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Zhong K, Chen X, Zhang J, Jiang X, Zhang J, Huang M, Bi S, Ju C, Luo Y. Recent Advances in Oral Vaccines for Animals. Vet Sci 2024; 11:353. [PMID: 39195807 PMCID: PMC11360704 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11080353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Compared to traditional injected vaccines, oral vaccines offer significant advantages for the immunization of livestock and wildlife due to their ease of use, high compliance, improved safety, and potential to stimulate mucosal immune responses and induce systemic immunity against pathogens. This review provides an overview of the delivery methods for oral vaccines, and the factors that influence their immunogenicity. We also highlight the global progress and achievements in the development and use of oral vaccines for animals, shedding light on potential future applications in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaining Zhong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Xinting Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Junhao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Xiaoyu Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Junhui Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Minyi Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
| | - Shuilian Bi
- School of Food Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China;
| | - Chunmei Ju
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yongwen Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (K.Z.); (X.C.); (J.Z.); (X.J.); (J.Z.); (M.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
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2
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Aboulfidaa N, Cliquet F, Robardet E, Darkaoui S, Wasniewski M, Kaiser C, Bobe K, Vos A, Fihri OF. Evaluation of Bait Acceptance and Immune Response in Local Dogs during an Oral Rabies Vaccination Field Study in Morocco. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:142. [PMID: 39058184 PMCID: PMC11281351 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9070142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the bait preference of three selected bait types by local dogs and the induced immunogenicity of the oral rabies vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS in Morocco. The vaccine strain, combined with different bait types, has been tested in many different settings, but not yet in northern Africa. Overall, bait consumption and preference were similar in other studies using the same materials (bait type and sachet). The intestine bait had the highest acceptance rate (97.6%, 95%CI: 87.4-99.9), followed by the egg bait (83.0%, 95%CI: 69.2-92.4). Only 52% (95%CI: 37.4-66.3) of the dogs showed an interest in the fish meal bait. However, considering the successful release of the contents of the sachet (blue-dyed water) into the oral cavity, the egg bait (65.7%, 95%CI: 47.8-80.9) scored better than the intestine bait (51.7%, 95%CI: 32.5-70.6). The dogs selected for the immunogenicity study were offered the egg bait containing a sachet filled with SPBN GASGAS (3.0 mL, 107.5 FFU/mL) or were given the same dose by direct oral administration (d.o.a.). In addition, several dogs were vaccinated by the parenteral route (s.c.) using a commercially available inactivated rabies vaccine. Unfortunately, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent travel restrictions, it was not possible to collect blood samples directly after vaccination. The blood samples were collected pre-vaccination and on five occasions between 450 and 1088 days post vaccination. The seroconversion rate, as determined for rabies-virus-neutralizing antibodies by the FAVN test, was significantly lower than that found for binding antibodies, as determined by ELISA, for all blood samples collected post vaccination. No treatment effect (bait, d.o.a., s.c.) could be seen in the seroconversion rate. At 15 months post vaccination, 84.2% of the dogs offered vaccine bait still tested sero-positive in ELISA. Only after 3 years was a clear drop in the seroconversion rate observed in all three treatment groups. This study confirms the long-term immunogenicity of the oral rabies vaccine SPBN GASGAS in dogs under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Aboulfidaa
- Division of Pharmacy and Veterinary Inputs, National Food Safety Office, Rabat BP 4509, Morocco; (N.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES—Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, 54220 Malzéville, France; (F.C.); (E.R.); (M.W.)
| | - Emmanuelle Robardet
- ANSES—Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, 54220 Malzéville, France; (F.C.); (E.R.); (M.W.)
| | - Sami Darkaoui
- Division of Pharmacy and Veterinary Inputs, National Food Safety Office, Rabat BP 4509, Morocco; (N.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Marine Wasniewski
- ANSES—Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, 54220 Malzéville, France; (F.C.); (E.R.); (M.W.)
| | - Christian Kaiser
- TEW Servicegesellschaft GmbH, Am Pharmapark (formerly at Ceva Innovation Center), 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany;
| | - Katharina Bobe
- Ceva Innovation Center GmbH, Am Pharmapark, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany;
| | - Ad Vos
- Ceva Innovation Center GmbH, Am Pharmapark, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany;
| | - Ouafaa Fassi Fihri
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat BP 6202, Morocco;
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Auerswald H, Guillebaud J, Durand B, Le Vu M, Sorn S, In S, Pov V, Davun H, Duong V, Ly S, Dussart P, Chevalier V. Bayesian modeling of post-vaccination serological data suggests that yearly vaccination of dog aged <2 years old is efficient to stop rabies circulation in Cambodia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012089. [PMID: 38635851 PMCID: PMC11060556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabies control remains challenging in low and middle-income countries, mostly due to lack of financial resources, rapid turnover of dog populations and poor accessibility to dogs. Rabies is endemic in Cambodia, where no national rabies vaccination program is implemented. The objective of this study was to assess the short and long-term vaccination-induced immunity in Cambodian dogs under field conditions, and to propose optimized vaccination strategies. A cohort of 351 dogs was followed at regular time points following primary vaccination only (PV) or PV plus single booster (BV). Fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (FAVNT) was implemented to determine the neutralizing antibody titer against rabies and an individual titer ≥0·5 IU/mL indicated protection. Bayesian modeling was used to evaluate the individual duration of protection against rabies and the efficacy of two different vaccination strategies. Overall, 61% of dogs had a protective immunity one year after PV. In dogs receiving a BV, this protective immunity remained for up to one year after the BV in 95% of dogs. According to the best Bayesian model, a PV conferred a protective immunity in 82% of dogs (95% CI: 75-91%) for a mean duration of 4.7 years, and BV induced a lifelong protective immunity. Annual PV of dogs less than one year old and systematic BV solely of dogs vaccinated the year before would allow to achieve the 70% World Health Organization recommended threshold to control rabies circulation in a dog population in three to five years of implementation depending on dog population dynamics. This vaccination strategy would save up to about a third of vaccine doses, reducing cost and time efforts of mass dog vaccination campaigns. These results can contribute to optimize rabies control measures in Cambodia moving towards the global goal of ending human death from dog-mediated rabies by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Auerswald
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Julia Guillebaud
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Benoit Durand
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Mathilde Le Vu
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sopheak Sorn
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Saraden In
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Vutha Pov
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Holl Davun
- General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Veasna Duong
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sowath Ly
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Véronique Chevalier
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Pasteur Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Unité Mixte de Recherche ASTRE, Montpellier, France
- ASTRE, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
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Megawati Saputra IL, Suwarno S, Husein WF, Suseno PP, Prayoga IMA, Vos A, Arthawan IM, Schoonman L, Weaver J, Zainuddin N. Immunogenicity of Oral Rabies Vaccine Strain SPBN GASGAS in Local Dogs in Bali, Indonesia. Viruses 2023; 15:1405. [PMID: 37376704 DOI: 10.3390/v15061405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dog-mediated rabies is endemic in much of Indonesia, including Bali. Most dogs in Bali are free-roaming and often inaccessible for parenteral vaccination without special effort. Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) is considered a promising alternative to increase vaccination coverage in these dogs. This study assessed immunogenicity in local dogs in Bali after oral administration of the highly attenuated third-generation rabies virus vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS. Dogs received the oral rabies vaccine either directly or by being offered an egg-flavored bait that contained a vaccine-loaded sachet. The humoral immune response was then compared with two further groups of dogs: a group that received a parenteral inactivated rabies vaccine and an unvaccinated control group. The animals were bled prior to vaccination and between 27 and 32 days after vaccination. The blood samples were tested for the presence of virus-binding antibodies using ELISA. The seroconversion rate in the three groups of vaccinated dogs did not differ significantly: bait: 88.9%; direct-oral: 94.1%; parenteral: 90.9%; control: 0%. There was no significant quantitative difference in the level of antibodies between orally and parenterally vaccinated dogs. This study confirms that SPBN GASGAS is capable of inducing an adequate immune response comparable to a parenteral vaccine under field conditions in Indonesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Linda Megawati Saputra
- Directorate of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Suwarno Suwarno
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Wahid Fakhri Husein
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia
| | - Pebi Purwo Suseno
- Directorate of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia
| | | | - Ad Vos
- Veterinary Public Health, Ceva SA, 33500 Libourne, France
| | - I Made Arthawan
- Bali Provincial Animal Health Services, Den Pasar 80225, Indonesia
| | - Luuk Schoonman
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia
| | - John Weaver
- Australia Indonesia Health Security Partnership, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia
| | - Nuryani Zainuddin
- Directorate of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Jakarta 12550, Indonesia
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Natesan K, Isloor S, Vinayagamurthy B, Ramakrishnaiah S, Doddamane R, Fooks AR. Developments in Rabies Vaccines: The Path Traversed from Pasteur to the Modern Era of Immunization. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040756. [PMID: 37112668 PMCID: PMC10147034 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a disease of antiquity and has a history spanning millennia ever since the first interactions between humans and dogs. The alarming fatalities caused by this disease have triggered rabies prevention strategies since the first century BC. There have been numerous attempts over the past 100 years to develop rabies vaccineswith the goal of preventing rabies in both humans and animals. Thepre-Pasteurian vaccinologists, paved the way for the actual history of rabies vaccines with the development of first generation vaccines. Further improvements for less reactive and more immunogenic vaccines have led to the expansion of embryo vaccines, tissue culture vaccines, cell culture vaccines, modified live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, and adjuvanted vaccines. The adventof recombinant technology and reverse genetics have given insight into the rabies viral genome and facilitated genome manipulations, which in turn led to the emergence of next-generation rabies vaccines, such as recombinant vaccines, viral vector vaccines, genetically modified vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines. These vaccines were very helpful in overcoming the drawbacks of conventional rabies vaccines with increased immunogenicity and clinical efficacies. The path traversed in the development of rabies vaccines from Pasteur to the modern era vaccines, though, faced numerous challenges;these pioneering works have formed the cornerstone for the generation of thecurrent successful vaccines to prevent rabies. In the future, advancements in the scientific technologies and research focus will definitely lay the path for much more sophisticated vaccine candidates for rabies elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithiga Natesan
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-9449992287
| | | | - Sharada Ramakrishnaiah
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Rathnamma Doddamane
- KVAFSU-CVA Rabies Diagnostic Laboratory, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Anthony R. Fooks
- APHA Weybridge, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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Efficacy of Oral Rabies Vaccine Baits Containing SPBN GASGAS in Domestic Dogs According to International Standards. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020307. [PMID: 36851185 PMCID: PMC9967523 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The oral vaccination of free-roaming dogs against rabies has been developed as a promising complementary tool for mass dog vaccination. However, no oral rabies vaccine has provided efficacy data in dogs according to international standards. (2) Methods: To test the immunogenicity and efficacy of the third-generation oral rabies virus vaccine strain, SPBN GASGAS, in domestic dogs, dogs were offered an egg-flavoured bait containing 3.0 mL of the vaccine (107.5 FFU/mL) or a placebo egg-flavoured bait. Subsequently, these 25 vaccinated and 10 control animals were challenged approximately 6 months later with a dog rabies virus isolate. Blood samples were collected at different time points postvaccination and examined by ELISA and RFFIT. (3) Results: All but 1 of the 25 vaccinated dogs survived the challenge infection; meanwhile, all 10 control dogs succumbed to rabies. The serology results showed that all 25 vaccinated dogs seroconverted in ELISA (>40% PB); meanwhile, only 13 of the 25 vaccinated dogs tested seropositive ≥ 0.5 IU/mL) in RFFIT. (4) Conclusions: The SPBN GASGAS rabies virus vaccine meets the efficacy requirements for live oral rabies vaccines as laid down by the European Pharmacopoeia and the WOAH Terrestrial Manual. SPBN GASGAS already fulfilled the safety requirements for oral rabies vaccines targeted at dogs. Hence, the egg-flavoured bait containing SPBN GASGAS is the first oral vaccine bait that complies with WOAH recommendations for the intended use of oral vaccination of free-roaming dogs against rabies.
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Freuling CM, Busch F, Vos A, Ortmann S, Lohr F, Hedimbi N, Peter J, Nelson HA, Shoombe K, Shilongo A, Gorejena B, Kaholongo L, Khaiseb S, van der Westhuizen J, Dietze K, Geurtse G, Müller T. Oral rabies vaccination of dogs-Experiences from a field trial in Namibia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010422. [PMID: 35994498 PMCID: PMC9436088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dog-mediated rabies is responsible for tens of thousands of human deaths annually, and in resource-constrained settings, vaccinating dogs to control the disease at source remains challenging. Currently, rabies elimination efforts rely on mass dog vaccination by the parenteral route. To increase the herd immunity, free-roaming and stray dogs need to be specifically addressed in the vaccination campaigns, with oral rabies vaccination (ORV) of dogs being a possible solution. Using a third-generation vaccine and a standardized egg-flavoured bait, bait uptake and vaccination was assessed under field conditions in Namibia. During this trial, both veterinary staff as well as dog owners expressed their appreciation to this approach of vaccination. Of 1,115 dogs offered a bait, 90% (n = 1,006, 95%CI:91-94) consumed the bait and 72.9% (n = 813, 95%CI:70.2-75.4) of dogs were assessed as being vaccinated by direct observation, while for 11.7% (n = 130, 95%CI:9.9-17.7) the status was recorded as "unkown" and 15.4% (n = 172, 95%CI: 13.4-17.7) were considered as being not vaccinated. Smaller dogs and dogs offered a bait with multiple other dogs had significantly higher vaccination rates, while other factors, e.g. sex, confinement status and time had no influence. The favorable results of this first large-scale field trial further support the strategic integration of ORV into dog rabies control programmes. Given the acceptance of the egg-flavored bait under various settings worldwide, ORV of dogs could become a game-changer in countries, where control strategies using parenteral vaccination alone failed to reach sufficient vaccination coverage in the dog population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Martin Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Frank Busch
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Adriaan Vos
- Ceva Innovation Center GmbH, Dessau–Rosslau, Germany
| | | | | | - Nehemia Hedimbi
- Animal Disease Control, Kunene, Ministry of Agriculture, Water & Land Reform, Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Veterinary Office, Opuwo, Namibia
| | - Josephat Peter
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Veterinary Office, Omusati, Namibia
| | | | - Kenneth Shoombe
- Deputy Chief Veterinary Officer, Animal Disease Control, North, Ministry of Agriculture, Water & Land Reform, Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Veterinary Office, Ongwediva, Namibia
| | - Albertina Shilongo
- Chief Veterinary Officer, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Brighton Gorejena
- Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ogongo Campus, University of Namibia, Wnindhoek, Namibia
| | - Lukas Kaholongo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ogongo Campus, University of Namibia, Wnindhoek, Namibia
| | - Siegfried Khaiseb
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture Water and Land Reform, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Jolandie van der Westhuizen
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Directorate of Veterinary Services (DVS), Ministry of Agriculture Water and Land Reform, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Klaas Dietze
- Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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8
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Aly NI, Elnaker YF, Salama ZTS, Diab MS, Saber EA, Sotohy SA, Elfeil WK, Khodeir MH. Preparation and the assessed efficacy of oral baits for the vaccination of free-roaming dogs against rabies. Vet World 2022; 15:1383-1390. [PMID: 35765489 PMCID: PMC9210852 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1383-1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Rabies is considered a highly fatal zoonotic disease and many deaths in humans have been associated with dog bites. This study was designed to prepare an oral anti-rabies vaccine in the form of baits to eliminate the disease in free-roaming dogs and subsequently protect humans from dog bites. Materials and Methods: The Evelyn Rokintniki Abelseth (ERA) rabies virus strain was propagated in baby hamster kidney cell cultures and adjusted to the recommended dose for application. Four forms of oral baits were employed with the rabies vaccine, which was evaluated for safety, acceptability, and potency in different dog groups. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and the serum neutralization test (SNT) were used to determine the protective rabies antibody titer in the sera of vaccinated dogs. Results: According to the results, a dose of 3 mL of the ERA strain, containing a viral titer of 107.6 TCID50/mL, induced a mean antibody titer of 25.6 by SNT, and the PI% was 75.7 by Block ELISA, providing a protective level of the rabies antibody in 100% of vaccinated dogs. All used baits were found to be safe, inducing no abnormal general post-vaccination signs (the signs are limited to mild fever, mild loss of appetite, and mild-to-moderate loss of energy for 24-36 h after vaccination). Conclusion: It was found that most of the accepted and highly potent bait types consisted of a mixture of wheat flour, vegetable oil, sodium alginate, corn starch, meat meal, cellulose gum, and water. This dog meal was covered with bran and edible wax to seal the bait cavity after inserting the vaccine sachet. This bait was able to induce a protective level of rabies antibodies in 100% of vaccinated dogs after receiving one bait/dog. Hence, such a bait could be recommended for use in the protection of free-roaming dogs and the elimination of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naglaa I. Aly
- Department of Pet Animal Vaccine Research Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Abassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasser F. Elnaker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Kharga, Egypt
| | - Zeinab T. S. Salama
- Department of Pet Animal Vaccine Research Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Abassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Diab
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Kharga, Egypt
| | - Eman A. Saber
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, New Valley University, El-Kharga, Egypt
| | - Sotohy A. Sotohy
- Department of Animal, Poultry and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Wael K. Elfeil
- Department of Avian and Rabbit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H. Khodeir
- Department of Pet Animal Vaccine Research Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Abassia, Cairo, Egypt
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Yale G, Lopes M, Isloor S, Head JR, Mazeri S, Gamble L, Dukpa K, Gongal G, Gibson AD. Review of Oral Rabies Vaccination of Dogs and Its Application in India. Viruses 2022; 14:155. [PMID: 35062358 PMCID: PMC8777998 DOI: 10.3390/v14010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral rabies vaccines (ORVs) have been in use to successfully control rabies in wildlife since 1978 across Europe and the USA. This review focuses on the potential and need for the use of ORVs in free-roaming dogs to control dog-transmitted rabies in India. Iterative work to improve ORVs over the past four decades has resulted in vaccines that have high safety profiles whilst generating a consistent protective immune response to the rabies virus. The available evidence for safety and efficacy of modern ORVs in dogs and the broad and outspoken support from prominent global public health institutions for their use provides confidence to national authorities considering their use in rabies-endemic regions. India is estimated to have the largest rabies burden of any country and, whilst considerable progress has been made to increase access to human rabies prophylaxis, examples of high-output mass dog vaccination campaigns to eliminate the virus at the source remain limited. Efficiently accessing a large proportion of the dog population through parenteral methods is a considerable challenge due to the large, evasive stray dog population in many settings. Existing parenteral approaches require large skilled dog-catching teams to reach these dogs, which present financial, operational and logistical limitations to achieve 70% dog vaccination coverage in urban settings in a short duration. ORV presents the potential to accelerate the development of approaches to eliminate rabies across large areas of the South Asia region. Here we review the use of ORVs in wildlife and dogs, with specific consideration of the India setting. We also present the results of a risk analysis for a hypothetical campaign using ORV for the vaccination of dogs in an Indian state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marwin Lopes
- Department of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Services, Government of Goa, Panjim 403001, India;
| | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- Bangalore Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560024, Karnataka, India;
| | - Jennifer R. Head
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - Stella Mazeri
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK; (S.M.); (A.D.G.)
- Mission Rabies, Dorset, Cranborne BH21 5PZ, UK;
| | - Luke Gamble
- Mission Rabies, Dorset, Cranborne BH21 5PZ, UK;
| | - Kinzang Dukpa
- World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), Regional Representation for Asia and the Pacific, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan;
| | - Gyanendra Gongal
- World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for South East Asia, New Delhi 110002, India;
| | - Andrew D. Gibson
- The Roslin Institute, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK; (S.M.); (A.D.G.)
- Mission Rabies, Dorset, Cranborne BH21 5PZ, UK;
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10
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Molini U, Hassel R, Ortmann S, Vos A, Loschke M, Shilongo A, Freuling CM, Müller T. Immunogenicity of the Oral Rabies Vaccine Strain SPBN GASGAS in Dogs Under Field Settings in Namibia. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:737250. [PMID: 34760958 PMCID: PMC8573107 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.737250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dog-mediated rabies is endemic throughout Africa. While free-roaming dogs that play a crucial role in rabies transmission are often inaccessible for parenteral vaccination during mass dog vaccination campaigns, oral rabies vaccination (ORV) is considered to be a promising alternative to increase vaccination coverage in these hard-to-reach dogs. The acceptance of ORV as an efficient supplementary tool is still low, not least because of limited immunogenicity and field trial data in local dogs. In this study, the immunogenicity of the highly attenuated 3rd-generation oral rabies vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS in local free-roaming dogs from Namibia was assessed by determining the immune response in terms of seroconversion for up to 56 days post-vaccination. At two study sites, free-roaming dogs were vaccinated by administering the vaccine either by direct oral administration or via a vaccine-loaded egg bait. Pre- and post-vaccination blood samples were tested for rabies virus neutralizing as well as binding antibodies using standard serological assays. A multiple logistic regression (MLR) analysis was performed to determine a possible influence of study area, vaccination method, and vaccine dose on the seroconversion rate obtained. About 78% of the dogs vaccinated by the oral route seroconverted (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA), though the seroconversion as determined by a rapid fluorescence focus inhibition test (RFFIT) was much lower. None of the factors examined had a significant effect on the seroconversion rate. This study confirms the immunogenicity of the vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS and the potential utility of ORV for the control of dog-mediated rabies in African dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Molini
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Rainer Hassel
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Steffen Ortmann
- Ceva Innovation Center, Ceva Santé Animale, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Ad Vos
- Ceva Innovation Center, Ceva Santé Animale, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Malaika Loschke
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Albertina Shilongo
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Water and Land Reform, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Conrad M Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Riems, Germany
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11
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Langguth A, Leelahapongsathon K, Wannapong N, Kasemsuwan S, Ortmann S, Vos A, Böer M. Comparative Study of Optical Markers to Assess Bait System Efficiency Concerning Vaccine Release in the Oral Cavity of Dogs. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071382. [PMID: 34372588 PMCID: PMC8310038 DOI: 10.3390/v13071382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral vaccination of dogs against rabies has the potential to achieve mass coverage and thus deplete the virus of its most important reservoir host species. There is, however, no established non-invasive method to evaluate vaccine release in the oral cavity, following bait ingestion. In this study, two pre-selected marker methods in conjunction with their acceptance were assessed in local Thai dogs. Shelter dogs (n = 47) were offered one of four randomized bait formulations; bait type A-, containing Green S (E142) in a fructose solution; type B-, containing Patent Blue V (E131) in a fructose solution; type C-, containing the medium used for delivery of oral rabies vaccine in baits commercially produced; and type D-, containing denatonium benzoate, which was to serve as the negative control, due to its perceived bitterness. Patent Blue V was found to possess overall stronger dyeing capacities compared to Green S. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the acceptance or bait handling of Patent Blue V baits compared to those containing the oral rabies vaccine medium alone, suggesting the potential use of this dye as a surrogate for rabies vaccine when testing newly developed bait formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Langguth
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Kansuda Leelahapongsathon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.L.); (N.W.); (S.K.)
| | - Napasaporn Wannapong
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.L.); (N.W.); (S.K.)
| | - Suwicha Kasemsuwan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.L.); (N.W.); (S.K.)
| | - Steffen Ortmann
- Ceva Innovation Center GmbH, Am Pharmapark, 06830 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany; (S.O.); (A.V.)
| | - Ad Vos
- Ceva Innovation Center GmbH, Am Pharmapark, 06830 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany; (S.O.); (A.V.)
| | - Michael Böer
- Department of Ethology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany;
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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12
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Gold S, Donnelly CA, Woodroffe R, Nouvellet P. Modelling the influence of naturally acquired immunity from subclinical infection on outbreak dynamics and persistence of rabies in domestic dogs. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009581. [PMID: 34283827 PMCID: PMC8330898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of mathematical models have been developed for canine rabies to explore dynamics and inform control strategies. A common assumption of these models is that naturally acquired immunity plays no role in rabies dynamics. However, empirical studies have detected rabies-specific antibodies in healthy, unvaccinated domestic dogs, potentially due to immunizing, non-lethal exposure. We developed a stochastic model for canine rabies, parameterised for Laikipia County, Kenya, to explore the implications of different scenarios for naturally acquired immunity to rabies in domestic dogs. Simulating these scenarios using a non-spatial model indicated that low levels of immunity can act to limit rabies incidence and prevent depletion of the domestic dog population, increasing the probability of disease persistence. However, incorporating spatial structure and human response to high rabies incidence allowed the virus to persist in the absence of immunity. While low levels of immunity therefore had limited influence under a more realistic approximation of rabies dynamics, high rates of exposure leading to immunizing non-lethal exposure were required to produce population-level seroprevalences comparable with those reported in empirical studies. False positives and/or spatial variation may contribute to high empirical seroprevalences. However, if high seroprevalences are related to high exposure rates, these findings support the need for high vaccination coverage to effectively control this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Gold
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christl A. Donnelly
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie Woodroffe
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Nouvellet
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
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13
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Wallace RM, Cliquet F, Fehlner-Gardiner C, Fooks AR, Sabeta CT, Setién AA, Tu C, Vuta V, Yakobson B, Yang DK, Brückner G, Freuling CM, Knopf L, Metlin A, Pozzetti P, Suseno PP, Shadomy SV, Torres G, Vigilato MAN, Abela-Ridder B, Müller T. Role of Oral Rabies Vaccines in the Elimination of Dog-Mediated Human Rabies Deaths. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:1-9. [PMID: 33219786 PMCID: PMC7706920 DOI: 10.3201/eid2612.201266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic dogs are responsible for nearly all the »59,000 global human rabies deaths that occur annually. Numerous control measures have been successful at eliminating dog-mediated human rabies deaths in upper-income countries, including dog population management, parenteral dog vaccination programs, access to human rabies vaccines, and education programs for bite prevention and wound treatment. Implementing these techniques in resource-poor settings can be challenging; perhaps the greatest challenge is maintaining adequate herd immunity in free-roaming dog populations. Oral rabies vaccines have been a cornerstone in rabies virus elimination from wildlife populations; however, oral vaccines have never been effectively used to control dog-mediated rabies. Here, we convey the perspectives of the World Organisation for Animal Health Rabies Reference Laboratory Directors, the World Organisation for Animal Health expert committee on dog rabies control, and World Health Organization regarding the role of oral vaccines for dogs. We also issue recommendations for overcoming hesitations to expedited field use of appropriate oral vaccines.
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14
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Leelahapongsathon K, Kasemsuwan S, Pinyopummintr T, Boodde O, Phawaphutayanchai P, Aiyara N, Bobe K, Vos A, Friedrichs V, Müller T, Freuling CM, Chanachai K. Humoral Immune Response of Thai Dogs after Oral Vaccination against Rabies with the SPBN GASGAS Vaccine Strain. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040573. [PMID: 33019605 PMCID: PMC7711832 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Applied research is crucial in pushing the boundaries and finding a solution to the age-old problem of dog-mediated rabies. Although oral vaccination of dogs is considered to have great potential in mass dog vaccination campaigns and could have far-reaching benefits, it is perhaps the most ignored of all available tools in efforts to eliminate dog-mediated rabies, not least because of limited data on immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety of potential oral rabies vaccine candidates. In this study, the long-term immunogenicity in local Thai dogs after oral administration of the highly attenuated 3rd generation rabies virus vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS was assessed. The oral rabies vaccine was administered to dogs by either direct oral administration (n = 10) or by offering a vaccine loaded intestine bait (n = 15). The humoral immune response was then compared to three groups of dogs; a group that received a parenteral delivered inactivated rabies vaccine (n = 10), a group offered a placebo intestine bait (n = 7), and a control group (n = 4) for an observation period of 365 days. There was no significant difference in the immune response of dogs that received oral and parenteral vaccine in terms of magnitude, kinetics, and persistence of both rabies virus (RABV) neutralizing (RFFIT) and binding (ELISA) antibodies. Although the single parenteral injection of an inactivated rabies vaccine mounted a slightly higher humoral immune response than the orally delivered live vaccine, RABV specific antibodies of both types were still detectable after one year in most animals for all treatment groups and resulted in no difference in seropositivity. Characterization of rabies specific antibodies revealed two main classes of antibodies involved in the immune response of dogs vaccinated. While IgM antibodies were the first to appear, the succeeding IgG response was mainly IgG2 dominated independent of the vaccine type used. The results support the view that SPBN GASGAS induces a sustained detectable immune response in local dogs both after direct oral administration and via bait application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kansuda Leelahapongsathon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.L.); (S.K.); (T.P.); (O.B.)
| | - Suwicha Kasemsuwan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.L.); (S.K.); (T.P.); (O.B.)
| | - Tanu Pinyopummintr
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.L.); (S.K.); (T.P.); (O.B.)
| | - Orawan Boodde
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (K.L.); (S.K.); (T.P.); (O.B.)
| | | | - Nirut Aiyara
- Department of Health, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Thapthan 61120, Thailand; (P.P.); (N.A.)
| | - Katharina Bobe
- Ceva Innovation Center, 06861 Dessau–Rosslau, Germany; (K.B.); (A.V.)
| | - Ad Vos
- Ceva Innovation Center, 06861 Dessau–Rosslau, Germany; (K.B.); (A.V.)
| | - Virginia Friedrichs
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (C.M.F.); Tel.: +49-383-5171-659 (T.M.); +49-383-5171-660 (C.M.F.)
| | - Conrad M. Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.M.); (C.M.F.); Tel.: +49-383-5171-659 (T.M.); +49-383-5171-660 (C.M.F.)
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15
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Undurraga EA, Millien MF, Allel K, Etheart MD, Cleaton J, Ross Y, Wallace RM. Costs and effectiveness of alternative dog vaccination strategies to improve dog population coverage in rural and urban settings during a rabies outbreak. Vaccine 2020; 38:6162-6173. [PMID: 32616327 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dog-rabies elimination programs have typically relied upon parenteral vaccination at central-point locations; however, dog-ownership practices, accessibility to hard-to-reach sub-populations, resource limitations, and logistics may impact a country's ability to reach the 70% coverage goal recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and World Health Organization (WHO). Here we report the cost-effectiveness of different dog-vaccination strategies during a dog-rabies outbreak in urban and peri-urban sections of Croix-des-Bouquets commune of the West Department, Haiti, in 2016. Three strategies, mobile static point (MSP), mobile static point with capture-vaccinate-release (MSP + CVR), and door-to-door vaccination with oral vaccination (DDV + ORV), were applied at five randomly assigned sites and assessed for free-roaming dog vaccination coverage and total population coverage. A total of 7065 dogs were vaccinated against rabies during the vaccination campaign. Overall, free-roaming dog vaccination coverage was estimated at 52% (47%-56%) for MSP, 53% (47%-60%) for DDV + ORV, and 65% (61%-69%) for MSP + CVR (differences with MSP and DDV + ORV significant at p < 0.01). Total dog vaccination coverage was 33% (95% CI: 26%-43%) for MSP, 49% (95% CI: 40%-61%) for MSP + CVR and 78% (77%-80%) for DDV + ORV (differences significant at p < 0.001). Overall, the least expensive campaign was MSP, with an estimated cost of about $2039 per day ($4078 total), and the most expensive was DDV + ORV with a cost of $3246 per day ($6492 total). Despite the relative high cost of an ORV bait, combining DDV and ORV was the most cost-effective strategy in our study ($1.97 per vaccinated dog), largely due to increased efficiency of the vaccinators to target less accessible dogs. Costs per vaccinated dog were $2.20 for MSP and $2.28 for MSP + CVR. We hope the results from this study will support the design and implementation of effective dog vaccination campaigns to achieve the goal of eliminating dog-mediated human rabies deaths by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Undurraga
- Escuela de Gobierno, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile.
| | | | - Kasim Allel
- Escuela de Gobierno, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Melissa D Etheart
- Haiti Country Office, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Julie Cleaton
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yasmeen Ross
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Ryan M Wallace
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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16
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Bonwitt J, Bonaparte S, Blanton J, Gibson AD, Hoque M, Kennedy E, Islam K, Siddiqi UR, Wallace RM, Azam S. Oral bait preferences and feasibility of oral rabies vaccination in Bangladeshi dogs. Vaccine 2020; 38:5021-5026. [PMID: 32513512 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) can increase rabies vaccination coverage among dogs that are inaccessible to parenteral vaccination (i.e., inaccessible dogs). Because bait uptake can differ according to the bait attractant used and dog characteristics, we evaluated proportion of bait uptake and time to bait uptake using three bait formulations. We looked for associations between bait uptake and dog characteristics (temperament, age, and body condition) and assessed the efficiency of using these bait formulations, as measured by number of dogs vaccinated per hour. A total of 356 baits were offered to free roaming dogs in urban and peri-urban districts of Bangladesh. Fish baits were ignored by 86% (n = 122; 95% CI: 79-91%) of dogs, whereas 60% (n = 45; 95% CI: 49-70%) consumed egg baits and 89% (n = 124; 95% CI: 83-93%) consumed intestine baits. Among the consumed baits, dogs fully consumed 56% (n = 10; 95% CI: 34-75%) of fish baits, 84% (n = 38; 95% CI: 71-92%) of egg baits, and 98% (n = 122; 95% CI: 94-100%) of intestine baits. Among inaccessible dogs, no associations were found between bait uptake and dog characteristics in either bivariate or multivariate analyses. Bait consumption averaged 2 dogs per hour for fish baits, 10 dogs per hour for egg baits, and 18 dogs per hour for intestine baits. The absence of association between bait type preference and individual dog characteristics simplifies the process of choosing attractants for oral rabies vaccines. While intestine attractants achieved highest uptake, egg baits may prove a suitable compromise when considering biological and operational constraints. The efficiency of ORV was demonstrated when compared to parenteral vaccination of free-roaming dogs previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Bonwitt
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah Bonaparte
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; ORISE Fellow, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jesse Blanton
- Divison of Global Migration and Quarantine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew D Gibson
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, UK; The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Mahbub Hoque
- TEPHINET, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Erin Kennedy
- Global Immunisation Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kamrul Islam
- Zoonotic Disease Control Programme, Communicable Disease Control Unit, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Umme Ruman Siddiqi
- Zoonotic Disease Control Programme, Communicable Disease Control Unit, Directorate General of Health Services, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ryan M Wallace
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shakif Azam
- Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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17
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Gibson AD, Wallace RM, Rahman A, Bharti OK, Isloor S, Lohr F, Gamble L, Mellanby RJ, King A, Day MJ. Reviewing Solutions of Scale for Canine Rabies Elimination in India. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:E47. [PMID: 32210019 PMCID: PMC7157614 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine rabies elimination can be achieved through mass vaccination of the dog population, as advocated by the WHO, OIE and FAO under the 'United Against Rabies' initiative. Many countries in which canine rabies is endemic are exploring methods to access dogs for vaccination, campaign structures and approaches to resource mobilization. Reviewing aspects that fostered success in rabies elimination campaigns elsewhere, as well as examples of largescale resource mobilization, such as that seen in the global initiative to eliminate poliomyelitis, may help to guide the planning of sustainable, scalable methods for mass dog vaccination. Elimination of rabies from the majority of Latin America took over 30 years, with years of operational trial and error before a particular approach gained the broad support of decision makers, governments and funders to enable widespread implementation. The endeavour to eliminate polio now enters its final stages; however, there are many transferrable lessons to adopt from the past 32 years of global scale-up. Additionally, there is a need to support operational research, which explores the practicalities of mass dog vaccination roll-out and what are likely to be feasible solutions at scale. This article reviews the processes that supported the scale-up of these interventions, discusses pragmatic considerations of campaign duration and work-force size and finally provides an examples hypothetical resource requirements for implementing mass dog vaccination at scale in Indian cities, with a view to supporting the planning of pilot campaigns from which expanded efforts can grow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Gibson
- Mission Rabies, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, Dorset BH21 5PZ, UK
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK;
| | - Ryan M. Wallace
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Abdul Rahman
- Commonwealth Veterinary Association 123, 7th B Main Road, 4th Block West, Jayanagar, Bangalore 560011, Karnataka, India
| | - Omesh K. Bharti
- State Institute of Health and Family Welfare, Parimahal, Kasumpti, Shimla 171009, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- Bangalore Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, India
| | - Frederic Lohr
- Mission Rabies, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, Dorset BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - Luke Gamble
- Mission Rabies, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, Dorset BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK;
| | | | - Michael J. Day
- World Small Animal Veterinary Association and School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Australia
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18
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Gold S, Donnelly CA, Nouvellet P, Woodroffe R. Rabies virus-neutralising antibodies in healthy, unvaccinated individuals: What do they mean for rabies epidemiology? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0007933. [PMID: 32053628 PMCID: PMC7017994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies has been a widely feared disease for thousands of years, with records of rabid dogs as early as ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian texts. The reputation of rabies as being inevitably fatal, together with its ability to affect all mammalian species, contributes to the fear surrounding this disease. However, the widely held view that exposure to the rabies virus is always fatal has been repeatedly challenged. Although survival following clinical infection in humans has only been recorded on a handful of occasions, a number of studies have reported detection of rabies-specific antibodies in the sera of humans, domestic animals, and wildlife that are apparently healthy and unvaccinated. These 'seropositive' individuals provide possible evidence of exposure to the rabies virus that has not led to fatal disease. However, the variability in methods of detecting these antibodies and the difficulties of interpreting serology tests have contributed to an unclear picture of their importance. In this review, we consider the evidence for rabies-specific antibodies in healthy, unvaccinated individuals as indicators of nonlethal rabies exposure and the potential implications of this for rabies epidemiology. Our findings indicate that whilst there is substantial evidence that nonlethal rabies exposure does occur, serology studies that do not use appropriate controls and cutoffs are unlikely to provide an accurate estimate of the true prevalence of nonlethal rabies exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Gold
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christl A. Donnelly
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Nouvellet
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie Woodroffe
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Britton A. Reaching the zero by 30 dog-mediated human rabies goal. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/ma20004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unacceptable that as we advance into the 21st century rabies is still a threat to humans and animals alike. Given public health interventions that focus solely on disease prevention in humans have no effect on the reduction of infection in the reservoir hosts, the most effective way to combat human rabies infection is to control the disease transmission by mass vaccination of the animal source, e.g. dogs and wildlife1. This short communication focuses on the global strategic target to end human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 20302 in line with the Sustainable Development Goals by providing recent updates on World Health Organization (WHO) and OIE guidelines3–5 and recommendations as well as highlighting Australian rabies research activities to prevent an incursion of rabies into the country.
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20
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Gibson AD, Mazeri S, Yale G, Desai S, Naik V, Corfmat J, Ortmann S, King A, Müller T, Handel I, Bronsvoort BM, Gamble L, Mellanby RJ, Vos A. Development of a Non-Meat-Based, Mass Producible and Effective Bait for Oral Vaccination of Dogs against Rabies in Goa State, India. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:E118. [PMID: 31487795 PMCID: PMC6789727 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4030118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: To achieve the global goal of canine-mediated human rabies elimination by 2030 there is an urgent need to scale-up mass dog vaccination activities in regions with large dog populations that are difficult to access; a common situation in much of India. Oral rabies vaccination may enable the vaccination of free-roaming dogs that are inaccessible to parenteral vaccination, and is considered a promising complementary measure to parenteral mass dog vaccination campaigns. WHO and OIE have published detailed minimum requirements for rabies vaccines and baits to be used for this purpose, requiring that baits must not only be well-accepted by the target population but must also efficiently release the vaccine in the oral cavity. For oral rabies vaccination approaches to be successful, it is necessary to develop baits which have a high uptake by the target population, are culturally accepted and amenable to mass production. The aim of this study was to compare the interest and uptake rates of meat-based and an egg-based prototype bait constructs by free roaming dogs in Goa, India. Methods: Three teams randomly distributed two prototype baits; an egg-flavoured bait and a commercial meat dog food (gravy) flavoured bait. The outcomes of consumption were recorded and compared between baits and dog variables. Results: A total of 209 egg-bait and 195 gravy-bait distributions were recorded and analysed. No difference (p = 0.99) was found in the percentage of dogs interested in the baits when offered. However, significantly more dogs consumed the egg-bait than the gravy-bait; 77.5% versus 68.7% (p = 0.04). The release of the blue-dyed water inside the sachet in the oral cavity of the animals was significant higher in the dogs consuming an egg-bait compared to the gravy-bait (73.4% versus 56.7%, p = 0.001). Conclusions: The egg-based bait had a high uptake amongst free roaming dogs and also enabled efficient release of the vaccine in the oral cavity, whilst also avoiding culturally relevant materials of bovine or porcine meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Gibson
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset BH21 5PZ, UK.
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Stella Mazeri
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset BH21 5PZ, UK.
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Gowri Yale
- Mission Rabies, Tonca, Miramar, Panjim, Goa 403002, India.
| | - Santosh Desai
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Government of Goa, Panjim, Goa 403001, India.
| | - Vilas Naik
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Government of Goa, Panjim, Goa 403001, India.
| | - Julie Corfmat
- Mission Rabies, Tonca, Miramar, Panjim, Goa 403002, India.
| | | | | | - Thomas Müller
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Ian Handel
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Berend MdeC Bronsvoort
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Luke Gamble
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset BH21 5PZ, UK.
| | - Richard J Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Ad Vos
- IDT Biologika GmbH, 06861 Dessau, Rosslau, Germany.
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21
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Hudson EG, Brookes VJ, Dürr S, Ward MP. Modelling targeted rabies vaccination strategies for a domestic dog population with heterogeneous roaming patterns. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007582. [PMID: 31283780 PMCID: PMC6638970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Australia is currently canine rabies free. However, communities located on the northern coastline-such as the Northern Peninsula Area (NPA), Queensland-are at risk of an incursion due to their large populations of susceptible free-roaming dogs and proximity to rabies-infected Indonesian islands. A rabies-spread model was used to simulate potential outbreaks and evaluate various disease control strategies. A heterogeneous contact structure previously described in the population of interest-explorer dogs, roamer dogs and stay-at-home dogs-was incorporated into the model using six spatial kernels describing contacts between dog roaming categories. Twenty-seven vaccination strategies were investigated based on a complete block design of 50%, 70% and 90% coverage for each of the three roaming categories to simulate various targeted vaccination strategies. The 27 strategies were implemented in four population structures in which the proportion of dogs in each category varied-explorer dominant, roamer dominant, stay-at-home dominant and a field population (based on field estimates of population structure). The overall vaccination coverage varied depending on the subpopulation targeted for vaccination and the population structure modelled. A total of 108 scenarios were simulated 2000 times and the model outputs (outbreak size and duration) were compared to Strategy 14 (a standard recommended overall 70% vaccination coverage). In general, targeting explorer dogs-and to a lesser extent roamer dogs-produced similar outbreaks to Strategy 14 but with a lower overall vaccination coverage. Similarly, strategies that targeted stay-at-home dogs required a higher vaccination coverage to produce significantly smaller and shorter outbreaks. This study provides some theoretical evidence that targeting subpopulations of dogs for vaccination based on their roaming behaviours (and therefore risk of rabies transmission) could be more efficient than blanket 70% vaccination campaigns. Such information can be used in preparedness planning to help improve control of a potential rabies incursion in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G. Hudson
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Victoria J. Brookes
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | - Salome Dürr
- Charles Sturt University, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
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22
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Gibson A, Yale G, Vos A, Corfmat J, Airikkala-Otter I, King A, Wallace R, Gamble L, Handel I, Mellanby R, Bronsvoort BDC, Mazeri S. Oral bait handout as a method to access roaming dogs for rabies vaccination in Goa, India: A proof of principle study. Vaccine X 2019; 1:100015. [PMID: 31384737 PMCID: PMC6668228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2019.100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rabies has profound public health, social and economic impacts on developing countries, with an estimated 59,000 annual human rabies deaths globally. Mass dog vaccination is effective at eliminating the disease but remains challenging to achieve in India due to the high proportion of roaming dogs that cannot be readily handled for parenteral vaccination. Two methods for the vaccination of dogs that could not be handled for injection were compared in Goa, India; the oral bait handout (OBH) method, where teams of two travelled by scooter offering dogs an empty oral bait construct, and the catch-vaccinate-release (CVR) method, where teams of seven travel by supply vehicle and use nets to catch dogs for parenteral vaccination. Both groups parenterally vaccinated any dogs that could be held for vaccination. The OBH method was more efficient on human resources, accessing 35 dogs per person per day, compared to 9 dogs per person per day through CVR. OBH accessed 80% of sighted dogs, compared to 63% by CVR teams, with OBH accessing a significantly higher proportion of inaccessible dogs in all land types. All staff reported that they believed OBH would be more successful in accessing dogs for vaccination. Fixed operational team cost of CVR was four times higher than OBH, at 127 USD per day, compared to 34 USD per day. Mean per dog vaccination cost of CVR was 2.53 USD, whilst OBH was 2.29 USD. Extrapolation to a two week India national campaign estimated that 1.1 million staff would be required using CVR, but 293,000 staff would be needed for OBH. OBH was operationally feasible, economical and effective at accessing the free roaming dog population. This study provides evidence for the continued expansion of research into the use of OBH as a supplementary activity to parenteral mass dog vaccination activities in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.D. Gibson
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - G. Yale
- Mission Rabies, Tonca, Panjim, Goa, India
| | - A. Vos
- IDT Biologika GmbH, Dessau – Rosslau, Germany
| | - J. Corfmat
- Mission Rabies, Tonca, Panjim, Goa, India
| | | | - A. King
- Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ, USA
| | - R.M. Wallace
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - L. Gamble
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, United Kingdom
| | - I.G. Handel
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - B.M. de C. Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - S. Mazeri
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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23
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Rupprecht CE, Kuzmin IV, Yale G, Nagarajan T, Meslin FX. Priorities in applied research to ensure programmatic success in the global elimination of canine rabies. Vaccine 2019; 37 Suppl 1:A77-A84. [PMID: 30685249 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The elimination of human rabies mediated by dogs is attainable in concept, based upon current sensitive and specific diagnostic methods, existing safe and effective human and veterinary vaccines and a sound virological, pathological and epidemiological understanding of the disease. Globally, all developed countries achieved this goal. Regionally, major progress occurred throughout the Americas. However, less advancement is evident in Africa and Asia. Our objective was to concentrate upon those salient improvements to extant tools and methods over the next five years which could assist and simplify the task for both those developing countries that have already begun the process, as well as other localities in the earlier stages of consideration. We considered several categories of applied research which could be accomplished in the short term, based upon the available scientific evidence and recent recommendations from subject matter experts and key opinion leaders, focused upon perceived major limitations to prior program success. Areas of concentration included: laboratory-based surveillance, pathogen detection and characterization; human rabies prophylaxis; veterinary biologics; implementation of canine vaccination; and oral vaccination of free-ranging community dogs. Further real-time application in these core areas with proven techniques and technology would simplify attaining not only the global goal focused subtly upon human mortality, but the actual elimination of canine rabies as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gowri Yale
- Mission Rabies, Panaji, Goa 403002, India
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24
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Gamble L, Gibson A, Mazeri S, de C Bronsvoort BM, Handel I, Mellanby RJ. Development of non-governmental organisation-academic partnership to tackle rabies in Africa and Asia. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 60:18-20. [PMID: 30298519 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rabies kills approximately 60,000 people each year, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, of which 40% of victims are less than 15 years old. Once clinical signs develop, the disease is almost invariably fatal. Globally, rabies has been estimated to cause 3∙7 million disability-adjusted life years and $8∙6B in economic losses annually. The vast majority of human rabies cases are caused by bites from rabies-infected dogs. Despite this loss of human life and resultant economic and societal costs, rabies can be prevented in both humans and dogs by vaccination. This has been demonstrated in many countries, notably in Central and South America, where large-scale, high coverage mass dog vaccination programmes have dramatically reduced the incidence of rabies. Even in parts of Africa and Asia, projects have shown that rabies can be eliminated locally. Nevertheless, rabies remains an important cause of mortality in many sub-Saharan and Asian countries. The reasons why some countries have been able to effectively eliminate rabies whereas others have not are complex and often impossible to definitively identify; commonly cited explanations include political, economic, logistical and societal barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gamble
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, BH21 5PZ, UK
| | - A Gibson
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, BH21 5PZ, UK.,Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - S Mazeri
- Mission Rabies, Cranborne, Dorset, BH21 5PZ, UK.,The Roslin Institute Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment Group (EERA), The Roslin Building, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - B M de C Bronsvoort
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.,The Roslin Institute Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment Group (EERA), The Roslin Building, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - I Handel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.,The Roslin Institute Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment Group (EERA), The Roslin Building, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - R J Mellanby
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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25
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Laager M, Mbilo C, Madaye EA, Naminou A, Léchenne M, Tschopp A, Naïssengar SK, Smieszek T, Zinsstag J, Chitnis N. The importance of dog population contact network structures in rabies transmission. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006680. [PMID: 30067733 PMCID: PMC6089439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine rabies transmission was interrupted in N'Djaména, Chad, following two mass vaccination campaigns. However, after nine months cases resurged with re-establishment of endemic rabies transmission to pre-intervention levels. Previous analyses investigated district level spatial heterogeneity of vaccination coverage, and dog density; and importation, identifying the latter as the primary factor for rabies resurgence. Here we assess the impact of individual level heterogeneity on outbreak probability, effectiveness of vaccination campaigns and likely time to resurgence after a campaign. Geo-located contact sensors recorded the location and contacts of 237 domestic dogs in N'Djaména over a period of 3.5 days. The contact network data showed that urban dogs are socially related to larger communities and constrained by the urban architecture. We developed a network generation algorithm that extrapolates this empirical contact network to networks of large dog populations and applied it to simulate rabies transmission in N'Djaména. The model predictions aligned well with the rabies incidence data. Using the model we demonstrated, that major outbreaks are prevented when at least 70% of dogs are vaccinated. The probability of a minor outbreak also decreased with increasing vaccination coverage, but reached zero only when coverage was near total. Our results suggest that endemic rabies in N'Djaména may be explained by a series of importations with subsequent minor outbreaks. We show that highly connected dogs hold a critical role in transmission and that targeted vaccination of such dogs would lead to more efficient vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Laager
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Céline Mbilo
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Abakar Naminou
- Institut de Recherches en Elevage pour le Développement, Farcha, N’Djaména, Chad
| | - Monique Léchenne
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Tschopp
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Liebefeld, Switzerland
| | | | - Timo Smieszek
- Modelling and Economics Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jakob Zinsstag
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nakul Chitnis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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26
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Cliquet F, Guiot AL, Aubert M, Robardet E, Rupprecht CE, Meslin FX. Oral vaccination of dogs: a well-studied and undervalued tool for achieving human and dog rabies elimination. Vet Res 2018; 49:61. [PMID: 30005701 PMCID: PMC6045873 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0554-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mass vaccination of dogs is a proven tool for rabies prevention. Besides parenteral delivery of inactivated vaccines, over the past several decades, several self-replicating biologics, including modified-live, attenuated and recombinant viruses, have been evaluated for the oral vaccination of dogs against rabies. Vaccines are included within an attractive bait for oral consumption by free-ranging dogs. Due to the high affinity between dogs and humans, such biologics intended for oral vaccination of dogs (OVD) need to be efficacious as well as safe. Baits should be preferentially attractive to dogs and not to non-target species. Although many different types have been evaluated successfully, no universal bait has been identified to date. Moreover, high bait acceptance does not necessarily mean that vaccine efficacy and programmatic success is predictable. The use of OVD in the laboratory and field has demonstrated the safety and utility of this technology. Within a One Health context, OVD should be considered as part of a holistic plan for the global elimination of canine rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Cliquet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Anne-Laure Guiot
- Conseils en Pharmacie et Biologie, 2 place des Quatre Vierges, 69110 Sainte Foy les Lyon, France
| | | | - Emmanuelle Robardet
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies Serology, OIE Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, Technopôle agricole et vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
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27
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Kasemsuwan S, Chanachai K, Pinyopummintr T, Leelalapongsathon K, Sujit K, Vos A. Field Studies Evaluating Bait Acceptance and Handling by Free-Roaming Dogs in Thailand. Vet Sci 2018; 5:E47. [PMID: 29734697 PMCID: PMC6024691 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: As part of the ongoing endeavor to eliminate dog-mediated human rabies in Thailand, renewed interest has been shown in oral vaccination of dogs as a supplementary tool to increase vaccination coverage of the dog population. (2) Methods: Three different bait types were tested using a hand-out model on the campus of the Kasetsart University and the surrounding temples in Thailand during September 2017, consisting of two industrial manufactured baits (fish meal and egg-flavored) and one bait made from local material (boiled pig intestine placed in collagen casing). A PVC-capsule containing dyed water was inserted in the bait. (3) Results: The fishmeal bait was significantly less often accepted and consumed (50.29%) than the other two baits (intestine bait—79.19%; egg bait—78.77%). Delivery and release of the dyed water in the oral cavity was highest in the egg-flavored bait (84.50%), followed by the intestine bait (76.61%) and fishmeal (54.85%) baits. Bait acceptance was influenced by sex, age, and body size of the dog. Also, the origin of the dogs had a significant effect: temple dogs accepted the baits more often than street dogs. (4) Conclusion: A significant portion of the free-roaming dog population in this study can be vaccinated by offering vaccine baits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwicha Kasemsuwan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen 73140, Thailand.
| | - Karoon Chanachai
- Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Ratchathewi, Bangok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Tanu Pinyopummintr
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen 73140, Thailand.
| | | | - Kitipat Sujit
- Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Ratchathewi, Bangok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Ad Vos
- IDT Biologika GmbH, Am Pharmapark, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany.
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