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Quiroga R, Gastellu S, Fernández B, Ottaviani R, Zuccoli JR, Vallecorsa PD, Aliaga J, Barberia L. The impact of COVID-19 childhood and adolescent vaccination on mortality in Argentina. Vaccine 2024; 42:126037. [PMID: 38871572 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Argentina authorized COVID-19 vaccination for adolescents 12 years and older in August 2021, and then for children three years and older in October 2021. Children aged 6 months-2 years received a two-dose regimen beginning July 2022. OBJECTIVE This study aims to analyze the impact of COVID-19 vaccination among children aged 0-17, considering vaccination status and mortality for the 2020-2022 period. METHODS We conducted a population-level analysis examining all-cause mortality, COVID-19 cases, deaths, and vaccination records. We compared outcomes with child mortality for diseases for which vaccination is compulsory, before and after each vaccine rollout. RESULTS A decrease in COVID-19-related deaths was observed in 2022 for pediatric age groups (3-11 and 12-17) with relatively higher vaccination coverage. However, no decrease was observed for the 0-2 year old age group, which had the longest delay in access to immunization and lowest vaccination coverage. When compared to unvaccinated populations in 2022, we observe an 8-15-fold reduction in cumulative death rates for pediatric populations vaccinated with 1 or more doses, and a 16-18-fold reduction for those vaccinated with 2 or more doses. Historical analysis shows that for diseases for which vaccination is now compulsory in many countries, pre-vaccine-rollout mortality was lower than COVID-19 deaths during 2020-2022. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE SARS-CoV-2 immunization was associated with reduced COVID-19 deaths for children and adolescents in Argentina. Our findings suggest that greater efforts should be undertaken to ensure wider COVID-19 vaccine coverage in children and adolescents, especially infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Quiroga
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico-Química de Córdoba (INFIQC-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina; Departamento de Química Teórica y Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Sofía Gastellu
- Centro de Historia Social de la Justicia y el Gobierno, Laboratorio de Historias Conectadas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CEHISO-LAHISCO-UNR-CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
| | | | | | - Johanna Romina Zuccoli
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP-CONICET), Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Daniel Vallecorsa
- Departamento Coordinación BNCT, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge Aliaga
- Universidad Nacional de Hurlingham, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Lorena Barberia
- Departamento de Ciência Política, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Castle PE. Looking Back, Moving Forward: Challenges and Opportunities for Global Cervical Cancer Prevention and Control. Viruses 2024; 16:1357. [PMID: 39339834 PMCID: PMC11435674 DOI: 10.3390/v16091357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the introduction of Pap testing for screening to prevent cervical cancer in the mid-20th century, cervical cancer remains a common cause of cancer-related mortality and morbidity globally. This is primarily due to differences in access to screening and care between low-income and high-income resource settings, resulting in cervical cancer being one of the cancers with the greatest health disparity. The discovery of human papillomavirus (HPV) as the near-obligate viral cause of cervical cancer can revolutionize how it can be prevented: HPV vaccination against infection for prophylaxis and HPV testing-based screening for the detection and treatment of cervical pre-cancers for interception. As a result of this progress, the World Health Organization has championed the elimination of cervical cancer as a global health problem. However, unless research, investments, and actions are taken to ensure equitable global access to these highly effective preventive interventions, there is a real threat to exacerbating the current health inequities in cervical cancer. In this review, the progress to date and the challenges and opportunities for fulfilling the potential of HPV-targeted prevention for global cervical cancer control are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip E Castle
- Divisions of Cancer Prevention and Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, US National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Dr., Room 5E410, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Higgins DM, O’Leary ST. A World without Measles and Rubella: Addressing the Challenge of Vaccine Hesitancy. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:694. [PMID: 38932423 PMCID: PMC11209163 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The worldwide elimination of measles and rubella is feasible, but not without overcoming the substantial challenge of vaccine hesitancy. This challenge is complicated by the spread of misinformation and disinformation fueled by rapidly progressing technologies and evolving forms of online communication. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has only added further complexity to this challenge. However, considerable progress has been made in understanding the scope of the problem and the complex factors that influence vaccine hesitancy. Our understanding of evidence-based strategies for addressing vaccine hesitancy has grown significantly, including evidence for effective communication and behavioral interventions. In this article, we review measles and rubella vaccines and vaccine hesitancy. We then provide an overview of evidence-based strategies for addressing vaccine hesitancy, including communication strategies and behavioral interventions. This article is relevant to healthcare professionals, health system leaders, public health professionals, policymakers, community leaders, and any individuals who have a role in addressing vaccine hesitancy in their communities. Finally, we review future directions and major areas of research need.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean T. O’Leary
- Adult and Child Center for Outcomes Research and Delivery Science (ACCORDS), Children’s Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
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Howard MC. Relations of behavioral inhibition and activation system sensitivities with vaccination outcomes: Investigating the mediating role of vaccine hesitancy in older adults. J Health Psychol 2024; 29:28-41. [PMID: 37691413 DOI: 10.1177/13591053231197645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral activation system (BAS) sensitivities has produced a multitude of models and frameworks to better understand decision-making and behavior. We extend this research to the study of a vaccination by exploring the relation of BIS and BAS sensitivities with vaccination willingness, receipt, and word-of-mouth. We also assess whether dimensions of vaccine hesitancy mediate these relations, testing whether they are viable explanatory mechanisms. By conducting a multi-wave survey study, our results support that BIS sensitivity does not meaningfully relate to vaccine hesitancy or vaccination outcomes. On the other hand, BAS sensitivity related to detrimental vaccination outcomes, and these effects were mediated by vaccine hesitancy dimensions associated with perceptions that vaccines cause health risks and are not needed for healthy individuals. Based on extant BIS and BAS theory, these results suggest that certain people may see refraining from vaccination as a nonpunishment.
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Youssef A, Ulloa L. Ethical and Legal Debates on Vaccine Infodemics. Cureus 2024; 16:e52566. [PMID: 38371094 PMCID: PMC10874613 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the course of three and a half years, the global toll of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has claimed the lives of millions of individuals. Scientific breakthroughs, exemplified by mRNA vaccines, have emerged as crucial tools in saving numerous lives and fortifying our defenses against future pandemics. However, the battle against the virus has been complicated by the dissemination of misleading political and ethical information, resulting in avoidable fatalities. Recognizing this phenomenon, the term 'infodemics' has been coined to denote the proliferation of false or misleading information that hinders effective social responses. Given the historical prevalence of infodemics surrounding vaccinations, this discussion delves into the ongoing ethical and legal deliberations concerning vaccination mandates, an indispensable health intervention in the face of pandemics. Governments bear the responsibility of safeguarding their citizens, acknowledging the social requirements imposed by the collective well-being. The protection of both citizens and healthcare workers becomes paramount, considering the potential risks of infection and mortality associated with individuals refusing vaccination. Historically, governments have played a pivotal role in eradicating pandemics through the implementation of vaccine mandates. However, the contemporary landscape is marked by the infusion of political and misleading misinformation, presenting new challenges. Governments are now confronted with an ethical duty to ensure that citizens possess the necessary information to make informed decisions and safeguard their well-being. While grappling with the realization that extraordinary circumstances demand extraordinary responses, the lessons from past pandemics underscore the imperative of prioritizing public health, especially in the context of the high numbers of casualties worldwide. This discourse explores the ethical and legal dimensions surrounding vaccine mandates, with particular emphasis on their relevance to healthcare workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Youssef
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
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Sakas Z, Hester KA, Ellis A, Ogutu EA, Rodriguez K, Bednarczyk R, Dixit S, Kilembe W, Sarr M, Freeman MC. Critical success factors for high routine immunisation performance: a qualitative analysis of interviews and focus groups from Nepal, Senegal, and Zambia. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e070541. [PMID: 37793916 PMCID: PMC10551940 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vaccination averts an estimated 2-3 million deaths annually. Although vaccine coverage improvements across Africa and South Asia have remained below global targets, several countries have outperformed their peers with significant increases in coverage. The objective of this study was to examine these countries' vaccination programmes and to identify and describe critical success factors that may have supported these improvements. DESIGN Multiple case study design using qualitative research methods. SETTING Three countries with high routine immunisation rates: Nepal, Senegal, and Zambia. PARTICIPANTS We conducted 207 key informant interviews and 71 focus group discussions with a total of 678 participants. Participants were recruited from all levels, including government officials, health facility staff, frontline workers, community health workers, and parents. Participants were recruited from both urban and rural districts in Nepal, Senegal, and Zambia. RESULTS Our data revealed that the critical success factors for vaccination programmes relied on the cultural, historical, and statutory context in which the interventions were delivered. In Nepal, Senegal, and Zambia, high immunisation coverage was driven by (1) strong governance structures and healthy policy environments; (2) adjacent successes in health system strengthening; (3) government-led community engagement initiatives, and (4) adaptation considering contextual factors at all levels of the health system. CONCLUSIONS Throughout this project, our analysis returned to the importance of defining and understanding the context, governance, financing, and health systems within a country, rather than focusing on any one intervention. This paper augments findings from existing literature by highlighting how contextual factors impact implementation decisions that have led to improvements in childhood vaccine delivery. Findings from this research may help identify transferable lessons and support actionable recommendations to improve national immunisation coverage in other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Sakas
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kyra A Hester
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anna Ellis
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Emily A Ogutu
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Katie Rodriguez
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Robert Bednarczyk
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sameer Dixit
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - William Kilembe
- Rwanda Zambia HIV Research Group, Emory University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Moussa Sarr
- Institut de Recherche en Santé de Surveillance Epidémiologique et de Formations, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Matthew C Freeman
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Sakas Z, Hester KA, Rodriguez K, Diatta SA, Ellis AS, Gueye DM, Mapatano D, Souleymane Mboup P, Ogutu EA, Yang C, Bednarczyk RA, Freeman MC, Sarr M. Critical success factors for high routine immunization performance: A case study of Senegal. Vaccine X 2023; 14:100296. [PMID: 37113739 PMCID: PMC10126928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2023.100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The essential components of a vaccine delivery system are well-documented, but robust evidence is lacking on how policies and implementation strategies are operationalized to drive catalytic improvements in coverage. To address this gap, we identified success factors that supported improvements in routine immunization coverage in Senegal, especially from 2000 to 2019. Methods We identified Senegal as an exemplar in the delivery of childhood vaccines through analysis of DTP1 and DTP3 coverage data. Through interviews and focus group discussions at the national, regional, district, health facility, and community-level, we investigated factors that contributed to high and sustained vaccination coverage. We conducted a thematic analysis through application of implementation science frameworks to determine critical success factors. We triangulated these findings with quantitative analyses using publicly available data. Results The following success factors emerged: 1) Strong political will and prioritization of resources for immunization programming supported urgent allocation of funding and supplies; 2) Collaboration between the Ministry of Health and Social Action and external partners fostered innovation, capacity building, and efficiency; 3) Improved surveillance, monitoring, and evaluation allowed for timely and evidence-based decision making; 4) Community ownership of vaccine service delivery supported tailored programming and response to local needs; and 5) Community health workers spearheaded vaccine promotion and demand generation for vaccines. Conclusion The vaccination program in Senegal was supported by evidence-based decision making at the national-level, alignment of priorities between governmental entities and external partners, and strong community engagement initiatives that fostered local ownership of vaccine delivery and uptake. High routine immunization coverage was likely driven by prioritization of immunization programming, improved surveillance systems, a mature and reliable community health worker program, and tailored strategies for addressing geographical, social, and cultural barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Sakas
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kyra A. Hester
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katie Rodriguez
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Saly Amos Diatta
- Institut de Recherche en Santé de Surveillance Epidemiologique et de Formation, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Anna S. Ellis
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daouda Malick Gueye
- Institut de Recherche en Santé de Surveillance Epidemiologique et de Formation, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Dawn Mapatano
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pr. Souleymane Mboup
- Institut de Recherche en Santé de Surveillance Epidemiologique et de Formation, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Chenmua Yang
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Moussa Sarr
- Institut de Recherche en Santé de Surveillance Epidemiologique et de Formation, Dakar, Senegal
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Burns S, Bhoyroo R, Leavy JE, Portsmouth L, Millar L, Jancey J, Hendriks J, Saltis H, Tohotoa J, Pollard C. The Impact of the No Jab No Play and No Jab No Pay Legislation in Australia: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6219. [PMID: 37444067 PMCID: PMC10341108 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20136219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Australia has a long history of population-based immunisation programs including legislations. This paper reports on a review of evaluations of the impact of the federal No Jab No Pay (NJNPay) and state implemented No Jab No Play (NJNPlay) legislations on childhood immunisation coverage and related parental attitudes. Five databases were searched for peer-review papers (Medline (Ovid); Scopus; PsycInfo; ProQuest; and CINAHL). Additional searches were conducted in Google Scholar and Informit (Australian databases) for grey literature. Studies were included if they evaluated the impact of the Australian NJNPay and/or NJNPlay legislations. Ten evaluations were included: nine peer-review studies and one government report. Two studies specifically evaluated NJNPlay, five evaluated NJNPay, and three evaluated both legislations. Findings show small but gradual and significant increases in full coverage and increases in catch-up vaccination after the implementation of the legislations. Full coverage was lowest for lower and higher socio-economic groups. Mandates are influential in encouraging vaccination; however, inequities may exist for lower income families who are reliant on financial incentives and the need to enrol their children in early childhood centres. Vaccine refusal and hesitancy was more evident among higher income parents while practical barriers were more likely to impact lower income families. Interventions to address access and vaccine hesitancy will support these legislations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharyn Burns
- Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Ranila Bhoyroo
- Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Justine E. Leavy
- Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Linda Portsmouth
- Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Lynne Millar
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Jonine Jancey
- Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Hendriks
- Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Hanna Saltis
- Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Jenny Tohotoa
- Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Christina Pollard
- Collaboration for Evidence, Research and Impact in Public Health, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
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Sciurti A, Baccolini V, Renzi E, De Blasiis MR, Siena LM, Isonne C, Migliara G, Massimi A, De Vito C, Marzuillo C, Villari P. Attitudes of University Students towards Mandatory COVID-19 Vaccination Policies: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Rome, Italy. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040721. [PMID: 37112633 PMCID: PMC10141490 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mandatory vaccination (MV) against COVID-19 is a contentious topic. In this study, we used logistic regression models to identify attitudes among Sapienza University students towards MV for COVID-19. We considered three different scenarios: mandatory COVID-19 vaccination (MCV) for healthcare workers (HCWs) (Model 1), for all people aged ≥ 12 years (Model 2), and for admission to schools and universities (Model 3). We collected 5287 questionnaires over a six-month period and divided these into three groups (September-October 2021, November-December 2021, and January-February 2022). MCV for HCWs was the most strongly supported policy (69.8% in favour), followed by MCV for admission to schools and universities (58.3%), and MCV for the general population (54.6%). In a multivariable analysis, the models showed both similarities and differences. There was no association of socio-demographic characteristics with the outcomes, apart from being enrolled in non-healthcare courses, which negatively affected Models 2 and 3. A greater COVID-19 risk perception was generally associated with a more positive attitude towards MCV, although heterogeneously across models. Vaccination status was a predictor of being in favour of MCV for HCWs, whereas being surveyed in November-February 2022 favoured MCV for admission to schools and universities. Attitudes towards MCV were variable across policies; thus, to avoid unintended consequences, these aspects should be carefully considered by policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sciurti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Baccolini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Renzi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Roberta De Blasiis
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Maria Siena
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Isonne
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Migliara
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Azzurra Massimi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado De Vito
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Marzuillo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Villari
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Yorulmaz DS, Kocoglu-Tanyer D. A vaccine literacy scale for childhood vaccines: Turkish validity and reliability vaccine literacy scale. J Public Health (Oxf) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-023-01878-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
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Evans-Gilbert T, Lewis-Bell KN, Irons B, Duclos P, Gonzalez-Escobar G, Ferdinand E, Figueroa JP. A review of immunization legislation for children in English- and Dutch-speaking Caribbean countries. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2023; 47:e19. [PMID: 36686892 PMCID: PMC9847406 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2023.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the legislative frameworks concerning childhood vaccination in the English- and Dutch-speaking Caribbean and propose a model legislative framework for Caribbean countries. Methods This study included a survey of 22 countries and territories in the Caribbean regarding legal vaccination mandates for school entry, budget allocations, sanctions, or exemptions. A legal consultant conducted a comprehensive search and analysis of legislation regarding vaccination among 13 Caribbean countries/territories. A comparative analysis of the legislation under five themes-legislative structure, mandatory vaccination, national immunization schedule, sanctions, and exemptions-formed the basis for the proposed model legislation. Results Among the 22 Caribbean countries/territories, 17 (77%) had legislation mandating vaccination, 16 (94%) mandated vaccination for school entry, 8 (47%) had a dedicated budget for immunization programs, and 13 (76%) had no legislated national schedules. The source of legislation includes six (35%) using the Education Act, eight (47%) the Public Health Act, and five (29%) a free-standing Vaccination Act. Three countries/territories-Jamaica, Montserrat, and Saint Lucia-had immunization regulations. In 12 (71%) of the 17 countries with legislation, sanctions were included, and 10 (59%) permitted exemptions for medical or religious/philosophical beliefs. Conclusions Several countries in the Caribbean have made failure to vaccinate a child an offense. By summarizing the existing legislative frameworks and approaches to immunization in the Caribbean, the analysis guides policymakers in making effective changes to immunization legislation in their own countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Evans-Gilbert
- University of the West IndiesKingstonJamaicaUniversity of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica,Tracy Evans-Gilbert,
| | - Karen N. Lewis-Bell
- Pan American Health OrganizationParamariboSurinamePan American Health Organization, Paramaribo, Suriname.
| | - Beryl Irons
- Pan American Health OrganizationRetired Immunization AdvisorBridgetownBarbadosPan American Health Organization, (Retired Immunization Advisor, Bridgetown, Barbados).
| | - Philippe Duclos
- University of GenevaGenevaSwitzerlandUniversity of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez-Escobar
- Pan American Health OrganizationCaracasVenezuelaPan American Health Organization, Caracas, Venezuela.
| | - Elizabeth Ferdinand
- University of the West IndiesCave HillBarbadosUniversity of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados.
| | - J. Peter Figueroa
- University of the West IndiesKingstonJamaicaUniversity of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
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"Any idea how fast 'It's just a mask!' can turn into 'It's just a vaccine!'": From mask mandates to vaccine mandates during the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccine 2022; 40:7488-7499. [PMID: 34823912 PMCID: PMC8552554 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protests starting in the summer of 2020, notedly in the US and UK, have brought together two constituencies: pre-existing anti-vaccine groups and newly formed oppositional COVID-19 groups. The oppositional COVID-19 groups vary in composition and nature, but the central focus is a disagreement about the seriousness and threat of COVID-19 and with the public health measures to control COVID-19. What unites many disparate interests is an aversion to mandates. The compulsion to undertake particular public health activities such as mask-wearing and vaccination is a complex topic of public attitudes and beliefs alongside public health goals and messaging. We aim to analyse social media discussions about facemask wearing and the adoption of potential vaccines for COVID-19. Using media monitoring software MeltwaterTM, we analyse English-language tweets for one year from 1st June 2020 until 1st June 2021. We pay particular attention to connections in conversations between key topics of concern regarding masks and vaccines across social media networks. We track where ideas and activist behaviours towards both health interventions have originated, have similarities, and how they have changed over time. Our aim is to provide an overview of the key trends and themes of discussion concerning attitudes to and adoption of health measures in the control of COVID-19 and how publics react when confronted with mandatory policies. We draw on an already extensive literature about mandatory vaccination policies to inform our assessment, from psychology and behavioural science to ethics, political theory, sociology, and public policy.
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Viskupič F, Wiltse DL, Badahdah A. Reminders of existing vaccine mandates increase support for a COVID-19 vaccine mandate: Evidence from a survey experiment. Vaccine 2022; 40:7483-7487. [PMID: 35985888 PMCID: PMC9376306 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Governments are trying various strategies to boost COVID-19 vaccination rates, including vaccine mandates. Popular support for such mandates, however, is in flux in many countries, including the United States. The objective of this study is to evaluate if the wording of public health messages could increase popular support for COVID-19 vaccine mandates. METHODS We conducted a survey experiment on a sample of 573 registered voters in South Dakota, United States. Participants in the control group (n = 271) read a short message about mandatory COVID-19 vaccination. Respondents in the treatment group (n = 278) read the same message but they were reminded that a variety of vaccine mandates for measles, mumps, rubella, and polio have long been required. Afterwards, both groups were asked about their support for COVID-19 vaccine mandate. RESULTS A multivariate ordinary least squares regression analysis revealed that the experimental treatment had a positive and statistically significant impact on support for mandatory COVID-19 vaccination (p < 0.001). We also found that COVID-19 vaccination status, religious identity, and political affiliation have a statistically significant effect. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a simple intervention-reminding the public of the existing vaccine mandates-increases support for COVID-19 vaccine mandate. Public health authorities who seek to boost COVID-19 vaccination rates could utilize this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Viskupič
- School of American and Global Studies, South Dakota State University, United States,Corresponding author
| | - David L. Wiltse
- School of American and Global Studies, South Dakota State University, United States
| | - Abdallah Badahdah
- School of Psychology, Sociology and Rural Studies, South Dakota State University, United States
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Vaccination Coverage during Childhood and Adolescence among Undergraduate Health Science Students in Greece. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9101553. [PMID: 36291489 PMCID: PMC9601163 DOI: 10.3390/children9101553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
High rates of vaccination coverage in childhood represent one of the most important cost-effective tools of primary prevention and have substantially reduced the incidence of and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases globally. Vaccination coverage of young people has not been well estimated in Greece. Anonymous self-completed questionnaires and the participants’ Child Health Booklet were used to estimate complete vaccination coverage of mandatory vaccinations against vaccine-preventable diseases of undergraduate students at the University of West Attica during the academic year 2020−2021. Student’s t-tests were used to estimate mean values. Overall, 79% (95% CI: 78−81%) of study participants were fully vaccinated. This coverage was lower in males especially for vaccines that should be done during childhood (p = 0.045). High vaccination percentage (>90%) was observed for the meningococcus group A, C, W135, Y, measles-mumps-rubella, hepatitis B and meningitis C vaccine. Nevertheless, suboptimal coverage was assessed for the booster dose of tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, for the human papillomavirus vaccine among girls, for the tuberculosis, for the meningococcus group B, for the pneumococcal, and for the seasonal influenza vaccines. In conclusion, the promotion of routine vaccination programs for young adults needs to be strengthened. An identification system for under-vaccinated students, an efficient reminder system and university campus vaccine program practices should be established, particularly among males.
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Charrier L, Garlasco J, Thomas R, Gardois P, Bo M, Zotti CM. An Overview of Strategies to Improve Vaccination Compliance before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11044. [PMID: 36078757 PMCID: PMC9518554 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191711044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The debate on vaccination mandate was fuelled over the past two years by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed at overviewing vaccination strategies and corresponding vaccine coverages for childhood vaccinations before the pandemic and for SARS-CoV-2 in high-income countries. A qualitative comparison was also performed between the two contexts: unlike for childhood vaccinations, only one European country (Austria) imposed generalised COVID-19 mandates, most countries preferring targeted mandates for higher-risk categories (Italy, Greece) or workers in key public services (Finland, Australia, New Zealand, UK, Germany). Many countries (Norway, Sweden, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain) confirmed their traditional voluntary vaccination approach also for COVID-19, while others (Slovenia and Hungary), historically relying on compulsory vaccination strategies, surprisingly opted for voluntary SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, with unsatisfactory results in terms of immunisation rates. However, no tangible relationship was generally found between vaccination policies and immunisation coverages: data show that, unlike some countries with mandates, countries where vaccinations are merely recommended could achieve higher coverages, even beyond the recommended 95% threshold. The COVID-19 experience has enriched pre-existent vaccination strategy debates by adding interesting elements concerning attitudes towards vaccines in a novel and unexplored context. Interpreting the available results by considering the different cultural contexts and vaccine hesitancy determinants can help to better understand the complexity of the relationship between policies and achieved coverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Charrier
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Paediatrics, University of Turin, 5/bis Via Santena, I-10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Jacopo Garlasco
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Paediatrics, University of Turin, 5/bis Via Santena, I-10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Robin Thomas
- Northern Metropolitan Department Direction, Local Health Authority Turin 3 (ASL TO3), 152 Via Don Giovanni Sapino, I-10078 Venaria Reale, Italy
| | - Paolo Gardois
- Biblioteca Federata di Medicina “Ferdinando Rossi”, University of Turin, 5/bis Via Santena, I-10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Bo
- Hospital Medical Direction, Local Health Authority Turin 5 (ASL TO5), 1 Piazza Silvio Pellico, I-10023 Chieri, Italy
| | - Carla Maria Zotti
- Department of Public Health Sciences and Paediatrics, University of Turin, 5/bis Via Santena, I-10126 Turin, Italy
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16
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Calnan M, Zinn JO, Douglass T. Editorial: The Sociology of Vaccines. F1000Res 2022; 11:891. [PMID: 35967974 PMCID: PMC9353197 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.124587.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this editorial, we identify the key questions requiring further exploration in the sociology of vaccines. In doing so, we discuss the socio-structural forces shaping views towards knowledge about and access to vaccination, trust in vaccines and regulators/decision makers, the associated problem of financial interests in vaccine development and regulation, and global vaccine inequalities. Across the breadth of these issues, we additionally identify a range of theoretical perspectives and conceptual directions that sociologists might utilise when producing innovative empirical, methodological and theoretical research on vaccination relating to risk and uncertainty, conflicts of interest, power and inequality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Calnan
- School of Social Policy, Sociology and Social Research, University of Kent, Cornwallis East, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NF, UK
| | - Jens O. Zinn
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Tom Douglass
- School of Social Work and Social Care, Park House, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 T22, UK
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17
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Facciolà A, Visalli G, Laganà A, Di Pietro A. An Overview of Vaccine Adjuvants: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050819. [PMID: 35632575 PMCID: PMC9147349 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinations are one of the most important preventive tools against infectious diseases. Over time, many different types of vaccines have been developed concerning the antigen component. Adjuvants are essential elements that increase the efficacy of vaccination practises through many different actions, especially acting as carriers, depots, and stimulators of immune responses. For many years, few adjuvants have been included in vaccines, with aluminium salts being the most commonly used adjuvant. However, recent research has focused its attention on many different new compounds with effective adjuvant properties and improved safety. Modern technologies such as nanotechnologies and molecular biology have forcefully entered the production processes of both antigen and adjuvant components, thereby improving vaccine efficacy. Microparticles, emulsions, and immune stimulators are currently in the spotlight for their huge potential in vaccine production. Although studies have reported some potential side effects of vaccine adjuvants such as the recently recognised ASIA syndrome, the huge worth of vaccines remains unquestionable. Indeed, the recent COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of vaccines, especially in regard to managing future potential pandemics. In this field, research into adjuvants could play a leading role in the production of increasingly effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Facciolà
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.V.); (A.L.); (A.D.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Giuseppa Visalli
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.V.); (A.L.); (A.D.P.)
| | - Antonio Laganà
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.V.); (A.L.); (A.D.P.)
- Multi-Specialist Clinical Institute for Orthopaedic Trauma Care (COT), 98124 Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Di Pietro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (G.V.); (A.L.); (A.D.P.)
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff King
- Faculty of Laws, University College London, London WC1H 0EG, UK.
| | | | - Andrew Jones
- Faculty of Laws, University College London, London WC1H 0EG, UK
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19
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Bizjak M, Heshin-Bekenstein M, Jansen MHA, Ziv A, Angevare S, Uziel Y, Wulffraat NM, Toplak N. Vaccinology in pediatric rheumatology: Past, present and future. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1098332. [PMID: 36704144 PMCID: PMC9872015 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1098332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
With the introduction of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs), the treatment of pediatric patients with autoimmune/inflammatory rheumatic diseases (pedAIIRD) has advanced from the "Stone Age" to modern times, resulting in much better clinical outcomes. However, everything comes with a price, and use of new bDMARDs has resulted in an increased risk of infections. Therefore, preventing infections in pedAIIRD patients is one of the top priorities. The most effective preventive measure against infection is vaccination. The first study on humoral immunity after vaccination in pediatric rheumatology was published in 1974 and on safety in 1993. For many years, data about safety and immunogenicity in pedAIIRD patients were available only for non-live vaccines and the first studies on live-attenuated vaccines in pedAIIRD patients treated with immunosuppressive therapy were available only after 2007. Even today the data are limited, especially for children treated with bDMARDs. Vaccinations with non-live vaccines are nowadays recommended, although their long-term immunogenicity and efficacy in pedAIIRD patients are still under investigation. Vaccinations with live-attenuated vaccines are not universally recommended in immunosuppressed patients. However, measles-mumps-rubella booster and varicella zoster virus vaccination can be considered under specific conditions. Additional research is needed to provide more evidence on safety and immunogenicity, especially regarding live-attenuated vaccines in immunosuppressed patients with pedAIIRD. Due to the limited number of these patients, well-designed, prospective, international studies are needed. Further challenges were presented by the COVID-19 pandemic. This mini review article reviews past and present data and discusses the future of vaccinology in pediatric rheumatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masa Bizjak
- Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Merav Heshin-Bekenstein
- Pediatric Rheumatology Service, Dana-Dwek Children's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marc H A Jansen
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Amit Ziv
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Saskya Angevare
- European Network for Children with Arthritis, Geneva, Switzerland.,KAISZ, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yosef Uziel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Pediatric Rheumatology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Nicolaas M Wulffraat
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Faculty of Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Natasa Toplak
- Department of Allergology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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