers of novel SARS-CoV-2 facilitated rapid development and implementation of diagnostic tools and surveillance measures. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 177:112969. [PMID: 33434780 PMCID: PMC7836906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.112969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Existing coronavirus named as a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has speeded its spread across the globe immediately after emergence in China, Wuhan region, at the end of the year 2019. Different techniques, including genome sequencing, structural feature classification by electron microscopy, and chest imaging using computed tomography, are primarily used to diagnose and screen SARS-CoV-2 suspected individuals. Determination of the viral structure, surface proteins, and genome sequence has provided a design blueprint for the diagnostic investigations of novel SARS-CoV-2 virus and rapidly emerging diagnostic technologies, vaccine trials, and cell-entry-inhibiting drugs. Here, we describe recent understandings on the spike glycoprotein (S protein), receptor-binding domain (RBD), and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and their receptor complex. This report also aims to review recently established diagnostic technologies and developments in surveillance measures for SARS-CoV-2 as well as the characteristics and performance of emerging techniques. Smartphone apps for contact tracing can help nations to conduct surveillance measures before a vaccine and effective medicines become available. We also describe promising point-of-care (POC) diagnostic technologies that are under consideration by researchers for advancement beyond the proof-of-concept stage. Developing novel diagnostic techniques needs to be facilitated to establish automatic systems, without any personal involvement or arrangement to curb an existing SARS-CoV-2 epidemic crisis, and could also be appropriate for avoiding the emergence of a future epidemic crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gajanan Sampatrao Ghodake
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Medical Center Ilsan, Goyang-si, 10326, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Surendra Krushna Shinde
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Medical Center Ilsan, Goyang-si, 10326, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Avinash Ashok Kadam
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, 10326, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Rijuta Ganesh Saratale
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, 10326, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, 10326, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah M Elgorban
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najat Marraiki
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dae-Young Kim
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Medical Center Ilsan, Goyang-si, 10326, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
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7
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Villarreal A, Rangel G, Zhang X, Wong D, Britton G, Fernandez PL, Pérez A, Oviedo D, Restrepo C, Carreirra MB, Sambrano D, Eskildsen GA, De La Guardia C, Flores-Cuadra J, Carrera JP, Zaldivar Y, Franco D, López-Vergès S, Zhang D, Fan F, Wang B, Sáez-Llorens X, DeAntonio R, Torres-Atencio I, Blanco I, Subía FD, Mudarra L, Benzadon A, Valverde W, López L, Hurtado N, Rivas N, Jurado J, Carvallo A, Rodriguez J, Perez Y, Morris J, Luque O, Cortez D, Ortega-Barria E, Kosagisharaf R, Lleonart R, Li C, Goodridge A. Performance of a Point of Care Test for Detecting IgM and IgG Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 and Seroprevalence in Blood Donors and Health Care Workers in Panama. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:616106. [PMID: 33748157 PMCID: PMC7968482 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.616106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiologic agent of the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has reached 28 million cases worldwide in 1 year. The serological detection of antibodies against the virus will play a pivotal role in complementing molecular tests to improve diagnostic accuracy, contact tracing, vaccine efficacy testing, and seroprevalence surveillance. Here, we aimed first to evaluate a lateral flow assay's ability to identify specific IgM and IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and second, to report the seroprevalence estimates of these antibodies among health care workers and healthy volunteer blood donors in Panama. We recruited study participants between April 30th and July 7th, 2020. For the test validation and performance evaluation, we analyzed serum samples from participants with clinical symptoms and confirmed positive RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2, and a set of pre-pandemic serum samples. We used two by two table analysis to determine the test positive and negative percentage agreement as well as the Kappa agreement value with a 95% confidence interval. Then, we used the lateral flow assay to determine seroprevalence among serum samples from COVID-19 patients, potentially exposed health care workers, and healthy volunteer donors. Our results show this assay reached a positive percent agreement of 97.2% (95% CI 84.2-100.0%) for detecting both IgM and IgG. The assay showed a Kappa of 0.898 (95%CI 0.811-0.985) and 0.918 (95% CI 0.839-0.997) for IgM and IgG, respectively. The evaluation of serum samples from hospitalized COVID-19 patients indicates a correlation between test sensitivity and the number of days since symptom onset; the highest positive percent agreement [87% (95% CI 67.0-96.3%)] was observed at ≥15 days post-symptom onset (PSO). We found an overall antibody seroprevalence of 11.6% (95% CI 8.5-15.8%) among both health care workers and healthy blood donors. Our findings suggest this lateral flow assay could contribute significantly to implementing seroprevalence testing in locations with active community transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alcibiades Villarreal
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de las Enfermedades, City of Knowledge, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City, Panama
| | - Giselle Rangel
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de las Enfermedades, City of Knowledge, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City, Panama
| | - Xu Zhang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Zhongke Jianlan Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- Zhongke Jianlan International Medical Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Digna Wong
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de las Enfermedades, City of Knowledge, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City, Panama
| | - Gabrielle Britton
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de las Enfermedades, City of Knowledge, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City, Panama
| | - Patricia L. Fernandez
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de las Enfermedades, City of Knowledge, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City, Panama
| | - Ambar Pérez
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de las Enfermedades, City of Knowledge, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City, Panama
| | - Diana Oviedo
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de las Enfermedades, City of Knowledge, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City, Panama
- Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Santa María La Antigua, Panama City, Panama
| | - Carlos Restrepo
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de las Enfermedades, City of Knowledge, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City, Panama
| | - María B. Carreirra
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de las Enfermedades, City of Knowledge, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City, Panama
| | - Dilcia Sambrano
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de las Enfermedades, City of Knowledge, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City, Panama
| | - Gilberto A. Eskildsen
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de las Enfermedades, City of Knowledge, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City, Panama
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá, Panama City, Panama
| | - Carolina De La Guardia
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de las Enfermedades, City of Knowledge, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City, Panama
| | - Julio Flores-Cuadra
- Centro de Neurociencia, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, AIP (INDICASAT AIP), Panama City, Panama
| | - Jean-Paul Carrera
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Yamitzel Zaldivar
- Department of Research in Surveillance and Biologic Risk 3, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Danilo Franco
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Sandra López-Vergès
- Department of Research in Virology and Biotechnology, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Dexi Zhang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Zhongke Jianlan Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- Zhongke Jianlan International Medical Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Fangjing Fan
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Zhongke Jianlan Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- Zhongke Jianlan International Medical Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Baojun Wang
- Beijing Kewei Clinical Diagnostic Reagent Inc., Beijing, China
| | - Xavier Sáez-Llorens
- Centro de Vacunación e Investigación, Centro de Vacunación e Investigación Panama Clinic, Panama City, Panama
| | - Rodrigo DeAntonio
- Centro de Vacunación e Investigación, Centro de Vacunación e Investigación Panama Clinic, Panama City, Panama
| | | | - Isabel Blanco
- Medical Research Center, Pacifica Salud, Hospital Punta Pacifica, Panama City, Panama
| | - Fernando Diaz Subía
- Medical Research Center, Pacifica Salud, Hospital Punta Pacifica, Panama City, Panama
| | - Laiss Mudarra
- Departamento de Microbiología Humana/Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá, Panama City, Panama
| | - Aron Benzadon
- Servicio de Neurología. Complejo Hospitalario Dr. AAM, Universidad Nacional de Panamá, Panama City, Panama
| | - Walter Valverde
- Complejo Hospitalario Metropolitano Dr. Arnulfo Arias Madrid, Caja de Seguro Social, Panama City, Panama
| | - Lineth López
- Servicio de Hematología. Complejo Hospitalario Metropolitano Dr. Arnulfo Arias Madrid, Caja de Seguro Social, Panama City, Panama
| | - Nicolás Hurtado
- Compleo Hospitalario Manuel Amador Guerrero, Caja de Seguro Social, Colón, Panama
| | - Neyla Rivas
- Compleo Hospitalario Manuel Amador Guerrero, Caja de Seguro Social, Colón, Panama
| | - Julio Jurado
- Compleo Hospitalario Manuel Amador Guerrero, Caja de Seguro Social, Colón, Panama
| | - Aixa Carvallo
- Compleo Hospitalario Manuel Amador Guerrero, Caja de Seguro Social, Colón, Panama
| | - Juan Rodriguez
- Compleo Hospitalario Manuel Amador Guerrero, Caja de Seguro Social, Colón, Panama
| | - Yaseikiry Perez
- Servicio de Hematología, Banco de Sangre. Complejo Hospitalario Metropolitano Dr. Arnulfo Arias Madrid, Caja de Seguro Social, Panama City, Panama
| | - Johanna Morris
- Servicio de Hematología. Complejo Hospitalario Metropolitano Dr. Arnulfo Arias Madrid, Caja de Seguro Social, Panama City, Panama
| | - Odemaris Luque
- Compleo Hospitalario Manuel Amador Guerrero, Caja de Seguro Social, Colón, Panama
| | - David Cortez
- Dirección Nacional de Laboratorios Clínicos, Ministerio de Salud, Panama City, Panama
| | | | - Rao Kosagisharaf
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de las Enfermedades, City of Knowledge, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City, Panama
| | - Ricardo Lleonart
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de las Enfermedades, City of Knowledge, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City, Panama
| | - Chong Li
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Zhongke Jianlan Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
- Zhongke Jianlan International Medical Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amador Goodridge
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de las Enfermedades, City of Knowledge, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT-AIP), Panama City, Panama
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8
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Mazzini L, Martinuzzi D, Hyseni I, Benincasa L, Molesti E, Casa E, Lapini G, Piu P, Trombetta CM, Marchi S, Razzano I, Manenti A, Montomoli E. Comparative analyses of SARS-CoV-2 binding (IgG, IgM, IgA) and neutralizing antibodies from human serum samples. J Immunol Methods 2020; 489:112937. [PMID: 33253698 PMCID: PMC7695554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A newly identified coronavirus, named SARS-CoV-2, emerged in December 2019 in Hubei Province, China, and quickly spread throughout the world; so far, it has caused more than 49.7 million cases of disease and 1,2 million deaths. The diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is currently based on the detection of viral RNA in nasopharyngeal swabs by means of molecular-based assays, such as real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, serological assays detecting different classes of antibodies constitute an excellent surveillance strategy for gathering information on the humoral immune response to infection and the spread of the virus through the population. In addition, it can contribute to evaluate the immunogenicity of novel future vaccines and medicines for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19 disease. The aim of this study was to determine SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in human serum samples by means of different commercial and in-house ELISA kits, in order to evaluate and compare their results first with one another and then with those yielded by functional assays using wild-type virus. It is important to identify the level of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies in order to predict human population immunity, possible cross-reactivity with other coronaviruses and to identify potentially infectious subjects. In addition, in a small sub-group of samples, a subtyping IgG ELISA has been performed. Our findings showed a notable statistical correlation between the neutralization titers and the IgG, IgM and IgA ELISA responses against the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein. Thus confirming that antibodies against this portion of the virus spike protein are highly neutralizing and that the ELISA Receptor-Binding Domain-based assay can be used as a valid surrogate for the neutralization assay in laboratories that do not have biosecurity level-3 facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Serena Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi S.r.l., Siena, Italy; VisMederi Research S.r.l., Siena, Italy; Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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9
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Nascimento Junior JAC, Santos AM, Oliveira AMS, Guimarães AG, Quintans-Júnior LJ, Coutinho HDM, Martins N, Borges LP, Serafini MR. Trends in MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Diagnosis Strategies: A Patent Review. Front Public Health 2020; 8:563095. [PMID: 33194964 PMCID: PMC7653175 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.563095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak represents a challenge for the diagnostic laboratories responsible for developing test kits to identify those infected with SARS-CoV-2. Methods with rapid and accurate detection are essential to control the sources of infection, to prevent the spread of the disease and to assist decision-making by public health managers. Currently, there is a wide variety of tests available with different detection methodologies, levels of specificity and sensitivity, detection time, and with an extensive range of prices. This review therefore aimed to conduct a patent search in relation to tests for the detection of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. The greatest number of patents identified in the search were registered between 2003 and 2011, being mainly deposited by China, the Republic of Korea, and the United States. Most of the patents used the existing RT-PCR, ELISA, and isothermal amplification methods to develop simple, sensitive, precise, easy to use, low-cost tests that reduced false-negative or false-positive results. The findings of this patent search show that an increasing number of materials and diagnostic tests for the coronavirus are being produced to identify infected individuals and combat the growth of the current pandemic; however, there is still a question in relation to the reliability of the results of these tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Junior
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Posgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | | | | | - Adriana Gibara Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Posgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Lucindo José Quintans-Júnior
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Posgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | | | - Natália Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Mairim Russo Serafini
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Posgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
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10
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SARS-CoV-2 antibody characterization in emergency department, hospitalized and convalescent patients by two semi-quantitative immunoassays. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 509:117-125. [PMID: 32505774 PMCID: PMC7272145 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive evaluation of 2 SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays with excellent agreement. Rigorously validated antibody tests are reliable to detect antibody kinetic change. Three types of seroconversion were observed in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Convalescent sera show a wide range of antibody levels. Current antibody testing is not useful in early screening for COVID-19.
Background In the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, there is an urgent need for comprehensive performance evaluation and clinical utility assessment of serological assays to understand the immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Methods IgM/IgG and total antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were measured by a cyclic enhanced fluorescence assay (CEFA) and a microsphere immunoassay (MIA), respectively. Independent performance evaluation included imprecision, reproducibility, specificity and cross-reactivity (CEFA n = 320, MIA n = 364). Clinical utility was evaluated by both methods in 87 patients at initial emergency department visit, 28 during subsequent hospitalizations (106 serial samples), and 145 convalescent patients. Totally 916 patients and 994 samples were evaluated. Results Agreement of CEFA and MIA was 90.4%-94.5% (Kappa: 0.81–0.89) in 302 samples. CEFA and MIA detected SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in 26.2% and 26.3%, respectively, of ED patients. Detection rates increased over time reaching 100% after 21 days post-symptom onset. Longitudinal antibody kinetic changes by CEFA and MIA measurements correlated well and exhibited three types of seroconversion. Convalescent sera showed a wide range of antibody levels. Conclusion Rigorously validated CEFA and MIA assays are reliable for detecting antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and show promising clinical utility when evaluating immune response in hospitalized and convalescent patients, but are not useful for early screening at patient’s initial ED visit.
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11
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Nuccetelli M, Pieri M, Grelli S, Ciotti M, Miano R, Andreoni M, Bernardini S. SARS-CoV-2 infection serology: a useful tool to overcome lockdown? Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:38. [PMID: 32501411 PMCID: PMC7249039 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-0275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (Covid-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has spread rapidly, inducing a progressive growth in infected patients number. Social isolation (lockdown) has been assessed to prevent and control virus diffusion, leading to a worldwide financial and political crisis. Currently, SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in nasopharyngeal swab takes place by real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). However, molecular tests can give some false-negative results. In this context, serological assays can be useful to detect IgG/IgM antibodies, to assess the degree of immunization, to trace the contacts, and to support the decision to re-admit people at work. A lot of serological diagnostic kits have been proposed on the market but validation studies have not been published for many of them. The aim of our work was to compare and to evaluate different assays analytical performances (two different immunochromatographic cards, an immunofluorescence chromatographic card, and a chemiluminescence-automated immunoassay) on 43 positive samples with RT-qPCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and 40 negative control subjects. Our data display excellent IgG/IgM specificities for all the immunocromatographic card tests (100% IgG and 100% IgM) and for the chemiluminescence-automated assay (100% IgG and 94% IgM); IgG/IgM sensitivities are moderately lower for all methods, probably due to the assay viral antigen's nature and/or to the detection time of nasopharyngeal swab RT-qPCR, with respect to symptoms onset. Given that sensitivities (around 94% and 84% for IgG and IgM, respectively) implicate false-negative cases and given the lack of effective vaccines or treatments, the only currently available procedure to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission is to identify and isolate persons who are contagious. For this reason, we would like to submit a flowchart in which serological tests, integrated with nasopharyngeal swab RT-qPCR, are included to help social and work activities implementation after the pandemic acute phase and to overcome lockdown.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Pieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandro Grelli
- Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Miano
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Andreoni
- Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Department of System Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- IFCC Emerging Technologies Division, Milan, Italy
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12
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Tré-Hardy M, Wilmet A, Beukinga I, Dogné JM, Douxfils J, Blairon L. Validation of a chemiluminescent assay for specific SARS-CoV-2 antibody. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 58:1357-1364. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2020-0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Faced with the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the availability and quality of both therapeutic and diagnostic methods, the Belgian authorities have decided to launch a procedure for additional evaluation of the performance of serological tests offered for sale on the national territory. This has been proposed with a double aim: (1) an in-depth verification of the analytical and clinical performances presented by the manufacturer and (2) an economy of scale in terms of centralized validation for all the laboratories using the tests subject to evaluation.
Methods
A retrospective validation study was conducted including the serum of 125 patients in order to determine the analytical and clinical performances of the LIAISON®SARS-CoV-2 from DiaSorin® detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and to compare its clinical performance with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test from Euroimmun®, one of the first commercially available tests allowing the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgG.
Results
The performances of the LIAISON®SARS-CoV-2 satisfied all the acceptance criteria and provided “real world” analytical and clinical performances very close to the ones reported by the manufacturer in its insert kit. Comparison between the LIAISON®SARS-CoV-2 and the ELISA method did not reveal any difference between the two techniques in terms of sensitivities and specificities regarding the determination of the IgG.
Conclusions
This study reports the validation of the LIAISON®SARS-CoV-2 allowing to detect IgG antibodies specifically directed against SARS-CoV-2. The analytical and clinical performances are excellent, and the automation of the test offers important rates, ideal for absorbing an extension of testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Tré-Hardy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine , Iris Hospitals South , rue Jean Paquot 63 , 1050 Brussels , Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine , Université libre de Bruxelles , Brussels , Belgium
- Department of Pharmacy , Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur , Namur , Belgium , Phone: +32 2 641 48 21, Fax: + 32 2 641 48 24
| | - Alain Wilmet
- Department of Laboratory Medicine , Iris Hospitals South , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Ingrid Beukinga
- Department of Laboratory Medicine , Iris Hospitals South , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Dogné
- Department of Pharmacy , Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur , Namur , Belgium
| | - Jonathan Douxfils
- Department of Pharmacy , Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur , Namur , Belgium
- Qualiblood sa , Namur , Belgium
| | - Laurent Blairon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine , Iris Hospitals South , Brussels , Belgium
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13
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Waltari E, Carabajal E, Sanyal M, Friedland N, McCutcheon KM. Adaption of a conventional ELISA to a 96-well ELISA-Array for measuring the antibody responses to influenza virus proteins and vaccines. J Immunol Methods 2020; 481-482:112789. [PMID: 32380014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We describe an adaptation of conventional ELISA methods to an ELISA-Array format using non-contact Piezo printing of up to 30 spots of purified recombinant viral fusion proteins and vaccine on 96 well high-protein binding plates. Antigens were printed in 1 nanoliter volumes of protein stabilizing buffer using as little as 0.25 nanograms of protein, 2000-fold less than conventional ELISA. The performance of the ELISA-Array was demonstrated by serially diluting n = 9 human post-flu vaccination plasma samples starting at a 1/1000 dilution and measuring binding to the array of Influenza antigens. Plasma polyclonal antibody levels were detected using a cocktail of biotinylated anti-human kappa and lambda light chain antibodies, followed by a Streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate and the dose-dependent signal was developed with a precipitable TMB substrate. Intra- and inter-assay precision of absorbance units among the eight donor samples showed mean CVs of 4.8% and 10.8%, respectively. The plasma could be differentiated by donor and antigen with titer sensitivities ranging from 1 × 103 to 4 × 106, IC50 values from 1 × 104 to 9 × 106, and monoclonal antibody sensitivities in the ng/mL range. Equivalent sensitivities of ELISA versus ELISA-Array, compared using plasma and an H1N1 HA trimer, were achieved on the ELISA-Array printed at 0.25 ng per 200um spot and 1000 ng per ELISA 96-well. Vacuum-sealed array plates were shown to be stable when stored for at least 2 days at ambient temperature and up to 1 month at 4-8 °C. By the use of any set of printed antigens and analyte matrices the methods of this multiplexed ELISA-Array format can be broadly applied in translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mrinmoy Sanyal
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Friedland
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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14
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Meireles LR, da Silva AMF, Carvalho CA, Kesper N, Galisteo AJ, Soares CP, Araujo DB, Durigon EL, Oliveira DBL, Morganti L, Chura-Chambi RM, de Andrade HF. Natural versus Recombinant Viral Antigens in SARS-CoV-2 Serology: Challenges in Optimizing Laboratory Diagnosis of COVID-19. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2020; 75:e2290. [PMID: 33331401 PMCID: PMC7690966 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2020/e2290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES COVID-19 is a public health emergency of international concern whose detection in recovered asymptomatic patients is dependent on accurate diagnosis as it enables the estimation of the susceptibility of the population to the infection. This demand has resulted in the development of several commercial assays employing recombinant proteins, but the results of these assays are not reliable as they do not involve comparison with natural viral antigens. We independently used the SARS-CoV-2 whole viral antigen (WVA) and recombinant nucleocapsid protein (rNP) to develop in-house ELISAs for IgG detection; the results of these ELISAs were then compared to obtain reliable results. METHODS WVA and rNP ELISAs were performed on COVID-19 negative sera from patients before the pandemic in Brazil, and on RT-qPCR-positive or SARS-CoV-2-IgG against rNP and IgG against WVA-positive samples from recently infected patients in Sao Paulo, Brazil. RESULTS Both ELISAs detected a large fraction of infected patients but exhibited certain drawbacks. Higher signals and lower numbers of false-negatives were observed in rNP ELISA; however, a higher fraction of false-positives was observed in control groups. A high number of false-negatives was observed with WVA ELISA. Correlating the results of rNP and WVA ELISAs resulted in improved performance for COVID-19 diagnosis. CONCLUSION The choice of antigen is an important aspect in optimizing the laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19. The use of rNP ELISA for the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies seems promising, but comparison of the results with those of WVA ELISA is crucial for accurate test development prior to commercialization. IgG serology using several assays, and with the spectral patterns of SARS-CoV-2, resulted in confusing information that must be clarified before the establishment of diagnostic serology criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Regina Meireles
- Laboratorio de Protozoologia do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Angélica Moura Freixeira da Silva
- Laboratorio de Protozoologia do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Camila Aparecida Carvalho
- Laboratorio de Protozoologia do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Norival Kesper
- Laboratorio de Protozoologia do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Andrés Jimenez Galisteo
- Laboratorio de Protozoologia do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Camila Pereira Soares
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas da Universidade de Sao Paulo (ICB-USP), Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Danielle Bastos Araujo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas da Universidade de Sao Paulo (ICB-USP), Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas da Universidade de Sao Paulo (ICB-USP), Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Plataforma Cientifica Pasteur - USP, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Danielle Bruna Leal Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas da Universidade de Sao Paulo (ICB-USP), Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Lígia Morganti
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN/SP), Centro de Biotecnologia, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Rosa Maria Chura-Chambi
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN/SP), Centro de Biotecnologia, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Heitor Franco de Andrade
- Laboratorio de Protozoologia do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
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15
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Roberts CC. Emerging infectious disease laboratory and diagnostic preparedness to accelerate vaccine development. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:2258-2263. [PMID: 31268394 PMCID: PMC6816404 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1634992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid vaccine development in response to an outbreak of a new emerging infectious disease (EID) is a goal targeted by public health agencies worldwide. This goal becomes more complicated when there are no standardized sets of viral and immunological assays, no accepted and well-characterized samples, standards or reagents, and no approved diagnostic tests for the EID pathogen. The diagnosis of infections is of critical importance to public health, but also in vaccine development in order to track incident infections during clinical trials, to differentiate natural infection responses from those that are vaccine-related and, if called for by study design, to exclude subjects with prior exposure from vaccine efficacy trials. Here we review emerging infectious disease biological standards development, vaccine clinical assay development and trial execution with the recent experiences of MERS-CoV and Zika virus as examples. There is great need to establish, in advance, the standardized reagents, sample panels, controls, and assays to support the rapid advancement of vaccine development efforts in response to EID outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C. Roberts
- Clinical Laboratory Development, GeneOne Life Science, Inc., Blue Bell, PA, USA,Contact Christine C. Roberts Clinical Laboratory Development, GeneOne Life Science, Inc., 1040 DeKalb Pike, Suite 200, Blue Bell, PA 19422, USA
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16
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Waltari E, McGeever A, Friedland N, Kim PS, McCutcheon KM. Functional Enrichment and Analysis of Antigen-Specific Memory B Cell Antibody Repertoires in PBMCs. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1452. [PMID: 31293598 PMCID: PMC6603168 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic screening of antigen-specific antibodies in human blood is a common diagnostic test for infectious agents and a correlate of protection after vaccination. In addition to long-lived antibody secreting plasma cells residing in the bone marrow, memory B cells are a latent source of antigen-experienced, long-term immunity that can be found at low frequencies in circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Assessing the genotype, clonal frequency, quality, and function of antibodies resulting from an individual's persistent memory B cell repertoire can help inform the success or failure of immune protection. Using in vitro polyclonal stimulation, we functionally expand the memory repertoire from PBMCs and clonally map monoclonal antibodies from this population. We show that combining deep sequencing of stimulated memory B cell repertoires with retrieving single antigen-specific cells is a promising approach in evaluating the latent, functional B cell memory in PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Waltari
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Aaron McGeever
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Natalia Friedland
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Peter S. Kim
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Stanford ChEM-H and Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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Assay Challenges for Emerging Infectious Diseases: The Zika Experience. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6040070. [PMID: 30279372 PMCID: PMC6313918 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6040070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
From the perspective of vaccine development, it is imperative to accurately diagnose target infections in order to exclude subjects with prior exposure from evaluations of vaccine effectiveness, to track incident infection during the course of a clinical trial and to differentiate immune reactions due to natural infections from responses that are vaccine related. When vaccine development is accelerated to a rapid pace in response to emerging infectious disease threats, the challenges to develop such diagnostic tools is even greater. This was observed through the recent expansion of Zika virus infections into the Western Hemisphere in 2014⁻2017. When initial Zika vaccine clinical trials were being designed and launched in response to the outbreak, there were no standardized sets of viral and immunological assays, and no approved diagnostic tests for Zika virus infection. The diagnosis of Zika virus infection is still an area of active research and development on many fronts. Here we review emerging infectious disease vaccine clinical assay development and trial execution with a special focus on the state of Zika virus clinical assays and diagnostics.
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18
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Yu L, Esser MT, Falloon J, Villafana T, Yang H. Generalized ROC methods for immunogenicity data analysis of vaccine phase I studies in a seropositive population. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2692-2700. [PMID: 29913105 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1489191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogenicity data from phase 1 vaccine studies can be difficult to interpret, especially in seropositive populations and when multiple assays are used. We developed 3 statistical methods (Youden index [YI] threshold, receiver-operating characteristic relative to baseline [ROC-B], and ROC of postdose levels [ROC-P]) to characterize complex immunogenicity data by assessing the proportion of a study population that achieved values above thresholds. The YI method calculates a single threshold per assay. Both ROC methods construct ROC curves for individual assays and surfaces for assay combinations to assess degree of separation of postdose values from a reference distribution; the ROC-B method uses overall predose values as the reference distribution and the ROC-P method uses pooled postdose values. All methods are applicable to a seropositive population with overlapping distributions of baseline and postdose measurements and can evaluate results of multiple assays jointly. The ROC-P method is also applicable when postdose levels are fully separated from baseline levels, as is common in a seronegative population. These methods were demonstrated using data from a phase 1a study of respiratory syncytial virus vaccines formulated with and without an adjuvant in a seropositive population of adults aged ≥60 years. All 3 methods provided a comprehensive assessment of vaccine immunogenicity effects with results presented in easily interpretable formats. In the example data, the methods demonstrated antigen dose response trend and contribution of adjuvant to response in multiple assays individually and jointly where optimal responses in assay combinations (humoral and cellular) are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- a Statistical Sciences, MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Mark T Esser
- b Infectious Diseases/Vaccines Innovative Medicines, MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Judith Falloon
- c Clinical Development, Infectious Diseases, MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Tonya Villafana
- b Infectious Diseases/Vaccines Innovative Medicines, MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Harry Yang
- a Statistical Sciences, MedImmune , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
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Hysmith ND, Kaplan EL, Cleary PP, Johnson DR, Penfound TA, Dale JB. Prospective Longitudinal Analysis of Immune Responses in Pediatric Subjects After Pharyngeal Acquisition of Group A Streptococci. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2017; 6:187-196. [PMID: 28204534 PMCID: PMC7207265 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piw070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND. Despite the significant burden of disease associated with infection by group A streptococcus (GAS), little is known about the human immune response to GAS antigens after natural infection. METHODS. We evaluated 195 serum samples obtained prospectively over a consecutive 24-month period from 41 pediatric subjects who experienced a new pharyngeal GAS acquisition. An enzyme-linked immunoassay was used to determine the kinetics and antigen specificity of antibodies against 13 shared GAS antigens and 18 type-specific M peptides. The majority of the antigens tested are currently being considered as vaccine candidates. RESULTS. Twelve M types of GAS were recovered from 41 subjects who experienced 51 new GAS acquisitions that elicited antibody responses against at least 1 of the 31 antigens tested (immunologically significant new GAS acquisitions). The immune responses to the 13 shared antigens were highly variable. Increases in antibody levels were detected against a mean of 3.5 shared antigens (range, 1-8). Antibody responses to the homologous M peptide were observed in 32 (63%) of the 51 episodes. Seven subjects acquired more than 1 M type of GAS. There were no new immunologically significant acquisitions of an M type against which the subject had preexisting antibodies to the homologous M peptide. Of the subjects with new GAS acquisition, 65% were asymptomatic, yet immune responses were detected against 1 or more GAS antigens. Immune responses to streptolysin O and/or deoxyribonuclease B were observed after 67% of the new GAS acquisitions. Persistently positive (>12 weeks) throat culture results were returned for 20% of the 41 subjects despite immune responses to homologous M peptides and/or shared antigens. CONCLUSIONS. The availability of throat culture results, GAS isolates, and serial serum samples collected prospectively over a 2-year period of observation provided a unique opportunity for us to assess the serologic status of pediatric subjects before and after new pharyngeal acquisitions of GAS. With the exception of antibody responses to the homologous M peptides, no clear pattern of immune responses against the remaining GAS antigens was seen. There were no new immunologically significant acquisitions of emm types of GAS against which the subjects had preexisting elevated levels of antibodies against the homologous M peptide. The observation that 65% of new GAS acquisitions caused no symptoms yet were immunologically significant suggests that the majority of infections are not detected, which would result in missed opportunities for primary prevention of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease with appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D. Hysmith
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Department of Veterans Affairs Research Service,Memphis, Tennessee;,St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital,Memphis, Tennessee; and
| | | | | | | | - Thomas A. Penfound
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Department of Veterans Affairs Research Service,Memphis, Tennessee;
| | - James B. Dale
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center and Department of Veterans Affairs Research Service,Memphis, Tennessee;
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20
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Xiang K, Ying G, Yan Z, Shanshan Y, Lei Z, Hongjun L, Maosheng S. Progress on adenovirus-vectored universal influenza vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1209-22. [PMID: 25876176 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1016674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus (IFV) infection causes serious health problems and heavy financial burdens each year worldwide. The classical inactivated influenza virus vaccine (IIVV) and live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) must be updated regularly to match the new strains that evolve due to antigenic drift and antigenic shift. However, with the discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies that recognize conserved antigens, and the CD8(+) T cell responses targeting viral internal proteins nucleoprotein (NP), matrix protein 1 (M1) and polymerase basic 1 (PB1), it is possible to develop a universal influenza vaccine based on the conserved hemagglutinin (HA) stem, NP, and matrix proteins. Recombinant adenovirus (rAd) is an ideal influenza vaccine vector because it has an ideal stability and safety profile, induces balanced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses due to activation of innate immunity, provides 'self-adjuvanting' activity, can mimic natural IFV infection, and confers seamless protection against mucosal pathogens. Moreover, this vector can be developed as a low-cost, rapid-response vaccine that can be quickly manufactured. Therefore, an adenovirus vector encoding conserved influenza antigens holds promise in the development of a universal influenza vaccine. This review will summarize the progress in adenovirus-vectored universal flu vaccines and discuss future novel approaches.
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Key Words
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- Ad: adenovirus
- CAR, Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptor
- CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- DC, lung dendritic cells
- DVD, drug–vaccine duo
- FcγRs, Fc receptors for IgG
- HA, hemagglutinin
- HDAd, helper-dependent adenoviral
- HEK293, human embryonic kidney 293 cell
- HI, hemagglutination inhibition
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- IF-γ, interferon-γ
- IFV, Influenza virus
- IIVV, inactivated influenza virus vaccine
- IL-2, interleukin-2
- ITRs, inverted terminal repeats
- LAIV, live attenuated influenza vaccine
- M1, matrix protein 1
- M2, matrix protein 2
- MHC-I, major histocompatibility complex class I
- NA, neuraminidase
- NP, nucleoprotein
- RCA, replication competent adenovirus
- VAERD, vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease
- adenovirus vector
- broadly neutralizing antibodies
- cellular immunity
- flu, influenza
- hemagglutinin
- humoral immunity
- influenza
- mAbs, monoclonal antibodies
- mucosal immunity
- rAd, recombinant adenovirus
- universal vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Xiang
- a Department of Molecular Biology; Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Peking Union Medical College ; Kunming , Yunnan , PR China
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21
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Geissner A, Pereira CL, Leddermann M, Anish C, Seeberger PH. Deciphering Antigenic Determinants of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 4 Capsular Polysaccharide using Synthetic Oligosaccharides. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:335-44. [PMID: 26674834 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. More than 90 S. pneumoniae serotypes are distinguished based on the structure of their primary targets to the human immune system, the capsular polysaccharides (CPSs). The CPS of the prevalent serotype 4 (ST4) is composed of tetrasaccharide repeating units and is included in existing pneumococcal vaccines. Still, the structural antigenic determinants that are essential for protective immunity, including the role of the rare and labile cyclic trans-(2,3) pyruvate ketal modification, remain largely unknown. Molecular insights will support the design of synthetic subunit oligosaccharide vaccines. Here, we identified the key antigenic determinants of ST4 CPS with the help of pyruvated and nonpyruvated synthetic repeating unit glycans. Glycan arrays revealed oligosaccharide antigens recognized by antibodies in the human reference serum. Selected depyruvated ST4 oligosaccharides were used to formulate neoglycoconjugates and immunologically evaluated in mice. These oligosaccharides were highly immunogenic, but the resulting antiglycan antibodies showed only limited binding to the natural CPS present on the bacterial surface. Glycan array and surface plasmon resonance analysis of murine polyclonal serum antibodies as well as monoclonal antibodies revealed that terminal sugars are important in directing the immune responses. The pyruvate modification on the oligosaccharide is needed for cross-reactivity with the native CPS. These findings are an important step toward the design of oligosaccharide-based vaccines against S. pneumoniae ST4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Geissner
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute
for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claney L. Pereira
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Melanie Leddermann
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Chakkumkal Anish
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department
of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute
for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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22
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Yellowlees A, Perry RHJ. Estimating vaccine efficacy using animal efficacy data. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:63-8. [PMID: 25818749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are used to predict the effect of an intervention in humans. An example is the prediction of the efficacy of a vaccine when it is considered unethical or infeasible to challenge humans with the target disease to assess the effect of the vaccine on the disease in humans directly. In such cases, data from animal studies are used to develop models relating antibody level to protection probability in the animal, and then data from a study or studies in human subjects vaccinated with the proposed vaccine regimen are used in combination with the relevant animal models to predict protection in humans, and hence estimate vaccine efficacy. We explain the statistical techniques required to provide an estimate of vaccine efficacy and its precision. We present simulated examples showing that precise estimation of the relationship between antibody levels and protection in animals, at levels likely to be induced in humans by the vaccine regimen, is key to precise estimation of the vaccine efficacy. Because the confidence interval for the estimate of vaccine efficacy cannot be expressed in analytical form, but must be estimated from resampling, or bootstrapping, it is not possible to design studies with required power analytically. Therefore we propose that a simulation-based design of experiments approach using preliminary data is used to maximise the power of further studies and thus minimise the human and animal experimentation required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Yellowlees
- Quantics Biostatistics, West End House, 28 Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh EH3 7RN, UK.
| | - Richard H J Perry
- Quantics Biostatistics, West End House, 28 Drumsheugh Gardens, Edinburgh EH3 7RN, UK.
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Correlates of Protection for M Protein-Based Vaccines against Group A Streptococcus. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:167089. [PMID: 26101780 PMCID: PMC4458553 DOI: 10.1155/2015/167089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A streptococcus (GAS) is known to cause a broad spectrum of illness, from pharyngitis and impetigo, to autoimmune sequelae such as rheumatic heart disease, and invasive diseases. It is a significant cause of infectious disease morbidity and mortality worldwide, but no efficacious vaccine is currently available. Progress in GAS vaccine development has been hindered by a number of obstacles, including a lack of standardization in immunoassays and the need to define human correlates of protection. In this review, we have examined the current immunoassays used in both GAS and other organisms, and explored the various challenges in their implementation in order to propose potential future directions to identify a correlate of protection and facilitate the development of M protein-based vaccines, which are currently the main GAS vaccine candidates.
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Lukashevich IS, Shirwan H. Adenovirus-Based Vectors for the Development of Prophylactic and Therapeutic Vaccines. NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES FOR VACCINE DEVELOPMENT 2014. [PMCID: PMC7121347 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1818-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases as well as cancer pose great global health impacts on the society. Vaccines have emerged as effective treatments to prevent or reduce the burdens of already developed diseases. This is achieved by means of activating various components of the immune system to generate systemic inflammatory reactions targeting infectious agents or diseased cells for control/elimination. DNA virus-based genetic vaccines gained significant attention in the past decades owing to the development of DNA manipulation technologies, which allowed engineering of recombinant viral vectors encoding sequences for foreign antigens or their immunogenic epitopes as well as various immunomodulatory molecules. Despite tremendous progress in the past 50 years, many hurdles still remain for achieving the full clinical potential of viral-vectored vaccines. This chapter will present the evolution of vaccines from “live” or “attenuated” first-generation agents to recombinant DNA and viral-vectored vaccines. Particular emphasis will be given to human adenovirus (Ad) for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. Ad biological properties related to vaccine development will be highlighted along with their advantages and potential hurdles to be overcome. In particular, we will discuss (1) genetic modifications in the Ad capsid protein to reduce the intrinsic viral immunogenicity, (2) antigen capsid incorporation for effective presentation of foreign antigens to the immune system, (3) modification of the hexon and fiber capsid proteins for Ad liver de-targeting and selective retargeting to cancer cells, (4) Ad-based vaccines carrying “arming” transgenes with immunostimulatory functions as immune adjuvants, and (5) oncolytic Ad vectors as a new therapeutic approach against cancer. Finally, the combination of adenoviral vectors with other non-adenoviral vector systems, the prime/boost strategy of immunization, clinical trials involving Ad-based vaccines, and the perspectives for the field development will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor S Lukashevich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicolog Department of Microbiology and Immunolog, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky USA
| | - Haval Shirwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunolog, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky USA
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25
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Abstract
The emergence of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 has increased the potential for a new pandemic to occur. This event highlights the necessity for developing a new generation of influenza vaccines to counteract influenza disease. These vaccines must be manufactured for mass immunization of humans in a timely manner. Poultry should be included in this policy, since persistent infected flocks are the major source of avian influenza for human infections. Recombinant adenoviral vectored H5N1 vaccines are an attractive alternative to the currently licensed influenza vaccines. This class of vaccines induces a broadly protective immunity against antigenically distinct H5N1, can be manufactured rapidly, and may allow mass immunization of human and poultry. Recombinant adenoviral vectors derived from both human and non-human adenoviruses are currently being investigated and appear promising both in nonclinical and clinical studies. This review will highlight the current status of various adenoviral vectored H5N1 vaccines and will outline novel approaches for the future.
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26
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Validation and long term performance characteristics of a quantitative enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for human anti-PA IgG. J Immunol Methods 2012; 376:97-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Comparative study of different sources of pertussis toxin (PT) as coating antigens in IgG anti-PT enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 19:64-72. [PMID: 22116688 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05460-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to improve the reliability and reproducibility of serological assays for Bordetella pertussis, a collaborative study was conducted to compare four different sources of pertussis toxin (PT) as coating antigens in the immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-PT enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Four sources of PT were used as coating antigens in the IgG anti-PT ELISA in four different testing laboratories (labs A to D) to determine whether the different antigen preparations and different laboratories influenced assay results. A panel of 60 sera consisting of deidentified human specimens from previous vaccination trials of healthy adults and infants and clinical specimens from outbreak settings was tested. In the four laboratories, each sample was tested three times with the four PT antigens according to the standard coating optimization and IgG anti-PT ELISA testing procedures used in that laboratory. Differences among the antigens, as well as intra- and interlaboratory variability, were evaluated. Excellent agreement was observed with the test panel results among the four antigens within each laboratory. Concordance correlation coefficient (r(c)) measurements among the different antigens ranged from 0.99, 0.99 to 1.00, 1.00, and 0.97 to 1.00 for labs A to D, respectively. The comparisons between pairs of laboratories also indicated a high degree of concordance for each PT preparation, with r(c) measurements between 0.90 and 0.98, 0.93 and 0.99, 0.92 and 0.98, and 0.93 and 0.99 for antigens 1 to 4, respectively. Relatively minor differences in results were observed among laboratories or among antigens, suggesting that the four PT antigens are quite similar and could be considered for acceptance in harmonized immunoassays used for serodiagnosis or vaccine evaluation.
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28
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Zhu W, Chen CJ, Thomas CE, Anderson JE, Jerse AE, Sparling PF. Vaccines for gonorrhea: can we rise to the challenge? Front Microbiol 2011; 2:124. [PMID: 21687431 PMCID: PMC3109613 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to the gonococcus after natural infection ordinarily result in little immunity to reinfection, due to antigenic variation of the gonococcus, and redirection or suppression of immune responses. Brinton and colleagues demonstrated that parenteral immunization of male human volunteers with a purified pilus vaccine gave partial protection against infection by the homologous strain. However, the vaccine failed in a clinical trial. Recent vaccine development efforts have focused on the female mouse model of genital gonococcal infection. Here we discuss the state of the field, including our unpublished data regarding efficacy in the mouse model of either viral replicon particle (VRP) vaccines, or outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines. The OMV vaccines failed, despite excellent serum and mucosal antibody responses. Protection after a regimen consisting of a PorB-VRP prime plus recombinant PorB boost was correlated with apparent Th1, but not with antibody, responses. Protection probably was due to powerful adjuvant effects of the VRP vector. New tools including novel transgenic mice expressing human genes required for gonococcal infection should enable future research. Surrogates for immunity are needed. Increasing antimicrobial resistance trends among gonococci makes development of a vaccine more urgent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Zhu
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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