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Jain SS, Singh VK, Kante RK, Jana SK, Patil RH. Current trends in development and manufacturing of higher-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine and its challenges. Biologicals 2024; 87:101784. [PMID: 39053122 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2024.101784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have been developed to protect against pneumococcal diseases caused by the more than 100 serotypes of the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. PCVs primarily prevent pneumococcal infections such as sepsis, bacteraemia, meningitis, otitis media, pneumonia, septicaemia, and sinusitis among infants, adults, elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. The current available PCVs only cover a limited number of serotypes, and there is an immense need for developing higher-valent PCVs that can protect against non-vaccine serotypes to overcome challenges like serotype replacement and antibiotic resistance. The main challenges for developing higher valent PCVs are the complexity of the manufacturing process comprising polysaccharide fermentation, purification, modification or sizing of multiple polysaccharides and conjugation between polysaccharides and carrier proteins, the stability of the conjugates, and the immunogenicity of the vaccine. Different manufacturing processes have been explored to produce higher valent PCVs using different serotypes of S. pneumoniae and conjugation with different carrier proteins. The global coverage of higher valent PCVs are still low, mainly due to the high cost and limited supply of the vaccine. This review focuses on the existing and emerging manufacturing processes and challenges associated with higher-valent pneumococcal PCV development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shital S Jain
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Department of Biotechnology, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India; Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411028, India.
| | - Vikas K Singh
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411028, India.
| | - Rajesh Kumar Kante
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411028, India.
| | - Swapan Kumar Jana
- Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd., Hadapsar, Pune, Maharashtra, 411028, India.
| | - Rajendra H Patil
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Department of Biotechnology, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India.
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Oldrini D, Di Benedetto R, Carducci M, De Simone D, Massai L, Alfini R, Galli B, Brunelli B, Przedpelski A, Barbieri JT, Rossi O, Giannelli C, Rappuoli R, Berti F, Micoli F. Testing a Recombinant Form of Tetanus Toxoid as a Carrier Protein for Glycoconjugate Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1770. [PMID: 38140177 PMCID: PMC10747096 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines play a major role in the prevention of infectious diseases worldwide, with significant impact on global health, enabling the polysaccharides to induce immunogenicity in infants and immunological memory. Tetanus toxoid (TT), a chemically detoxified bacterial toxin, is among the few carrier proteins used in licensed glycoconjugate vaccines. The recombinant full-length 8MTT was engineered in E. coli with eight individual amino acid mutations to inactivate three toxin functions. Previous studies in mice showed that 8MTT elicits a strong IgG response, confers protection, and can be used as a carrier protein. Here, we compared 8MTT to traditional carrier proteins TT and cross-reactive material 197 (CRM197), using different polysaccharides as models: Group A Streptococcus cell-wall carbohydrate (GAC), Salmonella Typhi Vi, and Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, C, W, and Y. The persistency of the antibodies induced, the ability of the glycoconjugates to elicit booster response after re-injection at a later time point, the eventual carrier-induced epitopic suppression, and immune interference in multicomponent formulations were also evaluated. Overall, immunogenicity responses obtained with 8MTT glycoconjugates were compared to those obtained with corresponding TT and, in some cases, were higher than those induced by CRM197 glycoconjugates. Our results support the use of 8MTT as a good alternative carrier protein for glycoconjugate vaccines, with advantages in terms of manufacturability compared to TT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Oldrini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Roberta Di Benedetto
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Martina Carducci
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Daniele De Simone
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Luisa Massai
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Renzo Alfini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Barbara Galli
- GSK, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (B.G.); (B.B.); (F.B.)
| | | | - Amanda Przedpelski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (A.P.); (J.T.B.)
| | - Joseph T. Barbieri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (A.P.); (J.T.B.)
| | - Omar Rossi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Carlo Giannelli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Fondazione Biotecnopolo, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Francesco Berti
- GSK, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (B.G.); (B.B.); (F.B.)
| | - Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy; (D.O.); (R.D.B.); (M.C.); (D.D.S.); (L.M.); (R.A.); (O.R.); (C.G.)
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Simon MW, Bataille R, Caldwell NS, Gessner BD, Jodar L, Lamberth E, Peng Y, Scott DA, Lei L, Giardina PC, Gruber WC, Jansen KU, Thompson A, Watson W. Safety and immunogenicity of a multivalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine given with 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in healthy infants: A phase 2 randomized trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2023; 19:2245727. [PMID: 37927075 PMCID: PMC10629427 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2245727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) has led to substantial reductions in the global burden of pediatric pneumococcal disease. Expansion of serotype coverage has been achieved by increasing PCV valency, but this may carry the potential risk of antibody interference. A complementary 7-valent PCV (cPCV7) including polysaccharide conjugates from 7 non-13-valent (PCV13) serotypes was developed to potentially complement PCV13-mediated protection and expand serotype coverage. This study evaluated cPCV7 and PCV13 coadministered in separate limbs or separated in time in infants. This phase 2, multicenter, open-label study included 512 infants randomized 1:1:1 to receive cPCV7 coadministered with PCV13 at ages 2, 4, 6, and 12 months (cPCV7 Coadministered); cPCV7 given at ages 3, 5, 7, and 13 months, 3‒5 weeks after PCV13 (cPCV7 Separated); or PCV13 at ages 2, 4, 6, and 12 months followed by a single supplemental dose of cPCV7 at 13 months (PCV13 Control). Safety evaluations included local reactions, systemic events, and adverse events. Serotype-specific immunoglobulin G concentrations and opsonophagocytic activity titers were assessed. The safety profile of cPCV7 was similar to that of PCV13. cPCV7 was well-tolerated in infants when coadministered with or given separately from PCV13. Robust and functional immune responses for all cPCV7 serotypes were observed in both cPCV7 groups. No immunologic interference was observed for either the cPCV7 or PCV13 serotypes with coadministration. A single cPCV7 dose induced immune responses in toddlers. These findings support potential coadministration of a complementary PCV to supplement protection provided by existing PCVs.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03550313.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Simon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | | | - Bradford D. Gessner
- Vaccines Medical Development and Scientific and Clinical Affairs, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Luis Jodar
- Vaccines Medical Development and Scientific and Clinical Affairs, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Erik Lamberth
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Yahong Peng
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel A. Scott
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Lanyu Lei
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Wendy Watson
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, PA, USA
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Immunogenicity of Wild Type and Mutant Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Virus-like Particles (VLPs) in Mice with Pre-Existing Immunity against the Wild Type Vector. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020313. [PMID: 36851527 PMCID: PMC9963944 DOI: 10.3390/v15020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs), composed of the small hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAgS), are the antigenic components of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine and represent the backbones for a chimeric anti-malaria vaccine and various vaccine candidates. Biological vectors have to face pre-existing anti-vector immune responses due to previous immune exposure. Vector recognition after natural infections or vaccinations can result in unwarranted outcomes, with compromising effects on clinical outcomes. In order to evaluate the impact of a pre-existing anti-HBsAgS immune response, we developed mutant VLPs composed of subunits with reduced HBsAgS-specific antigenicity. The insertion of a Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP)-derived epitope as a read-out allowed the assessment of wild type (wt) and mutant VLPs in the context of a pre-existing immune response. Mutant and wt VLP platforms with a CSP-epitope insert are immunogenic and have the ability to generate anti-CSP antibody responses in both naïve BALB/c mice and mice with a pre-existing anti-HBsAgS immune response, but with superior anti-CSP responses in mice with a pre-existing immunity. The data indicate that previous HBsAgS exposure facilitates enhanced antibody responses against foreign epitopes delivered by the HBsAgS platform, and, in this context, the state of immune sensitization alters the outcome of subsequent vaccinations.
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Sungsuwan S, Wu X, Shaw V, Kavunja H, McFall-Boegeman H, Rashidijahanabad Z, Tan Z, Lang S, Tahmasebi Nick S, Lin PH, Yin Z, Ramadan S, Jin X, Huang X. Structure Guided Design of Bacteriophage Qβ Mutants as Next Generation Carriers for Conjugate Vaccines. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:3047-3058. [PMID: 35142488 PMCID: PMC9363528 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are critical tools to treat and prevent diseases. For an effective conjugate vaccine, the carrier is crucial, but few carriers are available for clinical applications. In addition, a drawback of current protein carriers is that high levels of antibodies against the carrier are induced by the conjugate vaccine, which are known to interfere with the immune responses against the target antigen. To overcome these challenges, we obtained the near atomic resolution crystal structure of an emerging protein carrier, i.e., the bacteriophage Qβ virus like particle. On the basis of the detailed structural information, novel mutants of bacteriophage Qβ (mQβ) have been designed, which upon conjugation with tumor associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs), a class of important tumor antigens, elicited powerful anti-TACA IgG responses and yet produced lower levels of anticarrier antibodies as compared to those from the wild type Qβ-TACA conjugates. In a therapeutic model against an aggressive breast cancer in mice, 100% unimmunized mice succumbed to tumors in just 12 days even with chemotherapy. In contrast, 80% of mice immunized with the mQβ-TACA conjugate were completely free from tumors. Besides TACAs, to aid in the development of vaccines to protect against COVID-19, the mQβ based conjugate vaccine has been shown to induce high levels of IgG antibodies against peptide antigens from the SARS-CoV-2 virus, demonstrating its generality. Thus, mQβ is a promising next-generation carrier platform for conjugate vaccines, and structure-based rational design is a powerful strategy to develop new vaccine carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suttipun Sungsuwan
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Xuanjun Wu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | | | - Herbert Kavunja
- Iaso Therapeutics Inc., 4942 Dawn Avenue, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sherif Ramadan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Qaliobiya 13518, Egypt
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Chen WC, Lin YP, Cheng CM, Shen CF, Ching A, Chang TC, Shen CJ. Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Variants in Pregnant Women and Their Neonates under Antenatal Vaccination with Moderna (mRNA-1273) Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091415. [PMID: 36146492 PMCID: PMC9505142 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on the anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain IgG antibody (SRBD IgG) binding ratio (SBR) from Alpha, Beta, and Gamma variants of SARS-CoV-2 in pregnant women and neonates. The impact of antenatal influenza (flu) and pertussis (Tdap) vaccines was also studied. We enrolled pregnant women vaccinated with the Moderna (mRNA-1273) vaccine during pregnancy and collected maternal plasma (MP) and neonatal cord blood (CB) during delivery to determine the SBR via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). A total of 78 samples were collected from 39 pregnant women. The SBR was higher for Alpha variants compared to Beta/Gamma variants (MP: 63.95% vs. 47.91% vs. 43.48%, p = 0.0001; CB: 72.14% vs. 56.78% vs. 53.66%, p = 0.006). Pregnant women receiving two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine demonstrated a better SBR against SARS-CoV-2 Alpha, Beta, and Gamma variants than women receiving just a single dose. Women who received the Tdap/flu vaccines demonstrated a better SBR when two COVID-19 vaccine doses were < 6 weeks apart. A better SBR was detected among women who had more recently received their second COVID-19 vaccine dose. Two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine provided recipients with a better SBR for Alpha/Beta/Gamma variants. Although Tdap/flu vaccines may affect the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine, different vaccination timings can improve the SBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New Taipei City Municipal Tucheng Hospital, New Taipei City 236, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Pin Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fen Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Alex Ching
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15123, USA
| | - Ting-Chang Chang
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ju Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Cross reacting material (CRM197) as a carrier protein for carbohydrate conjugate vaccines targeted at bacterial and fungal pathogens. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:775-798. [PMID: 35872318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This paper gives an overview of conjugate glycovaccines which contain recombinant diphtheria toxoid CRM197 as a carrier protein. A special focus is given to synthetic methods used for preparation of neoglycoconjugates of CRM197 with oligosaccharide epitopes of cell surface carbohydrates of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Syntheses of commercial vaccines and laboratory specimen on the basis of CRM197 are outlined briefly.
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Garrido HMG, Schnyder JL, Haydari B, Vollaard AM, Tanck MWT, de Bree GJ, Meek B, Grobusch MP, Goorhuis A. Immunogenicity of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine followed by the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide in people living with HIV on combination antiretroviral therapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2022; 60:106629. [PMID: 35760223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2022.106629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People living with HIV (PLWH) are at increased risk of pneumococcal infections compared with the general population. The objective of this study was to investigate the immunogenicity of the combined pneumococcal vaccination schedule in PLWH. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, adult PLWH on antiretroviral therapy and HIV negative controls received the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) at baseline followed by the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) at month 2. Serotype-specific IgG levels of 24 vaccine serotypes were measured (months 0, 2, 4, 6, 12). The primary outcome was seroprotection at month 4, defined as the proportion of patients with a post-immunization IgG concentration of ≥1.3 µg/mL for ≥70% (17/24) of vaccine serotypes. FINDINGS Samples of 120 patients were analysed. Seroprotection at month 4 was 49% (39/80) for PLWH and 82% (28/34) in controls. At month 12, seroprotection had decreased to 23% (18/79) and 63% (22/35), respectively. Nadir CD4 counts ≥ 200 cells/mm3, preserved kidney function and co-administration of the diphtheria-tetanus-polio (DTP) vaccine were associated with better seroprotection among PLWH. IgG levels of both PLWH and controls (all 24 vaccine serotypes) were significantly higher compared with baseline at all timepoints. INTERPRETATION Although IgG levels of all 24 vaccine serotypes increased significantly in both PLWH and controls, only a minority of PLWH achieved seroprotection after PCV13 followed by PPSV23. In addition, protective immunity waned rapidly. Further research into alternative vaccinations strategies for PLWH is needed, such as vaccination schedules with higher-valent pneumococcal vaccines. The DTP vaccine may augment pneumococcal vaccination responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Garcia Garrido
- Amsterdam UMC, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jenny L Schnyder
- Amsterdam UMC, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Beheshta Haydari
- Amsterdam UMC, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert M Vollaard
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michael W T Tanck
- Amsterdam UMC, Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Godelieve J de Bree
- Amsterdam UMC, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob Meek
- St. Antonius Hospital, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Amsterdam UMC, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abraham Goorhuis
- Amsterdam UMC, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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A phase 3 clinical trial of MINHAI PCV13 in Chinese children aged from 7 months to 5 years old. Vaccine 2021; 39:6947-6955. [PMID: 34706841 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pneumococcus lead to various kinds of invasive disease such as pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis, bacteremia and so on. It has been a great threat to children under 5. A new 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) with carrier tetanus toxoid and diphtheria toxoid was developed by MINHAI, aiming to prevent pneumococcus infection. In this study, we reported the safety and immunogenicity of MINHAI PCV13 in Chinese children aged from 7 months to 5 years old. METHODS A randomized, double-blinded, parallelized phase III clinical trial was operated in 900 participants. Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccine (Hib) served as negative control. PCV13 and Hib were intramuscular injected to participants at a ratio of 2:1. Local and systemic adverse events (AEs) and severe adverse events (SAEs) were recorded to evaluate the safety of PCV13. Blood samples were collected before and after immunization for the detecting of serotype-specific anti-polysaccharide immunoglobulin (Ig)G and opsonophagocytosis assay (OPA). The proportion of IgG concentration ≥ 0.35 μg/mL (IgG positive rate), IgG geometric mean concentration (GMC), OPA geometric mean titer (GMT), and other indicators were analyzed to evaluate the immunogenicity of PCV13. RESULTS During the study period, no PCV13 associated SAE happened. Incidences of several AEs in PCV13 groups were higher than the Hib groups, but most of them were mild or moderate. For all 13 serotypes, IgG and OPA indicators of the PCV13 groups were generally superior to the Hib groups, and the differences were mostly statistically significant, which indicates that MINHAI PCV13 can effectively induce pneumococcal specific antibody. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates that MINHAI PCV13 has sufficient immunogenicity and safety in Chinese children aged from 7 months to 5 years old. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02494999.
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Zhu H, Rollier CS, Pollard AJ. Recent advances in lipopolysaccharide-based glycoconjugate vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1515-1538. [PMID: 34550840 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1984889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The public health burden caused by pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria is increasingly prominent due to antimicrobial resistance. The surface carbohydrates are potential antigens for vaccines against Gram-negative bacteria. The enhanced immunogenicity of the O-specific polysaccharide (O-SP) moiety of LPS when coupled to a carrier protein may protect against bacterial pathogens. However, because of the toxic lipid A moiety and relatively high costs of O-SP isolation, LPS has not been a popular vaccine antigen until recently. AREAS COVERED In this review, we discuss the rationales for developing LPS-based glycoconjugate vaccines, principles of glycoconjugate-induced immunity, and highlight the recent developments and challenges faced by LPS-based glycoconjugate vaccines. EXPERT OPINION Advances in LPS harvesting, LPS chemical synthesis, and newer carrier proteins in the past decade have propelled LPS-based glycoconjugate vaccines toward further development, through to clinical evaluation. The development of LPS-based glycoconjugates offers a new horizon for vaccine prevention of Gram-negative bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henderson Zhu
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research (Nihr) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Christine S Rollier
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research (Nihr) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health Research (Nihr) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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A Decade of Fighting Invasive Meningococcal Disease: A Narrative Review of Clinical and Real-World Experience with the MenACWY-CRM Conjugate Vaccine. Infect Dis Ther 2021; 11:639-655. [PMID: 34591258 PMCID: PMC8481757 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-021-00519-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The quadrivalent A, C, W and Y meningococcal vaccine conjugated to nontoxic mutant of diphtheria toxin (MenACWY-CRM) has been licensed since 2010 for the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD), an uncommon but life-threatening condition. Here, we summarize the experience accrued with MenACWY-CRM during the first decade since its licensure, by providing an overview of clinical trials investigating the safety, immunogenicity and co-administration of MenACWY-CRM with other vaccines as well as presenting real-world evidence regarding the impact of MenACWY-CRM vaccination on carriage and IMD incidence. MenACWY-CRM has demonstrated an acceptable clinical safety profile across a wide range of age groups; no safety concerns have been reported in special populations, such as immunocompromised infants and toddlers, or pregnant women. MenACWY-CRM has also been proven to be immunogenic in various age groups and geographic settings, and a booster dose has been shown to elicit strong anamnestic responses in all studied populations, irrespective of the vaccine used for priming. With no clinically relevant vaccine interactions reported, MenACWY-CRM is being conveniently integrated into existing vaccination programs for various age and risk groups; this possibility of co-administration helps improving vaccine coverage and streamlining the healthcare process of fighting preventable infectious diseases. Vaccination of adolescents and adults has been proven to reduce nasopharyngeal carriage for serogroups C, W and Y, which is an important element in reducing transmission. Real-world evidence indicates that MenACWY-CRM can reduce IMD incidence even in high-exposure groups. When combined with vaccines against serogroup B meningococci, MenACWY-CRM can offer protection against five of the most common serogroups responsible for IMD, which is an important advantage in the continuously evolving landscape of meningococcal serogroup epidemiology. Invasive meningococcal disease is an uncommon but life-threatening infection that appears as meningitis and/or sepsis. It is caused by Neisseria meningitidis, a bacteria commonly present in the throat or nose. Vaccination with MenACWY-CRM (Menveo, GSK) helps to prevent invasive meningococcal disease caused by four of the most common N. meningitidis serogroups (A, C, W and Y). This vaccine has been licensed for 10 years: we summarized here all available evidence gathered since the vaccine has been available in general practice, from clinical development to real-world experience. Information gained during clinical trials of MenACWY-CRM confirms that vaccination is well tolerated, has an acceptable safety profile and would induce significant protection when given to individuals of various ages such as infants, toddlers, children, adolescents and adults, and when administered at the same time as routine or traveler vaccinations as well as vaccines against serogroup B meningococci (4CMenB). Vaccination with MenACWY-CRM has been shown to decrease the number of serogroup C, W and Y meningococci found in the nose and throat in adolescents and adults as well as the occurrence of invasive meningococcal disease in a high-exposure population from a real-world setting. MenACWY-CRM can conveniently be integrated into most of the existing vaccination schedules for various age and risk groups. When combined with vaccination against serogroup B meningococci, MenACWY-CRM can contribute to providing protection against five of the most common serogroups responsible for invasive meningococcal disease.
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Effect of Preexisting Immunity to Tetanus Toxoid on the Efficacy of Tetanus Toxoid-Conjugated Heroin Vaccine in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060573. [PMID: 34205869 PMCID: PMC8229309 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a serious health problem that has dramatically increased over the last decade. Although current therapies for the management of OUD can be effective, they have limitations. The complementary strategy to combat the opioid crisis is the development of a conjugate vaccine to generate high affinity antibodies in order to neutralize opioids in circulation before reaching the brain. The components of an opioid vaccine include an opioid hapten (6-AmHap) that is conjugated to a carrier protein (tetanus toxoid) with the addition of adjuvants (Army Liposome Formulation adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide-ALFA). There is no consensus in the literature as to whether preexisting immunity to the carrier protein may impact the immunogenicity of the conjugate vaccine by inducing an enhanced or suppressed immune response to the hapten. Here, we investigated whether pre-exposure to tetanus toxoid would affect the immunogenicity and efficacy of the heroin vaccine, TT-6-AmHap. Mice were primed with diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine at weeks -4 and -2, then immunized with TT-6-AmHap vaccine at weeks 0, 3, and 6. Using ELISA and behavioral assays, we found that preexisting immunity to tetanus toxoid had no influence on the immunogenicity and efficacy of the TT-6-AmHap vaccine.
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Knoot CJ, Robinson LS, Harding CM. A minimal sequon sufficient for O-linked glycosylation by the versatile oligosaccharyltransferase PglS. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1192-1203. [PMID: 33997889 PMCID: PMC8457361 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioconjugate vaccines, consisting of polysaccharides attached to carrier proteins, are enzymatically generated using prokaryotic glycosylation systems in a process termed bioconjugation. Key to bioconjugation are a group of enzymes known as oligosaccharyltransferases (OTases) that transfer polysaccharides to engineered carrier proteins containing conserved amino acid sequences known as sequons. The most recently discovered OTase, PglS, has been shown to have the broadest substrate scope, transferring many different types of bacterial glycans including those with glucose at the reducing end. However, PglS is currently the least understood in terms of the sequon it recognizes. PglS is a pilin-specific O-linking OTase that naturally glycosylates a single protein, ComP. In addition to ComP, we previously demonstrated that an engineered carrier protein containing a large fragment of ComP is also glycosylated by PglS. Here we sought to identify the minimal ComP sequon sufficient for PglS glycosylation. We tested >100 different ComP fragments individually fused to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (EPA), leading to the identification of an 11-amino acid sequence sufficient for robust glycosylation by PglS. We also demonstrate that the placement of the ComP sequon on the carrier protein is critical for stability and subsequent glycosylation. Moreover, we identify novel sites on the surface of EPA that are amenable to ComP sequon insertion and find that Cross-Reactive Material 197 fused to a ComP fragment is also glycosylated. These results represent a significant expansion of the glycoengineering toolbox as well as our understanding of bacterial O-linking sequons.
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Lymphoid follicle antigen (Ag) delivery and enhanced rodent humoral immune responses mediated by Ag-containing PEGylated liposomes. Vaccine 2021; 39:1131-1139. [PMID: 33478792 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antigen (Ag) delivery to lymphoid follicles is important in achieving adaptive immunity. We recently developed a novel two-step Ag delivery system that efficiently induces cellular immune responses to Ags in mice by using priming intravenous (i.v.) injections of empty PEGylated liposomes (PEG-Lip) followed 3 days later by Ag-entrapped PEG-Lip (Ag-PEG-lip). In this study, we looked for humoral immune responses in rats and mice with IgG production specific to the encapsulated Ags. We observed that initial i.v. injections of empty PEG-Lip triggered accumulation of subsequent doses ovalbumin-PEG-Lip (OVA-PEG-lip) in splenic follicles and enhanced IgG production against OVA in both rats and mice. Anti-OVA IgG production was diminished by inhibition of splenic follicular accumulation of OVA-PEG-Lip by fingolimod (FTY720), which inhibits lymphocyte egress from lymphoid tissues. Thisindicates that the follicular accumulation of Ags that we observed is an indispensable and unique step in the production of anti-OVA IgG. Interestingly, in BALB/c nude mice, which are T cell deficient, a high follicular accumulation of OVA-PEG-Lip was observed, but anti-OVA IgG production was not observed. This suggests that T cells are also indispensable for the induction of cellular immune responses by our two-step immunization procedure. Our unique Ag delivery platform, which efficiently delivers Ags to splenic follicles, may be a useful technique for the enhancement of cellular immunity, as well as humoral immunity. Further experimental evaluation should be undertaken in relevant animal models in order for efficacy, safety and immunological correlates to be determined.
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Wallis J, Katti P, Martin AM, Hills T, Seymour LW, Shenton DP, Carlisle RC. A liposome-based cancer vaccine for a rapid and high-titre anti-ErbB-2 antibody response. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 152:105456. [PMID: 32653563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are arguably the most important medical technology developed to date. However, effective treatment of diseases such as breast cancer have so far evaded standard vaccination strategies. One popular target for cancer treatment is the cell surface membrane protein, ErbB-2, also known as Her-2 or neu. It is localised to the cell surface and has raised expression in 15-30% of all breast cancers, as well as in ovarian, colon and lung cancer. Here, a liposomal system comprised of spatially separated ErbB-2 peptide, to activate B cells, and ovalbumin peptide OVA323-339, to provide non-cognate T cell support, was used to generate antibodies against the epitope of the ErbB-2 protein targeted by Pertuzumab, a monoclonal antibody licensed for the treatment of ErbB-2 expressing cancers. After just 7 days a raised (7.3-fold, p<0.01), isotype-switched, humoral immune response specific for the ErbB-2 peptide was achieved in mice with pre-existing immunity to OVA which were exposed to liposomes with external ErbB-2 and internal OVA323-339. The absence of pre-existing OVA immunity in the mice or OVA323-339 peptide in the liposomes removed the effect. The effect of this anti-ErbB-2 antibody response was characterised against an ErbB-2 overexpressing tumour cell line both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, antibody responses were demonstrated to induce cell death in vitro, resulting in 96% reduction in viable cells. This study, therefore, demonstrates the feasibility of this approach to generate a rapid, high-titre, isotype-switched, antibody response that specifically targets ErbB-2 overexpression on tumour cells and is capable of inducing cell death in vitro in the absence of complement or immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Wallis
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Prateek Katti
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Tom Hills
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
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The Pneumococcal Polysaccharide-Tetanus Toxin Native C-Fragment Conjugate Vaccine: The Carrier Effect and Immunogenicity. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:9596129. [PMID: 32714092 PMCID: PMC7355367 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9596129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The encapsulated bacteria, as Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and Neisseria meningitidis, cause serious morbidity and mortality worldwide. The capsular polysaccharide (PS), which could elicit a weak T cell-independent immune response, is a vital virulence determinant. One of the strategies to improve the PS-specific immunogenicity is to conjugate PS with a nontoxic carrier protein. Tetanus toxoid (TT) and CRM197 are the typical carrier proteins for the PS conjugate vaccines. TT is the inactivated tetanus toxin manipulated with formaldehyde, which suffers from the pollution from residual formaldehyde and the incomplete detoxification. CRM197 has the disadvantage of low-yield purification with the requirement of sophisticated culture conditions. Thus, a novel carrier protein without these disadvantages is highly required. The tetanus toxin native C-fragment (Hc) is safe, low-cost, and highly immunogenic with easy purification, which can act as a promising carrier protein. Pneumococcal serogroups 14 and 23F were major epidemic causes of pneumococcal infections. In the present study, the capsular PSs (PS14 and PS23F) were conjugated with Hc, TT, and CRM197, respectively. TT- and CRM197-based conjugates acted as controls for Hc-based conjugates (PS14-Hc and PS23F-Hc). The structural properties of Hc were not fundamentally changed after conjugated with PS. PS14-Hc and PS23F-Hc could potentiate sound PS-specific antibody levels comparable to the controls. Thus, Hc exhibited a practical carrier effect to help the pneumococcal conjugate vaccines perform good immunogenicities.
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Elicitation of integrated immunity in mice by a novel pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine conjugated with HBV surface antigen. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6470. [PMID: 32286332 PMCID: PMC7156719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The conjugation of polysaccharides with an effective carrier protein is critical for the development of effective bacterial polysaccharide vaccines. Therefore, the identification and optimization of carrier proteins to induce an effective immune response is necessary for developing a combined vaccine. In the current study, we utilized hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) as a novel carrier protein combined with a capsular polysaccharide molecule to develop a new pneumococcal conjugated vaccine. The specific antibodies and T cell immune response against the capsular polysaccharide and HBsAg in the mice immunized with this conjugated vaccine were evaluated. In addition, the unique gene profiles of immune cells induced by this conjugated vaccine in the immunized mice were analyzed. Our results demonstrated that the vaccine consisting of pneumonia type 33 F capsular polysaccharide (Pn33Fps) conjugated with HBsAg can induce strong specific immune responses against both antigens in vivo in immunized mice. Furthermore, the conjugated vaccine induced higher expression of genes related to the activation of immunity and higher antibody titers against Pn33Fps and HBsAg in mice than those obtained via vaccination with a single antigen. Analyses of the dynamic expression changes in immunity-related genes in mice immunized with Pn33Fps_HBs, Pn33Fps, or HBsAg indicated the potent immunogenicity of the conjugated vaccine. In addition, a pathological evaluation of the organs from immunized mice further suggested that the conjugated vaccine is safe. Together, these results indicate that a conjugated vaccine consisting of Pn33Fps with HBsAg is a novel and effective vaccine.
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Pifferi C, Ruiz-de-Angulo A, Goyard D, Tiertant C, Sacristán N, Barriales D, Berthet N, Anguita J, Renaudet O, Fernández-Tejada A. Chemical synthesis and immunological evaluation of new generation multivalent anticancer vaccines based on a Tn antigen analogue. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4488-4498. [PMID: 34122907 PMCID: PMC8159477 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00544d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs), such as the Tn antigen, have emerged as key targets for the development of synthetic anticancer vaccines. However, the induction of potent and functional immune responses has been challenging and, in most cases, unsuccessful. Herein, we report the design, synthesis and immunological evaluation in mice of Tn-based vaccine candidates with multivalent presentation of the Tn antigen (up to 16 copies), both in its native serine-linked display (Tn-Ser) and as an oxime-linked Tn analogue (Tn-oxime). The high valent vaccine prototypes were synthesized through a late-stage convergent assembly (Tn-Ser construct) and a versatile divergent strategy (Tn-oxime analogue), using chemoselective click-type chemistry. The hexadecavalent Tn-oxime construct induced robust, Tn-specific humoral and CD4+/CD8+ cellular responses, with antibodies able to bind the Tn antigen on the MCF7 cancer cell surface. The superior synthetic accessibility and immunological properties of this fully-synthetic vaccine prototype makes it a compelling candidate for further advancement towards safe and effective synthetic anticancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Pifferi
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, Université Grenoble Alpes, UMR 5250, CNRS 38000 Grenoble France .,Chemical Immunology Lab, CIC bioGUNE Biscay Science and Technology Park, Building 801A 48160 Derio Spain
| | - Ane Ruiz-de-Angulo
- Chemical Immunology Lab, CIC bioGUNE Biscay Science and Technology Park, Building 801A 48160 Derio Spain
| | - David Goyard
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, Université Grenoble Alpes, UMR 5250, CNRS 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Claire Tiertant
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, Université Grenoble Alpes, UMR 5250, CNRS 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Nagore Sacristán
- Chemical Immunology Lab, CIC bioGUNE Biscay Science and Technology Park, Building 801A 48160 Derio Spain
| | - Diego Barriales
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity Lab, CIC bioGUNE Biscay Science and Technology Park, Building 801A 48160 Derio Spain
| | - Nathalie Berthet
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, Université Grenoble Alpes, UMR 5250, CNRS 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Juan Anguita
- Inflammation and Macrophage Plasticity Lab, CIC bioGUNE Biscay Science and Technology Park, Building 801A 48160 Derio Spain .,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science Maria Diaz de Haro 13 48009 Bilbao Spain
| | - Olivier Renaudet
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire, Université Grenoble Alpes, UMR 5250, CNRS 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Alberto Fernández-Tejada
- Chemical Immunology Lab, CIC bioGUNE Biscay Science and Technology Park, Building 801A 48160 Derio Spain .,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science Maria Diaz de Haro 13 48009 Bilbao Spain
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Buurman ET, Timofeyeva Y, Gu J, Kim JH, Kodali S, Liu Y, Mininni T, Moghazeh S, Pavliakova D, Singer C, Singh S, Handke LD, Lotvin J, Prasad AK, Scully IL, Donald RGK, Jansen KU, Anderson AS. A Novel Hexavalent Capsular Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccine (GBS6) for the Prevention of Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Infections by Maternal Immunization. J Infect Dis 2020; 220:105-115. [PMID: 30778554 PMCID: PMC6548902 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Group B streptococcus (GBS) causes serious diseases in newborn infants, often resulting in lifelong neurologic impairments or death. Prophylactic vaccination of pregnant women prior to delivery could provide comprehensive protection, as early onset and late-onset disease and maternal complications potentially could be addressed. Methods Capsular polysaccharide conjugate vaccine GBS6 was designed using surveillance data yielded by whole-genome sequencing of a global collection of recently recovered GBS isolates responsible for invasive neonatal GBS disease. Capsular polysaccharides were isolated, oxidized using sodium periodate, and conjugated to CRM197 by reductive amination in dimethyl sulfoxide. Immune responses in mice and rhesus macaques were measured in a multiplex Luminex immunoglobulin G (IgG) assay and opsonophagocytic activity assays. Results The optimized conjugates were immunogenic, alone and in combination, in mice and rhesus macaques, inducing IgG antibodies that mediated opsonophagocytic killing. Active immunization of murine dams with GBS6 prior to mating resulted in serotype-specific protection of pups from a lethal challenge with GBS. Protection following passive administration of serotype-specific IgG monoclonal antibodies to dams demonstrated conclusively that anticapsular polysaccharide IgG alone is sufficient for protection. Conclusions The findings support the ongoing clinical evaluation of maternal GBS6 vaccination as a potential alternative method to prevent GBS disease in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed T Buurman
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
| | | | - Jianxin Gu
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
| | - Jin-Hwan Kim
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
| | - Srinivas Kodali
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
| | - Yongdong Liu
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
| | - Terri Mininni
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
| | - Soraya Moghazeh
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
| | | | | | - Suddham Singh
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
| | - Luke D Handke
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
| | - Jason Lotvin
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
| | | | - Ingrid L Scully
- Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, New York
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Huang X, Cavalcante DP, Townley HE. Macrophage-like THP-1 cells show effective uptake of silica nanoparticles carrying inactivated diphtheria toxoid for vaccination. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 22:23. [PMID: 32435151 PMCID: PMC7223038 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-019-4720-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles may be used in vaccinology as an antigen delivery and/or an immunostimulant to enhance immunity. Porous silica has been identified as an effective adjuvant for more than a decade, and we have therefore investigated the take up rate by an immortalized macrophage-like cell line of a number of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) with differing diameter and pore size. The MSNPs were synthesized using a sol-gel reaction and post-synthesis removal of the template. The MSNPs showed a clear distribution in take up rate peaking at 217 nm, whereas a comparison with solid spherical nanoparticles showed a similar distribution peaking at 377 nm. The MSNPs were investigated before and after loading with antigen. Diphtheria toxoid was used as a proof-of-concept antigen and showed a peak macrophage internalization of 53.42% for loaded LP3 particles which had a diameter of 217.75 ± 5.44 nm and large 16.5 nm pores. Optimal MSNP sizes appeared to be in the 200-400 nm range, and larger pores showed better antigen loading. The mesoporous silica particles were shown to be generally biocompatible, and cell viability was not altered by the loading of particles with or without antigen. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Huang
- Nuffield Department of women’s and reproductive health, Oxford University, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Helen E Townley
- Nuffield Department of women’s and reproductive health, Oxford University, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Department of Engineering Science, Oxford University, Park’s Road, Oxford, UK
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Lin H, Hong H, Wang J, Li C, Zhou Z, Wu Z. Rhamnose modified bovine serum albumin as a carrier protein promotes the immune response against sTn antigen. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13959-13962. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05263a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rhamnose and sTn antigen were co-conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA) for cancer vaccine development. The immune responses against sTn have been significantly augmented with the involvement of Rha-specific antibodies to enhance antigen uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Biotechnology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Haofei Hong
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Biotechnology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Biotechnology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Chen Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Biotechnology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Zhifang Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Biotechnology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Zhimeng Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Biotechnology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
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22
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Marqvorsen MHS, Araman C, van Kasteren SI. Going Native: Synthesis of Glycoproteins and Glycopeptides via Native Linkages To Study Glycan-Specific Roles in the Immune System. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2715-2726. [PMID: 31580646 PMCID: PMC6873266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation plays a myriad of roles in the immune system: Certain glycans can interact with specific immune receptors to kickstart a pro-inflammatory response, whereas other glycans can do precisely the opposite and ameliorate the immune response. Specific glycans and glycoforms can themselves become the targets of the adaptive immune system, leading to potent antiglycan responses that can lead to the killing of altered self- or pathogenic species. This hydra-like set of roles glycans play is of particular importance in cancer immunity, where it influences the anticancer immune response, likely playing pivotal roles in tumor survival or clearance. The complexity of carbohydrate biology requires synthetic access to glycoproteins and glycopeptides that harbor homogeneous glycans allowing the probing of these systems with high precision. One particular complicating factor in this is that these synthetic structures are required to be as close to the native structures as possible, as non-native linkages can themselves elicit immune responses. In this Review, we discuss examples and current strategies for the synthesis of natively linked single glycoforms of peptides and proteins that have enabled researchers to gain new insights into glycoimmunology, with a particular focus on the application of these reagents in cancer immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel H. S. Marqvorsen
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Immunology Gorlaeus
Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Can Araman
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Immunology Gorlaeus
Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander I. van Kasteren
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Institute for Chemical Immunology Gorlaeus
Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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Kim HW, Lee S, Lee JH, Woo SY, Kim KH. Comparison of Immune Responses to Two Quadrivalent Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccines (CRM197 and Diphtheria Toxoid) in Healthy Adults. J Korean Med Sci 2019; 34:e169. [PMID: 31197986 PMCID: PMC6565927 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2019.34.e169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After the introduction of the meningococcal ACWY-CRM197 conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-CRM) in 2012 and the meningococcal ACWY-diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-DT) in 2014, immunization was recommended for certain high-risk groups including new military recruits in Korea. However, comparative immunogenicity studies for these vaccines have not been performed in Korea. Here, we compared the immunogenicity of these two vaccines in healthy adults. METHODS A total of 64 adults, 20-49 years of age, were randomly divided into two groups (1:1) to receive either of the two vaccines. The sera were obtained before and 1 month after vaccination and tested for serogroup-specific serum bactericidal activity using baby rabbit complement. RESULTS There were no significant differences post-vaccination in the geometric mean indices and the seropositive rate to all serogroups between the vaccines. The proportion of seropositive subjects after vaccination ranged from 88% to 100%. CONCLUSION Both meningococcal conjugate vaccines showed good immunogenicity in healthy Korean adults without statistically significant differences. Further investigations for serotype distribution of circulating meningococci and the immune interference between other diphtheria toxin-containing vaccines concomitantly used for military recruits are needed to optimize immunization policies. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Research Information Service Identifier: KCT0002460.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wool Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Center for Vaccine Evaluation and Study, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soyoung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Center for Vaccine Evaluation and Study, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyen Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Center for Vaccine Evaluation and Study, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Youn Woo
- Department of Microbiology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Hyo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Center for Vaccine Evaluation and Study, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Tashani M, Badahdah AM, Alfelali M, Barasheed O, Alqahtani AS, Heron L, Wong M, Louth J, Rashid H, Borrow R, Booy R. Effect on meningococcal serogroup W immunogenicity when Tdap was administered prior, concurrent or subsequent to the quadrivalent (ACWY) meningococcal CRM 197-conjugate vaccine in adult Hajj pilgrims: A randomised controlled trial. Vaccine 2019; 37:3562-3567. [PMID: 31128875 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses to the capsular polysaccharide administered in the polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines can be either improved or suppressed by the pre-existence of immunity to the carrier protein. Receiving multiple vaccinations is essential for travellers such as Hajj pilgrims, and the use of conjugated vaccines is recommended. We studied the immune response to meningococcal serogroup W upon prior, concurrent and sequential administration of a quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4) conjugated to CRM197 (coadministered with 13 valent pneumococcal vaccine conjugate CRM197 [PCV13]), and tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine in Australian adults before attending the Hajj pilgrimage in 2014. Participants were randomly assigned, by computer-generated numbers, to three study arms by 1:1:1 ratio. Group A received Tdap followed by MCV4-CRM197 (+PCV13) 3-4 weeks later. Group B received all three vaccines in a single visit. Group C received MCV4-CRM197 (+PCV13) followed by Tdap 3-4 weeks later. Blood samples obtained prior to and 3-4 weeks after immunisation with MCV4-CRM197 were tested for meningococcal serogroup W-specific serum bactericidal antibody responses using baby rabbit complement (rSBA). One hundred and seven participants aged between 18 and 64 (median 40) years completed the study. No significant difference in meningococcal serogroup W rSBA geometric mean titre (GMT) was observed between the study arms post vaccination with MCV-CRM197 but Group A tended to have a slightly lower GMT (A = 404, B = 984 and C = 1235, p = 0.15). No statistical difference was noticed between the groups in proportions of subjects achieving a ≥4-fold rise in rSBA titres or achieving rSBA titre ≥8 post vaccination. In conclusion, receipt of MCV4-CRM197 vaccine prior, concurrent or subsequent to Tdap has similar immunologic response, and hence concurrent administration is both immunogenic and practical. However, further investigation into whether carrier induced suppression is a public health issue is suggested. Clinical trial registration: ANZCTR no. ACTRN12613000536763.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Tashani
- The Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Ain Zara, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Al-Mamoon Badahdah
- The Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Alfelali
- The Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osamah Barasheed
- The Executive Administration of Research and Innovation, King Abdullah Medical City in Holy Capital (KAMC-HC), Makkah 24246, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Leon Heron
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Melanie Wong
- Immunology Department, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - Jennifer Louth
- Vaccine Evaluation Unit, Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
| | - Harunor Rashid
- The Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Ray Borrow
- Vaccine Evaluation Unit, Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
| | - Robert Booy
- The Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Mass Gatherings and High Consequence/High Visibility Events, Flinders University, Adelaide 5001, Australia
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25
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Zeigler DF, Roque R, Clegg CH. Optimization of a multivalent peptide vaccine for nicotine addiction. Vaccine 2019; 37:1584-1590. [PMID: 30772068 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have been optimizing the design of a conjugate vaccine for nicotine addiction that employs a peptide-based hapten carrier. This peptide, which is produced by solid-phase protein synthesis, contains B cell and T cell epitope domains and eliminates the non-relevant, but highly immunogenic sequences in microbial carriers. In this report, the amino acid sequences in the T cell domain were optimized for improved vaccine activity and multivalent formulations containing structurally distinct haptens were tested for the induction of additive antibody responses. Trivalent vaccines produced antibody concentrations in mice that were 100 times greater than the amount of nicotine measured in smokers, and significantly reduced acute nicotine toxicity in rats. Two additional features were explored that distinguish the peptide from traditional recombinant carriers. The first is the minimal induction of an anti-carrier response, which can suppress nicotine vaccine activity. The second employs solid-phase synthesis to manufacture haptenated peptide. This approach obviates conventional conjugation chemistries and streamlines production of a more potent vaccine antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Zeigler
- TRIA Bioscience Corp, Suite 260, 1616 Eastlake Ave East, Seattle, WA 98102 USA
| | - Richard Roque
- TRIA Bioscience Corp, Suite 260, 1616 Eastlake Ave East, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
| | - Christopher H Clegg
- TRIA Bioscience Corp, Suite 260, 1616 Eastlake Ave East, Seattle, WA 98102 USA.
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26
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Xu L, Li Z, Su Z, Yang Y, Ma G, Yu R, Zhang S. Development of meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine that can elicit long-lasting and strong cellular immune response with hepatitis B core antigen virus-like particles as a novel carrier protein. Vaccine 2019; 37:956-964. [PMID: 30655174 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis caused meningitis is life-threatening acute infection with high fatality and high frequency of severe sequelae. Meningococcal capsular polysaccharides can be used to prevent meningococcal disease; while conjugating the polysaccharides to carrier protein was found necessary to improve the immunogenicity and induce memory responses in infants and young children. Nevertheless, repeated administration of glycoconjugate vaccines might lead to carrier-induced epitope suppression due to limited number of carrier proteins. Here in this study, full-length hepatitis B core antigen virus-like particles (HBc VLPs) was used as a novel potential carrier protein for conjugation of meningococcal group C polysaccharides (CPS) with heterobifunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG) of different length (2, 5 and 10 kDa) as linkers. The physiochemical properties of the CPS-PEG-HBc conjugate vaccines were fully characterized. The TEM, DLS, native agarose gel electrophoresis, and HPLC analyses all confirmed the successful conjugation. As compared to plain CPS and the physical mixture of CPS and HBc, the immunization with the conjugate vaccines can generate about 10 times increase in CPS specific IgG titers with a significant boosting effect. HBc conjugation induced a shift to a Th1 cellular immune type response, as assessed by the increased IgG2a subclass production. In addition, vaccination of the conjugate vaccines elicited much enhanced avidity functional antibody and long-lasting immunological memory. IgG titers elicited by CPS-P2k-HBc, CPS-P5k-HBc and CPS-P10k-HBc at week 18 maintained 38.1%, 17.9% and 33.3% of their peak values. All these results demonstrated that HBc VLPs can be used as potential carrier protein to develop polysaccharide conjugate vaccines effective in eliciting long-lasting and strong cellular immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yanli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Rong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Songping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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27
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Zhao Y, Wang S, Wang G, Li H, Guo Z, Gu G. Synthesis and immunological studies of group AStreptococcuscell-wall oligosaccharide–streptococcal C5a peptidase conjugates as bivalent vaccines. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00651f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A convergent synthesis of GAS cell-wall oligosaccharides and their efficient conjugation with the ScpA193 carrier protein to generate glycoconjugates as potential bivalent vaccines were reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisheng Zhao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology
- Shandong University
- Qingdao 266237
- China
| | - Subo Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology
- Shandong University
- Qingdao 266237
- China
| | - Guirong Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology
- Shandong University
- Qingdao 266237
- China
| | - Hui Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology
- Shandong University
- Qingdao 266237
- China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - Guofeng Gu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology
- Shandong University
- Qingdao 266237
- China
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28
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Wu X, Yin Z, McKay C, Pett C, Yu J, Schorlemer M, Gohl T, Sungsuwan S, Ramadan S, Baniel C, Allmon A, Das R, Westerlind U, Finn MG, Huang X. Protective Epitope Discovery and Design of MUC1-based Vaccine for Effective Tumor Protections in Immunotolerant Mice. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16596-16609. [PMID: 30398345 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human mucin-1 (MUC1) is a highly attractive antigen for the development of anticancer vaccines. However, in human clinical trials of multiple MUC1 based vaccines, despite the generation of anti-MUC1 antibodies, the antibodies often failed to exhibit much binding to tumor presumably due to the challenges in inducing protective immune responses in the immunotolerant environment. To design effective MUC1 based vaccines functioning in immunotolerant hosts, vaccine constructs were first synthesized by covalently linking the powerful bacteriophage Qβ carrier with MUC1 glycopeptides containing 20-22 amino acid residues covering one full length of the tandem repeat region of MUC1. However, IgG antibodies elicited by these first generation constructs in tolerant human MUC1 transgenic (Tg) mice did not bind tumor cells strongly. To overcome this, a peptide array has been synthesized. By profiling binding selectivities of antibodies, the long MUC1 glycopeptide was found to contain immunodominant but nonprotective epitopes. Critical insights were obtained into the identity of the key protective epitope. Redesign of the vaccine focusing on the protective epitope led to a new Qβ-MUC1 construct, which was capable of inducing higher levels of anti-MUC1 IgG antibodies in MUC1.Tg mice to react strongly with and kill a wide range of tumor cells compared to the construct containing the gold standard protein carrier, i.e., keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Vaccination with this new Qβ-MUC1 conjugate led to significant protection of MUC1.Tg mice in both metastatic and solid tumor models. The antibodies exhibited remarkable selectivities toward human breast cancer tissues, suggesting its high translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Craig McKay
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry and School of Biological Sciences , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Christian Pett
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , 44227 Dortmund , Germany.,Department of Chemistry , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden
| | - Jin Yu
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Manuel Schorlemer
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Trevor Gohl
- Department of Physiology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | | | - Sherif Ramadan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science , Benha University , Benha , Qaliobiya 13518 , Egypt
| | | | | | - Rupali Das
- Department of Physiology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Ulrika Westerlind
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , 44227 Dortmund , Germany.,Department of Chemistry , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden
| | - M G Finn
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry and School of Biological Sciences , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
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29
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Effect of Tdap upon antibody response to meningococcal polysaccharide when administered before, with or after the quadrivalent meningococcal TT-conjugate vaccine (coadministered with the 13-valent pneumococcal CRM197-conjugate vaccine) in adult Hajj pilgrims: A randomised controlled trial. Vaccine 2018; 36:4375-4382. [PMID: 29880243 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hajj pilgrims are susceptible to several serious infections and are required to receive multiple vaccinations. Polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines contain carrier proteins such as tetanus toxoid (TT), diphtheria toxoid or a mutant of diphtheria toxoid (CRM197). These carrier proteins may interact with other conjugate or combination vaccines containing tetanus or diphtheria on concurrent or sequential administration. We examined the immune interaction of separate and concomitant administration of a tetanus/diphtheria/acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine with a TT-conjugated quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine (MCV4) (coadministered with 13-valent pneumococcal CRM197-conjugate vaccine [PCV13]) in adult Australian pilgrims before attending Hajj in 2015. We randomly assigned each participant to one of three vaccination schedules. Group 1 received Tdap 3-4 weeks before receiving MCV4 coadministered with PCV13. Group 2 received all three vaccines concomitantly. Group 3 received MCV4 and PCV13 3-4 weeks before Tdap. Blood samples were collected at baseline, at each vaccination visit and 3-4 weeks after vaccination and tested for response to meningococcal serogroups C, W and Y using a serum bactericidal antibody (rSBA) assay with baby rabbit complement, and to diphtheria and tetanus toxoid, measuring IgG antibodies by ELISA. Participants completed symptom diaries after each vaccination. A total of 166 participants aged 18-64 (median 42) years were recruited, of whom 160 completed the study. Compared to the other groups, Group 1 (given Tdap first) had significantly lower proportion of subjects achieving a ≥4-fold rise in rSBA for serogroup W. No difference was detected across the three groups in achieving protection threshold (rSBA ≥8 post vaccination) or SBA geometric mean titre (GMT) post vaccination. Group 3, which was given MCV4/PCV13 first, had high levels of antibody against diphtheria and tetanus than the other groups, when tested prior to receipt of Tdap; Only the anti-tetanus responses remained significantly higher after Tdap administration. No serious adverse events were reported. In conclusion, when multiple vaccination is required for Hajj pilgrims, administering Tdap concurrently with MCV4/PCV13 produces adequate immune responses, and avoids meningococcal immune interference, in the convenience of a single consultation. However, giving Tdap 3-4 weeks after MCV4/PCV13 has the advantage of an enhanced tetanus toxoid response. The trial is Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12613000536763.
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30
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RNA gene profile variation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from rhesus macaques immunized with Hib conjugate vaccine, Hib capsular polysaccharide and TT carrier protein. BMC Immunol 2018; 19:4. [PMID: 29368591 PMCID: PMC5784715 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-018-0240-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine has been widely used in children to prevent invasive Hib disease because of its strong immunogenicity and antibody response induction relative to the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) antigen. The data from vaccine studies suggest that the conjugate vaccine contains carrier proteins that enhance and/or regulate the antigen’s immunogenicity, but the mechanism of this enhancement remains unclear. Methods To explore the immunological role of the conjugate vaccine, we compared the immune responses and gene profiles of rhesus macaques after immunization with CPS, carrier protein tetanus toxoid (TT) or conjugate vaccine. Results A distinct immune response was induced by the Hib conjugate vaccine but not by CPS or carrier protein TT. The genes that were dynamically regulated in conjunction with the macaque immune responses to the conjugate vaccine were investigated. Conclusions We propose that these genes are involved in the induction of specific immunity that is characterized by the appearance and maintenance of antibodies against Hib. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12865-018-0240-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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31
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Hennessey JP, Costantino P, Talaga P, Beurret M, Ravenscroft N, Alderson MR, Zablackis E, Prasad AK, Frasch C. Lessons Learned and Future Challenges in the Design and Manufacture of Glycoconjugate Vaccines. CARBOHYDRATE-BASED VACCINES: FROM CONCEPT TO CLINIC 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2018-1290.ch013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Philippe Talaga
- Department of Analytical Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy l’Etoile 69280, France
| | - Michel Beurret
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, 2301 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Neil Ravenscroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Earl Zablackis
- Analytical Process Technology, Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania 18370, United States
| | - A. Krishna Prasad
- Pfizer Vaccines Research and Development, Pearl River, New York 10965, United States
| | - Carl Frasch
- Consultant, Martinsburg, West Virginia 25402, United States
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32
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Baek JY, Geissner A, Rathwell DCK, Meierhofer D, Pereira CL, Seeberger PH. A modular synthetic route to size-defined immunogenic Haemophilus influenzae b antigens is key to the identification of an octasaccharide lead vaccine candidate. Chem Sci 2017; 9:1279-1288. [PMID: 29675174 PMCID: PMC5887106 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04521b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A Haemophilus influenzae b vaccine lead antigen was identified by the immunological evaluation of chemically precisely defined capsular polysaccharide repeating unit oligosaccharides.
The first glycoconjugate vaccine using isolated glycans was licensed to protect children from Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib) infections. Subsequently, the first semisynthetic glycoconjugate vaccine using a mixture of antigens derived by polymerization targeted the same pathogen. Still, a detailed understanding concerning the correlation between oligosaccharide chain length and the immune response towards the polyribosyl-ribitol-phosphate (PRP) capsular polysaccharide that surrounds Hib remains elusive. The design of semisynthetic and synthetic Hib vaccines critically depends on the identification of the minimally protective epitope. Here, we demonstrate that an octasaccharide antigen containing four repeating disaccharide units resembles PRP polysaccharide in terms of immunogenicity and recognition by anti-Hib antibodies. Key to this discovery was the development of a modular synthesis that enabled access to oligosaccharides up to decamers. Glycan arrays containing the synthetic oligosaccharides were used to analyze anti-PRP sera for antibodies. Conjugates of the synthetic antigens and the carrier protein CRM197, which is used in licensed vaccines, were employed in immunization studies in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Baek
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , 14476 Potsdam , Germany . ;
| | - A Geissner
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , 14476 Potsdam , Germany . ; .,Freie Universität Berlin , Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - D C K Rathwell
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , 14476 Potsdam , Germany . ; .,Freie Universität Berlin , Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - D Meierhofer
- Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (MPIMG) , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - C L Pereira
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , 14476 Potsdam , Germany . ;
| | - P H Seeberger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , 14476 Potsdam , Germany . ; .,Freie Universität Berlin , Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , 14195 Berlin , Germany
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33
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Tashani M, Heron L, Wong M, Rashid H, Booy R. Tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis vaccine may suppress the immune response to subsequent immunization with pneumococcal CRM197-conjugate vaccine (coadministered with quadrivalent meningococcal TT-conjugate vaccine): a randomized, controlled trial⋆. J Travel Med 2017; 24:3092398. [PMID: 28375507 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/tax006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND : Due to their antigenic similarities, there is a potential for immunological interaction between tetanus/diphtheria-containing vaccines and carrier proteins presented on conjugate vaccines. The interaction could, unpredictably, result in either enhancement or suppression of the immune response to conjugate vaccines if they are injected soon after or concurrently with diphtheria or tetanus toxoid. We examined this interaction among adult Australian travellers before attending the Hajj pilgrimage of 2015. METHODS We randomly assigned each participant to one of three vaccination schedules. Group A received tetanus, diphtheria and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) 3-4 weeks before receiving CRM197-conjugated 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13) coadministered with TT-conjugated quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine (MCV4). Group B received all three vaccines concurrently. Group C received PCV13 and MCV4 3-4 weeks before Tdap. Blood samples collected at baseline, at each vaccination visit and 3-4 weeks after vaccination were tested for the pneumococcal opsonophagocytic assay (OPA). RESULTS A total of 166 participants aged 18-64 (median 42) years were recruited, 159 completed the study. Compared with the other groups, Group A had significantly ( P < 0.05) lower geometric mean titres (GMTs) post-vaccination in seven serotypes of PCV13 (1, 3, 4, 5, 14, 18C and 9V). Additionally, Group A had lower frequency of serorises (≥ 4-fold rise in OPA titres) in serotype5 (79%, p = 0.01) and 18C (73.5%, p = 0.06); whereas Groups B and C had significantly lower frequencies of serorises in Serotype 4 (82%) and 6A (73.5%), respectively. No statistically significant difference was detected across the three groups in frequencies achieving OPA titre ≥ 1:8 post-vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Tdap vaccination 3-4 weeks before administration of PCV13 and MCV4 significantly reduced the GMTs to seven of the 13 pneumococcal serotypes in adults. If multiple vaccination is required before travel, deferring tetanus/diphtheria until after administering the conjugate vaccine is recommended to avoid immune interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Tashani
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Leon Heron
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Kids Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Melanie Wong
- Department of Immunology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Harunor Rashid
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert Booy
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Mass Gatherings and High Consequence/High Visibility Events, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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Espinosa-Viñals C, García-Rivera D, Rodríguez Noda L, Amador Gómez A, Nicot M, Valle O, Núñez JF, Martin Y, Santana D, Valdés Y, Vérez Bencomo V. Influence of the Co-Administration of Heptavalent Conjugate Vaccine PCV7-TT on the Immunological Response Elicited by VA-MENGOC-BC® and Heberpenta®-L in Rabbits. Immunol Invest 2017; 46:395-408. [DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2017.1288238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Li H, Wang S, Zhao Y, Chen Z, Gu G, Guo Z. Mutagenesis and immunological evaluation of group A streptococcal C5a peptidase as an antigen for vaccine development and as a carrier protein for glycoconjugate vaccine design. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07923k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A non-enzymatic recombinant ScpA mutant (H193A) was prepared and investigated to probe its application potential in the development of GAS vaccines and as a carrier protein of glycoconjugate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center
- School of Life Science
- Shandong University
- China
| | - Subo Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center
- School of Life Science
- Shandong University
- China
| | - Yisheng Zhao
- National Glycoengineering Research Center
- School of Life Science
- Shandong University
- China
| | - Zonggang Chen
- National Glycoengineering Research Center
- School of Life Science
- Shandong University
- China
| | - Guofeng Gu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center
- School of Life Science
- Shandong University
- China
| | - Zhongwu Guo
- National Glycoengineering Research Center
- School of Life Science
- Shandong University
- China
- Department of Chemistry
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Hills T, Jakeman PG, Carlisle RC, Klenerman P, Seymour LW, Cawood R. A Rapid-Response Humoral Vaccine Platform Exploiting Pre-Existing Non-Cognate Populations of Anti-Vaccine or Anti-Viral CD4+ T Helper Cells to Confirm B Cell Activation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166383. [PMID: 27861512 PMCID: PMC5115735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for CD4+ T cell responses to arise de novo following vaccination can limit the speed of B cell responses. Populations of pre-existing vaccine-induced or anti-viral CD4+ T cells recognising distinct antigens could be exploited to overcome this limitation. We hypothesise that liposomal vaccine particles encapsulating epitopes that are recognised, after processing and B cell MHCII presentation, by pre-existing CD4+ T cells will exploit this pre-existing T cell help and result in improved antibody responses to distinct target antigens displayed on the particle surface. Liposomal vaccine particles were engineered to display the malaria circumsporozoite (CSP) antigen on their surface, with helper CD4+ epitopes from distinct vaccine or viral antigens contained within the particle core, ensuring the B cell response is raised but focused against CSP. In vivo vaccination studies were then conducted in C57Bl/6 mice as models of either vaccine-induced pre-existing CD4+ T cell immunity (using ovalbumin-OVA) or virus-induced pre-existing CD4+ T cell immunity (murine cytomegalovirus-MCMV). Following the establishment of pre-existing by vaccination (OVA in the adjuvant TiterMax® Gold) or infection with MCMV, mice were administered CSP-coated liposomal vaccines containing the relevant OVA or MCMV core CD4+ T cell epitopes. In mice with pre-existing anti-OVA CD4+ T cell immunity, these vaccine particles elicited rapid, high-titre, isotype-switched CSP-specific antibody responses-consistent with the involvement of anti-OVA T helper cells in confirming activation of anti-CSP B cells. Responses were further improved by entrapping TLR9 agonists, combining humoral vaccination signals 'one', 'two' and 'three' within one particle. Herpes viruses can establish chronic infection and elicit significant, persistent cellular immune responses. We then demonstrate that this principle can be extended to re-purpose pre-existing anti-MCMV immunity to enhance anti-CSP vaccine responses-the first description of a strategy to specifically exploit anti-cytomegalovirus immunity to augment vaccination against a target antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hills
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert C. Carlisle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ryan Cawood
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Kim HW, Park IH, You S, Yu HT, Oh IS, Sung PS, Shin EC, Kim KH. Immunogenicity of MenACWY-CRM in Korean Military Recruits: Influence of Tetanus-Diphtheria Toxoid Vaccination on the Vaccine Response to MenACWY-CRM. Yonsei Med J 2016; 57:1511-6. [PMID: 27593883 PMCID: PMC5011287 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2016.57.6.1511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-CRM) has been introduced for military recruits in Korea since 2012. This study was performed to evaluate the immunogenicity of MenACWY-CRM in Korean military recruits. In addition, the influence of tetanus-diphtheria toxoids (Td) vaccination on the vaccine response to MenACWY-CRM was analyzed. A total of 75 military recruits were enrolled. Among them, 18 received a dose of MenACWY-CRM only (group 1), and 57 received Td three days before MenACWY-CRM immunization (group 2). The immunogenicity of MenACWY-CRM was compared between the two groups. The serum bactericidal activity with baby rabbit complement was measured before and three weeks after immunization against serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y. The geometric mean titers (GMTs) against four serogroups were significantly increased in both groups after immunization. Compared to group 2, group 1 exhibited significantly higher vaccine responses in several aspects: post-immune GMTs against serogroup A and C, seroresponse rates against serogroup A, and a fold increases of titers against serogroup A, C, and Y. MenACWY-CRM was immunogenic against all vaccine-serogroups in Korean military recruits. Vaccine response to MenACWY-CRM was influenced by Td administered three days earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wool Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Center for Vaccine Evaluation and Study, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Ho Park
- Center for Vaccine Evaluation and Study, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sooseong You
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hee Tae Yu
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - In Soo Oh
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Pil Soo Sung
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eui Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Kyung Hyo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Center for Vaccine Evaluation and Study, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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38
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Tashani M, Alfelali M, Barasheed O, Alqahtani AS, Heron L, Wong M, Rashid H, Booy R. Effect of Tdap when administered before, with or after the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (coadministered with the quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine) in adults: A randomised controlled trial. Vaccine 2016; 34:5929-5937. [PMID: 27780630 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sequential or co-administration of vaccines has potential to alter the immune response to any of the antigens. Existing literature suggests that prior immunisation of tetanus/diphtheria-containing vaccines can either enhance or suppress immune response to conjugate pneumococcal or meningococcal vaccines. We examined this interaction among adult Australian travellers before attending the Hajj pilgrimage 2014. We also investigated tolerability of these vaccines separately and concomitantly. We randomly assigned each participant to one of three vaccination schedules. Group A received adult tetanus, diphtheria and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) 3-4weeks before receiving CRM197-conjugated 13-valent pneumococcal vaccine (PCV13) and CRM197-conjugated quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine (MCV4). Group B received all three vaccines on one day. Group C received PCV13 and MCV4 3-4weeks before Tdap. Blood samples collected at baseline, each vaccination visit and 3-4weeks after vaccination were tested using the pneumococcal opsonophagocytic assay (OPA) and by ELISA for diphtheria and tetanus antibodies. Funding for meningococcal serology was not available. Participants completed symptom diaries after each vaccination. A total of 111 participants aged 18-64 (median 40) years were recruited. No statistically significant difference was detected across the three groups in achieving OPA titre ⩾1:8 post vaccination. However, compared to other groups, Group A had a statistically significant lower number of subjects achieving ⩾4-fold rise in serotype 3, and also significantly lower geometric mean titres (GMTs) to six (of 13) pneumococcal serotypes (3, 5, 18C, 4, 19A and 9V). Group C (given prior PCV13 and MVC4) had statistically significant higher pre-Tdap geometric mean concentration (GMC) of anti-diphtheria IgG; however, there was no difference across the three groups following Tdap. Anti-tetanus IgG GMCs were similar across the groups before and after Tdap. No serious adverse events were reported. In conclusion, Tdap vaccination 3-4weeks before concomitant administration of PCV13 and MCV4 significantly reduced the antibody response to six of the 13 pneumococcal serotypes in adults. The trial is registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12613000536763.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tashani
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence - Immunisation in Understudied and Special Risk Populations: Closing the Gap in Knowledge through a Multidisciplinary Approach, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - M Alfelali
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence - Immunisation in Understudied and Special Risk Populations: Closing the Gap in Knowledge through a Multidisciplinary Approach, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - O Barasheed
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence - Immunisation in Understudied and Special Risk Populations: Closing the Gap in Knowledge through a Multidisciplinary Approach, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; The Executive Administration of Research, King Abdullah Medical City (KAMC), Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - A S Alqahtani
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - L Heron
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia; Kids Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - M Wong
- Immunology Department, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead 2145, NSW, Australia
| | - H Rashid
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence - Immunisation in Understudied and Special Risk Populations: Closing the Gap in Knowledge through a Multidisciplinary Approach, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - R Booy
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence - Immunisation in Understudied and Special Risk Populations: Closing the Gap in Knowledge through a Multidisciplinary Approach, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Mass Gatherings and High Consequence/High Visibility Events, Flinders University, Adelaide 5001, Australia
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Tashani M, Rashid H, Mulholland K, Booy R. Carrier priming to improve pneumococcal disease control and reduce the international program's cost in children. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2016; 8:16. [PMID: 28702295 PMCID: PMC5471833 DOI: 10.1186/s41479-016-0016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) has the potential to interact with other vaccines containing diphtheria toxin-like antigens (such as those found in the DTP vaccine) upon sequential administration. This is attributed to the similarity of the diphtheria toxoid antigen to the carrier protein used to make PCV, (known as cross reactive material [CRM]) to diphtheria toxin 197 or CRM197. The interaction could lead to enhanced immunogenicity of PCV as a result of a phenomenon called carrier priming, whereby DTP is given some weeks before the first dose of PCV. This phenomenon could be implemented in the immunisation schedule in developing countries and among vulnerable populations to enhance the immunogenicity of PCV, reduce the number of doses required, and produce a more cost-effective immunisation program in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Tashani
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW Australia.,The Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia.,NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence-Immunisation in understudied and special risk populations: closing the gap in knowledge through a multidisciplinary approach, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Harunor Rashid
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW Australia.,The Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia.,NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence-Immunisation in understudied and special risk populations: closing the gap in knowledge through a multidisciplinary approach, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kim Mulholland
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC Australia.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Robert Booy
- National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW Australia.,The Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia.,NHMRC Centre for Research Excellence-Immunisation in understudied and special risk populations: closing the gap in knowledge through a multidisciplinary approach, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Mass Gatherings and High Consequence/High Visibility Events, Flinders University, Adelaide, 5001 Australia
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40
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A Rationally Designed TNF-α Epitope-Scaffold Immunogen Induces Sustained Antibody Response and Alleviates Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163080. [PMID: 27658047 PMCID: PMC5033357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The TNF-α biological inhibitors have significantly improved the clinical outcomes of many autoimmune diseases, in particular rheumatoid arthritis. However, the practical uses are limited due to high costs and the risk of anti-drug antibody responses. Attempts to develop anti-TNF-α vaccines have generated encouraging data in animal models, however, data from clinical trials have not met expectations. In present study, we designed a TNF-α epitope-scaffold immunogen DTNF7 using the transmembrane domain of diphtheria toxin, named DTT as a scaffold. Molecular dynamics simulation shows that the grafted TNF-α epitope is entirely surface-exposed and presented in a native-like conformation while the rigid helical structure of DTT is minimally perturbed, thereby rendering the immunogen highly stable. Immunization of mice with alum formulated DTNF7 induced humoral responses against native TNF-α, and the antibody titer was sustained for more than 6 months, which supports a role of the universal CD4 T cell epitopes of DTT in breaking self-immune tolerance. In a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis, DTNF7-alum vaccination markedly delayed the onset of collagen-induced arthritis, and reduced incidence as well as clinical score. DTT is presumed safe as an epitope carrier because a catalytic inactive mutant of diphtheria toxin, CRM197 has good clinical safety records as an active vaccine component. Taken all together, we show that DTT-based epitope vaccine is a promising strategy for prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Tashani M, Jayasinghe S, Harboe ZB, Rashid H, Booy R. Potential carrier priming effect in Australian infants after 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction. World J Clin Pediatr 2016; 5:311-318. [PMID: 27610348 PMCID: PMC4978625 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v5.i3.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate evidence of clinical protection in infants after one dose of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (7vPCV) owing to carrier priming.
METHODS: Using Australian National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System data, we conducted a descriptive analysis of cases of vaccine type invasive pneumococcal disease (VT-IPD) during “catch-up” years, when 7vPCV was carrier primed by prior administration of DTPa vaccine. We compared the number of VT-IPD cases occurring 2-9 wk after a single dose of 7vPCV (carrier primed), with those < 2 wk post vaccination, when no protection from 7vPCV was expected yet. Further comparison was conducted to compare the occurrence of VT-IPD cases vs non-VT-IPD cases after a single carrier-primed dose of 7vPCV.
RESULTS: We found four VT-IPD cases occurring < 2 wk after one carrier primed dose of 7vPCV while only one case occurred 2-9 wk later. Upon further comparison with the non-VT-IPD cases that occurred after one carrier primed dose of 7vPCV, two cases were detected within 2 wk, whereas seven occurred within 2-9 wk later; suggesting a substantial level of protection from VT-IPD occurring from 2 wk after carrier-primed dose of 7vPCV.
CONCLUSION: This data suggest that infants may benefit from just one dose of 7vPCV, likely through enhanced immunity from carrier priming effect. If this is proven, an adjusted 2-dose schedule (where the first dose of PCV is not given until after DTPa) may be sufficient and more cost-effective.
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Tontini M, Romano MR, Proietti D, Balducci E, Micoli F, Balocchi C, Santini L, Masignani V, Berti F, Costantino P. Preclinical studies on new proteins as carrier for glycoconjugate vaccines. Vaccine 2016; 34:4235-4242. [PMID: 27317455 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glycoconjugate vaccines are made of carbohydrate antigens covalently bound to a carrier protein to enhance their immunogenicity. Among the different carrier proteins tested in preclinical and clinical studies, five have been used so far for licensed vaccines: Diphtheria and Tetanus toxoids, the non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin CRM197, the outer membrane protein complex of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B and the Protein D derived from non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae. Availability of novel carriers might help to overcome immune interference in multi-valent vaccines containing several polysaccharide-conjugate antigens, and also to develop vaccines which target both protein as well saccharide epitopes of the same pathogen. Accordingly we have conducted a study to identify new potential carrier proteins. Twenty-eight proteins, derived from different bacteria, were conjugated to the model polysaccharide Laminarin and tested in mice for their ability in inducing antibodies against the carbohydrate antigen and eight of them were subsequently tested as carrier for serogroup meningococcal C oligosaccharides. Four out of these eight were able to elicit in mice satisfactory anti meningococcal serogroup C titers. Based on immunological evaluation, the Streptococcus pneumoniae protein spr96/2021 was successfully evaluated as carrier for serogroups A, C, W, Y and X meningococcal capsular saccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tontini
- GSK Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - M R Romano
- GSK Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - D Proietti
- GSK Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - E Balducci
- GSK Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - F Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - C Balocchi
- GSK Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - L Santini
- GSK Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - V Masignani
- GSK Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - F Berti
- GSK Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - P Costantino
- GSK Vaccines S.r.l., Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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43
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Tashani M, Alfelali M, Azeem MI, Fatema FN, Barasheed O, Alqahtani AS, Tekin H, Rashid H, Booy R. Barriers of vaccinations against serious bacterial infections among Australian Hajj pilgrims. Postgrad Med 2016; 128:541-7. [PMID: 27233684 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2016.1191956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vaccination against serious bacterial infections is recommended for Hajj pilgrims. Although the uptake of mandatory vaccines among Hajj pilgrims is acceptable, the uptake of other recommended vaccines remains suboptimal. In this study, we have explored the barriers to vaccination against serious bacterial infections among Australian Hajj pilgrims. METHODS Travellers aged 18 years and older planning to attend Hajj in the years 2014 and 2015 were surveyed at the immunization clinic of the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted to explore pilgrims' vaccination histories for their previous visits to Mecca, the reasons for non-receipt of vaccination, and to assess knowledge about the transmission of infections. RESULTS A total of 300 participants aged 18-76 (median 41) years completed the survey. Most (233 [77.7%]) were born outside Australia. Overall, 113 (37.7%) had performed pilgrimage in the past; 19 (16.8%) of them reported receiving pneumococcal vaccine and 16 (14.1%) diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTP) vaccine. Lack of awareness about the availability of the vaccines was the main reason for non-receipt of pneumococcal and DTP vaccines (respectively 41.1% and 44.7%). Most pilgrims (266 [88.7%]) believed that travel vaccines are necessary before embarking on a journey; however, some expressed concerns about adverse reactions (156 [52.0%]), cost (114 [38.0%]), and permissibility of the vaccine according to their religion (6 [2.0%]). Respectively, 187 (62.3%), 145 (48.3%) and 86 (28.7%) respondents did not correctly know how meningococcal and pneumococcal diseases and pertussis transmit. Nevertheless, most (256 [85.3%]) indicated that they trust their family doctor for medical information and most (203 [67.7%]) preferred to receive the medical information in English. CONCLUSION The uptake of recommended vaccines against serious bacterial infections among Australian Hajj pilgrims is low. Lack of awareness about the availability of vaccines, misperceptions surrounding the safety of vaccines and high cost are key barriers of uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Tashani
- a National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS) , The Children's Hospital at Westmead , Sydney , Australia.,b Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School , University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Mohammad Alfelali
- a National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS) , The Children's Hospital at Westmead , Sydney , Australia.,b Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School , University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia.,c Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Rabigh , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Irfan Azeem
- a National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS) , The Children's Hospital at Westmead , Sydney , Australia.,b Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School , University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Fayeza Nusrat Fatema
- a National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS) , The Children's Hospital at Westmead , Sydney , Australia
| | - Osamah Barasheed
- a National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS) , The Children's Hospital at Westmead , Sydney , Australia.,b Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School , University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia.,d The Executive Administration of Research , King Abdullah Medical City (KAMC) , Makkah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani Salem Alqahtani
- a National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS) , The Children's Hospital at Westmead , Sydney , Australia.,e School of Public Health , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Hatice Tekin
- a National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS) , The Children's Hospital at Westmead , Sydney , Australia
| | - Harunor Rashid
- a National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS) , The Children's Hospital at Westmead , Sydney , Australia.,b Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School , University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia.,f Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School , University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Robert Booy
- a National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (NCIRS) , The Children's Hospital at Westmead , Sydney , Australia.,b Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Medical School , University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia.,f Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Biological Sciences and Sydney Medical School , University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia.,g WHO Collaborating Centre for Mass Gatherings and High Consequence/High Visibility Events , Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
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McCluskie MJ, Evans DM, Zhang N, Benoit M, McElhiney SP, Unnithan M, DeMarco SC, Clay B, Huber C, Deora A, Thorn JM, Stead DR, Merson JR, Davis HL. The effect of preexisting anti-carrier immunity on subsequent responses to CRM197 or Qb-VLP conjugate vaccines. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2016; 38:184-96. [PMID: 27121368 DOI: 10.3109/08923973.2016.1165246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Certain antigens, such as haptens (small molecules), short peptides, and carbohydrates (e.g. bacterial polysaccharides) are non- or poorly immunogenic unless conjugated to a carrier molecule that provides a structural scaffold for antigen presentation as well as T cell help required for B-cell activation and maturation. However, the carriers themselves are immunogenic and resulting carrier-specific immune responses may impact the immunogenicity of other conjugate vaccines using the same carrier that are administered subsequently. OBJECTIVE Herein, using two different carriers (cross-reactive material 197, CRM and Qb-VLP), we examined in mice the impact that preexisting anti-carrier antibodies (Ab) had on subsequent immune responses to conjugates with either the same or a different carrier. METHOD For this purpose, we used two nicotine hapten conjugates (NIC7-CRM or NIC-Qb), two IgE peptide conjugates (Y-CRM or Y-Qb), and a pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate (Prevnar 13(®)). RESULTS Prior exposure to CRM or Qb-VLP significantly reduced subsequent responses to the conjugated antigen having the homologous carrier, with the exception of Prevnar 13® where anti-polysaccharide responses were similar to those in animals without preexisting anti-carrier Ab. CONCLUSION Collectively, the data suggest that the relative sizes of the antigen and carrier, as well as the conjugation density for a given conjugate impact the extent of anti-carrier suppression. All animals developed anti-carrier responses with repeat vaccination and the differences in Ab titer between groups with and without preexisting anti-carrier responses became less apparent; however, anti-carrier effects were more durable for Ab function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McCluskie
- a Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics , Ottawa Laboratories , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Dana M Evans
- a Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics , Ottawa Laboratories , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Ningli Zhang
- a Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics , Ottawa Laboratories , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Michelle Benoit
- a Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics , Ottawa Laboratories , Ottawa , ON , Canada
| | - Susan P McElhiney
- b Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development , Pearl River , NY , USA
| | - Manu Unnithan
- b Pfizer Vaccine Research and Early Development , Pearl River , NY , USA
| | - Suzanne C DeMarco
- c Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Bryan Clay
- d Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | | | - Aparna Deora
- c Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Jennifer M Thorn
- c Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - David R Stead
- d Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - James R Merson
- d Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Heather L Davis
- a Pfizer Vaccine Immunotherapeutics , Ottawa Laboratories , Ottawa , ON , Canada
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Pecetta S, Tontini M, Faenzi E, Cioncada R, Proietti D, Seubert A, Nuti S, Berti F, Romano M. Carrier priming effect of CRM 197 is related to an enhanced B and T cell activation in meningococcal serogroup A conjugate vaccination. Immunological comparison between CRM 197 and diphtheria toxoid. Vaccine 2016; 34:2334-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bröker M, Berti F, Costantino P. Factors contributing to the immunogenicity of meningococcal conjugate vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:1808-24. [PMID: 26934310 PMCID: PMC4964817 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1153206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Various glycoprotein conjugate vaccines have been developed for the prevention of invasive meningococcal disease, having significant advantages over pure polysaccharide vaccines. One of the most important features of the conjugate vaccines is the induction of a T-cell dependent immune response, which enables both the induction of immune memory and a booster response after repeated immunization. The nature of the carrier protein to which the polysaccharides are chemically linked, is often regarded as the main component of the vaccine in determining its immunogenicity. However, other factors can have a significant impact on the vaccine's profile. In this review, we explore the physico-chemical properties of meningococcal conjugate vaccines, which can significantly contribute to the vaccine's immunogenicity. We demonstrate that the carrier is not the sole determining factor of the vaccine's profile, but, moreover, that the conjugate vaccine's immunogenicity is the result of multiple physico-chemical structures and characteristics.
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From Antigen Delivery System to Adjuvanticy: The Board Application of Nanoparticles in Vaccinology. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:930-9. [PMID: 26556378 PMCID: PMC4693225 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3040930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, nanotechnologies have raised great interest because of the potential applications of engineered nanoparticles in nanomedicine (i.e., in vaccination, in diagnostic imaging procedures, and as therapeutic drug delivery systems). The use of nanoparticles in medicine has brought about the issue of their interaction with the immune system for two main reasons: first, understanding how long nanomedicines could persist in the organism and exert their beneficial effects before being recognized and eliminated by our defensive systems; second, understanding how the immune responses can be modulated by nanoparticles in order to obtain optimal effects. This issue is crucial in vaccine formulations based on the use of nanoparticles, which can operate both as a delivery system to enhance antigen processing and as an immunostimulatory adjuvant to induce and amplify protective immunity, in part because of their ability to activate the inflammasome and induce the maturation of interleukin 1β. Nanoparticles can be excellent adjuvants due to their biocompatibility and their physicochemical properties (e.g., size, shape, and surface charge), which can be tailored to obtain different immunological effects. This review provides an overview of recent strategies for the use of nanoparticles as promising/attractive adjuvants for novel prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. The use of nanovaccines, with their practically infinite possibilities of specific design, could open the way to precision vaccinology, i.e., vaccine formulations tailored on the individual immune reactivity status.
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Influenza bivalent vaccine comprising recombinant H3 hemagglutinin (HA) and H1 HA containing replaced H3 hemagglutinin transmembrane domain exhibited improved heterosubtypic protection immunity in mice. Vaccine 2015; 33:4035-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Jalah R, Torres OB, Mayorov AV, Li F, Antoline JFG, Jacobson AE, Rice KC, Deschamps JR, Beck Z, Alving CR, Matyas GR. Efficacy, but not antibody titer or affinity, of a heroin hapten conjugate vaccine correlates with increasing hapten densities on tetanus toxoid, but not on CRM197 carriers. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1041-53. [PMID: 25970207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines against drugs of abuse have induced antibodies in animals that blocked the biological effects of the drug by sequestering the drug in the blood and preventing it from crossing the blood-brain barrier. Drugs of abuse are too small to induce antibodies and, therefore, require conjugation of drug hapten analogs to a carrier protein. The efficacy of these conjugate vaccines depends on several factors including hapten design, coupling strategy, hapten density, carrier protein selection, and vaccine adjuvant. Previously, we have shown that 1 (MorHap), a heroin/morphine hapten, conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT) and mixed with liposomes containing monophosphoryl lipid A [L(MPLA)] as adjuvant, partially blocked the antinociceptive effects of heroin in mice. Herein, we extended those findings, demonstrating greatly improved vaccine induced antinociceptive effects up to 3% mean maximal potential effect (%MPE). This was obtained by evaluating the effects of vaccine efficacy of hapten 1 vaccine conjugates with varying hapten densities using two different commonly used carrier proteins, TT and cross-reactive material 197 (CRM197). Immunization of mice with these conjugates mixed with L(MPLA) induced very high anti-1 IgG peak levels of 400-1500 μg/mL that bound to both heroin and its metabolites, 6-acetylmorphine and morphine. Except for the lowest hapten density for each carrier, the antibody titers and affinity were independent of hapten density. The TT carrier based vaccines induced long-lived inhibition of heroin-induced antinociception that correlated with increasing hapten density. The best formulation contained TT with the highest hapten density of ≥30 haptens/TT molecule and induced %MPE of approximately 3% after heroin challenge. In contrast, the best formulation using CRM197 was with intermediate 1 densities (10-15 haptens/CRM197 molecule), but the %MPE was approximately 13%. In addition, the chemical synthesis of 1, the optimization of the conjugation method, and the methods for the accurate quantification of hapten density are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Jalah
- †Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States.,‡U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Oscar B Torres
- †Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States.,‡U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Alexander V Mayorov
- †Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States.,‡U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Fuying Li
- §Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.,¶National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Joshua F G Antoline
- §Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.,¶National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Arthur E Jacobson
- §Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.,¶National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kenner C Rice
- §Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States.,¶National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Deschamps
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Zoltan Beck
- †Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States.,‡U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20817, United States
| | - Carl R Alving
- †Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Gary R Matyas
- †Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
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Zhang T, Yu W, Wang Y, Hu T. Moderate PEGylation of the carrier protein improves the polysaccharide-specific immunogenicity of meningococcal group A polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 33:3208-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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