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Hartmann KT, Odgaard A, Knudsen UK, Aalbæk B, Kvich L, Birch JM, Petersen A, Bjarnsholt T, Jensen HE, Jensen LK. First hip hemiarthroplasty in a Göttingen Minipig; surgical and post-mortem protocol. J Orthop Surg Res 2024; 19:549. [PMID: 39243099 PMCID: PMC11380332 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-05040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prosthetic joint infections (PJI) are recalcitrant, hard-to-treat infections and severe complications of joint arthroplasty. Therefore, there is a need to develop new effective treatment strategies, and animal models of high clinical relevance are needed. This study aimed to develop a detailed surgical protocol for hip hemiarthroplasty in Göttingen minipigs and a thorough post-mortem sampling protocol to pave the way for creating a minipig PJI model. METHODS Three adult female Göttingen minipigs underwent surgery with insertion of a hip hemiarthroplasty, using the anterior approach to the hip joint. After surgery the minipigs were followed closely with daily clinical evaluation and gait scoring. Comprehensive post-mortem analyses were performed with evaluation of macroscopic lesions, microbiology, synovial fluid analysis and histology. RESULTS The study resulted in the first Göttingen minipig with hip hemiarthroplasty and identified several points of awareness when inserting a hip prosthesis in minipigs, especially the high risk of joint dislocation. A spontaneous PJI occurred in one of the minipigs, revealing an impaired ability of the immune cells to reach the bacteria at the bone-prosthesis interface. CONCLUSION The present study provides a detailed description of surgical technique and post-mortem sampling and validates the suitability of the hip hemiarthroplasty minipig model for future experimental modeling of PJI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Top Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary- and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Anders Odgaard
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Kragegaard Knudsen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bent Aalbæk
- Department of Veterinary- and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lasse Kvich
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
| | - Julie Melsted Birch
- Department of Veterinary- and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Andreas Petersen
- Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bjarnsholt
- Costerton Biofilm Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Elvang Jensen
- Department of Veterinary- and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Louise Kruse Jensen
- Department of Veterinary- and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 7, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Guo H, Xu X, Zhang J, Du Y, Yang X, He Z, Zhao L, Liang T, Guo L. The Pivotal Role of Preclinical Animal Models in Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery and Personalized Cancer Therapy Strategies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1048. [PMID: 39204153 PMCID: PMC11357454 DOI: 10.3390/ph17081048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The establishment and utilization of preclinical animal models constitute a pivotal aspect across all facets of cancer research, indispensably contributing to the comprehension of disease initiation and progression mechanisms, as well as facilitating the development of innovative anti-cancer therapeutic approaches. These models have emerged as crucial bridges between basic and clinical research, offering multifaceted support to clinical investigations. This study initially focuses on the importance and benefits of establishing preclinical animal models, discussing the different types of preclinical animal models and recent advancements in cancer research. It then delves into cancer treatment, studying the characteristics of different stages of tumor development and the development of anti-cancer drugs. By integrating tumor hallmarks and preclinical research, we elaborate on the path of anti-cancer drug development and provide guidance on personalized cancer therapy strategies, including synthetic lethality approaches and novel drugs widely adopted in the field. Ultimately, we summarize a strategic framework for selecting preclinical safety experiments, tailored to experimental modalities and preclinical animal species, and present an outlook on the prospects and challenges associated with preclinical animal models. These models undoubtedly offer new avenues for cancer research, encompassing drug development and personalized anti-cancer protocols. Nevertheless, the road ahead continues to be lengthy and fraught with obstacles. Hence, we encourage researchers to persist in harnessing advanced technologies to refine preclinical animal models, thereby empowering these emerging paradigms to positively impact cancer patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochuan Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (H.G.); (X.X.); (J.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xinru Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (H.G.); (X.X.); (J.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.Y.)
| | - Jiaxi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (H.G.); (X.X.); (J.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.Y.)
| | - Yajing Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (H.G.); (X.X.); (J.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xinbing Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (H.G.); (X.X.); (J.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.Y.)
| | - Zhiheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China; (Z.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Linjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China; (Z.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Tingming Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (H.G.); (X.X.); (J.Z.); (Y.D.); (X.Y.)
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China; (Z.H.); (L.Z.)
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Stroe MS, Huang MC, Annaert P, Leys K, Smits A, Allegaert K, Van Bockstal L, Valenzuela A, Ayuso M, Van Ginneken C, Van Cruchten S. Drug Disposition in Neonatal Göttingen Minipigs: Exploring Effects of Perinatal Asphyxia and Therapeutic Hypothermia. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:824-835. [PMID: 38906699 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.124.001677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Asphyxiated neonates often undergo therapeutic hypothermia (TH) to reduce morbidity and mortality. Since both perinatal asphyxia (PA) and TH influence physiology, altered pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) are expected. Given that TH is the standard of care for PA with moderate to severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, disentangling the effect of PA versus TH on PK/PD is not possible in clinical settings. However, animal models can provide insights into this matter. The (neonatal) Göttingen Minipig, the recommended strain for nonclinical drug development, was selected as translational model. Four drugs-midazolam (MDZ), fentanyl (FNT), phenobarbital (PHB), and topiramate (TPM)-were intravenously administered under four conditions: control (C), therapeutic hypothermia (TH), hypoxia (H), and hypoxia plus TH (H+TH). Each group included six healthy male neonatal Göttingen Minipigs anesthetized for 24 hours. Blood samples were drawn at 0 (predose) and 0.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 4.5, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours post drug administration. Drug plasma concentrations were determined using validated bioanalytical assays. The PK parameters were estimated through compartmental and noncompartmental PK analysis. The study showed a statistically significant decrease in FNT clearance (CL; 66% decrease), with an approximately threefold longer half-life (t1/2) in the TH group. The H+TH group showed a 17% reduction in FNT CL, with a 62% longer t1/2 compared with the C group; however, it was not statistically significant. Although not statistically significant, trends toward lower CL and longer t1/2 were observed in the TH and H+TH groups for MDZ and PHB. Additionally, TPM demonstrated a 28% decrease in CL in the H group compared with controls. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The overarching goal of this study using the neonatal Göttingen Minipig model was to disentangle the effects of systemic hypoxia and TH on PK using four model drugs. Such insights can subsequently be used to inform and develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, which is useful for drug exposure prediction in human neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina-Stefania Stroe
- Comparative Perinatal Development, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (M.S.-S., L.V.B., A.V., M.A., C.V.G., S.V.C.); Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (M.-C.H., P.A., K.L.); BioNotus GCV, Niel, Belgium (P.A.); Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.S.); Departments of Development and Regeneration (A.S., K.A.) and Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (K.A.), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (K.A.)
| | - Miao-Chan Huang
- Comparative Perinatal Development, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (M.S.-S., L.V.B., A.V., M.A., C.V.G., S.V.C.); Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (M.-C.H., P.A., K.L.); BioNotus GCV, Niel, Belgium (P.A.); Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.S.); Departments of Development and Regeneration (A.S., K.A.) and Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (K.A.), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (K.A.)
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Comparative Perinatal Development, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (M.S.-S., L.V.B., A.V., M.A., C.V.G., S.V.C.); Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (M.-C.H., P.A., K.L.); BioNotus GCV, Niel, Belgium (P.A.); Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.S.); Departments of Development and Regeneration (A.S., K.A.) and Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (K.A.), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (K.A.)
| | - Karen Leys
- Comparative Perinatal Development, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (M.S.-S., L.V.B., A.V., M.A., C.V.G., S.V.C.); Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (M.-C.H., P.A., K.L.); BioNotus GCV, Niel, Belgium (P.A.); Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.S.); Departments of Development and Regeneration (A.S., K.A.) and Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (K.A.), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (K.A.)
| | - Anne Smits
- Comparative Perinatal Development, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (M.S.-S., L.V.B., A.V., M.A., C.V.G., S.V.C.); Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (M.-C.H., P.A., K.L.); BioNotus GCV, Niel, Belgium (P.A.); Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.S.); Departments of Development and Regeneration (A.S., K.A.) and Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (K.A.), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (K.A.)
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Comparative Perinatal Development, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (M.S.-S., L.V.B., A.V., M.A., C.V.G., S.V.C.); Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (M.-C.H., P.A., K.L.); BioNotus GCV, Niel, Belgium (P.A.); Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.S.); Departments of Development and Regeneration (A.S., K.A.) and Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (K.A.), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (K.A.)
| | - Lieselotte Van Bockstal
- Comparative Perinatal Development, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (M.S.-S., L.V.B., A.V., M.A., C.V.G., S.V.C.); Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (M.-C.H., P.A., K.L.); BioNotus GCV, Niel, Belgium (P.A.); Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.S.); Departments of Development and Regeneration (A.S., K.A.) and Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (K.A.), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (K.A.)
| | - Allan Valenzuela
- Comparative Perinatal Development, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (M.S.-S., L.V.B., A.V., M.A., C.V.G., S.V.C.); Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (M.-C.H., P.A., K.L.); BioNotus GCV, Niel, Belgium (P.A.); Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.S.); Departments of Development and Regeneration (A.S., K.A.) and Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (K.A.), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (K.A.)
| | - Miriam Ayuso
- Comparative Perinatal Development, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (M.S.-S., L.V.B., A.V., M.A., C.V.G., S.V.C.); Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (M.-C.H., P.A., K.L.); BioNotus GCV, Niel, Belgium (P.A.); Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.S.); Departments of Development and Regeneration (A.S., K.A.) and Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (K.A.), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (K.A.)
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Comparative Perinatal Development, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (M.S.-S., L.V.B., A.V., M.A., C.V.G., S.V.C.); Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (M.-C.H., P.A., K.L.); BioNotus GCV, Niel, Belgium (P.A.); Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.S.); Departments of Development and Regeneration (A.S., K.A.) and Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (K.A.), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (K.A.)
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Comparative Perinatal Development, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (M.S.-S., L.V.B., A.V., M.A., C.V.G., S.V.C.); Drug Delivery and Disposition, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (M.-C.H., P.A., K.L.); BioNotus GCV, Niel, Belgium (P.A.); Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (A.S.); Departments of Development and Regeneration (A.S., K.A.) and Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences (K.A.), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (K.A.)
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Rode F, Bundgaard C, Areberg J, Madsen LB, Taavoniku I, Hansen L, Weisser J, Olsen LR, Elgaard HT, Eneberg E, Didriksen M. Stress-free blood sampling in minipigs: A novel method for assessing 24-h cortisol profiles and drug effects on diurnal and ultradian rhythms. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2024; 127:107504. [PMID: 38678804 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2024.107504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
We developed a novel, stress-free blood sampling method for minipigs, allowing continuous cortisol monitoring over 24 h. Baseline cortisol levels exhibited both ultradian and diurnal rhythms. During nighttime, smaller ultradian rhythms overlaid a lower baseline cortisol, which increased in sleeping pigs before lights were turned on. Additionally, we developed an analytical tool based on the R package "pracma" to quantify ultradian peak and circadian components of the cortisol profiles. To validate our model, we investigated the effects of Verucerfont, a CRH receptor antagonist, and Venlafaxine, a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Verucerfont reduced cortisol levels during the first 9 h without affecting diurnal rhythm. Cortisol peak parameters decreased, with a 31% reduction in overall area under the curve (AUC) and a 38% reduction in ultradian average AUC. Ultradian peaks decreased from 7 to 4.5, with 34% lower amplitude. Venlafaxine maintained plasma concentrations within the targeted human effective range. This method enables us to enhance our understanding of cortisol regulation and provide valuable insights for the impact of investigation drugs on the diurnal and ultradian rhythms of cortisol.
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McCall MA. Pig Models in Retinal Research and Retinal Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041296. [PMID: 37553210 PMCID: PMC10982707 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The pig has been used as a large animal model in biomedical research for many years and its use continues to increase because induced mutations phenocopy several inherited human diseases. In addition, they are continuous breeders, can be propagated by artificial insemination, have large litter sizes (on the order of mice), and can be genetically manipulated using all of the techniques that are currently available in mice. The pioneering work of Petters and colleagues set the stage for the use of the pig as a model of inherited retinal disease. In the last 10 years, the pig has become a model of choice where specific disease-causing mutations that are not phenocopied in rodents need to be studied and therapeutic approaches explored. The pig is not only used for retinal eye disease but also for the study of the cornea and lens. This review attempts to show how broad the use of the pig has become and how it has contributed to the assessment of treatments for eye disease. In the last 10 years, there have been several reviews that included the use of the pig in biomedical research (see body of the review) that included information about retinal disease. None directly discuss the use of the pig as an animal model for retinal diseases, including inherited diseases, where a single genetic mutation has been identified or for multifactorial diseases such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. Although the pig is used to explore diseases of the cornea and lens, this review focuses on how and why the pig, as a large animal model, is useful for research in neural retinal disease and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A McCall
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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Iezzi R, Scruggs BA, Gandhi J, Zenti FN, Shafi N, Berger A, Marmorstein AD. Early Choriocapillaris Loss in a Porcine Model of RPE Cell Debridement Precedes Pathology That Simulates Advanced Macular Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:8. [PMID: 38568620 PMCID: PMC10996981 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.4.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose No large-mammal surgical models exist for geographic atrophy (GA), choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and pachychoroidal vascular remodeling. Our goal was to develop a porcine RPE debridement model of advanced macular degeneration to study photoreceptor cell loss and choroidal remodeling. Methods Seven 2-month-old female domestic pigs were used for this study. After 25G vitrectomy, the area centralis was detached via subretinal bleb. A nitinol wire (Finesse Flex Loop) was used to debride RPE cells across a 3- to 5-mm diameter region. Fluid-air exchange was performed, and 20% SF6 gas injected. Animals underwent fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT-angiography (OCTA) at 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively. Retinal histology was obtained at euthanasia, 2 months (n = 3), 3 months (n = 2), or 6 months (n = 2) after surgery. Results RPE debridement resulted in GA with rapid loss of choriocapillaris, progressive loss of photoreceptors, and pachychoroidal changes in Sattler's and Haller's layers in all seven eyes undergoing debridement within 2 months. OCT and histological findings included subretinal disciform scar with overlying outer retinal atrophy; outer retinal tubulations and subretinal hyper-reflective material. OCTA revealed type 2 CNV (n = 4) at the edges of the debridement zone by 2 months, but there was no significant exudation noted at any time point. Conclusions Surgical debridement of the RPE results in GA, CNV, and pachychoroid and reproduced all forms of advanced macular degeneration. This surgical model may be useful in examining the role of RPE and other cell replacement in treating advanced macular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Iezzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Brittni A. Scruggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Jarel Gandhi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Francesca N. Zenti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Noah Shafi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Aubrey Berger
- Regenerative Sciences, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Alan D. Marmorstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
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Kim HS, Kang GH, Yang MJ, Joo YJ, Lee DG, Lee HS, Lee JS, Hwang JH. Toxicity of a novel antifungal agent (ATB1651 gel) in Yucatan minipigs (Sus scrofa) following 4 weeks of daily dermal administration. Toxicol Res 2024; 40:247-258. [PMID: 38525130 PMCID: PMC10959866 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-023-00222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
ATB1651 gel is an antifungal drug candidate that enhances antifungal activity through substitution of several aryl rings, alkyl chains, and methyl groups. To ensure safety of use of ATB1651 gel, assessment of its potentially toxic side effects is necessary. In this study, we examined the repeated-dose toxicity of ATB1651 gel to Yucatan minipigs (Sus scrofa) in accordance with the Good Laboratory Practice guidelines. Five doses of ATB1651 gel (0%, 0.2%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0%) were administered dermally to the left and right flanks of 38 minipigs daily for 4 weeks. Mortality, clinical symptoms, dermal scores, body weights, and physiological, biochemical, pathological, and toxicokinetic analyses were performed after the treatment period. No systemic toxicological damage was observed in either male or female minipigs regardless of dose; however, dermal application of ATB1651 gel caused some skin alterations at the application sites. Specifically, erythema and eschar formation, edema, and scabs or raise spots were observed at the application site(s) in males in the 3.0% ATB1651 gel treatment group and in females at ATB1651 gel concentrations ≥ 1.0%, with dermal scores ranging from grade 1 to 2. Additionally, histopathological assay indicated infiltration of different types of inflammatory cells and the presence of pustule/crust at the application site(s) in both males and females at ATB1651 gel concentrations ≥ 0.5%. However, these changes were reversible after a 2-week recovery period and were considered a local irritation effect of ATB1651 gel. The no-observed-adverse-effect level of ATB1651 gel was 3.0% with regard to topical and systemic toxicity in both male and female minipigs. Collectively, our results imply that ATB1651 gel is a safe candidate for clinical development as an antifungal drug with a wide therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Sun Kim
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongup, Jeonbuk 56212 Republic of Korea
| | - Goo-Hwa Kang
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongup, Jeonbuk 56212 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Yang
- Jeonbuk Pathology Research Group, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongup, Jeonbuk 56212 Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Jeong Joo
- Jeonbuk Quality Assurance Unit, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongup, Jeonbuk 56212 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gi Lee
- AmtixBio Co., Ltd., Hanam-si, Gyeonggi-do 12925 Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Seung Lee
- AmtixBio Co., Ltd., Hanam-si, Gyeonggi-do 12925 Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Seung Lee
- AmtixBio Co., Ltd., Hanam-si, Gyeonggi-do 12925 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Hwang
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongup, Jeonbuk 56212 Republic of Korea
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Scarano A, Khater AGA, Gehrke SA, Inchingolo F, Tari SR. Animal Models for Investigating Osseointegration: An Overview of Implant Research over the Last Three Decades. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:83. [PMID: 38667540 PMCID: PMC11051165 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Dental implants and bone augmentation are among dentistry's most prevalent surgical treatments; hence, many dental implant surfaces and bone grafts have been researched to improve bone response. Such new materials were radiologically, histologically, and histomorphometrically evaluated on animals before being used on humans. As a result, several studies used animals to evaluate novel implant technologies, biocompatibility, surgical techniques, and osseointegration strategies, as preclinical research on animal models is essential to evaluate bioactive principles (on cells, compounds, and implants) that can act through multiple mechanisms and to predict animal behavior, which is difficult to predict from in vitro studies alone. In this study, we critically reviewed all research on different animal models investigating the osseointegration degree of new implant surfaces, reporting different species used in the osseointegration research over the last 30 years. Moreover, this is the first study to summarize reviews on the main animal models used in the translational research of osseointegration, including the advantages and limitations of each model and determining the ideal location for investigating osseointegration in small and large animal models. Overall, each model has advantages and disadvantages; hence, animal selection should be based on the cost of acquisition, animal care, acceptability to society, availability, tolerance to captivity, and housing convenience. Among small animal models, rabbits are an ideal model for biological observations around implants, and it is worth noting that osseointegration was discovered in the rabbit model and successfully applied to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Scarano
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti–Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Ahmad G. A. Khater
- Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Egyptian Russian University (ERU), Badr City 11829, Egypt;
- Health Affairs Directorate, Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population, Banisuif 62511, Egypt
| | | | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Section of Dental Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Sergio Rexhep Tari
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University of Chieti–Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
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Du Z, Chen C, Zheng Y, Wang X, Song C. Retroviral Insertion Polymorphism (RIP) of Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERVs) in Pig Genomes. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:621. [PMID: 38396589 PMCID: PMC10886097 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are one of the superfamilies of long terminal repeat retrotransposons (LTRs) in mice and humans. Approximately 8% of the pig genome is composed of sequences derived from LTRs. While the majority of ERVs in pigs have decayed, a small number of full-length copies can still mobilize within the genome. This study investigated the unexplored retroviral insertion polymorphisms (RIPs) generated by the mobilization of full-length ERVs (Fl-ERVs), and evaluated their impact on phenotypic variation to gain insights into the biological role of Fl-ERVs in pigs. Overall, 39 RIPs (insertions or deletions relative to the pig reference genome) generated by Fl-ERVs were predicted by comparative genomic analysis, and 18 of them were confirmed by PCR detection. Four RIP sites (D5, D14, D15, and D18) were further evaluated by population analysis, and all of them displayed polymorphisms in multiple breeds. The RIP site of ERV-D14, which is a Fl-ERV inserted in the STAB2-like gene, was further confirmed by sequencing. Population analysis of the polymorphic site of ERV-D14 reveals that it presents moderate polymorphism information in the Large White pig breed, and the association analysis reveals that the RIP of ERV-D14 is associated with age variations at 30 kg body weight (p < 0.05) and 100 kg body weight (p < 0.01) in the population of Large White pigs (N = 480). Furthermore, the ERV-D14 RIP is associated with changes in the expression of the target gene STAB2-like in the liver, backfat, and leaf fat in Sushan pigs. These data suggest that some Fl-ERVs are still mobilizing in the pig's genome, and contribute to genomic and phenotypic variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanyu Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.D.); (C.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
- College of Grassland Resources, Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Cai Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.D.); (C.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Yao Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.D.); (C.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.D.); (C.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Chengyi Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.D.); (C.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.W.)
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10
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Gong T, Mu Q, Xu Y, Wang W, Meng L, Feng X, Liu W, Ao Z, Zhang Y, Chen X, Xu H. Expression of the umami taste receptor T1R1/T1R3 in porcine testis of: Function in regulating testosterone synthesis and autophagy in Leydig cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 236:106429. [PMID: 38035949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone is a vital male hormone responsible for male sexual characteristics. The taste receptor family 1 subunit 3 (T1R3) regulates testosterone synthesis and autophagy in non-taste cells, and the links with the taste receptor family 1 subunit 1 (T1R1) for umami perception. However, little is known about these mechanisms. Thus, we aimed to determine the relationship between the umami taste receptor (T1R1/T1R3) and testosterone synthesis or autophagy in testicular Leydig cells of the Xiang pig. There was a certain proportion of spermatogenic tubular dysplasia in the Xiang pig at puberty, in which autophagy was enhanced, and the testosterone level was increased with a weak expression of T1R3. Silenced T1R3 decreased testosterone level and intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) content and inhibited the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of testosterone synthesis enzyme genes [steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), hydroxy-delta-5-steroid dehydrogenase, 3 beta- and steroid delta-isomerase 1 (3β-HSD1), cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A member 1 (CYP17A1) and hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 3 (17β-HSD3)]. In addition, T1R3 increased the number of acidic autophagy bubbles and upregulated the expression levels of autophagy markers [Microtubule-associated protein 1 A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) and Beclin-1] in testicular Leydig cells of the Xiang pig. Using an umami tasting agonist (10 mM L-glutamate for 6 h), the activation of T1R1/T1R3 enhanced the testosterone synthesis ability by increasing the intracellular cAMP level and upregulated the expression levels of StAR, 3β-HSD1, CYP17A1 and 17β-HSD3 in Leydig cells. Furthermore, the number of acidic autophagy bubbles decreased in the T1R1/T1R3-activated group with the downregulation of the expression levels of the autophagy markers, including LC3 and Beclin-1. These data suggest that the function of T1R1/T1R3 expressed in testicular Leydig cells of the Xiang pig is related to testosterone synthesis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Gong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China.
| | - Qi Mu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Yongjian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; Qiannan Buyi and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China
| | - Weiyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Lijie Meng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Xianzhou Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Wenjiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Zheng Ao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Yiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Houqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China; College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou, PR China
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11
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Wang Z, Huang Q, Zhang F, Wu J, Wang L, Sun Y, Deng Y, Jiang J. Key Role of Porcine Cytochrome P450 2A19 in the Bioactivation of Aflatoxin B 1 in the Liver. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:2334-2346. [PMID: 38235998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The metabolic transformation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in pigs remains understudied, presenting a gap in our toxicological understanding compared with extensive human-based research. Here, we found that the main products of AFB1 in porcine liver microsomes (PLMs) were AFB1-8,9-epoxide (AFBO), the generation of which correlated strongly with the protein levels and activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A and CYP2A. In addition, we found that porcine CYP2A19 can transform AFB1 into AFBO, and its metabolic activity was stronger than the other CYPs we have reported, including CYP1A2, CYP3A29, and CYP3A46. Furthermore, we stably transfected all identified CYPs in HepLi cells and found that CYP2A19 stable transfected HepLi cells showed more sensitivity in AFB1-induced DNA adducts, DNA damage, and γH2AX formation than the other three stable cell lines. Moreover, the CYP2A19 N297A mutant that lost catalytic activity toward AFB1 totally eliminated AFB1-induced AFB1-DNA adducts and γH2AX formations in CYP2A19 stable transfected HepLi cells. These results indicate that CYP2A19 mainly mediated AFB1-induced cytotoxicity through metabolizing AFB1 into a highly reactive AFBO, promoting DNA adduct formation and DNA damage, and lastly leading to cell death. This study advances the current understanding of AFB1 bioactivation in pigs and provides a promising target to reduce porcine aflatoxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zige Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Feiyong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yu Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Yiqun Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, P. R. China
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Pernold CPS, Lagumdzic E, Stadler M, Dolezal M, Jäckel S, Schmitt MW, Mair KH, Saalmüller A. Species comparison: human and minipig PBMC reactivity under the influence of immunomodulating compounds in vitro. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1327776. [PMID: 38264655 PMCID: PMC10803596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1327776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Considering the similarities between swine and humans, it is a logical consequence to use swine as a translational model in research and drug development, including non-clinical safety. Here, we compared the reactivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from humans and minipigs under the influence of different compounds in vitro. We conducted a flow cytometry-based proliferation assay that focused on the T-cell response to three different stimuli: concanavalin A (ConA), phytohemagglutinin-L (PHA-L), and staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB). Furthermore, four approved immunosuppressive drugs-abatacept, belatacept, rapamycin, and tofacitinib-which are used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis or rejection in transplant recipients, were combined with the different stimuli. This allowed us to study the effect of suppressive drugs in comparison with the different stimuli in both species. We examined proliferating T cells (CD3+) and investigated the presence of TCR-αβ+ and TCR-γδ+ T cells. Differences in the response of T cells of the two species under these various conditions were evident. CD4+ T cells were more activated within humans, whereas CD8+ T cells were generally more abundant in swine. The effectiveness of the used humanized antibodies is most likely related to the conserved structure of CTLA-4 as abatacept induced a much stronger reduction in swine compared with belatacept. The reduction of proliferation of rapamycin and tofacitinib was highly dependent on the used stimuli. We further investigated the effect of the immunosuppressive compounds on antigen-specific restimulation of pigs immunized against porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2). Treatment with all four compounds resulted in a clear reduction of the proliferative response, with rapamycin showing the strongest effect. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the effectiveness of suppressive compounds is highly dependent on the stimuli used and must be carefully selected to ensure accurate results. The results highlight the importance of considering the response of T cells in different species when evaluating the potential of an immunomodulatory drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara P. S. Pernold
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emil Lagumdzic
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Stadler
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlies Dolezal
- Platform for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sven Jäckel
- Chemical and Preclinical Safety, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Kerstin H. Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Langthaler K, Jones CR, Brodin B, Bundgaard C. Assessing extent of brain penetration in vivo (K p,uu,brain) in Göttingen minipig using a diverse set of reference drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 190:106554. [PMID: 37543065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
The application of Göttingen minipigs for non-rodent pharmacokinetics (PK) and drug safety testing has seen a dramatic increase in recent years. The aim of this study was to determine the total and unbound brain-to-plasma ratios (Kp,brain and Kp,uu,brain) for a diverse set of reference compounds in female Göttingen minipigs and compare these with Kp,uu,brain values from other species to assess the suitability of Göttingen minipigs as a model for CNS drug safety testing and brain PK in clinical translation. The reference set consisted of 17 compounds with varying physico-chemical properties and included known human P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates. The results of the study showed, that minipig Kp,brain and Kp,uu,brain values for the tested compounds were in the range 0.03-86 and 0.02-2.4 (n = 3-4) respectively. The Kp,uu,brain values were comparable between minipig and rat for a large proportion of the compounds (71% within 2-fold, n = 17). Comparisons of brain penetration across several species for a subset of reference compounds revealed that minipig values were quite similar to those of rat, dog, monkey and human. The study highlighted that the largest Kp,uu,brain species differences were observed for compounds classified as transporter substrates (e.g. cimetidine, risperidone, Way-100635 and altanserin). In conclusion these brain penetration data add substantially to the available literature on PK and drug disposition for minipigs and support use of Göttingen minipig as a non-rodent drug safety model for CNS drug candidates and as a brain PK model for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Langthaler
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark; CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Christopher R Jones
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark; PKPD Modelling & Simulation, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark.
| | - Birger Brodin
- CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
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Jia F, Chen Y, Xin G, Li L, Liu Z, Xu S, Gao J, Meng H, Shi Y, Ma Y, Li L, Fu J. Shuangshen Ningxin capsule alleviates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in miniature pigs by modulating mitophagy: network pharmacology and experiments in vivo. Chin Med 2023; 18:120. [PMID: 37730607 PMCID: PMC10510173 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MI/RI) is involved in a variety of pathological states for which there is no effective treatment exists. Shuangshen Ningxin (SSNX) capsule which is developed by Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine has been demonstrated to alleviate MI/RI, but its mechanism remains to be further elucidated. METHODS The MI/RI miniature pigs model was constructed to assess the pharmacodynamics of SSNX by blocking the proximal blood flow of the left anterior descending branch of the cardiac coronary artery through an interventional balloon. The principal chemical compounds and potential targets of SSNX were screened by HPLC-MS and SwissTargetPrediction. The targets of MI/RI were identified based on Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) and GeneCards. Cytoscape 3.9.0 was applied to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed using metascape. To further validate the mechanism of SSNX, Molecular docking, Transmission electron microscopy, and Western blot analysis were used to test the effectiveness of targets in related pathways. RESULTS Our results indicated that SSNX significantly improved cardiac function, attenuated myocardial I/R injury. Through network analysis, a total of 15 active components and 201 targets were obtained from SSNX, 75 of which are potential targets for the treatment of MI/RI. KEGG and MCODE analysis showed that SSNX is involved in the mitophagy signaling pathway, and ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Rb2 are key components associated with the mitophagy. Further experimental results proved that SSNX protected mitochondrial structure and function, and significantly reduced the expression of mitophagy-related proteins PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), Parkin, FUN14 domain containing 1 (FUNDC1) and Bcl-2/E1B-19 kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3) in MI/RI miniature pigs. CONCLUSION In our study, the integration of network pharmacology and experiments in vivo demonstrated that SSNX interfered with MI/RI by inhibiting mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Jia
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gaojie Xin
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingmei Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zixin Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sujuan Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaming Gao
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxu Meng
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanlei Ma
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jianhua Fu
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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15
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Li Q, Yang Q, Guo P, Feng Y, Wang S, Guo J, Tang Z, Yu W, Liao J. Mitophagy contributes to zinc-induced ferroptosis in porcine testis cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113950. [PMID: 37481227 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is a critical microelement for physiological process, but excess exposure can cause testicular dysfunction. However, the underlying mechanism of Zn-induced ferroptosis via regulating mitophagy is unknown. In this study, a total of 60 male weaned pigs were randomly divided into three groups and the content of Zn were 75 mg/kg (control), 750 mg/kg (Zn-I), 1500 mg/kg (Zn-II). Meanwhile, testicular cells were treated with ZnSO4 (0, 50 and 100 μM), and in combination of ZnSO4 (100 μM) and ferrostation-1, ML-210, or 3-methyladenine for 24 h. Our results verified that Zn could cause ferroptosis and lipid peroxidation, which were characterized by down-regulating level of SLC7A11, GPX4, and ferritin, and up-regulating levels of MDA, CD71, TF, and HMGB1 by Western blot, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, peroxidase assay, et.ac. The opposite effect was shown after treatment with ferrostation-1 or ML-210. Meanwhile, the mitophagy-related proteins (PINK, Parkin, ATG5, LC3-II/LC3-I) were significantly upregulated in vivo and in vitro. Most importantly, 3-methyladenine observably relieved ferroptosis under Zn treatment through inhibiting mitophagy. Collectively, we demonstrated that mitophagy contributes to Zn-induced ferroptosis in porcine testis cells, providing a new insight into Zn toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanwei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Qingwen Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Pan Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yuanhong Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Shaofeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jianying Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zhaoxin Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Wenlan Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Jianzhao Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, PR China.
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16
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Kőrösi D, Vorobcsuk A, Fajtai D, Tátrai O, Bodor E, Farkas K, Garamvölgyi R. Adaptation of closed-chest infarction porcine model to adult Pannon minipigs. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2023; 123:107469. [PMID: 37598810 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2023.107469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the recent study was to collect data on the genotype characteristics of the Hungarian self-bred Pannon minipigs by adapting a standardized infarct model procedure. Closed chest AMI was induced by balloon occlusion for 90 min in the left anterior descendent coronary artery (LAD) in 24 adult intact female minipigs followed by reperfusion. To assess the left ventricular (LV) function, serial cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) was performed prior to the experimental procedure, on day 3 post-AMI (72 ± 12 h), and at 1 month follow-up (Day 30 ± 2 days). Compared to baseline cMRI scans the end-diastolic volume (EDV) was increased on days 3 and 30 On day 3 the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) decreased significantly but there was no statistical difference between the baseline and day 30 measurements. Cardiac output, stroke volume, and end-systolic volume significantly were increased compared to baseline on day 30 A high percentage (54%) of malignant arrhythmias occurred during the AMI procedure, with a 25% mortality rate. The compensatory capacity of the Pannon minipig heart is excellent therefore the use of different cardiac parameters and invasive measurements is advisable in chronic pharmacological experiments to complement cMRI data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dénes Kőrösi
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Doctoral School in Animal Science, Kaposvár Campus, 40. Guba S. Kaposvár, Kaposvár H-7400, Hungary.
| | - András Vorobcsuk
- Kaposi Moritz Teaching Hospital, Department of Cardiology, 20-32. Tallián Gy. Kaposvár, Kaposvár H-7400, Hungary; Medical School, University of Pécs, Pf. 99, H-7601 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dániel Fajtai
- Medicopus Nonprofit Ltd., 40. Guba S. Kaposvár, Kaposvár H-7400, Hungary
| | - Ottó Tátrai
- Kaposi Moritz Teaching Hospital, Department of Cardiology, 20-32. Tallián Gy. Kaposvár, Kaposvár H-7400, Hungary
| | - Emőke Bodor
- Kaposi Moritz Teaching Hospital, Department of Cardiology, 20-32. Tallián Gy. Kaposvár, Kaposvár H-7400, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Farkas
- Institute of Bioanalysis, Medical School, University of Pécs, 1. Honvéd Pécs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Rita Garamvölgyi
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Doctoral School in Animal Science, Kaposvár Campus, 40. Guba S. Kaposvár, Kaposvár H-7400, Hungary
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17
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St John JC, Okada T, Andreas E, Penn A. The role of mtDNA in oocyte quality and embryo development. Mol Reprod Dev 2023; 90:621-633. [PMID: 35986715 PMCID: PMC10952685 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial genome resides in the mitochondria present in nearly all cell types. The porcine (Sus scrofa) mitochondrial genome is circa 16.7 kb in size and exists in the multimeric format in cells. Individual cell types have different numbers of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number based on their requirements for ATP produced by oxidative phosphorylation. The oocyte has the largest number of mtDNA of any cell type. During oogenesis, the oocyte sets mtDNA copy number in order that sufficient copies are available to support subsequent developmental events. It also initiates a program of epigenetic patterning that regulates, for example, DNA methylation levels of the nuclear genome. Once fertilized, the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes establish synchrony to ensure that the embryo and fetus can complete each developmental milestone. However, altering the oocyte's mtDNA copy number by mitochondrial supplementation can affect the programming and gene expression profiles of the developing embryo and, in oocytes deficient of mtDNA, it appears to have a positive impact on the embryo development rates and gene expression profiles. Furthermore, mtDNA haplotypes, which define common maternal origins, appear to affect developmental outcomes and certain reproductive traits. Nevertheless, the manipulation of the mitochondrial content of an oocyte might have a developmental advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C. St John
- The Mitochondrial Genetics Group, The School of Biomedicine and The Robinson Research InstituteThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Takashi Okada
- The Mitochondrial Genetics Group, The School of Biomedicine and The Robinson Research InstituteThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Eryk Andreas
- The Mitochondrial Genetics Group, The School of Biomedicine and The Robinson Research InstituteThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Alexander Penn
- The Mitochondrial Genetics Group, The School of Biomedicine and The Robinson Research InstituteThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
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18
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Stroe MS, Van Bockstal L, Valenzuela A, Ayuso M, Leys K, Annaert P, Carpentier S, Smits A, Allegaert K, Zeltner A, Mulder A, Van Ginneken C, Van Cruchten S. Development of a neonatal Göttingen Minipig model for dose precision in perinatal asphyxia: technical opportunities, challenges, and potential further steps. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1163100. [PMID: 37215599 PMCID: PMC10195037 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1163100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models provide useful information on mechanisms in human disease conditions, but also on exploring (patho)physiological factors affecting pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of drugs in development. Also, in pediatric patients, nonclinical data can be critical for better understanding the disease conditions and developing new drug therapies in this age category. For perinatal asphyxia (PA), a condition defined by oxygen deprivation in the perinatal period and possibly resulting in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) or even death, therapeutic hypothermia (TH) together with symptomatic drug therapy, is the standard approach to reduce death and permanent brain damage in these patients. The impact of the systemic hypoxia during PA and/or TH on drug disposition is largely unknown and an animal model can provide useful information on these covariates that cannot be assessed separately in patients. The conventional pig is proven to be a good translational model for PA, but pharmaceutical companies do not use it to develop new drug therapies. As the Göttingen Minipig is the commonly used pig strain in nonclinical drug development, the aim of this project was to develop this animal model for dose precision in PA. This experiment consisted of the instrumentation of 24 healthy male Göttingen Minipigs, within 24 h of partus, weighing approximately 600 g, to allow the mechanical ventilation and the multiple vascular catheters inserted for maintenance infusion, drug administration and blood sampling. After premedication and induction of anesthesia, an experimental protocol of hypoxia was performed, by decreasing the inspiratory oxygen fraction (FiO2) at 15%, using nitrogen gas. Blood gas analysis was used as an essential tool to evaluate oxygenation and to determine the duration of the systemic hypoxic insult to approximately 1 h. The human clinical situation was mimicked for the first 24 h after birth in case of PA, by administering four compounds (midazolam, phenobarbital, topiramate and fentanyl), frequently used in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). This project aimed to develop the first neonatal Göttingen Minipig model for dose precision in PA, allowing to separately study the effect of systemic hypoxia versus TH on drug disposition. Furthermore, this study showed that several techniques that were thought to be challenging or even impossible in these very small animals, such as endotracheal intubation and catheterization of several veins, are feasible by trained personnel. This is relevant information for laboratories using the neonatal Göttingen Minipig for other disease conditions or drug safety testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Allan Valenzuela
- Comparative Perinatal Development, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Miriam Ayuso
- Comparative Perinatal Development, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karen Leys
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- BioNotus GCV, Niel, Belgium
| | | | - Anne Smits
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Antonius Mulder
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Comparative Perinatal Development, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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19
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Rivera KR, Pessi J, Andersson V, Gustafsson H, Gluud LL, Buckley ST. Characterizing interspecies differences in gastric fluid properties to improve understanding of in vivo oral drug formulation performance. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 183:106386. [PMID: 36736067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An in-depth understanding of the properties of gastric fluid(s) prior to an in vivo pharmacokinetic investigation can vastly improve predictions of in vivo performance. Previously, properties of animal and human gastric fluids have been characterized with varying methods. Unfortunately, characterization has often not been thorough, and some properties, such as density and viscosity, have not been reported. Here, human, porcine and canine gastric fluids were harvested and characterized for pH, viscosity, surface tension, density, and osmolarity. We found that the variability of pH and surface tension between dogs was significantly higher than the variability between pigs, and, furthermore, gastric fluids collected from the same canine species (beagles) housed in two different countries (Denmark and China) had surprisingly different pH values. Next, an in vitro dissolution study in diluted gastric fluids from each species was performed using minitablets containing ibuprofen. Human gastric fluids and porcine gastric fluids showed similar dissolution profiles and corroborated well with biorelevant human Fasted State Simulated Gastric Fluid (FaSSGF). In contrast, differences in canine gastric fluids caused highly variable dissolution results. We systematically compared our findings to those in the literature and based on this evaluation, propose obtaining aspirates from the animals used for in vivo studies to ensure knowledge on the fluid properties affecting the performance of the formulated drug in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina R Rivera
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Jenni Pessi
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Vincent Andersson
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Henning Gustafsson
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Lise Lotte Gluud
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hvidovre University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Stephen T Buckley
- Global Research Technologies, Novo Nordisk, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark.
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20
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Barmpatsalou V, Rodler A, Jacobson M, Karlsson EML, Pedersen BL, Bergström CAS. Development and validation of a porcine artificial colonic mucus model reflecting the properties of native colonic mucus in pigs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 181:106361. [PMID: 36528165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Colonic mucus plays a key role in colonic drug absorption. Mucus permeation assays could therefore provide useful insights and support rational formulation development in the early stages of drug development. However, the collection of native colonic mucus from animal sources is labor-intensive, does not yield amounts that allow for routine experimentation, and raises ethical concerns. In the present study, we developed an in vitro porcine artificial colonic mucus model based on the characterization of native colonic mucus. The structural properties of the artificial colonic mucus were validated against the native secretion for their ability to capture key diffusion patterns of macromolecules in native mucus. Moreover, the artificial colonic mucus could be stored under common laboratory conditions, without compromising its barrier properties. In conclusion, the porcine artificial colonic mucus model can be considered a biorelevant way to study the diffusion behavior of drug candidates in colonic mucus. It is a cost-efficient screening tool easily incorporated into the early stages of drug development and it contributes to the implementation of the 3Rs (refinement, reduction, and replacement of animals) in the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Barmpatsalou
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agnes Rodler
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden; The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Jacobson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Marie-Louise Karlsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Betty Lomstein Pedersen
- Product Development & Drug Delivery, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Ferring Pharmaceuticals A/S, Amager Strandvej 405, Kastrup 2770, Denmark
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21
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McIlfatrick S, O’Leary S, Okada T, Penn A, Nguyen VHT, McKenny L, Huang SY, Andreas E, Finnie J, Kirkwood R, St. John JC. Does supplementation of oocytes with additional mtDNA influence developmental outcome? iScience 2023; 26:105956. [PMID: 36711242 PMCID: PMC9876745 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.105956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introducing extra mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into oocytes at fertilization can rescue poor quality oocytes. However, supplementation alters DNA methylation and gene expression profiles of preimplantation embryos. To determine if these alterations impacted offspring, we introduced mtDNA from failed-to-mature sister (autologous) or third party (heterologous) oocytes into mature oocytes and transferred zygotes into surrogates. Founders exhibited significantly greater daily weight gain (heterologous) and growth rates (heterologous and autologous) to controls. In weaners, cholesterol, bilirubin (heterologous and autologous), anion gap, and lymphocyte count (autologous) were elevated. In mature pigs, potassium (heterologous) and bicarbonate (autologous) were altered. mtDNA and imprinted gene analyses did not reveal aberrant profiles. Neither group exhibited gross anatomical, morphological, or histopathological differences that would lead to clinically significant lesions. Female founders were fertile and their offspring exhibited modified weight and height gain, biochemical, and hematological profiles. mtDNA supplementation induced minor differences that did not affect health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen McIlfatrick
- Mitochondrial Genetics Group, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Sean O’Leary
- Mitochondrial Genetics Group, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Takashi Okada
- Mitochondrial Genetics Group, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Alexander Penn
- Mitochondrial Genetics Group, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Vy Hoang Thao Nguyen
- Mitochondrial Genetics Group, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Lisa McKenny
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Shang-Yu Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan,Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Eryk Andreas
- Mitochondrial Genetics Group, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - John Finnie
- University Veterinarian & AWO, Office of the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research), The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Roy Kirkwood
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Justin C. St. John
- Mitochondrial Genetics Group, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia,Corresponding author
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22
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Diclofenac Disrupts the Circadian Clock and through Complex Cross-Talks Aggravates Immune-Mediated Liver Injury-A Repeated Dose Study in Minipigs for 28 Days. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021445. [PMID: 36674967 PMCID: PMC9863319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Diclofenac effectively reduces pain and inflammation; however, its use is associated with hepato- and nephrotoxicity. To delineate mechanisms of injury, we investigated a clinically relevant (3 mg/kg) and high-dose (15 mg/kg) in minipigs for 4 weeks. Initially, serum biochemistries and blood-smears indicated an inflammatory response but returned to normal after 4 weeks of treatment. Notwithstanding, histopathology revealed drug-induced hepatitis, marked glycogen depletion, necrosis and steatosis. Strikingly, the genomic study revealed diclofenac to desynchronize the liver clock with manifest inductions of its components CLOCK, NPAS2 and BMAL1. The > 4-fold induced CRY1 expression underscored an activated core-loop, and the dose dependent > 60% reduction in PER2mRNA repressed the negative feedback loop; however, it exacerbated hepatotoxicity. Bioinformatics enabled the construction of gene-regulatory networks, and we linked the disruption of the liver-clock to impaired glycogenesis, lipid metabolism and the control of immune responses, as shown by the 3-, 6- and 8-fold induced expression of pro-inflammatory CXCL2, lysozyme and ß-defensin. Additionally, diclofenac treatment caused adrenocortical hypertrophy and thymic atrophy, and we evidenced induced glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activity by immunohistochemistry. Given that REV-ERB connects the circadian clock with hepatic GR, its > 80% repression alleviated immune responses as manifested by repressed expressions of CXCL9(90%), CCL8(60%) and RSAD2(70%). Together, we propose a circuitry, whereby diclofenac desynchronizes the liver clock in the control of the hepatic metabolism and immune response.
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23
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Xu J, Ruan Y, Sun J, Shi P, Huang J, Dai L, Xiao M, Xu H. Association Analysis of PRKAA2 and MSMB Polymorphisms and Growth Traits of Xiangsu Hybrid Pigs. Genes (Basel) 2022; 14:genes14010113. [PMID: 36672854 PMCID: PMC9858937 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Xiangsu hybrid pig growth traits were evaluated via PRKAA2 and MSMB as candidate genes. Sanger sequencing revealed three mutation sites in PRKAA2, namely, g.42101G>T, g.60146A>T, and g.61455G>A, and all these sites were intronic mutations. Moreover, six mutation sites were identified in MSMB: intronic g.4374G>T, exonic g.4564T>C, exonic g.6378G>A, exonic g.6386C>T, intronic g.8643G>A, and intronic g.8857A>G. Association analysis revealed that g.42101G>T, g.60146A>T, g.61455G>A, g.4374G>T, g.4564T>C, g.6378G>A, g.6386C>T, g.8643G>A, and g.8857A>G showed different relationship patterns among body weight, body length, body height, chest circumference, abdominal circumference, tube circumference, and chest depth. Real-time polymerase chain reaction results revealed that the expression of PRKAA2 was highest in the longissimus dorsi muscle, followed by that in the heart, kidney, liver, lung, and spleen. The expression of MSMB was highest in the spleen, followed by that in the liver, kidney, lung, heart, and longissimus dorsi muscle. These results suggest that PRKAA2 and MSMB can be used in marker-assisted selection to improve growth related traits in Xiangsu hybrid pigs, providing new candidate genes for Pig molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yong Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jinkui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Pengfei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jiajin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lingang Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Meimei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Houqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Correspondence:
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24
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Morimoto M, Kobayashi J, Kino Y. Radiation dose and gene expression analysis of wild boar 10 years after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant accident. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18653. [PMID: 36333381 PMCID: PMC9636247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21436-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident led to contamination with radioactive cesium in an extensive environment in Japan in 2011. We evaluated the concentration of radioactive cesium in the skeletal muscles of 22 wild boars and the expression of IFN-γ, TLR3, and CyclinG1 in the small intestine and compared them with those of wild boar samples collected from Hyogo prefecture. The average 137Cs radioactivity concentration in wild boars in the ex-evacuation zone was 470 Bq/kg. Most of samples still showed radioactivity concentration that exceeded the regulatory limit for foods, but the dose remarkably decreased compared with samples just after the accident. IFN-γ expression was significantly higher in wild boars in the ex-evacuation zone than in samples from Hyogo prefecture. TLR3 expression was also upregulated. CyclinG1 expression also tended to be high. Hence, wild boars might have received some effects of low-dose radiation, and immune cells were activated to some extent. However, pathological examination revealed no inflammatory cell infiltration or pathological damage in the small intestine of wild boars in the ex-evacuation area. Long-term monitoring would be necessary, but we consider that the living body responds appropriately to a stimulus from a contaminated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Morimoto
- School of Food Industrial Sciences, Department of Food Resource Development, Miyagi University, 2-2-1 Hatatate, Taihaku-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 982-0215, Japan.
| | - Jin Kobayashi
- School of Food Industrial Sciences, Department of Food Resource Development, Miyagi University, 2-2-1 Hatatate, Taihaku-Ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 982-0215, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kino
- Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Yan LL, Wei XH, Shi QP, Pan CS, Li KY, Zhang B, Wang XG, Zheng B, Wang MX, Yan L, Huang P, Liu J, Fan JY, Li H, Wang CS, Chen M, Han JY. Cardiotonic Pills® protects from myocardial fibrosis caused by in stent restenosis in miniature pigs. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 106:154405. [PMID: 36067659 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stent implantation has been increasingly applied for the treatment of obstructive coronary artery disease, which, albeit effective, often harasses patients by in-stent restenosis (ISR). PURPOSE The present study was to explore the role of compound Chinese medicine Cardiotonic Pills® (CP) in attenuating ISR-evoked myocardial injury and fibrosis. STUDY DESIGN Chinese miniature pigs were used to establish ISR model by implanting obsolete degradable stents into coronary arteries. Quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) was performed to confirm the success of the model. METHODS CP was given at 0.2 g/kg daily for 30 days after ISR. On day 30 and 60 after stent implantation, the myocardial infarct and myocardial blood flow (MBF) were assessed. Myocardial histology was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. The content of ATP, MPO, and the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex Ⅳ were determined by ELISA. Western blot was performed to assess the expression of ATP5D and related signaling proteins, and the mediators of myocardial fibrosis. RESULTS Treatment with CP diminished myocardial infarct size, retained myocardium structure, attenuated myocardial fibrosis, and restored MBF. CP ameliorated energy metabolism disorder, attenuated TGFβ1 up-regulation and reversed its downstream gene expression, such as Smad6 and Smad7, and inhibited the increased expression of MCP-1, PR S19, MMP-2 and MMP-9. CONCLUSION CP effectively protects myocardial structure and function from ISR challenge, possibly by regulating energy metabolism via inactivation of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway and inhibition of monocyte chemotaxis and TGF β1/Smads signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Yan
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Wei
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qiu-Ping Shi
- Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, XiCheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Chun-Shui Pan
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Kai-Yin Li
- Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, XiCheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, XiCheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xin-Gang Wang
- Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, XiCheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, XiCheng District, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Ming-Xia Wang
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Li Yan
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing-Yu Fan
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huan Li
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chuan-She Wang
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, XiCheng District, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Jing-Yan Han
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China.
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Pernold CP, Lagumdzic E, Stadler M, Mair KH, Jäckel S, Schmitt MW, Ladinig A, Knecht C, Dürlinger S, Kreutzmann H, Martin V, Sawyer S, Saalmüller A. Characterization of the immune system of Ellegaard Göttingen Minipigs - An important large animal model in experimental medicine. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1003986. [PMID: 36203585 PMCID: PMC9531550 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1003986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in Ellegaard Göttingen Minipigs (EGMs) as a model in experimental medicine is continuously growing. The aim of this project is to increase the knowledge of the immune system of EGMs as information is still scarce. Therefore, we studied the postnatal maturation of their immune system from birth until 126 weeks of age. For the first 26 weeks of the study, animals were kept under pathogen-reduced conditions (SPF) and afterwards under conventional housing conditions. The development of the immune system was analyzed by monitoring changes in total numbers of leukocytes and lymphocytes of ten individuals and the composition of leukocyte populations by multi-color flow cytometry (FCM). We followed the presence of monocytes using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against CD172a+ and CD163+ and B cells based on the expression of CD79a. NK cells were distinguished as CD3-CD16+CD8α+/dim cells and further subdivided using NKp46 (CD335) expression into NKp46-, NKp46+, and NKp46high NK cells. T-cell receptor (TCR) γδ T cells were defined by the expression of TCR-γδ and different subsets were determined by their CD2 and perforin expression. TCR-αβ T cells were classified by their CD8β+ or CD4 expression. For monitoring their differentiation, expression of CD27 and perforin was investigated for CD8β++ T cells and CD8α together with CD27 for CD4+ T cells. We clearly detected a postnatal development of immune cell composition and identified phenotypes indicative of differentiation within the respective leukocyte subsets. Examination of the development of the antigen-specific immune system after transfer to different distinct housing conditions and after vaccination against common porcine pathogens such as porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) revealed a markedly increased presence of more differentiated CD8+ and CD4+ T cells with central and effector memory T-cell phenotypes. To complement the findings, a PCV2 vaccine-specific antigen was used for in vitro restimulation experiments. We demonstrated antigen-specific proliferation of CD4+CD8α+CD27+ central and CD4+CD8α+CD27- effector memory T cells as well as antigen-specific production of TNF-α and IFN-γ. This study of postnatal immune development defines basic cellular immune parameters of EGMs and represents an important milestone for the use of EGMs for immunological questions in experimental medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara P.S. Pernold
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emil Lagumdzic
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Stadler
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin H. Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler (CD) Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sven Jäckel
- Chemical and Preclinical Safety, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Knecht
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophie Dürlinger
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Kreutzmann
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vera Martin
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Spencer Sawyer
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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A genetically modified minipig model for Alzheimer’s disease with SORL1 haploinsufficiency. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100740. [PMID: 36099918 PMCID: PMC9512670 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The established causal genes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, are functionally characterized using biomarkers, capturing an in vivo profile reflecting the disease’s initial preclinical phase. Mutations in SORL1, encoding the endosome recycling receptor SORLA, are found in 2%–3% of individuals with early-onset AD, and SORL1 haploinsufficiency appears to be causal for AD. To test whether SORL1 can function as an AD causal gene, we use CRISPR-Cas9-based gene editing to develop a model of SORL1 haploinsufficiency in Göttingen minipigs, taking advantage of porcine models for biomarker investigations. SORL1 haploinsufficiency in young adult minipigs is found to phenocopy the preclinical in vivo profile of AD observed with APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, resulting in elevated levels of β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau preceding amyloid plaque formation and neurodegeneration, as observed in humans. Our study provides functional support for the theory that SORL1 haploinsufficiency leads to endosome cytopathology with biofluid hallmarks of autosomal dominant AD. Minipig model of Alzheimer’s disease by CRISPR knockout of the causal gene SORL1 Young SORL1 het minipigs phenocopy a preclinical CSF biomarker profile of individuals with AD SORL1 haploinsufficiency causes enlarged endosomes similar to neuronal AD pathology A minipig model bridging the translational gap between AD mouse models and affected individuals
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28
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Langthaler K, Jones CR, Christensen RB, Eneberg E, Brodin B, Bundgaard C. Characterization of intravenous pharmacokinetics in Göttingen minipig and clearance prediction using established in vitro to in vivo extrapolation methodologies. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:591-607. [PMID: 36000364 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2115425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
1. The use of the Göttingen minipig as an animal model for drug safety testing and prediction of human pharmacokinetics (PK) continues to gain momentum in pharmaceutical research and development. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) methodologies for prediction of hepatic, metabolic clearance (CLhep,met) in Göttingen minipig, using a comprehensive set of compounds.2. In vivo clearance was determined in Göttingen minipig by intravenous cassette dosing and hepatocyte intrinsic clearance, plasma protein binding and non-specific incubation binding were determined in vitro. Prediction of CLhep,met was performed by IVIVE using conventional and adapted formats of the well-stirred liver model.3. The best prediction of in vivo CLhep,met from scaled in vitro kinetic data was achieved using an empirical correction factor based on a 'regression offset' of the IVIV relationship.4. In summary, these results expand the in vitro and in vivo PK knowledge in Göttingen minipig. We show regression corrected IVIVE provides superior prediction of in vivo CLhep,met in minipig offering a practical, unified scaling approach to address systematic under-predictions. Finally, we propose a reference set for researchers to establish their own 'lab-specific' regression correction for IVIVE in minipig.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Langthaler
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark.,CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C R Jones
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - E Eneberg
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B Brodin
- CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Bundgaard
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Park J, Kang GH, Kim Y, Lee JY, Song JA, Hwang JH. Formaldehyde exposure induces differentiation of regulatory T cells via the NFAT-mediated T cell receptor signalling pathway in Yucatan minipigs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8149. [PMID: 35581361 PMCID: PMC9114421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of minipigs (Sus scrofa) as a platform for toxicological and pharmacological research is well established. In the present study, we investigated the effect of formaldehyde (FA) exposure on helper T cell-mediated splenic immune responses in Yucatan minipigs. The minipigs were exposed to different inhaled concentrations of FA (0, 2.16, 4.62, or 10.48 mg/m3) for a period of 2 weeks. Immune responses elicited by exposure to FA were determined by assessing physiological parameters, mRNA expression, and cytokine production. Additionally, the distribution of helper T cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells and expression of NFAT families, which are well-known T cell receptor signalling proteins associated with regulatory T cell development, were evaluated. Exposure to FA suppressed the expression of genes associated with Th1 and Th2 cells in minipigs in a concentration-dependent manner. The subsequent production of cytokines also declined post-FA exposure. Furthermore, exposure to FA induced the differentiation of CD4+ Foxp3+ Treg cells with divergent expression levels of NFAT1 and NFAT2. These results indicated that exposure to FA increased the Treg cell population via the NFAT-mediated T cell receptor signalling pathway, leading to suppression of effector T cell activity with a decline in T cell-related cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsik Park
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo-Hwa Kang
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkyu Kim
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul-si, 27447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Lee
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea.,Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Song
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Hwang
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Okada T, McIlfatrick S, Hin N, Aryamanesh N, Breen J, St John JC. Mitochondrial supplementation of Sus scrofa metaphase II oocytes alters DNA methylation and gene expression profiles of blastocysts. Epigenetics Chromatin 2022; 15:12. [PMID: 35428319 PMCID: PMC9013150 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-022-00442-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in oocytes correlates with oocyte quality and fertilisation outcome. The introduction of additional copies of mtDNA through mitochondrial supplementation of mtDNA-deficient Sus scrofa oocytes resulted in: (1) improved rates of fertilisation; (2) increased mtDNA copy number in the 2-cell stage embryo; and (3) improved development of the embryo to the blastocyst stage. Furthermore, a subset of genes showed changes in gene expression. However, it is still unknown if mitochondrial supplementation alters global and local DNA methylation patterns during early development. Results We generated a series of embryos in a model animal, Sus scrofa, by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and mitochondrial supplementation in combination with ICSI (mICSI). The DNA methylation status of ICSI- and mICSI-derived blastocysts was analysed by whole genome bisulfite sequencing. At a global level, the additional copies of mtDNA did not affect nuclear DNA methylation profiles of blastocysts, though over 2000 local genomic regions exhibited differential levels of DNA methylation. In terms of the imprinted genes, DNA methylation patterns were conserved in putative imprint control regions; and the gene expression profile of these genes and genes involved in embryonic genome activation were not affected by mitochondrial supplementation. However, 52 genes showed significant differences in expression as demonstrated by RNAseq analysis. The affected gene networks involved haematological system development and function, tissue morphology and cell cycle. Furthermore, seven mtDNA-encoded t-RNAs were downregulated in mICSI-derived blastocysts suggesting that extra copies of mtDNA affected tRNA processing and/or turnover, hence protein synthesis in blastocysts. We also showed a potential association between differentially methylated regions and changes in expression for 55 genes due to mitochondrial supplementation. Conclusions The addition of just an extra ~ 800 copies of mtDNA into oocytes can have a significant impact on both gene expression and DNA methylation profiles in Sus scrofa blastocysts by altering the epigenetic programming established during oogenesis. Some of these changes may affect specific tissue-types later in life. Consequently, it is important to determine the longitudinal effect of these molecular changes on growth and development before considering human clinical practice. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13072-022-00442-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Okada
- Mitochondrial Genetics Group, Robinson Research Institute, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Stephen McIlfatrick
- Mitochondrial Genetics Group, Robinson Research Institute, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Nhi Hin
- South Australian Genomics Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, SAHMRI, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Nader Aryamanesh
- South Australian Genomics Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, SAHMRI, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,Embryology Research Unit, Bioinformatics Group, Children's Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - James Breen
- South Australian Genomics Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, SAHMRI, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Justin C St John
- Mitochondrial Genetics Group, Robinson Research Institute, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
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31
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Kojima M, Degawa M. Sex, Organ, and Breed Differences in the mRNA Expression of Drug Transporters in the Liver and Kidney of Pigs. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:508-516. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Kojima
- Meat Animal Biosystem Group, Division of Meat Animal and Poultry Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)
| | - Masakuni Degawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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32
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Schreiber K, Decouture B, Lafragette A, Chollet S, Bruneau M, Nicollet M, Wittmann C, Gadrat F, Mansour A, Forest-Villegas P, Gauthier O, Touzot-Jourde G. A novel autotransfusion device saving erythrocytes and platelets used in a 72 h survival swine model of surgically induced controlled blood loss. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0260855. [PMID: 35324911 PMCID: PMC8947136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to develop a swine model of surgically induced blood loss to evaluate the performances of a new autotransfusion system allowing red blood cells and platelets preservation while collecting, washing and concentrating hemorrhagic blood intraoperatively. METHODS Two types of surgically induced blood loss were used in 12 minipigs to assess system performance and potential animal complications following autotransfusion: a cardiac model (cardiopulmonary bypass) and a visceral model (induced splenic bleeding). Animal clinical and hematological parameters were evaluated at different time-points from before bleeding to the end of a 72-hour post-transfusion period and followed by a post-mortem examination. System performances were evaluated by qualitative and quantitative parameters. RESULTS All animals that received the autotransfusion survived. Minimal variations were seen on the red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit at the different sampling times. Coagulation tests failed to show any hypo or hypercoagulable state. Gross and histologic examination didn't reveal any thrombotic lesions. Performance parameters exceeded set objectives in both models: heparin clearance (≥ 90%), final heparin concentration (≤ 0.5 IU/mL), free hemoglobin washout (≥ 90%) and hematocrit (between 45% and 65%). The device treatment rate of diluted blood was over 80 mL/min. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, both animal models succeeded in reproducing clinical conditions of perioperative cardiac and non-cardiac blood loss. Sufficient blood was collected to allow evaluation of autotransfusion effects on animals and to demonstrate the system performance by evaluating its capacity to collect, wash and concentrate red blood cells and platelets. Reinfusion of the treated blood, containing not only concentrated red blood cells but also platelets, did not lead to any postoperative adverse nor thrombogenic events. Clinical and comparative studies need to be conducted to confirm the clinical benefit of platelet reinfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Schreiber
- CRIP, Center for research and preclinical investigation, Oniris Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | | | - Audrey Lafragette
- CRIP, Center for research and preclinical investigation, Oniris Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexandre Mansour
- CHU Rennes, Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine and Perioperative Medicine, Inserm CIC 1414 (Centre d’Investigation Clinique de Rennes), Université de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Olivier Gauthier
- CRIP, Center for research and preclinical investigation, Oniris Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
- INSERM, UMRS 1229 RMeS (Regenerative Medecine and Skeleton), University of Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
| | - Gwenola Touzot-Jourde
- CRIP, Center for research and preclinical investigation, Oniris Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
- INSERM, UMRS 1229 RMeS (Regenerative Medecine and Skeleton), University of Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
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Carlsen MF, Christoffersen BØ, Lindgaard R, Pedersen HD, Olsen LH. Implantation of telemetric blood pressure transmitters in Göttingen Minipigs: Validation of 24-h systemic blood pressure and heart rate monitoring and influence of anaesthesia. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2022; 115:107168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2022.107168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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The Proliferation of Pre-Pubertal Porcine Spermatogonia in Stirred Suspension Bioreactors Is Partially Mediated by the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413549. [PMID: 34948348 PMCID: PMC8708394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Male survivors of childhood cancer are at risk of suffering from infertility in adulthood because of gonadotoxic chemotherapies. For adult men, sperm collection and preservation are routine procedures prior to treatment; however, this is not an option for pre-pubertal children. From young boys, a small biopsy may be taken before chemotherapy, and spermatogonia may be propagated in vitro for future transplantation to restore fertility. A robust system that allows for scalable expansion of spermatogonia within a controlled environment is therefore required. Stirred suspension culture has been applied to different types of stem cells but has so far not been explored for spermatogonia. Here, we report that pre-pubertal porcine spermatogonia proliferate more in bioreactor suspension culture, compared with static culture. Interestingly, oxygen tension provides an avenue to modulate spermatogonia status, with culture under 10% oxygen retaining a more undifferentiated state and reducing proliferation in comparison with the conventional approach of culturing under ambient oxygen levels. Spermatogonia grown in bioreactors upregulate the Wnt/ β-catenin pathway, which, along with enhanced gas and nutrient exchange observed in bioreactor culture, may synergistically account for higher spermatogonia proliferation. Therefore, stirred suspension bioreactors provide novel platforms to culture spermatogonia in a scalable manner and with minimal handling.
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Barmpatsalou V, Dubbelboer IR, Rodler A, Jacobson M, Karlsson E, Pedersen BL, Bergström CAS. Physiological properties, composition and structural profiling of porcine gastrointestinal mucus. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 169:156-167. [PMID: 34687897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal mucus is a hydrogel that lines the luminal side of the gastrointestinal epithelium, offering barrier protection from pathogens and lubrication of the intraluminal contents. These barrier properties likewise affect nutrients and drugs that need to penetrate the mucus to reach the epithelium prior to absorption. In order to assess the potential impact of the mucus on drug absorption, we need information about the nature of the gastrointestinal mucus. Today, most of the relevant available literature is mainly derived from rodent studies. In this work, we used a larger animal species, the pig model, to characterize the mucus throughout the length of the gastrointestinal tract. This is the first report of the physiological properties (physical appearance, pH and water content), composition (protein, lipid and metabolite content) and structural profiling (rheology and gel network) of the porcine gastrointestinal mucus. These findings allow for direct comparisons between the characteristics of mucus from various segments and can be further utilized to improve our understanding of the role of the mucus on region dependent drug absorption. Additionally, the present work is expected to contribute to the assessment of the porcine model as a preclinical species in the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Barmpatsalou
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ilse R Dubbelboer
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agnes Rodler
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden; The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 574, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Jacobson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7054, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Karlsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Betty Lomstein Pedersen
- Product Development & Drug Delivery, Global Pharmaceutical R&D, Ferring Pharmaceuticals A/S, Kay Fiskers Plads 11, DK-2300, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, BMC P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
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36
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Wu D, Lombaert IMA, DeLeon M, Pradhan-Bhatt S, Witt RL, Harrington DA, Trombetta MG, Passineau MJ, Farach-Carson MC. Immunosuppressed Miniswine as a Model for Testing Cell Therapy Success: Experience With Implants of Human Salivary Stem/Progenitor Cell Constructs. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:711602. [PMID: 34660692 PMCID: PMC8516353 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.711602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An urgent need exists to develop large animal models for preclinical testing of new cell therapies designed to replace lost or damaged tissues. Patients receiving irradiation for treatment of head and neck cancers frequently develop xerostomia/dry mouth, a condition that could one day be treated by cell therapy to repopulate functional saliva-producing cells. Using immunosuppression protocols developed for patients receiving whole face transplants, we successfully used immunosuppressed miniswine as a suitable host animal to evaluate the long-term stability, biocompatibility, and fate of matrix-modified hyaluronate (HA) hydrogel/bioscaffold materials containing encapsulated salivary human stem/progenitor cells (hS/PCs). An initial biocompatibility test was conducted in parotids of untreated miniswine. Subsequent experiments using hS/PC-laden hydrogels were performed in animals, beginning an immunosuppression regimen on the day of surgery. Implant sites included the kidney capsule for viability testing and the parotid gland for biointegration time periods up to eight weeks. No transplant rejection was seen in any animal assessed by analysis of the tissues near the site of the implants. First-generation implants containing only cells in hydrogel proved difficult to handle in the surgical suite and were modified to adhere to a porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) membrane for improved handling and could be delivered through the da Vinci surgical system. Several different surgical techniques were assessed using the second-generation 3D-salivary tissue (3D-ST) for ease and stability both on the kidney capsule and in the capsule-less parotid gland. For the kidney, sliding the implant under the capsule membrane and quick stitching proved superior to other methods. For the parotid gland, creation of a tissue “pocket” for placement and immediate multilayer tissue closure were well tolerated with minimal tissue damage. Surgical clips were placed as fiduciary markers for tissue harvest. Some implant experiments were conducted with miniswine 90 days post-irradiation when salivation decreased significantly. Sufficient parotid tissue remained to allow implant placement, and animals tolerated immunosuppression. In all experiments, viability of implanted hS/PCs was high with clear signs of both vascular and nervous system integration in the parotid implants. We thus conclude that the immunosuppressed miniswine is a high-value emerging model for testing human implants prior to first-in-human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Wu
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Isabelle M A Lombaert
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Maximilien DeLeon
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Swati Pradhan-Bhatt
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Robert L Witt
- Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Daniel Anton Harrington
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mark G Trombetta
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Michael J Passineau
- Gene Therapy Program, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
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37
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Li H, Wang Y, Zhang M, Wang H, Cui A, Zhao J, Ji W, Chen YG. Establishment of porcine and monkey colonic organoids for drug toxicity study. CELL REGENERATION 2021; 10:32. [PMID: 34599392 PMCID: PMC8486901 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-021-00094-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pig and monkey are widely used models for exploration of human diseases and evaluation of drug efficiency and toxicity, but high cost limits their uses. Organoids have been shown to be promising models for drug test as they reasonably preserve tissue structure and functions. However, colonic organoids of pig and monkey are not yet established. Here, we report a culture medium to support the growth of porcine and monkey colonic organoids. Wnt signaling and PGE2 are important for long-term expansion of the organoids, and their withdrawal results in lineage differentiation to mature cells. Furthermore, we observe that porcine colonic organoids are closer to human colonic organoids in terms of drug toxicity response. Successful establishment of porcine and monkey colonic organoids would facilitate the mechanistic investigation of the homeostatic regulation of the intestine of these animals and is useful for drug development and toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yalong Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Mengxian Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Along Cui
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.,State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weizhi Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Ye-Guang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Max-Planck Center for Tissue Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510700, China.
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38
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Valenzuela A, Tardiveau C, Ayuso M, Buyssens L, Bars C, Van Ginneken C, Fant P, Leconte I, Braendli-Baiocco A, Parrott N, Schmitt G, Tessier Y, Barrow P, Van Cruchten S. Safety Testing of an Antisense Oligonucleotide Intended for Pediatric Indications in the Juvenile Göttingen Minipig, including an Evaluation of the Ontogeny of Key Nucleases. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1442. [PMID: 34575518 PMCID: PMC8470776 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult Göttingen Minipig is an acknowledged model for safety assessment of antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) drugs developed for adult indications. To assess whether the juvenile Göttingen Minipig is also a suitable nonclinical model for pediatric safety assessment of ASOs, we performed an 8-week repeat-dose toxicity study in different age groups of minipigs ranging from 1 to 50 days of age. The animals received a weekly dose of a phosphorothioated locked-nucleic-acid-based ASO that was assessed previously for toxicity in adult minipigs. The endpoints included toxicokinetic parameters, in-life monitoring, clinical pathology, and histopathology. Additionally, the ontogeny of key nucleases involved in ASO metabolism and pharmacologic activity was investigated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and nuclease activity assays. Similar clinical chemistry and toxicity findings were observed; however, differences in plasma and tissue exposures as well as pharmacologic activity were seen in the juvenile minipigs when compared with the adult data. The ontogeny study revealed a differential nuclease expression and activity, which could affect the metabolic pathway and pharmacologic effect of ASOs in different tissues and age groups. These data indicate that the juvenile Göttingen Minipig is a promising nonclinical model for safety assessment of ASOs intended to treat disease in the human pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Valenzuela
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.V.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (C.B.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Claire Tardiveau
- Charles River Laboratories France Safety Assessment SAS, 69210 Saint-Germain-Nuelles, France; (C.T.); (P.F.); (I.L.)
| | - Miriam Ayuso
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.V.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (C.B.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Laura Buyssens
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.V.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (C.B.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Chloe Bars
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.V.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (C.B.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.V.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (C.B.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Pierluigi Fant
- Charles River Laboratories France Safety Assessment SAS, 69210 Saint-Germain-Nuelles, France; (C.T.); (P.F.); (I.L.)
| | - Isabelle Leconte
- Charles River Laboratories France Safety Assessment SAS, 69210 Saint-Germain-Nuelles, France; (C.T.); (P.F.); (I.L.)
| | - Annamaria Braendli-Baiocco
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche, Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (A.B.-B.); (N.P.); (G.S.); (Y.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Neil Parrott
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche, Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (A.B.-B.); (N.P.); (G.S.); (Y.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Georg Schmitt
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche, Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (A.B.-B.); (N.P.); (G.S.); (Y.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Yann Tessier
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche, Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (A.B.-B.); (N.P.); (G.S.); (Y.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Paul Barrow
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, F. Hoffmann-La-Roche, Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland; (A.B.-B.); (N.P.); (G.S.); (Y.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (A.V.); (M.A.); (L.B.); (C.B.); (C.V.G.)
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Pardo ID, Manno RA, Capobianco R, Sargeant AM, Morrison JP, Bolon B, Garman RH. Nervous System Sampling for General Toxicity and Neurotoxicity Studies in the Laboratory Minipig With Emphasis on the Göttingen Minipig. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:1140-1163. [PMID: 34423710 DOI: 10.1177/01926233211019941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of minipigs as an alternative nonclinical species has increased in the last 20 years. The Society of Toxicologic Pathology (STP) has produced generic "best practice" recommendations for nervous system sampling in nonrodents during general toxicity studies (Toxicol Pathol 41[7]: 1028-1048, 2013), but their adaptation to the minipig has not been attempted. Here, we describe 2 trimming schemes suitable for evaluating the unique neuroanatomic features of the minipig brain in nonclinical toxicity studies. The first scheme is intended for general toxicity studies (Tier 1) to screen agents with unknown or no anticipated neurotoxic potential; this approach using 7 coronal hemisections accords with the published STP "best practice" recommendations. The second trimming scheme for neurotoxicity studies (Tier 2) uses 14 coronal hemisections and 2 full coronal sections to investigate toxicants where the nervous system is a suspected or known target organ. Collection of spinal cord, ganglia (somatic and autonomic), and nerves from minipigs during nonclinical studies should follow published STP "best practice" recommendations for sampling the central (CNS, Toxicol Pathol 41[7]: 1028-1048, 2013) and peripheral (PNS, Toxicol Pathol 46[4]: 372-402, 2018) nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid D Pardo
- Pfizer, Inc, Global Pathology and Investigative Toxicology, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Rosa A Manno
- Pathology Science, ERBC Group, Pomezia (RM), Italy
| | - Raffaella Capobianco
- 426218Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Janssen Research & Development, Nonclinical Safety, Beerse, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Robert H Garman
- Consultants in Veterinary Pathology, Inc, Murrysville, PA, USA
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40
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Skydsgaard M, Dincer Z, Haschek WM, Helke K, Jacob B, Jacobsen B, Jeppesen G, Kato A, Kawaguchi H, McKeag S, Nelson K, Rittinghausen S, Schaudien D, Vemireddi V, Wojcinski ZW. International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND): Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Minipig. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:110-228. [PMID: 33393872 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320975373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions) Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP), and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and nonproliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying microscopic lesions observed in most tissues and organs from the minipig used in nonclinical safety studies. Some of the lesions are illustrated by color photomicrographs. The standardized nomenclature presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet (http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. Relevant infectious and parasitic lesions are included as well. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature for lesions in laboratory animals will provide a common language among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zuhal Dincer
- Pathology Department, Covance Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, United Kingdom
| | - Wanda M Haschek
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kris Helke
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Bjoern Jacobsen
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gitte Jeppesen
- Charles River Laboratories Copenhagen, Lille Skensved, Denmark
| | - Atsuhiko Kato
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co, Ltd Research Division, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Sean McKeag
- Pathology Department, Covance Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, United Kingdom
| | | | - Susanne Rittinghausen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover, Germany
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Halaas Y, Duncan D, Bernardy J, Ondrackova P, Dinev I. Activation of Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells by a Device Simultaneously Applying High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic Technology and Novel RF Technology: Fluorescent Microscopy Facilitated Detection of NCAM/CD56. Aesthet Surg J 2021; 41:NP939-NP947. [PMID: 33433586 PMCID: PMC8202148 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myosatellite cells are myogenic stem cells that can transform to provide nuclei for existing muscles or generate new muscle fibers as documented after extended exercise programs. Objectives The authors investigated whether the simultaneous application of High-Intensity Focused Electromagnetic (HIFEM) and Synchrode radiofrequency (RF) affects the levels of satellite cells similarly as the prolonged exercise does to achieve muscle growth. Methods Three 30-minute simultaneous HIFEM and Synchrode RF treatments (once a week) were administered over the abdominal area of 5 Large White swine aged approximately 6 months. All animals were anesthetized during the treatments and biopsy acquisition. Biopsies of muscle tissue were collected at baseline, 4 days, 2 weeks, and 1 month post-treatment. After binding the specific antibodies, the NCAM/CD56 levels, a marker of activated satellite cells, were quantified employing the immunofluorescence microscopy technique with a UV lamp. Results Examined slices showed a continuous increase in satellite cell levels throughout the study. Four days after the treatment, we observed a 26.1% increase in satellite cells, which increased to 30.2% at 2-week follow-up. Additional histological analysis revealed an increase in the cross-sectional area of muscle fibers and the signs of newly formed fibers of small diameters at 2 weeks after the treatment. No damage to muscle tissue and no adverse effects related to the treatment were observed. Conclusions The findings indicate that the simultaneous application of HIFEM and novel Synchrode RF treatment can initiate differentiation of satellite cells to support the growth of existing muscles and, presumably, even the formation of new myofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Bernardy
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ivan Dinev
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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42
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Shin HS, Shin HH, Shudo Y. Current Status and Limitations of Myocardial Infarction Large Animal Models in Cardiovascular Translational Research. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:673683. [PMID: 33996785 PMCID: PMC8116580 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.673683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing an appropriate disease model that mimics the complexities of human cardiovascular disease is critical for evaluating the clinical efficacy and translation success. The multifaceted and complex nature of human ischemic heart disease is difficult to recapitulate in animal models. This difficulty is often compounded by the methodological biases introduced in animal studies. Considerable variations across animal species, modifications made in surgical procedures, and inadequate randomization, sample size calculation, blinding, and heterogeneity of animal models used often produce preclinical cardiovascular research that looks promising but is irreproducible and not translatable. Moreover, many published papers are not transparent enough for other investigators to verify the feasibility of the studies and the therapeutics' efficacy. Unfortunately, successful translation of these innovative therapies in such a closed and biased research is difficult. This review discusses some challenges in current preclinical myocardial infarction research, focusing on the following three major inhibitors for its successful translation: Inappropriate disease model, frequent modifications to surgical procedures, and insufficient reporting transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Sook Shin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Heather Hyeyoon Shin
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Yasuhiro Shudo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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43
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Fernandez J, Sanders H, Henn J, Wilson JM, Malone D, Buoninfante A, Willms M, Chan R, DuMont AL, McLahan C, Grubb K, Romanello A, van den Dobbelsteen G, Torres VJ, Poolman JT. Vaccination with Detoxified Leukocidin AB Reduces Bacterial Load in a Staphylococcus aureus Minipig Deep Surgical Wound Infection Model. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:1460-1470. [PMID: 33895843 PMCID: PMC9016470 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines against Staphylococcus aureus have eluded researchers for >3 decades while the burden of staphylococcal diseases has increased. Early vaccine attempts mainly used rodents to characterize preclinical efficacy, and all subsequently failed in human clinical efficacy trials. More recently, leukocidin AB (LukAB) has gained interest as a vaccine antigen. We developed a minipig deep surgical wound infection model offering 3 independent efficacy readouts: bacterial load at the superficial and at the deep-seated surgical site, and dissemination of bacteria. Due to similarities with humans, minipigs are an attractive option to study novel vaccine candidates. With this model, we characterized the efficacy of a LukAB toxoid as vaccine candidate. Compared to control animals, a 3-log reduction of bacteria at the deep-seated surgical site was observed in LukAB-treated minipigs and dissemination of bacteria was dramatically reduced. Therefore, LukAB toxoids may be a useful addition to S. aureus vaccines and warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H Sanders
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Henn
- Bacterial Vaccines, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | - D Malone
- Bacterial Vaccines, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - A Buoninfante
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Willms
- Bacterial Vaccines, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - R Chan
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - A L DuMont
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - C McLahan
- In Vivo Sciences, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - K Grubb
- Bacterial Vaccines, Spring House, PA, USA
| | | | | | - V J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - J T Poolman
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
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44
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Genetic Diversity and Population Structures in Chinese Miniature Pigs Revealed by SINE Retrotransposon Insertion Polymorphisms, a New Type of Genetic Markers. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041136. [PMID: 33921134 PMCID: PMC8071531 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Our previous studies suggested that the short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) retrotransposon insertion polymorphisms (RIPs), as a new type of molecular marker developed very recently, are ideal molecular markers and have the potential to be used for population genetic analysis and molecular breeding in pigs and possibly it can be extended to other livestock animals as well. However, no report is available for the application of SINE RIPs in population genetic analysis in livestock, including pigs. Here, we evaluated 30 SINE RIPs in several indigenous Chinese miniature pig breeds, including three subpopulations of Bama pigs (BM-cov, BM-clo, and BM-inb). BM-cov is a subpopulation conserved in the national conservation farm, and BM-clo is a closed population maintained over 30 years with only 2 boars and 14 sows imported from its original area, while BM-inb herd is an 18 generation continuous inbreeding line based on the BM-clo population. To our knowledge, it is the first time to report the genetic diversity, breed differentiation, and population structures for these populations by using SINE RIPs, and which suggests the feasibility of SINE RIPs in pig genetic analysis. Abstract RIPs have been developed as effective genetic markers and popularly applied for genetic analysis in plants, but few reports are available for domestic animals. Here, we established 30 new molecular markers based on the SINE RIPs, and applied them for population genetic analysis in seven Chinese miniature pigs. The data revealed that the closed herd (BM-clo), inbreeding herd (BM-inb) of Bama miniature pigs were distinctly different from the BM-cov herds in the conservation farm, and other miniature pigs (Wuzhishan, Congjiang Xiang, Tibetan, and Mingguang small ear). These later five miniature pig breeds can further be classified into two clades based on a phylogenetic tree: one included BM-cov and Wuzhishan, the other included Congjiang Xiang, Tibetan, and Mingguang small ear, which was well-supported by structure analysis. The polymorphic information contents estimated by using SINE RIPs are lower than the predictions based on microsatellites. Overall, the genetic distances and breed-relationships between these populations revealed by 30 SINE RIPs generally agree with their evolutions and geographic distributions. We demonstrated the potential of SINE RIPs as new genetic markers for genetic monitoring and population structure analysis in pigs, which can even be extended to other livestock animals.
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45
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Ke C, Ma Y, Pan D, Wan Z, Feng T, Yu D, Liu X, Wang H, Du M, Huang L, Zhang Y, Du L, Wang X, Li K, Yu D, Zhang M, Huang J, Qu J, Ren L, Hu Y, Cao G, Hu X, Wu S, Han H, Zhao Y. FcRn is not the receptor mediating the transfer of serum IgG to colostrum in pigs. Immunology 2021; 163:448-459. [PMID: 33738807 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to humans or rabbits, in which maternal IgG is transmitted to offspring prenatally via the placenta or the yolk sac, large domestic animals such as pigs, cows and sheep transmit IgG exclusively through colostrum feeding after delivery. The extremely high IgG content in colostrum is absorbed by newborns via the small intestine. Although it is widely accepted that the neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn, is the receptor mediating IgG transfer across both the placenta and small intestine, it remains unclear whether FcRn also mediates serum IgG transfer across the mammary barrier to colostrum/milk, especially in large domestic animals. In this study, using a FcRn knockout pig model generated with a CRISPR-Cas9-based approach, we clearly demonstrate that FcRn is not responsible for the IgG transfer from serum to colostrum in pigs, although like in other mammals, it is involved in IgG homeostasis and mediates IgG absorption in the small intestine of newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuncun Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yonghe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dengke Pan
- Clinical Immunology Translational Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zihui Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Minjie Du
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linhua Huang
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yifu Zhang
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Kongpan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinwei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junwei Qu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Liming Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanzhong Hu
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Henan International Union Lab of Antibody Medicine, Henan University School of Medicine, Kaifeng, China
| | - Gengsheng Cao
- Henan Engineering Laboratory for Mammary Bioreactor, School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haitang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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46
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Io T, Saunders R, Pesic M, Petersen KU, Stoehr T. A miniature pig model of pharmacological tolerance to long-term sedation with the intravenous benzodiazepines; midazolam and remimazolam. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 896:173886. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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47
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Jensen PD, Nielsen AH, Simonsen CW, Baandrup UT, Jensen SE, Bøgsted M, Magnusdottir SO, Jensen ABH, Kjaergaard B. In vivo calibration of the T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance method at 1.5 T for estimation of cardiac iron in a minipig model of transfusional iron overload. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2021; 23:27. [PMID: 33691716 PMCID: PMC7948337 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-021-00715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-invasive estimation of the cardiac iron concentration (CIC) by T2* cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has been validated repeatedly and is in widespread clinical use. However, calibration data are limited, and mostly from post-mortem studies. In the present study, we performed an in vivo calibration in a dextran-iron loaded minipig model. METHODS R2* (= 1/T2*) was assessed in vivo by 1.5 T CMR in the cardiac septum. Chemical CIC was assessed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy in endomyocardial catheter biopsies (EMBs) from cardiac septum taken during follow up of 11 minipigs on dextran-iron loading, and also in full-wall biopsies from cardiac septum, taken post-mortem in another 16 minipigs, after completed iron loading. RESULTS A strong correlation could be demonstrated between chemical CIC in 55 EMBs and parallel cardiac T2* (Spearman rank correlation coefficient 0.72, P < 0.001). Regression analysis led to [CIC] = (R2* - 17.16)/41.12 for the calibration equation with CIC in mg/g dry weight and R2* in Hz. An even stronger correlation was found, when chemical CIC was measured by full-wall biopsies from cardiac septum, taken immediately after euthanasia, in connection with the last CMR session after finished iron loading (Spearman rank correlation coefficient 0.95 (P < 0.001). Regression analysis led to the calibration equation [CIC] = (R2* - 17.2)/31.8. CONCLUSIONS Calibration of cardiac T2* by EMBs is possible in the minipig model but is less accurate than by full-wall biopsies. Likely explanations are sampling error, variable content of non-iron containing tissue and smaller biopsies, when using catheter biopsies. The results further validate the CMR T2* technique for estimation of cardiac iron in conditions with iron overload and add to the limited calibration data published earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Diedrich Jensen
- Department of Hematology, Aalborg University Hospital, PO box 365, 9100, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Ulrik Thorngren Baandrup
- Centre for Clinical Research, North Denmark Regional Hospital, Hjoerring, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Martin Bøgsted
- Department of Hematology, Aalborg University Hospital, PO box 365, 9100, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Benedict Kjaergaard
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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48
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Vidal JD, Colman K, Bhaskaran M, de Rijk E, Fegley D, Halpern W, Jacob B, Kandori H, Manickam B, McKeag S, Parker GA, Regan KS, Sefing B, Thibodeau M, Vemireddi V, Werner J, Zalewska A. Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee Best Practices: Documentation of Sexual Maturity by Microscopic Evaluation in Nonclinical Safety Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2021; 49:977-989. [PMID: 33661059 DOI: 10.1177/0192623321990631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The sexual maturity status of animals in nonclinical safety studies can have a significant impact on the microscopic assessment of the reproductive system, the interpretation of potential test article-related findings, and ultimately the assessment of potential risk to humans. However, the assessment and documentation of sexual maturity for animals in nonclinical safety studies is not conducted in a consistent manner across the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. The Scientific and Regulatory Policy Committee of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology convened an international working group of pathologists and nonclinical safety scientists with expertise in the reproductive system, pathology nomenclature, and Standard for Exchange of Nonclinical Data requirements. This article describes the best practices for documentation of the light microscopic assessment of sexual maturity in males and females for both rodent and nonrodent nonclinical safety studies. In addition, a review of the microscopic features of the immature, peripubertal, and mature male and female reproductive system and general considerations for study types and reporting are provided to aid the study pathologist tasked with documentation of sexual maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karyn Colman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Eveline de Rijk
- 26135Charles River Laboratories, Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Binod Jacob
- 331129Merck & Co, Inc, West Point, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Hitoshi Kandori
- 561471Axcelead Drug Discovery Partners, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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49
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Carneiro MW, Brancato L, Wylleman B, van Zwol E, Conings L, Vueghs P, Gorbaslieva I, Van den Bossche J, Rudenko O, Janicot M, Bogers JP. Safety evaluation of long-term temperature controlled whole-body thermal treatment in female Aachen minipig. Int J Hyperthermia 2021; 38:165-175. [PMID: 33576280 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2021.1876256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Thermal treatment (TT), defined as treatment using supra-physiological body temperatures (39-45 C), somewhat resembles fever in terms of temperature range, one of the first natural barriers for the body to fight exposure to external pathogens. Methods: Whole-body thermal treatment (WBTT) consists of heating up the complete body to a temperature range of 39 to 45 C. Despite the recognized therapeutic potential of hyperthermia, the broad clinical use of WBTT has been limited by safety issues related to medical devices and procedures used to achieve WBTT, in particular adequate control of the body temperature. To circumvent this, a sophisticated medical device was developed, allowing long-term temperature controlled WBTT (41.5 C for up to 8 h). Technical feasibility and tolerability of the WBTT procedure (including complete anesthesia) were tested using female Aachen minipig. Optical fiber temperature sensors inserted in multiple organs were used and demonstrated consistent monitoring and control of different organs temperature over an extended period of time. Results: Clinical evaluation of the animals before, during and after treatment revealed minor clinical parameter changes, but all of them were clinically acceptable. These changes were limited and reversible, and the animals remained healthy throughout the whole procedure and follow-up. In addition, histopathological analysis of selected key organs showed no thermal treatment-related changes. Conclusion: It was concluded that WBTT (41.5 C for up to 8 h) was well tolerated and safe in female Aachen minipigs. Altogether, data supports the safe clinical use of the WBTT medical device and protocol, enabling its implementation into human patients suffering from life-threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John-Paul Bogers
- ElmediX NV, Mechelen, Belgium.,Laboratory for Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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50
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Gong T, Wang W, Xu H, Yang Y, Chen X, Meng L, Xu Y, Li Z, Wan S, Mu Q. Longitudinal Expression of Testicular TAS1R3 from Prepuberty to Sexual Maturity in Congjiang Xiang Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020437. [PMID: 33567555 PMCID: PMC7916009 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Taste receptor type 1 subunit 3 (T1R3), a sweet/umami taste receptor, is widely expressed from the tongue to the testis, and testis expression is associated with male sterility. In Congjiang Xiang pigs, T1R3 is expressed in elongating/elongated spermatids and Leydig cells in a stage-dependent manner during postnatal development and the spermatogenic cycle. T1R3 may contribute to regulation of spermatid differentiation and Leydig cell function, and may therefore help limit the incidence of various male reproductive pathologies. Abstract Testicular expression of taste receptor type 1 subunit 3 (T1R3), a sweet/umami taste receptor, has been implicated in spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in mice. We explored the role of testicular T1R3 in porcine postnatal development using the Congjiang Xiang pig, a rare Chinese miniature pig breed. Based on testicular weights, morphology, and testosterone levels, four key developmental stages were identified in the pig at postnatal days 15–180 (prepuberty: 30 day; early puberty: 60 day; late puberty: 90 day; sexual maturity: 120 day). During development, testicular T1R3 exhibited stage-dependent and cell-specific expression patterns. In particular, T1R3 levels increased significantly from prepuberty to puberty (p < 0.05), and expression remained high until sexual maturity (p < 0.05), similar to results for phospholipase Cβ2 (PLCβ2). The strong expressions of T1R3/PLCβ2 were observed at the cytoplasm of elongating/elongated spermatids and Leydig cells. In the eight-stage cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in pigs, T1R3/PLCβ2 levels were higher in the spermatogenic epithelium at stages II–VI than at the other stages, and the strong expressions were detected in elongating/elongated spermatids and residual bodies. The message RNA (mRNA) levels of taste receptor type 1 subunit 1 (T1R1) in the testis showed a similar trend to levels of T1R3. These data indicate a possible role of T1R3 in the regulation of spermatid differentiation and Leydig cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Gong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (T.G.); (W.W.); (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (L.M.); (Y.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Z.L.); (S.W.); (Q.M.)
| | - Weiyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (T.G.); (W.W.); (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (L.M.); (Y.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Z.L.); (S.W.); (Q.M.)
| | - Houqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (T.G.); (W.W.); (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (L.M.); (Y.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Z.L.); (S.W.); (Q.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0851-88298005
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (T.G.); (W.W.); (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (L.M.); (Y.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Z.L.); (S.W.); (Q.M.)
| | - Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (T.G.); (W.W.); (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (L.M.); (Y.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Z.L.); (S.W.); (Q.M.)
| | - Lijie Meng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (T.G.); (W.W.); (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (L.M.); (Y.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Z.L.); (S.W.); (Q.M.)
| | - Yongjian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in The Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (T.G.); (W.W.); (Y.Y.); (X.C.); (L.M.); (Y.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Guiyang 550025, China
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Z.L.); (S.W.); (Q.M.)
| | - Ziqing Li
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Z.L.); (S.W.); (Q.M.)
| | - Sufang Wan
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Z.L.); (S.W.); (Q.M.)
| | - Qi Mu
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Z.L.); (S.W.); (Q.M.)
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