1
|
Langston JL, Moffett MC, Pennington MR, Myers TM. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of standard nerve agent medical countermeasures in Göttingen Minipigs. Toxicol Lett 2024; 397:103-116. [PMID: 38703967 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Animal research continues to serve a critical role in the testing and development of medical countermeasures. The Göttingen minipig, developed for laboratory research, may provide many benefits for addressing research questions within chemical defense. Targeted development of the Göttingen minipig model could reduce reliance upon non-human primates, and improve study design, statistical power, and throughput to advance medical countermeasures for regulatory approval and fielding. In this vein, we completed foundational pharmacokinetics and physiological safety studies of intramuscularly administered atropine sulfate, pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM), and diazepam across a broad range of doses (1-6 autoinjector equivalent) using adult male Göttingen minipigs (n=11; n=4-8/study) surgically implanted with vascular access ports and telemetric devices to monitor cardiovascular, respiratory, arterial pressure, and temperature signals. Pharmacokinetic data were orderly and the concentration maximum mirrored available human data at comparably scaled doses clearly for atropine, moderately for 2-PAM, and poorly for diazepam. Time to peak concentration approximated 2, 7, and 20 min for atropine, 2-PAM, and diazepam, respectively, and the elimination half-life of these drugs approximated 2 hr (atropine), 3 hr (2-PAM), and 8 hr (diazepam). Atropine sulfate dose-dependently increased the magnitude and duration of tachycardia and decreased the PR and ST intervals (consistent with findings obtained from other species). Mild hypothermia was observed at the highest diazepam dose. Göttingen minipigs appear to provide a ready and appropriate large animal alternative to non-human primates, and further development and evaluation of novel nerve agent medical countermeasures and treatment strategies in this model are justified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Langston
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Medical Toxicology Research Division, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA
| | - Mark C Moffett
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Medical Toxicology Research Division, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA
| | - M Ross Pennington
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Medical Toxicology Research Division, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA
| | - Todd M Myers
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Medical Toxicology Research Division, Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010-5400, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rossman EI, Wisialowski TA, Vargas HM, Valentin JP, Rolf MG, Roche BM, Riley S, Pugsley MK, Nichols J, Li D, Leishman DJ, Kleiman RB, Greiter-Wilke A, Gintant GA, Engwall MJ, Delaunois A, Authier S. Best practice considerations for nonclinical in vivo cardiovascular telemetry studies in non-rodent species: Delivering high quality QTc data to support ICH E14/S7B Q&As. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2023; 123:107270. [PMID: 37164235 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2023.107270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The ICH E14/S7B Questions and Answers (Q&As) guideline introduces the concept of a "double negative" nonclinical scenario (negative hERG assay and negative in vivo QTc study) to demonstrate that a drug does not produce a clinically relevant QT prolongation (i.e., no QT liability). This nonclinical "double negative" data package, along with negative Phase 1 clinical QTc data, may be sufficient to substitute for a clinical Thorough QT (TQT) study in some specific cases. While standalone GLP in vivo cardiovascular studies in non-rodent species are standard practice during nonclinical drug development for small molecule programs, a variety of approaches to the design, conduct, analysis and interpretation are utilized across pharmaceutical companies and contract research organizations (CROs) that may, in some cases, negatively impact the stringent sensitivity needed to fulfill the new Q&As. Subject matter experts from both Pharma and CROs have collaborated to recommend best practices for more robust nonclinical cardiovascular telemetry studies in non-rodent species, with input from clinical and regulatory experts. The aim was to increase consistency and harmonization across the industry and to ensure delivery of high quality nonclinical QTc data to meet the proposed sensitivities defined within the revised ICH E14/S7B Q&As guideline (Q&As 5.1 and 6.1). The detailed best practice recommendations presented here cover the design and execution of the safety pharmacology cardiovascular study, including optimal methods for acquiring, analyzing, reporting, and interpreting the resulting QTc and pharmacokinetic data to allow for direct comparison to clinical exposures and assessment of safety margin for QTc prolongation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric I Rossman
- GSK, Nonclinical Safety, Safety Pharmacology, Collegeville, PA, USA.
| | - Todd A Wisialowski
- Pfizer Worldwide Research Development and Medical, Safety Pharmacology, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Hugo M Vargas
- Amgen Research, Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael G Rolf
- AstraZeneca, Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Brian M Roche
- Charles River Laboratories, Global Safety Pharmacology, Ashland, OH, USA
| | - Steve Riley
- Pfizer Worldwide Research Development and Medical, Clinical Pharmacology, Groton, CT, USA
| | | | - Jill Nichols
- Labcorp Early Development Laboratories Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dingzhou Li
- Pfizer Global Product Development, Global Biometrics & Data Management, Groton, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael J Engwall
- Amgen Research, Translational Safety & Bioanalytical Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Annie Delaunois
- UCB Biopharma SRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alizadeh EA, Graf K, Schiwon J, Trautmann T, Krause F, Mayer W, Christ K, Martel E, Guth BD, Markert M. Thirty years of telemetry-based data acquisition for cardiovascular drug safety evaluation: Applications and optimization. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2023:107279. [PMID: 37257761 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2023.107279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Conducting safety evaluations of new drugs using conscious animals has been a specialty of our working group for thirty years. In this article, we review the various technical challenges and solutions dealt with over the years to improve both the data quality and the well being of our animal subjects. Of particular interest for us has been the use of telemetry-based data acquisition for conducting studies on cardiovascular (CV) function. This includes the evolving technical aspects of the studies, as well as the development of new applications that take advantage of this technical approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ataei Alizadeh
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Karin Graf
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Jessica Schiwon
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Thomas Trautmann
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Florian Krause
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Werner Mayer
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Katrin Christ
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Eric Martel
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Brian D Guth
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Michael Markert
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alizadeh EA, Trautmann T, Krause F, Knoeferl B, Guns PJ, De Meyer G, Guth BD, Markert M. The impact of environmental and biological factors on the resting heart rate of dogs as assessed using 20 years of data from safety pharmacology studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2023; 121:107263. [PMID: 36965603 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2023.107263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A safety pharmacology study detects and evaluates potential side effects of a new drug on physiological function at therapeutic levels and above and, in most cases, prior to the initiation of clinical trials. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of environmental and biological factors on resting heart rate (HR), a representative cardiac parameter in cardiovascular safety pharmacology. METHODS Over twenty years, 143 dogs (Beagles, Labradors and mongrels) received implanted telemetry transmitters to measure aortic pressure (AP), left ventricular pressure (LVP), Electrocardiogram (ECG) and body temperature. Throughout the 7-h period of data collection, data were continuously recorded without drug treatment and included the range of HRs resulting from spontaneous physiological changes. Statistics and visualizations were calculated using R and Spotfire. RESULTS Beagles had a higher HR than the mongrels, while Labradors had a lower HR than mongrels. Labradors were found to have a sex-based difference in HR, with females having a higher HR. A higher HR was observed in young animals of all breeds when they were in contact with humans. The cage system affected the HR of Labradors and mongrels more than Beagles. Larger dogs (e.g. Labrador) have a lower HR than smaller dogs (Beagles). Animals that are younger were found to have more HR variability and have a higher HR than older animals. In addition, older animals reacted less to the application period and human interaction than younger animals. The HR response of animals inside a cage system may depend on the cage system in which they were bred. A familiar cage system typically has less impact on HR. DISCUSSION This retrospective data base evaluation has demonstrated the impact of environmental and biological factors on cardiovascular parameters in the context of performing safety pharmacology studies. Breed, sex, age and the type of cage system used affected, at least in some cases, the HR and its variability. They should therefore be carefully considered when designing safety pharmacology studies to have the highest possible test sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ataei Alizadeh
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Thomas Trautmann
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Florian Krause
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Benjamin Knoeferl
- Department of Global Biostatistics & Data Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Pieter-Jan Guns
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guido De Meyer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Brian D Guth
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany
| | - Michael Markert
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, General Pharmacology Group, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Melgari D, Calamaio S, Frosio A, Prevostini R, Anastasia L, Pappone C, Rivolta I. Automated Patch-Clamp and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes: A Synergistic Approach in the Study of Brugada Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076687. [PMID: 37047659 PMCID: PMC10095337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of high-throughput automated patch-clamp technology is a recent breakthrough in the field of Brugada syndrome research. Brugada syndrome is a heart disorder marked by abnormal electrocardiographic readings and an elevated risk of sudden cardiac death due to arrhythmias. Various experimental models, developed either in animals, cell lines, human tissue or computational simulation, play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of this condition, and developing effective treatments. In the perspective of the pathophysiological role of ion channels and their pharmacology, automated patch-clamp involves a robotic system that enables the simultaneous recording of electrical activity from multiple single cells at once, greatly improving the speed and efficiency of data collection. By combining this approach with the use of patient-derived cardiomyocytes, researchers are gaining a more comprehensive view of the underlying mechanisms of heart disease. This has led to the development of more effective treatments for those affected by cardiovascular conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Melgari
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Calamaio
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Anthony Frosio
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Rachele Prevostini
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Anastasia
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Pappone
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Arrhythmology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rivolta
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Cadore, 48, 20900 Monza, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kawicka M, Lewicki M, Frydrychowski P, Michałek M, Noszczyk-Nowak A. Comparative analysis of ECG records depending on body position in domestic swine (Sus scrofa domestica). Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:39. [PMID: 36123754 PMCID: PMC9484185 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Electrocardiography is a method widely applied in diagnosing abnormalities in the functioning of the heart muscle in veterinary medicine. It is a non-invasive and easy to perform test helpful in the general examination and a widely used patient monitoring method during anesthesia. Since the 1980s, pigs have become more and more popular companion animals. Moreover, the pig is a widely used model animal in biomedical research. Therefore, there is need to provide them with higher-quality veterinary services, also in emergency situations. It creates new challenges for veterinarians and the need to expand their knowledge of pigs’ treatment as pets. The aim of the planned experiment was to compare the ECG recordings made with two different body positions and determine if any differences occurred. Standard ECG in swine is performed under general anesthesia in the lying position on the left side, for this position of the body have been developed and reported standards in the literature. However, some procedures performed on swine require a different body position, for which there is less data in the literature.
Methods The study was carried out on 29 Polish landrace pigs weighing in the range of 33–44 kg. The tests were performed under general anesthesia with the same protocol for each animal, placing the animals first lying down on their right side, and then on their backs. The anesthesia protocol included medetomidine, midazolam, ketamine, and propofol. During the examination, ECG records were performed and analyzed in a 12-lead system with software support. Results The results show significant differences in electrocardiogram recordings depending on the animal's body position. Those differences mainly concern the amplitude of the P wave and R wave in the recordings and are even more visible comparing the electrocardiograms of the same specimen. There are also some significant differences in the duration of intervals. Based on the obtained results, reference ranges for the right lateral and dorsal positions were developed. Conclusion In conclusion, the body position has a significant impact on the ECG recording in swine, therefore performing this examination, chosen normative value tables should be compatible with the position of the examined animal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kawicka
- The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 31 Norwida St., 50-357, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maksymilian Lewicki
- The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 31 Norwida St., 50-357, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Frydrychowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 47 Grunwaldzki Square, 50-366, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Michałek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 47 Grunwaldzki Square, 50-366, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Noszczyk-Nowak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 47 Grunwaldzki Square, 50-366, Wrocław, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lyhne MK, Debes KP, Helgogaard T, Vegge A, Kildegaard J, Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Olsen LH. Electrocardiography and heart rate variability in Göttingen Minipigs: Impact of diurnal variation, lead placement, repeatability and streptozotocin-induced diabetes. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2022; 118:107221. [PMID: 36100059 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2022.107221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Göttingen Minipig is widely used in preclinical research and safety pharmacology, but standardisation of porcine electrocardiography (ECG) is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate diurnal effects, change over time and choice of lead on ECG morphology and heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic Göttingen Minipigs. METHODS Diabetes was experimentally induced using STZ in 11 Göttingen Minipigs (DIA). Seven controls (CON) were included. 24-h ECG was recorded at baseline and four months. Morphological parameters (QRS and T wave duration, P- and T-wave amplitude, PR and QT (Bazett's (QTcb) or Fridericia (QTcf) correction) intervals and ST segment), presence of cardiac arrhythmias, heart rate (HR) and HRV (time and frequency domain) were analysed. RESULTS Four months after induction, DIA had decreased P-wave amplitude (P < 0.0001) and T-wave duration (P = 0.017), compared to CON. QTcb was lower in DIA, but not in CON. Both groups had decreased HR (P < 0.0001) and QRS duration (lead II, P = 0.04) and length of PR-segment increased (lead I and II, P < 0.01) while selected HRV parameters also increased (all P < 0.01). Time of day influenced HR, QRS duration, PR segment, ST segment, T- and P-wave amplitude and some parameters of HRV. Inter- and intra-observer variability of morphological measurements was low (<6%). CONCLUSION ECG parameters were influenced by time setting, diurnal variation and lead. Some ECG and HRV changes were found in diabetic minipigs four months after STZ induction. The findings underline the need for standardisation of ECG and HRV in Göttingen Minipigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mille Kronborg Lyhne
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Karina Poulsdóttir Debes
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Terese Helgogaard
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Andreas Vegge
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Måløv, Denmark.
| | - Jonas Kildegaard
- Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Måløv, Denmark.
| | - Ulrik Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Nordsjællands Hospital Hillerød, Dyrehavevej 29, 3400 Hillerød, Denmark.
| | - Lisbeth Høier Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Ridebanevej 9, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Carlsen MF, Christoffersen BØ, Lindgaard R, Pedersen HD, Olsen LH. Implantation of telemetric blood pressure transmitters in Göttingen Minipigs: Validation of 24-h systemic blood pressure and heart rate monitoring and influence of anaesthesia. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2022; 115:107168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2022.107168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
9
|
Shin HS, Shin HH, Shudo Y. Current Status and Limitations of Myocardial Infarction Large Animal Models in Cardiovascular Translational Research. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:673683. [PMID: 33996785 PMCID: PMC8116580 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.673683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing an appropriate disease model that mimics the complexities of human cardiovascular disease is critical for evaluating the clinical efficacy and translation success. The multifaceted and complex nature of human ischemic heart disease is difficult to recapitulate in animal models. This difficulty is often compounded by the methodological biases introduced in animal studies. Considerable variations across animal species, modifications made in surgical procedures, and inadequate randomization, sample size calculation, blinding, and heterogeneity of animal models used often produce preclinical cardiovascular research that looks promising but is irreproducible and not translatable. Moreover, many published papers are not transparent enough for other investigators to verify the feasibility of the studies and the therapeutics' efficacy. Unfortunately, successful translation of these innovative therapies in such a closed and biased research is difficult. This review discusses some challenges in current preclinical myocardial infarction research, focusing on the following three major inhibitors for its successful translation: Inappropriate disease model, frequent modifications to surgical procedures, and insufficient reporting transparency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sook Shin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Heather Hyeyoon Shin
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Yasuhiro Shudo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hornyik T, Rieder M, Castiglione A, Major P, Baczko I, Brunner M, Koren G, Odening KE. Transgenic rabbit models for cardiac disease research. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:938-957. [PMID: 33822374 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the pathophysiology of human cardiac diseases and to develop novel treatment strategies, complex interactions of cardiac cells on cellular, tissue and on level of the whole heart need to be considered. As in vitro cell-based models do not depict the complexity of the human heart, animal models are used to obtain insights that can be translated to human diseases. Mice are the most commonly used animals in cardiac research. However, differences in electrophysiological and mechanical cardiac function and a different composition of electrical and contractile proteins limit the transferability of the knowledge gained. Moreover, the small heart size and fast heart rate are major disadvantages. In contrast to rodents, electrophysiological, mechanical and structural cardiac characteristics of rabbits resemble the human heart more closely, making them particularly suitable as an animal model for cardiac disease research. In this review, various methodological approaches for the generation of transgenic rabbits for cardiac disease research, such as pronuclear microinjection, the sleeping beauty transposon system and novel genome-editing methods (ZFN and CRISPR/Cas9)will be discussed. In the second section, we will introduce the different currently available transgenic rabbit models for monogenic cardiac diseases (such as long QT syndrome, short-QT syndrome and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) in detail, especially in regard to their utility to increase the understanding of pathophysiological disease mechanisms and novel treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Hornyik
- Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marina Rieder
- Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Castiglione
- Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Major
- Institute for Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Istvan Baczko
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Michael Brunner
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Cardiology and Medical Intensive Care, St. Josefskrankenhaus, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gideon Koren
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Katja E Odening
- Translational Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and Institute of Physiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Clauss S, Bleyer C, Schüttler D, Tomsits P, Renner S, Klymiuk N, Wakili R, Massberg S, Wolf E, Kääb S. Animal models of arrhythmia: classic electrophysiology to genetically modified large animals. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 16:457-475. [PMID: 30894679 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Arrhythmias are common and contribute substantially to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The underlying pathophysiology of arrhythmias is complex and remains incompletely understood, which explains why mostly only symptomatic therapy is available. The evaluation of the complex interplay between various cell types in the heart, including cardiomyocytes from the conduction system and the working myocardium, fibroblasts and cardiac immune cells, remains a major challenge in arrhythmia research because it can be investigated only in vivo. Various animal species have been used, and several disease models have been developed to study arrhythmias. Although every species is useful and might be ideal to study a specific hypothesis, we suggest a practical trio of animal models for future use: mice for genetic investigations, mechanistic evaluations or early studies to identify potential drug targets; rabbits for studies on ion channel function, repolarization or re-entrant arrhythmias; and pigs for preclinical translational studies to validate previous findings. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of different models and currently used species for arrhythmia research, discuss their advantages and disadvantages and provide guidance for researchers who are considering performing in vivo studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Clauss
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany. .,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany.
| | - Christina Bleyer
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Schüttler
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Tomsits
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Renner
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,DZD (German Centre for Diabetes Research), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Reza Wakili
- Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Herz- und Gefäßzentrum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Steffen Massberg
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,DZD (German Centre for Diabetes Research), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kääb
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Guth BD, Grobler AF, Frazier KS, Greiter-Wilke A, Herzyk D, Hough TA, Khan AA, Markert M, Smith JD, Svenson KL, Wells S, Pugsley MK. Drug safety Africa: An overview of safety pharmacology & toxicology in South Africa. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2019; 98:106579. [PMID: 31085319 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2019.106579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This meeting report is based on presentations given at the first Drug Safety Africa Meeting in Potchefstroom, South Africa from November 20-22, 2018 at the North-West University campus. There were 134 attendees (including 26 speakers and 34 students) from the pharmaceutical industry, academia, regulatory agencies as well as 6 exhibitors. These meeting proceedings are designed to inform the content that was presented in terms of Safety Pharmacology (SP) and Toxicology methods and models that are used by the pharmaceutical industry to characterize the safety profile of novel small chemical or biological molecules. The first part of this report includes an overview of the core battery studies defined by cardiovascular, central nervous system (CNS) and respiratory studies. Approaches to evaluating drug effects on the renal and gastrointestinal systems and murine phenotyping were also discussed. Subsequently, toxicological approaches were presented including standard strategies and options for early identification and characterization of risks associated with a novel therapeutic, the types of toxicology studies conducted and relevance to risk assessment supporting first-in-human (FIH) clinical trials and target organ toxicity. Biopharmaceutical development and principles of immunotoxicology were discussed as well as emerging technologies. An additional poster session was held that included 18 posters on advanced studies and topics by South African researchers, postgraduate students and postdoctoral fellows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Guth
- Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany; North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | - Danuta Herzyk
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., A subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Tertius A Hough
- Mary Lyon Centre and Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, UK
| | | | - Michael Markert
- Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - James D Smith
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | | | - Sara Wells
- Mary Lyon Centre and Mammalian Genetics Unit, Medical Research Council, Harwell, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Body temperature and motion: Evaluation of an online monitoring system in pigs challenged with Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:482-488. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
14
|
Krause A, Puppe B, Langbein J. Coping Style Modifies General and Affective Autonomic Reactions of Domestic Pigs in Different Behavioral Contexts. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:103. [PMID: 28611608 PMCID: PMC5447719 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on individual adaptive strategies (coping), animals may react differently to environmental challenges in terms of behavior and physiology according to their emotional perception. Emotional valence as well as arousal may be derived by measuring vagal and sympathetic tone of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). We investigated the situation-dependent autonomic response of 16 domestic pigs with either a reactive or a proactive coping style, previously selected according to the backtest which is accepted in piglets to assess escape behavior. At 11 weeks of age, the pigs were equipped with an implantable telemetric device, and heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and their respective variabilities (HRV, BPV) were recorded for 1 h daily over a time period of 10 days and analyzed in four behavioral contexts (resting, feeding, idling, handling). Additionally, the first minute of feeding and handling was used for a short-term analysis of these parameters in 10-s intervals. Data from day 1-3 (period 1) and day 8-10 (period 2) were grouped into two separate periods. Our results revealed general differences between the coping styles during feeding, resting and handling, with proactive pigs showing higher HR compared to reactive pigs. This elevated HR was based on either lower vagal (resting) or elevated sympathetic activation (feeding, handling). The short-term analysis of the autonomic activation during feeding revealed a physiological anticipation reaction in proactive pigs in period 1, whereas reactive pigs showed this reaction only in period 2. Food intake was characterized by sympathetic arousal with concurrent vagal withdrawal, which was more pronounced in proactive pigs. In contrast, neither coping style resulted in an anticipation reaction to handling. Vagal activation increased in reactive pigs during handling, while proactive pigs showed an increase in sympathetically driven arousal in period 2. Our findings confirm significant context-related differences in the general autonomic reaction of pigs with different coping styles. Additionally, the two coping styles differ in their affective appraisal over the time course of the experiment, underlining the importance of taking individual differences into account when studying affect and emotion in humans and animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Krause
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN)Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Birger Puppe
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN)Dummerstorf, Germany
- Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of RostockRostock, Germany
| | - Jan Langbein
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN)Dummerstorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ion currents of cardiomyocytes in different regions of the Göttingen minipig heart. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017; 86:12-18. [PMID: 28254506 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Göttingen minipig is a promising model for pharmacological safety assessment and for translational research in cardiology. We have examined the main ion currents in cardiomyocytes of the minipig heart. METHODS Cardiac cells were isolated from different cardiac regions (endo-, mid- and epicardial left ventricle and right ventricle) from Göttingen minipigs and examined using the whole cell patch clamp technique combined with pharmacological interventions. RESULTS The inward rectifier (IK1), the delayed rectifier (IK), with the rapid and slow components, (IKr, IKs) and the L-type Ca2+ channel (ICa,L) were identified in the different regions of the heart, whereas the Ca2+-independent transient outward current (Ito1) was observed in only a few cells. IK1 was similar in the cardiac regions with a slightly lower value in the epicardial cells. IKs was smaller in epi- and endo-cardial regions. DISCUSSION The equivalents of the main human cardiac ion currents are present in the minipig cardiomyocytes with the exception of the Ca2+-independent Ito1. The study provides further evidence that the minipig is a valid model for investigating cardiovascular pharmacology.
Collapse
|
16
|
Siefert J, Hillebrandt KH, Kluge M, Geisel D, Podrabsky P, Denecke T, Nösser M, Gassner J, Reutzel-Selke A, Strücker B, Morgul MH, Guel-Klein S, Unger JK, Reske A, Pratschke J, Sauer IM, Raschzok N. Computed tomography-based survey of the vascular anatomy of the juvenile Göttingen minipig. Lab Anim 2016; 51:388-396. [PMID: 27932686 DOI: 10.1177/0023677216680238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 50 years, image-guided procedures have been established for a wide range of applications. The development and clinical translation of new treatment regimens necessitate the availability of suitable animal models. The juvenile Göttingen minipig presents a favourable profile as a model for human infants. However, no information can be found regarding the vascular system of juvenile minipigs in the literature. Such information is imperative for planning the accessibility of target structures by catheterization. We present here a complete mapping of the arterial system of the juvenile minipig based on contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Four female animals weighing 6.13 ± 0.72 kg were used for the analyses. Imaging was performed under anaesthesia, and the measurement of the vascular structures was performed independently by four investigators. Our dataset forms a basis for future interventional studies in juvenile minipigs, and enables planning and refinement of future experiments according to the 3R (replacement, reduction and refinement) principles of animal research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Siefert
- 1 Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - K H Hillebrandt
- 1 Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Kluge
- 1 Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Geisel
- 2 Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - P Podrabsky
- 2 Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - T Denecke
- 2 Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Nösser
- 1 Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Gassner
- 1 Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Reutzel-Selke
- 1 Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - B Strücker
- 1 Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,3 BIH-Charité Clinican Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - M H Morgul
- 1 Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Guel-Klein
- 1 Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J K Unger
- 4 Department of Experimental Medicine, Charité - Universitaütsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Reske
- 5 Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Pratschke
- 1 Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - I M Sauer
- 1 Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - N Raschzok
- 1 Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte
- Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Experimental Surgery and Regenerative Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,3 BIH-Charité Clinican Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Poulsen CB, Damkjær M, Hald BO, Wang T, Holstein-Rathlou NH, Jacobsen JCB. Vascular flow reserve as a link between long-term blood pressure level and physical performance capacity in mammals. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/11/e12813. [PMID: 27255360 PMCID: PMC4908491 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is surprisingly similar across different species of mammals, and it is, in general, not known which factors determine the arterial pressure level. Mammals often have a pronounced capacity for sustained physical performance. This capacity depends on the vasculature having a flow reserve that comes into play as tissue metabolism increases. We hypothesize that microvascular properties allowing for a large vascular flow reserve is linked to the level of the arterial pressure.To study the interaction between network properties and network inlet pressure, we developed a generic and parsimonious computational model of a bifurcating microvascular network where diameter and growth of each vessel evolves in response to changes in biomechanical stresses. During a simulation, the network develops well-defined arterial and venous vessel characteristics. A change in endothelial function producing a high precapillary resistance and thus a high vascular flow reserve is associated with an increase in network inlet pressure. Assuming that network properties are independent of body mass, and that inlet pressure of the microvascular network is a proxy for arterial pressure, the study provides a conceptual explanation of why high performing animals tend to have a high MAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian B Poulsen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mads Damkjær
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Bjørn O Hald
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tobias Wang
- Department of Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Krause A, Zebunke M, Bellmann O, Mohr E, Langbein J, Puppe B. Surgical implantation and functional assessment of an invasive telemetric system to measure autonomic responses in domestic pigs. Vet J 2015; 207:140-146. [PMID: 26626089 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The first aim of this study was to establish a surgical procedure to implant a new telemetric device for the continuous recording of electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood pressure (BP) in freely moving pigs. A second aim was the functional assessment of cardiovascular parameters, including heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure variability (BPV), so that these data could be used as the basis for the objective evaluation of autonomic activity and balance in different behavioural contexts. Eleven domestic pigs (German Landrace) underwent surgery for the placement of a telemetric device. At day 15 after surgery, 512 consecutive inter-beat intervals and pressure waves were analysed using different detection methods (automatic and manually corrected) while the animals were resting or feeding, respectively. HRV and BPV were calculated. Incomplete datasets were found in four pigs due to missing ECG or BP signals. Technical and surgical issues concerning catheterisation and detachment of the negative ECG lead were continuously improved. In the remaining pigs, excellent signal quality (manually corrected data of 1%) was obtained during resting and acceptable signal quality (<10%) was obtained during feeding. Automatic triggering was sufficiently reliable to eliminate errors in BP recordings during active behaviour, but this was not the case for ECG recordings. Sympathetic arousal with accompanying vagal withdrawal during feeding was documented. The established surgical implantation and functional assessment of the telemetric system with the reliable registration of cardiovascular parameters in freely moving pigs could serve as a basis for future studies of autonomic regulation in context of stress and animal welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Krause
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - M Zebunke
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - O Bellmann
- Scientific Organisation and Service, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - E Mohr
- Animal Health and Welfare, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - J Langbein
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - B Puppe
- Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, D-18059 Rostock, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Manno RA, Grassetti A, Oberto G, Nyska A, Ramot Y. The minipig as a new model for the evaluation of doxorubicin-induced chronic toxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:1060-72. [PMID: 26614124 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin can cause life-threatening toxic effects in several organs, with cardiotoxicity being the major concern. Although a large number of animal models have been utilized to study doxorubicin toxicity, several restrictions limit their use. Since the Göttingen minipig is an accepted species for non-clinical safety assessment and translation to man, we aimed at exploring its use as a non-rodent animal model for safety assessment and regulatory toxicity studies using doxorubicin. Three groups of three males and three females adult Göttingen minipigs received 1.5 mg kg(-1) , 3/2.3 mg kg(-1) or vehicle at intervals of 3 weeks for 7 cycles. Doxorubicin treatment resulted in a dose-related decrease in the erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit count, accompanied by leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Bone marrow smears revealed dose-related hypocellularity. Urea and creatinine levels were elevated in treated animals, associated with proteinuria and hematuria. Histopathological evaluation detected nephropathy and atrophy of hematopoietic tissues/organs, mucosa of the intestinal tract and male genital tract. Cardiac lesions including chronic inflammation, endocardial hyperplasia, hemorrhage and myxomatous changes were evident in hematoxylin and eosin stains, and evaluation of semi-thin sections showed the presence of dose-related vacuolation in the atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes. Cardiac troponin levels were increased in the high-dose group, but there was no direct correlation to the severity of the histopathological lesions. This study confirms that the Göttingen minipig has a comparable toxicity profile to humans and considering its anatomical, physiological, genetic and biochemical resemblance to humans, it should be considered as the non-rodent species of choice for studies on doxorubicin toxicity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Anna Manno
- Department of Pathology, Research Toxicology Centre, Pomezia, Italy
| | - Andrea Grassetti
- Department of Pathology, Research Toxicology Centre, Pomezia, Italy
| | - Germano Oberto
- Scientific Director, Research Toxicology Centre, Pomezia, Italy
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, University of Tel Aviv, and Consultant in Toxicologic Pathology, Timrat, Israel
| | - Yuval Ramot
- Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Huppertz ND, Kirschner-Hermanns R, Tolba RH, Grosse JO. Telemetric monitoring of bladder function in female Göttingen minipigs. BJU Int 2015; 116:823-32. [PMID: 25682883 DOI: 10.1111/bju.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To generate real-time radio-telemetric urodynamic reference data of maximum detrusor pressure (Pdet max ), maximum flow rate (Qmax) and estimated grade of infravesical obstruction, as well as duration of detrusor contraction (DOC), in female Göttingen minipigs and to describe translational aspects of the use of Göttingen minipigs for urological research. MATERIALS AND METHODS A telemetric transmitter was implanted into five female Göttingen minipigs, and 24 h measurements in metabolic cages were taken. Through operator-based analysis, synchronized real-time radio-telemetric cystometric data with flowmetric data and video sequences were used to determine voiding detrusor contractions (VCs) and non-voiding detrusor contractions (NVCs). Furthermore, data from telemetric natural-filling cystometry from free-moving and restricted maintenance conditions were compared for potential differences. RESULTS The median (range) Pdet max of VCs was 120.6 (21.0-370.0) cmH2 O and, therefore, significantly different from that of NVCs (64.60 [20.4-280.6 cmH2 O] cm H2 O). Intraindividual comparison of minipig data revealed great differences in voiding contractions. The effects of limited movement on VCs were analysed and showed significantly higher Pdet max and lower DOC than in free-moving conditions. CONCLUSION The presented data can be used for the development of telecystometric implanted minipig models, to investigate changes of detrusor function such as under- or overactivity, and might serve as model for bladder changes occurring with iatrogenic bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) or different therapeutic options for overactive bladder. Radio-telemetric real-time natural filling and voiding cystometries are feasible, reproducible in non-anaesthetized minipigs with free or limited movement and can give new insights into circadian behaviour and physiological and pathological bladder function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine D Huppertz
- Department of Urology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ruth Kirschner-Hermanns
- Department of Neuro-Urology, University Clinic Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn and Neurologic Rehabilitation Centre Godeshöhe, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rene H Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim O Grosse
- Department of Urology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Park DS, Cerrone M, Morley G, Vasquez C, Fowler S, Liu N, Bernstein SA, Liu FY, Zhang J, Rogers CS, Priori SG, Chinitz LA, Fishman GI. Genetically engineered SCN5A mutant pig hearts exhibit conduction defects and arrhythmias. J Clin Invest 2014; 125:403-12. [PMID: 25500882 DOI: 10.1172/jci76919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SCN5A encodes the α subunit of the major cardiac sodium channel Na(V)1.5. Mutations in SCN5A are associated with conduction disease and ventricular fibrillation (VF); however, the mechanisms that link loss of sodium channel function to arrhythmic instability remain unresolved. Here, we generated a large-animal model of a human cardiac sodium channelopathy in pigs, which have cardiac structure and function similar to humans, to better define the arrhythmic substrate. We introduced a nonsense mutation originally identified in a child with Brugada syndrome into the orthologous position (E558X) in the pig SCN5A gene. SCN5A(E558X/+) pigs exhibited conduction abnormalities in the absence of cardiac structural defects. Sudden cardiac death was not observed in young pigs; however, Langendorff-perfused SCN5A(E558X/+) hearts had an increased propensity for pacing-induced or spontaneous VF initiated by short-coupled ventricular premature beats. Optical mapping during VF showed that activity often began as an organized focal source or broad wavefront on the right ventricular (RV) free wall. Together, the results from this study demonstrate that the SCN5A(E558X/+) pig model accurately phenocopies many aspects of human cardiac sodium channelopathy, including conduction slowing and increased susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias.
Collapse
|
22
|
Comparison of freely-moving telemetry Chinese Miniature Experiment Pigs (CMEPs) to beagle dogs in cardiovascular safety pharmacology studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 70:19-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2014.03.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
23
|
Koudstaal S, Jansen of Lorkeers S, Gho JMIH, van Hout GPJ, Jansen MS, Gründeman PF, Pasterkamp G, Doevendans PA, Hoefer IE, Chamuleau SAJ. Myocardial infarction and functional outcome assessment in pigs. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24796715 PMCID: PMC4179618 DOI: 10.3791/51269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction of newly discovered cardiovascular therapeutics into first-in-man trials depends on a strictly regulated ethical and legal roadmap. One important prerequisite is a good understanding of all safety and efficacy aspects obtained in a large animal model that validly reflect the human scenario of myocardial infarction (MI). Pigs are widely used in this regard since their cardiac size, hemodynamics, and coronary anatomy are close to that of humans. Here, we present an effective protocol for using the porcine MI model using a closed-chest coronary balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD), followed by reperfusion. This approach is based on 90 min of myocardial ischemia, inducing large left ventricle infarction of the anterior, septal and inferoseptal walls. Furthermore, we present protocols for various measures of outcome that provide a wide range of information on the heart, such as cardiac systolic and diastolic function, hemodynamics, coronary flow velocity, microvascular resistance, and infarct size. This protocol can be easily tailored to meet study specific requirements for the validation of novel cardioregenerative biologics at different stages (i.e. directly after the acute ischemic insult, in the subacute setting or even in the chronic MI once scar formation has been completed). This model therefore provides a useful translational tool to study MI, subsequent adverse remodeling, and the potential of novel cardioregenerative agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Koudstaal
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht; Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands;
| | | | - Johannes M I H Gho
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht
| | - Gerardus P J van Hout
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht
| | - Marlijn S Jansen
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht
| | - Paul F Gründeman
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht; Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands
| | - Pieter A Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht; Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of the Netherlands
| | - Imo E Hoefer
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht
| | - Steven A J Chamuleau
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht;
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Holzgrefe H, Ferber G, Champeroux P, Gill M, Honda M, Greiter-Wilke A, Baird T, Meyer O, Saulnier M. Preclinical QT safety assessment: Cross-species comparisons and human translation from an industry consortium. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 69:61-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
25
|
Kaese S, Frommeyer G, Verheule S, van Loon G, Gehrmann J, Breithardt G, Eckardt L. The ECG in cardiovascular-relevant animal models of electrophysiology. Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol 2013; 24:84-91. [PMID: 23740318 DOI: 10.1007/s00399-013-0260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The most frequently used animal species in experimental cardiac electrophysiology are mice, rabbits, and dogs. Murine and human electrocardiograms (ECGs) show salient differences, including the occurrence of a pronounced J-wave and a less distinctive T-wave in the murine ECG. Mouse models can resemble human cardiac arrhythmias, although mice differ from human in cardiac electrophysiology. Thus, arrhythmia mechanisms in mice may differ from those in humans and should be transferred to the human situation with caution. Further relevant cardiovascular animal models are rabbits, dogs, and minipigs, as they show similarities of cardiac ion channel distribution with the human heart and are suitable to study ventricular repolarization or pro- and antiarrhythmic drug effects. ECG recordings in large animals like goats and horses are feasible. Both goats and horses are a suitable animal model to study atrial fibrillation (AF) mechanisms. Horses frequently show spontaneous AF due to their high vagal tone and large atria. The zebrafish has become an important animal model. Models in "exotic" animals such as kangaroos may be suitable for particular studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kaese
- Division of Electrophysiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Walisser JA, Mitchell AZ, Bills AJ, Sharma AK, Latimer K, Taschwer M, Osinski MA. Intravenous solid tip lead placement in telemetry implanted dogs. Part 1: Surgical methods, signal quality, and pathological endpoints. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2013; 68:52-61. [PMID: 23608149 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals in safety pharmacology studies are generally collected via subcutaneous or epicardial leads. Subcutaneous placement is an easier procedure, but signals often contain artifacts. Epicardial leads offer improved quality but require additional surgical expertise. Signal quality and tolerability of intravenous (IV)/diaphragmatic ECG leads were investigated as a less invasive alternative to the epicardial ECG lead approach for cardiovascular assessment in dogs. METHODS Twenty-eight beagle dogs were implanted with PCT (n=14) or PCTP (n=14) transmitters with IV (negative)/diaphragmatic (positive) ECG leads arranged in approximate Lead II configuration. Surgical time for previous epicardial and current IV lead placement approaches was compared. The ECG signals were assessed for up to 32 weeks post-surgery. Signal quality was assessed based on good wave/total wave (GW/TW) ratios calculated using ECG PRO (Ponemah Physiology Platform, Version 4.8) and variability in ECG parameter measurements for each surgical model. Clinical pathology was assessed on all animals before surgery and approximately 2 and 12 weeks post-surgery. A specialized necropsy was conducted on four animals (two PCT and two PCTP) to assess the tolerability of telemetry equipment; selected tissues were examined microscopically. RESULTS Surgical time using the IV lead method was approximately 18% shorter than the epicardial lead method. The GW/TW ratio for IV lead-implanted dogs indicated good durability of signal that was similar to epicardial leads. Intra- and inter-animal variability in ECG parameter measurements was similar between IV lead-implanted and epicardial lead-implanted dogs. Clinical pathology revealed no noteworthy findings, and the IV/diaphragmatic surgical approach had minimal consequences on local vasculature and associated implantation sites. DISCUSSION Advantages of the IV/diaphragmatic lead model include a less invasive and shorter surgical procedure; high tissue tolerance, ECG signal quality, and durability; and data processing procedures similar to that of epicardial leads. Therefore, the IV/diaphragmatic lead configuration is a viable alternative to more invasive surgical approaches for telemetry device implantation in dogs.
Collapse
|
27
|
Ganderup NC, Harvey W, Mortensen JT, Harrouk W. The minipig as nonrodent species in toxicology--where are we now? Int J Toxicol 2012; 31:507-28. [PMID: 23134714 DOI: 10.1177/1091581812462039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 3 decades minipigs have moved from being an obscure alternative to dogs and nonhuman primates to being a standard animal model in regulatory toxicity studies. This article covers the use of minipigs as a model in the context of nonclinical drug safety and provides an overview of the minipig's developmental history and relates minipigs to other animal species commonly used in toxicology; and the minipig's translational power is supported by 43 case studies of marketed drug products covered. Special focus is given to criteria for selecting minipigs in nonclinical programs supporting the development of new medicines; the use of swine in the assessment of food additives, agrochemicals, and pesticides; as well as a regulatory perspective on the use of minipigs in Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-regulated products. This article presents the main points conveyed at a symposium held at the 2010 American College of Toxicology meeting in Baltimore, Maryland.
Collapse
|
28
|
Tate MK, Lawrence WS, Gourley RL, Zavala DL, Weaver LE, Moen ST, Peterson JW. Telemetric left ventricular monitoring using wireless telemetry in the rabbit model. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:320. [PMID: 21892949 PMCID: PMC3228511 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heart failure is a critical condition that affects many people and often results from left ventricular dysfunction. Numerous studies investigating this condition have been performed using various model systems. To do so, investigators must be able to accurately measure myocardial performance in order to determine the degree of left ventricular function. In this model development study, we employ a wireless telemetry system purchased from Data Sciences International to continuously assess left ventricular function in the rabbit model. Findings We surgically implanted pressure-sensitive catheters fitted to wireless radio-transmitters into the left ventricle of Dutch-belted rabbits. Following recovery of the animals, we continuously recorded indices of cardiac contractility and ventricular relaxation at baseline for a given time period. The telemetry system allowed us to continuously record baseline left ventricular parameters for the entire recording period. During this time, the animals were unrestrained and fully conscious. The values we recorded are similar to those obtained using other reported methods. Conclusions The wireless telemetry system can continuously measure left ventricular pressure, cardiac contractility, and cardiac relaxation in the rabbit model. These results, which were obtained just as baseline levels, substantiate the need for further validation in this model system of left ventricular assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mallory K Tate
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Authier S, Moon L, Stonerook M, Fournier S, Gervais J, Maghezzi S, Troncy E. Evaluation of a novel ECG lead placement method in telemetered freely moving cynomolgus monkeys: Assessment of an intravascular biopotential lead. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2011; 64:145-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
30
|
Authier S, Gervais J, Fournier S, Gauvin D, Maghezzi S, Troncy E. Cardiovascular and respiratory safety pharmacology in Göttingen minipigs: Pharmacological characterization. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2011; 64:53-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
31
|
The in-situ pig heart with regional ischemia/reperfusion — Ready for translation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 50:951-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
32
|
Laursen M, Olesen SP, Grunnet M, Mow T, Jespersen T. Characterization of cardiac repolarization in the Göttingen minipig. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2011; 63:186-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
33
|
Bode G, Clausing P, Gervais F, Loegsted J, Luft J, Nogues V, Sims J. The utility of the minipig as an animal model in regulatory toxicology. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 62:196-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
34
|
Ellegaard L, Cunningham A, Edwards S, Grand N, Nevalainen T, Prescott M, Schuurman T. Welfare of the minipig with special reference to use in regulatory toxicology studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 62:167-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
35
|
Sivarajah A, Collins S, Sutton M, Regan N, West H, Holbrook M, Edmunds N. Cardiovascular safety assessments in the conscious telemetered dog: Utilisation of super-intervals to enhance statistical power. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 62:12-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
36
|
Regulatory acceptability of the minipig in the development of pharmaceuticals, chemicals and other products. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 62:184-95. [PMID: 20601024 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As part of the RETHINK European FP6 Project an overview of the acceptability and usefulness of minipigs has been carried out in the regulatory arenas of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals, food additives, cosmetics, biocides and agrochemicals, chemicals and medical devices. The safety of new pharmaceuticals for human use should be tested in non-rodents, but the regulatory world is not too prescriptive regarding the choice of species. The choice is most often dogs through long tradition. When dogs are not appropriate, in many cases non-human primates are chosen as an alternative. From information in the public domain as well as literature from the EMA and FDA, it is clear that minipigs have already been identified as suitable to take the role of non-rodent species in toxicity testing of pharmaceutical products. In the field of foodstuffs, the pig is used more extensively because of the apparent similarity in the omnivorous food pattern and digestive tract between humans and pigs. The extensive use of pigs in this field provides historical data. In the field of medical devices the ISO Guidelines indicate that the pig is regarded as a suitable animal model because of its haematological and cardiovascular similarities to man. The pig is also mentioned as suitable for testing local effects after implantation. Political and societal support for using nonhuman primates is decreasing, and it is an appropriate time to consider the role of the minipig. We have reviewed the costs of testing in minipigs, and these are not significantly higher than the costs for a study in dogs. Economical reasons should therefore not be used to argue against the use of minipigs instead of dogs or monkeys. For most purposes, minipigs may be considered an acceptable choice as non-rodent species, provided adequate justification for this choice is made.
Collapse
|
37
|
Lohse L, Uttenthal Å, Enøe C, Nielsen J. A study on the applicability of implantable microchip transponders for body temperature measurements in pigs. Acta Vet Scand 2010; 52:29. [PMID: 20444254 PMCID: PMC2881076 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-52-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The applicability of an electronic monitoring system using microchip transponders for measurement of body temperatures was tested in 6-week-old conventional Danish weaners infected with classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Subcutaneous tissue temperatures obtained by the implantable transponders were compared with rectal temperatures, recorded by a conventional digital thermometer. Methods In a preliminary study, transponders were inserted subcutaneously at 6 different positions of the body of 5 pigs. The transponders positioned by the ear base provided the best correlation to rectal temperature. To test the stability of the monitoring system in a larger group of pigs, transponders were therefore inserted by the left ear base in a subsequent infection experiment with 30 pigs. Results Generally, the microchip transponders measured a subcutaneous tissue temperature, which was about 1°C lower than the rectal temperature. However, a simple linear relationship between the measures of the two methods was found. Conclusions Our study showed that the tested body monitoring system may represent a promising tool to obtain an approximate correlate of body temperatures in groups of pigs. In contrast, however, the tested system did not constitute a suitable tool to measure body temperatures of individual animals in the present pig infection experiment.
Collapse
|
38
|
Tabo M, Komatsu R, Isobe T, Honda M, Yamada Y, Kimura K. Accurate detection of drug-induced delayed ventricular repolarization with a suitable correction formula in Langendorff guinea pig heart. J Toxicol Sci 2010; 35:687-98. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.35.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyasu Tabo
- Safety Assessment Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Ryuichi Komatsu
- Safety Assessment Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Takehito Isobe
- Safety Assessment Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Masaki Honda
- Safety Assessment Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Safety Assessment Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Kazuya Kimura
- Safety Assessment Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Guth B, Bass A, Briscoe R, Chivers S, Markert M, Siegl P, Valentin JP. Comparison of electrocardiographic analysis for risk of QT interval prolongation using safety pharmacology and toxicological studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2009; 60:107-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2009.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
40
|
Markert M, Stubhan M, Mayer K, Trautmann T, Klumpp A, Schuler-Metz A, Schumacher K, Guth B. Validation of the normal, freely moving Göttingen minipig for pharmacological safety testing. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2009; 60:79-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
41
|
Gauvin DV, Tilley LP, Smith FW, Baird TJ. Spontaneous cardiac arrhythmias recorded in three experimentally- and drug-naive laboratory species (canine, primate, swine) during standard pre-study screening. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2009; 59:57-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|