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Talenti A, Wilkinson T, Cook EA, Hemmink JD, Paxton E, Mutinda M, Ngulu SD, Jayaraman S, Bishop RP, Obara I, Hourlier T, Garcia Giron C, Martin FJ, Labuschagne M, Atimnedi P, Nanteza A, Keyyu JD, Mramba F, Caron A, Cornelis D, Chardonnet P, Fyumagwa R, Lembo T, Auty HK, Michaux J, Smitz N, Toye P, Robert C, Prendergast JGD, Morrison LJ. Continent-wide genomic analysis of the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). Commun Biol 2024; 7:792. [PMID: 38951693 PMCID: PMC11217449 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06481-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is a wild bovid with a historical distribution across much of sub-Saharan Africa. Genomic analysis can provide insights into the evolutionary history of the species, and the key selective pressures shaping populations, including assessment of population level differentiation, population fragmentation, and population genetic structure. In this study we generated the highest quality de novo genome assembly (2.65 Gb, scaffold N50 69.17 Mb) of African buffalo to date, and sequenced a further 195 genomes from across the species distribution. Principal component and admixture analyses provided little support for the currently described four subspecies. Estimating Effective Migration Surfaces analysis suggested that geographical barriers have played a significant role in shaping gene flow and the population structure. Estimated effective population sizes indicated a substantial drop occurring in all populations 5-10,000 years ago, coinciding with the increase in human populations. Finally, signatures of selection were enriched for key genes associated with the immune response, suggesting infectious disease exert a substantial selective pressure upon the African buffalo. These findings have important implications for understanding bovid evolution, buffalo conservation and population management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Talenti
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Toby Wilkinson
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A Cook
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Johanneke D Hemmink
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Edith Paxton
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Mutinda
- Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | | | - Siddharth Jayaraman
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P Bishop
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Isaiah Obara
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thibaut Hourlier
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Garcia Giron
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Fergal J Martin
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Anne Nanteza
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Julius D Keyyu
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Furaha Mramba
- Vector and Vector-Borne Diseases Institute, Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Alexandre Caron
- ASTRE, University of Montpellier (UMR), CIRAD, 34090, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, RP-PCP, Maputo, 01009, Mozambique
- Faculdade Veterinaria, Universidade Eduardo Mondlan, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Daniel Cornelis
- CIRAD, Forêts et Sociétés, 34398, Montpellier, France
- Forêts et Sociétés, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Robert Fyumagwa
- Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Box 661, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Tiziana Lembo
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Harriet K Auty
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Johan Michaux
- Laboratoire de Génétique de la Conservation, Institut de Botanique (Bat. 22), Université de Liège (Sart Tilman), Chemin de la Vallée 4, B4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Smitz
- Royal Museum for Central Africa (BopCo), Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Philip Toye
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), ILRI Kenya, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Christelle Robert
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - James G D Prendergast
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
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Brühlmann F, Perry C, Griessen C, Gunasekera K, Reymond JL, Naguleswaran A, Rottenberg S, Woods K, Olias P. TurboID mapping reveals the exportome of secreted intrinsically disordered proteins in the transforming parasite Theileria annulata. mBio 2024; 15:e0341223. [PMID: 38747635 PMCID: PMC11237503 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03412-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Theileria annulata is a tick-transmitted apicomplexan parasite that gained the unique ability among parasitic eukaryotes to transform its host cell, inducing a fatal cancer-like disease in cattle. Understanding the mechanistic interplay between the host cell and malignant Theileria species that drives this transformation requires the identification of responsible parasite effector proteins. In this study, we used TurboID-based proximity labeling, which unbiasedly identified secreted parasite proteins within host cell compartments. By fusing TurboID to nuclear export or localization signals, we biotinylated proteins in the vicinity of the ligase enzyme in the nucleus or cytoplasm of infected macrophages, followed by mass spectrometry analysis. Our approach revealed with high confidence nine nuclear and four cytosolic candidate parasite proteins within the host cell compartments, eight of which had no orthologs in non-transforming T. orientalis. Strikingly, all eight of these proteins are predicted to be highly intrinsically disordered proteins. We discovered a novel tandem arrayed protein family, nuclear intrinsically disordered proteins (NIDP) 1-4, featuring diverse functions predicted by conserved protein domains. Particularly, NIDP2 exhibited a biphasic host cell-cycle-dependent localization, interacting with the EB1/CD2AP/CLASP1 parasite membrane complex at the schizont surface and the tumor suppressor stromal antigen 2 (STAG2), a cohesion complex subunit, in the host nucleus. In addition to STAG2, numerous NIDP2-associated host nuclear proteins implicated in various cancers were identified, shedding light on the potential role of the T. annulata exported protein family NIDP in host cell transformation and cancer-related pathways.IMPORTANCETurboID proximity labeling was used to identify secreted proteins of Theileria annulata, an apicomplexan parasite responsible for a fatal, proliferative disorder in cattle that represents a significant socio-economic burden in North Africa, central Asia, and India. Our investigation has provided important insights into the unique host-parasite interaction, revealing secreted parasite proteins characterized by intrinsically disordered protein structures. Remarkably, these proteins are conspicuously absent in non-transforming Theileria species, strongly suggesting their central role in the transformative processes within host cells. Our study identified a novel tandem arrayed protein family, with nuclear intrinsically disordered protein 2 emerging as a central player interacting with established tumor genes. Significantly, this work represents the first unbiased screening for exported proteins in Theileria and contributes essential insights into the molecular intricacies behind the malignant transformation of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Brühlmann
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Perry
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Kapila Gunasekera
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Reymond
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kerry Woods
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Olias
- Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Velusamy R, Ponnudurai G, Alagesan A, Rani N, Kolte SW, Rubinibala B. Epidemiology and molecular characterization of Theileria annulata in ticks collected from cattle in the central part of Tamil Nadu, India. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:3077-3086. [PMID: 37831206 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07998-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne diseases are the most common in cattle in the tropical and subtropical regions of India and lead to substantial economic losses to small and marginal farmers. This study aimed to identify the diverse species of ticks infesting cattle in the central part of Tamil Nadu, India, and to assess the prevalence of Theileria annulata infection in various species of ticks through PCR. Out of 123 cross-bred and 105 native breed cattle examined for tick infestation, 40 (18%) and 29 (12.7%) cattle were infested with Ixodid ticks, respectively. The most prevalent tick species identified was Rhipicephalus microplus (n=589), followed by Hyalomma anatolicum (n=532), Hyalomma marginatum (n=145), Haemaphysalis intermedia (n=79), and Rhipicephalus haemophysaloides (n=1) found in the study area. The prevalence and intensity of the tick infestation were found to be higher in cross-bred (71.04%) than native breed cattle (28.96%), and there was no significant difference between the studied breeds (chi-square value =24; df =20; p value =0.24) was observed. However, a significant difference in the H. anatolicum tick infestation was observed between the Cauvery Delta (14.30%) and the North-Western (20%) zones of Tamil Nadu (p<0.05). DNA fragments of 193 bp derived from 18S rRNA gene sequences of T. annulata were amplified using species-specific primers. Of these, 16 out of 37 (43.2%) and 10 out of 39 (29%) pooled samples of H. anatolicum and 4 out of 18 (22.2%) and 1 out of 5 (20%) pooled samples of H. marginatum were found positive for T. annulata from the Cauvery Delta and North-Western zones, respectively. R. microplus, H. intermedia, and R. haemaphysaloides from these regions were negative. These findings confirm that H. anatolicum (52.17%) is the predominant vector for T.annulata rather than H. marginatum (18.84%), and the PCR is a useful method of determining the infection rates in ticks collected from animals carrying low levels of T. annulata piroplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangasamy Velusamy
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute (TANUVAS), Orathanadu, 614 625, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gurusamy Ponnudurai
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute (TANUVAS), Namakkal, 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alagarsamy Alagesan
- Poultry Disease Diagnosis and Surveillance Laboratory, Veterinary College and Research Institute Campus (TANUVAS), Namakkal, 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Natarajan Rani
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute (TANUVAS), Namakkal, 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sunil W Kolte
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Seminary Hills, Nagpur, 440 006, Maharashtra, India
| | - Balan Rubinibala
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College (TANUVAS), Chennai, 600 007, Tamil Nadu, India
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Shrivastava P, Dehuri M, Mohanty B, Mishra C, Venkatesh KM, Biswal SS. Molecular characterization and prevalence of bovine hemoprotozoan and rickettsial organism from Bhubaneswar, Eastern India. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:2917-2927. [PMID: 36169089 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2125403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The blood parasites adversely affect the bovine population and are one of the major hindrances to productivity and health of livestock, globally. This study aimed to study the prevalence of some bovine hemoparasites, their molecular characterization, and associated risk factors in and around Bhubaneswar, a place in Eastern India. Microscopy (Giemsa stained thin blood smear) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based prevalence studies were undertaken for a total of 106bovine blood samples belonging to different breed, age, and sex presented to Veterinary Clinical Complex. DNA was extracted by conventional method and primer targeting msp5 gene (382 bp) for Anaplasma marginale, Tams1 gene (572 bp) for Theileria annulata and VSG RoTat 1.2 gene (110 bp) for Trypanosoma evansi, were used. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were also carried out for representative PCR products. The risk factors were correlated with prevalence by logistic regression analysis. Blood smear examination revealed a prevalence an overall of 48.11% (51/106) out of which the prevalence of T. annulata, A. marginale and T. evansi, and concurrent infection were reported to be 26.42%, 10.38%, 3.77%, and 7.55% respectively. All the samples found positive in microscopy were also found positive in PCR. PCR assay revealed an overall prevalence of 73.58% (T. annulata: 37.74%, A. marginale:17.92%, T. evansi: 5.66% and concurrent infection:12.26%). A higher prevalence was observed in the age group of 2-4 years (37.74%), females (61.32%) and cross-bred Jersey (50%). Representative PCR products were sequenced and assigned by GenBank (OL550058: A. marginale; OL604429: T. annulata and OL550059: T. evansi). There is a paucity of disease mapping of these parasites in most parts of the country. The study is probably the first report of molecular characterization of T. evansi and A. marginale from the region which gives some information of possible genetic diversity of the isolates circulating in the region. Future research should include large-scale epidemiological surveys as well as concurrent diagnosis of these hemoparasites for better treatment and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratistha Shrivastava
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Manaswini Dehuri
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Bijayendranath Mohanty
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Chinmoy Mishra
- Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - K M Venkatesh
- Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Shuvranshu S Biswal
- Department of Teaching, Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, India
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Elati K, Tajeri S, Obara I, Mhadhbi M, Zweygarth E, Darghouth MA, Nijhof AM. Dual RNA-seq to catalogue host and parasite gene expression changes associated with virulence of T. annulata-transformed bovine leukocytes: towards identification of attenuation biomarkers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18202. [PMID: 37875584 PMCID: PMC10598219 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45458-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The apicomplexan parasite Theileria annulata is transmitted by Hyalomma ticks and causes an acute lymphoproliferative disease that is invariably lethal in exotic cattle breeds. The unique ability of the schizont stage of T. annulata to transform infected leukocytes to a cancer-like phenotype and the simplicity of culturing and passaging T. annulata-transformed cells in vitro have been explored for live vaccine development by attenuating the transformed cells using lengthy serial propagation in vitro. The empirical in vivo evaluation of attenuation required for each batch of long-term cultured cells is a major constraint since it is resource intensive and raises ethical issues regarding animal welfare. As yet, the molecular mechanisms underlying attenuation are not well understood. Characteristic changes in gene expression brought about by attenuation are likely to aid in the identification of novel biomarkers for attenuation. We set out to undertake a comparative transcriptome analysis of attenuated (passage 296) and virulent (passage 26) bovine leukocytes infected with a Tunisian strain of T. annulata termed Beja. RNA-seq was used to analyse gene expression profiles and the relative expression levels of selected genes were verified by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis. Among the 3538 T. annulata genes analysed, 214 were significantly differentially expressed, of which 149 genes were up-regulated and 65 down-regulated. Functional annotation of differentially expressed T. annulata genes revealed four broad categories of metabolic pathways: carbon metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. It is interesting to note that of the top 40 genes that showed altered expression, 13 were predicted to contain a signal peptide and/or at least one transmembrane domain, suggesting possible involvement in host-parasite interaction. Of the 16,514 bovine transcripts, 284 and 277 showed up-regulated and down-regulated expression, respectively. These were assigned to functional categories relevant to cell surface, tissue morphogenesis and regulation of cell adhesion, regulation of leucocyte, lymphocyte and cell activation. The genetic alterations acquired during attenuation that we have catalogued herein, as well as the accompanying in silico functional characterization, do not only improve understanding of the attenuation process, but can also be exploited by studies aimed at identifying attenuation biomarkers across different cell lines focusing on some host and parasite genes that have been highlighted in this study, such as bovine genes (CD69, ZNF618, LPAR3, and APOL3) and parasite genes such as TA03875.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khawla Elati
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 8, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Univ. Manouba, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia.
| | - Shahin Tajeri
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 8, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isaiah Obara
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 8, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moez Mhadhbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Univ. Manouba, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Erich Zweygarth
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mohamed Aziz Darghouth
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Institution de la Recherche et de l'Enseignement Supérieur Agricoles, Univ. Manouba, 2020, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Ard Menzo Nijhof
- Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 7, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
- Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Von-Ostertag-Str. 8, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
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Aktas MS, Eren E, Kucukler S, Eroglu MS, Ilgun M, Yanar KE, Aydin O. Investigation of haematological, inflammatory and immunological response in naturally infected cattle with Theileria annulata. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e13002. [PMID: 37461131 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate haematological, pro-inflammatory, inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and immunological responses in naturally Theileria annulata-infected cattle. The study material consisted of 25 Simmental cattle, 2-4 years of age, one of which was a control group consisting of healthy animals (Control group, n = 10), and the other was a Theileria group that include animals positive for Theileria annulata (Theileria group, n = 15). Haematological analysis (red blood cell [RBC], haemoglobin [HGB], haematocrit [HCT]), pro-inflammatory (tumour necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], nuclear factor kappa B [NF-ĸB] and interleukin-1 beta, [IL-1β]), inflammatory (neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio [NLR]), anti-inflammatory (interleukin-10 [IL-10]) and antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) analyses were performed by using ELISA kit from blood samples. It was found that the rectal temperature of the Theileria group was found to be significantly higher (p < .001) than that of the control group. Haematological and biochemical analysis revealed that the RBC and HGB count and HCT percentage decreased (p < .001), while NF-ĸB (p < .001), TNF-α (p = .002), IL-1β (p < .001), IL-10 (p = .012), NLR (p < .001) and CAMP (p = .037) levels increased in Theileria group compared to the control group. There was a strong correlation between NF-ĸB and TNF-α, NF-ĸB and IL-10, NLR and IL-1β, NF-ĸB and CAMP, TNF-α and CAMP and IL-10 and CAMP. As a result of this study, it was revealed that a pro-inflammatory and immunological response also occurs along with the anti-inflammatory response in the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Sinan Aktas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Emre Eren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sefa Kucukler
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Sertac Eroglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Murat Ilgun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Kerim Emre Yanar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Omer Aydin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Henschen AE, Vinkler M, Langager MM, Rowley AA, Dalloul RA, Hawley DM, Adelman JS. Rapid adaptation to a novel pathogen through disease tolerance in a wild songbird. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011408. [PMID: 37294834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal hosts can adapt to emerging infectious disease through both disease resistance, which decreases pathogen numbers, and disease tolerance, which limits damage during infection without limiting pathogen replication. Both resistance and tolerance mechanisms can drive pathogen transmission dynamics. However, it is not well understood how quickly host tolerance evolves in response to novel pathogens or what physiological mechanisms underlie this defense. Using natural populations of house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus) across the temporal invasion gradient of a recently emerged bacterial pathogen (Mycoplasma gallisepticum), we find rapid evolution of tolerance (<25 years). In particular, populations with a longer history of MG endemism have less pathology but similar pathogen loads compared with populations with a shorter history of MG endemism. Further, gene expression data reveal that more-targeted immune responses early in infection are associated with tolerance. These results suggest an important role for tolerance in host adaptation to emerging infectious diseases, a phenomenon with broad implications for pathogen spread and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amberleigh E Henschen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis; Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University; Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Michal Vinkler
- Department of Zoology, Charles University; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marissa M Langager
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech; Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Allison A Rowley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech; Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Rami A Dalloul
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia; Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dana M Hawley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech; Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - James S Adelman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis; Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University; Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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8
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Kaur R, Ahlawat S, Choudhary V, Kumari A, Kumar A, Kaur M, Arora R, Sharma R, Vijh RK. Validation of stable reference genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells for expression studies involving vector-borne haemoparasitic diseases in bovines. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102168. [PMID: 36940645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Normalization of gene expression data using appropriate reference genes is critical to diminish any technical bias in an experiment involving quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report offering a systematic assessment of 14 potential reference genes (RPLP0, ACTB, RPS28, YWHAZ, SDHA, PPIA, RPS9, RPS15, UXT, GAPDH, B2M, BACH1, HMBS, and PPIB) for the identification of the most stable normalizers for qPCR of target genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of bovines for vector-borne haemoparasitic diseases such as anaplasmosis, babesiosis, theileriosis, and trypanosomiasis. A total of 38 blood samples were collected from healthy as well as diseased cattle and buffaloes representing different haemoparasitic diseases. RNA isolated from the PBMCs was subjected to qPCR for the 14 prospective internal control genes. The comprehensive ranking of the genes was accomplished by the RefFinder tool that integrates the results of three algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper) and the comparative CT method. RPS15, B2M, and GAPDH were ranked to be the most stable genes, whereas, PPIA and HMBS emerged to be the least suitable genes. Validation of the selected reference genes by the qPCR analysis of two immunity genes, ISG15 and GPX7 was congruent with the observations of this study. We recommend that a panel of three reference genes including RPS15, B2M, and GAPDH could prove useful in delineating the transcriptional landscape of PBMCs for vector-borne haemoparasitic diseases in bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmeet Kaur
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India; ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Sonika Ahlawat
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India.
| | - Vikas Choudhary
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, District Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Anisha Kumari
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Reena Arora
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
| | - Rekha Sharma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India
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9
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Valente D, Gomes J, Coelho AC, Carolino I. Genetic Resistance of Bovines to Theileriosis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2903. [PMID: 36359026 PMCID: PMC9657666 DOI: 10.3390/ani12212903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Diseases caused by ticks have a high impact on the health, welfare, and productivity of livestock species. They are also an important cause of economic losses in farms worldwide. An example of such diseases is theileriosis, which can be controlled by drugs or vaccines, although these are not fully efficient. Therefore, there is a need to develop alternative and more sustainable and efficient complementary strategies. These may involve the identification and selection of animals more resistant to the disease. Several previous studies have identified significant differences in resistance between different breeds, with resistant breeds typically identified as those native to the region where they are being studied, and susceptible as those from exotic breeds. These studies have indicated that resistance traits are intrinsically related to the modulation of the immune response to infection. This review aims to systematize the general knowledge about theileriosis, emphasize resistance to this disease as a sustainable control strategy, and identify which traits of resistance to the disease are already known in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Valente
- CIVG—Vasco da Gama Research Center, EUVG—Vasco da Gama University School, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
- Escola de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jacinto Gomes
- Escola Superior Agrária de Elvas, Instituto Politécnico de Portalegre, 7350-092 Elvas, Portugal
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Coelho
- Escola de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Carolino
- CIVG—Vasco da Gama Research Center, EUVG—Vasco da Gama University School, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
- Polo de Inovação da Fonte Boa—Estação Zootécnica Nacional, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, 2005-424 Santarém, Portugal
- ISA—Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
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10
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Lopez BS. Can Infectious Disease Control Be Achieved without Antibiotics by Exploiting Mechanisms of Disease Tolerance? Immunohorizons 2022; 6:730-740. [DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Antimicrobial use in animal agriculture may be contributing to the emerging public health crisis of antimicrobial resistance. The sustained prevalence of infectious diseases driving antimicrobial use industry-wide suggests that traditional methods of bolstering disease resistance are, for some diseases, ineffective. A paradigm shift in our approach to infectious disease control is needed to reduce antimicrobial use and sustain animal and human health and the global economy. Targeting the defensive mechanisms that promote the health of an infected host without impacting pathogen fitness, termed “disease tolerance,” is a novel disease control approach ripe for discovery. This article presents examples of disease tolerance dictating clinical outcomes for several infectious diseases in humans, reveals evidence suggesting a similarly critical role of disease tolerance in the progression of infectious diseases plaguing animal agriculture, and thus substantiates the assertion that exploiting disease tolerance mechanisms can positively impact animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brina S. Lopez
- Department of Farm Animal Medicine, Midwestern University College of Veterinary Medicine, Glendale, AZ
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11
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Chen Y, Li R, Sun J, Li C, Xiao H, Chen S. Genome-Wide Population Structure and Selection Signatures of Yunling Goat Based on RAD-seq. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182401. [PMID: 36139261 PMCID: PMC9495202 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Goats are important domestic animals that provide meat, milk, fur, and other products for humans. The demand for these products has increased in recent years. Disease resistance among goat breeds is different, but the genetic basis of the differences in resistance to diseases is still unclear and needs to be further studied. In this study, many genes and pathways related to immunity and diseases were identified to be under positive selection between Yunling and Nubian goats using RAD-seq technology. This study on the selection signatures of Yunling goats provides the scientific basis and technical support for the breeding of domestic goats for disease resistance, which has important social and economic significance. Abstract Animal diseases impose a huge burden on the countries where diseases are endemic. Conventional control strategies of vaccines and veterinary drugs are to control diseases from a pharmaceutical perspective. Another alternative approach is using pre-existing genetic disease resistance or tolerance. We know that the Yunling goat is an excellent local breed from Yunnan, southwestern China, which has characteristics of strong disease resistance and remarkable adaptability. However, genetic information about the selection signatures of Yunling goats is limited. We reasoned that the genes underlying the observed difference in disease resistance might be identified by investigating selection signatures between two different goat breeds. Herein, we selected the Nubian goat as the reference group to perform the population structure and selection signature analysis by using RAD-seq technology. The results showed that two goat breeds were divided into two clusters, but there also existed gene flow. We used Fst (F-statistics) and π (pi/θπ) methods to carry out selection signature analysis. Eight selected regions and 91 candidate genes were identified, in which some genes such as DOK2, TIMM17A, MAVS, and DOCK8 related to disease and immunity and some genes such as SPEFI, CDC25B, and MIR103 were associated with reproduction. Four GO (Gene Ontology) terms (GO:0010591, GO:001601, GO:0038023, and GO:0017166) were associated with cell migration, signal transduction, and immune responses. The KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) signaling pathways were mainly associated with immune responses, inflammatory responses, and stress reactions. This study preliminarily revealed the genetic basis of strong disease resistance and adaptability of Yunling goats. It provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent genetic breeding of disease resistance of goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Chen
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.C.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (H.X.)
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Rong Li
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.C.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (H.X.)
- College of Life Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jianshu Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Chunqing Li
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.C.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (H.X.)
| | - Heng Xiao
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.C.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (H.X.)
| | - Shanyuan Chen
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.C.); (R.L.); (C.L.); (H.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18687122260
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12
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Susceptibility to disease (tropical theileriosis) is associated with differential expression of host genes that possess motifs recognised by a pathogen DNA binding protein. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262051. [PMID: 35061738 PMCID: PMC8782480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Knowledge of factors that influence the outcome of infection are crucial for determining the risk of severe disease and requires the characterisation of pathogen-host interactions that have evolved to confer variable susceptibility to infection. Cattle infected by Theileria annulata show a wide range in disease severity. Native (Bos indicus) Sahiwal cattle are tolerant to infection, whereas exotic (Bos taurus) Holstein cattle are susceptible to acute disease. Methodology/Principal findings We used RNA-seq to assess whether Theileria infected cell lines from Sahiwal cattle display a different transcriptome profile compared to Holstein and screened for altered expression of parasite factors that could generate differences in host cell gene expression. Significant differences (<0.1 FDR) in the expression level of a large number (2211) of bovine genes were identified, with enrichment of genes associated with Type I IFN, cholesterol biosynthesis, oncogenesis and parasite infection. A screen for parasite factors found limited evidence for differential expression. However, the number and location of DNA motifs bound by the TashAT2 factor (TA20095) were found to differ between the genomes of B. indicus vs. B. taurus, and divergent motif patterns were identified in infection-associated genes differentially expressed between Sahiwal and Holstein infected cells. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that divergent pathogen-host molecular interactions that influence chromatin architecture of the infected cell are a major determinant in the generation of gene expression differences linked to disease susceptibility.
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13
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Meek S, Watson T, Eory L, McFarlane G, Wynne FJ, McCleary S, Dunn LEM, Charlton EM, Craig C, Shih B, Regan T, Taylor R, Sutherland L, Gossner A, Chintoan-Uta C, Fletcher S, Beard PM, Hassan MA, Grey F, Hope JC, Stevens MP, Nowak-Imialek M, Niemann H, Ross PJ, Tait-Burkard C, Brown SM, Lefevre L, Thomson G, McColl BW, Lawrence AB, Archibald AL, Steinbach F, Crooke HR, Gao X, Liu P, Burdon T. Stem cell-derived porcine macrophages as a new platform for studying host-pathogen interactions. BMC Biol 2022; 20:14. [PMID: 35027054 PMCID: PMC8759257 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diseases of farmed and wild animals pose a recurrent threat to food security and human health. The macrophage, a key component of the innate immune system, is the first line of defence against many infectious agents and plays a major role in shaping the adaptive immune response. However, this phagocyte is a target and host for many pathogens. Understanding the molecular basis of interactions between macrophages and pathogens is therefore crucial for the development of effective strategies to combat important infectious diseases. RESULTS We explored how porcine pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can provide a limitless in vitro supply of genetically and experimentally tractable macrophages. Porcine PSC-derived macrophages (PSCdMs) exhibited molecular and functional characteristics of ex vivo primary macrophages and were productively infected by pig pathogens, including porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and African swine fever virus (ASFV), two of the most economically important and devastating viruses in pig farming. Moreover, porcine PSCdMs were readily amenable to genetic modification by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing applied either in parental stem cells or directly in the macrophages by lentiviral vector transduction. CONCLUSIONS We show that porcine PSCdMs exhibit key macrophage characteristics, including infection by a range of commercially relevant pig pathogens. In addition, genetic engineering of PSCs and PSCdMs affords new opportunities for functional analysis of macrophage biology in an important livestock species. PSCs and differentiated derivatives should therefore represent a useful and ethical experimental platform to investigate the genetic and molecular basis of host-pathogen interactions in pigs, and also have wider applications in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Meek
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Tom Watson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lel Eory
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Gus McFarlane
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Felicity J Wynne
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Stephen McCleary
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | | | - Emily M Charlton
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Chloe Craig
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Barbara Shih
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tim Regan
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ryan Taylor
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Linda Sutherland
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Anton Gossner
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Cosmin Chintoan-Uta
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Sarah Fletcher
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Philippa M Beard
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, UK
| | - Musa A Hassan
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Finn Grey
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jayne C Hope
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Mark P Stevens
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Monika Nowak-Imialek
- First Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar - Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Heiner Niemann
- Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology Department, Hannover Medical School, Carl Neuberg Str 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Pablo J Ross
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, 450 Bioletti Way, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Christine Tait-Burkard
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Sarah M Brown
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Gerard Thomson
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Barry W McColl
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Alistair B Lawrence
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
- Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3RG, UK
| | - Alan L Archibald
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Helen R Crooke
- Virology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Xuefei Gao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Pentao Liu
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Science Park, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tom Burdon
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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14
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Latre de Late P, Cook EAJ, Wragg D, Poole EJ, Ndambuki G, Miyunga AA, Chepkwony MC, Mwaura S, Ndiwa N, Prettejohn G, Sitt T, Van Aardt R, Morrison WI, Prendergast JGD, Toye P. Inherited Tolerance in Cattle to the Apicomplexan Protozoan Theileria parva is Associated with Decreased Proliferation of Parasite-Infected Lymphocytes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:751671. [PMID: 34804994 PMCID: PMC8602341 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.751671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Theileria parva is the causative agent of East Coast fever and Corridor disease, which are fatal, economically important diseases of cattle in eastern, central and southern Africa. Improved methods of control of the diseases are urgently required. The parasite transforms host lymphocytes, resulting in a rapid, clonal expansion of infected cells. Resistance to the disease has long been reported in cattle from T. parva-endemic areas. We reveal here that first- and second-generation descendants of a single Bos indicus bull survived severe challenge with T. parva, (overall survival rate 57.3% compared to 8.7% for unrelated animals) in a series of five field studies. Tolerant cattle displayed a delayed and less severe parasitosis and febrile response than unrelated animals. The in vitro proliferation of cells from surviving cattle was much reduced compared to those from animals that succumbed to infection. Additionally, some pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL1β, IL6, TNFα or TGFβ which are usually strongly expressed in susceptible animals and are known to regulate cell growth or motility, remain low in tolerant animals. This correlates with the reduced proliferation and less severe clinical reactions observed in tolerant cattle. The results show for the first time that the inherited tolerance to T. parva is associated with decreased proliferation of infected lymphocytes. The results are discussed in terms of whether the reduced proliferation is the result of a perturbation of the transformation mechanism induced in infected cells or is due to an innate immune response present in the tolerant cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perle Latre de Late
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elizabeth A J Cook
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David Wragg
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - E Jane Poole
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gideon Ndambuki
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Antoinette Aluoch Miyunga
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maurine C Chepkwony
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Stephen Mwaura
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nicholas Ndiwa
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Tatjana Sitt
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - W Ivan Morrison
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James G D Prendergast
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Toye
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Nairobi, Kenya
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15
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Clift SJ, Martí-Garcia B, Phaswane RM, Mitchell EP, Josemans AI, Vorster I, Koeppel KN, Fehrsen J. Polyclonal antibody-based immunohistochemical detection of intraleukocytic Theileria parasites in roan and sable antelopes. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:1079-1088. [PMID: 34333997 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211033272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Theileria parasites commonly infect African wild artiodactyls. In rare roan (Hippotragus equinus) and sable (H. niger) antelopes, Theileria sp. (sable)-associated calf mortalities constrain breeding programs. The pathogenicity of most leukocyte-transforming Theileria spp. originates in their invasion of and multiplication in various mononuclear leukocytes, the transformation of both infected and uninfected leukocytes, and their infiltration of multiple organs. Understanding the pathogenesis of theileriosis can be improved by the use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) to identify the localization of the parasites in tissue sections. Our aim was to develop a reproducible IHC assay to detect leukocyte-associated Theileria parasites in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded roan and sable tissues. Polyclonal antibodies were purified from the sera of 5 roans from an area endemic for Theileria sp. (sable) and tested for IHC reactivity in 55 infected and 39 control roan and sable antelopes, and for antigen and species cross-reactivity in an additional 58 cases. The 3 strongest antibodies consistently detected intraleukocytic theilerial antigens in known positive cases in roan and sable antelopes, and also detected other Theileria spp. in non-hippotraginid wild artiodactyl tissues. The antibodies did not cross-react with other apicomplexan protozoa, with the exception of Cryptosporidium. Given that PCR on its own cannot determine the significance of theilerial infection in wild ruminants, IHC is a useful laboratory test with which to confirm the diagnosis in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Clift
- Departments of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Bernat Martí-Garcia
- Servei de diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinària, Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rephima M Phaswane
- Departments of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Emily P Mitchell
- Departments of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Antoinette I Josemans
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors Programmes, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Ilse Vorster
- Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Katja N Koeppel
- Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.,the Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Jeanni Fehrsen
- Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.,Vaccines and Diagnostics Development Programmes, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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16
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Kaur R, Yadav A, Rafiqi SI, Godara R, Sudan V, Chakraborty D, Katoch R. Epidemiology, haematology and molecular characterization of haemoprotozoon and rickettsial organisms causing infections in cattle of Jammu region, North India. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:219. [PMID: 34130708 PMCID: PMC8207732 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02915-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was aimed at establishing the prevalence, epidemiology and molecular characterization of major haemoprotozoons (Babesia and Theileria) and rickettsia (Anaplasma) of cattle in Jammu region (North India) using microscopy and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Hematology, microscopy and PCR based prevalence studies were undertaken with 278 whole blood samples from cattle. Molecular prevalence studies were followed by genetic characterization of the isolates of Babesia, Anaplasma and Theileria spp. based on 18S rRNA, 16S rRNA and Tams1 gene, respectively. The data related to metrology and epidemiological variables like temperature, rainfall, season, age and type of livestock rearing was analyzed and correlated with occurrence of disease by statistical methods. RESULTS The prevalence based on microscopy was 12.9% (36/278) whereas PCR recorded 30.22% (84/278) animals positive for haemoparasitic infections. All the samples found positive by microscopy were also recorded positive by PCR. Thus the study revealed prevalence of Babesia bigemina, Anaplasma marginale and Theileria annulata to be 9.7, 16.5 and 0.7% respectively. The metrological and epidemiological variables made inroads for the propagation of vector ticks and occurrence of infection. Haematological alterations predominantly related to decrease in haemoglobin, red blood cell count and packed cell volume were evident in diseased animals and collaterally affected the productivity. Further the genetic characterization of Babesia bigemina. (MN566925.1, MN567603, MN566924.1), Anaplasma marginale. (MH733242.1, MN567602.1) and Theileria annulata (MT113479) provided a representative data of the isolates circulating in the region and their proximity with available sequences across the world. CONCLUSIONS Despite holding much significance to the animal sector, comprehensive disease mapping has yet not been undertaken in several parts of India. The present study provides a blue print of disease mapping, epidemiological correlations and genomic diversity of Babesia bigemina, Anaplasma marginale and Theileria annulata circulating in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabjot Kaur
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Khalsa college of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Amritsar, Punjab, 143001, India
| | - Anish Yadav
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu. RS Pura, Jammu, J&K, 181102, India.
| | - Shafiya I Rafiqi
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu. RS Pura, Jammu, J&K, 181102, India
| | - Rajesh Godara
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu. RS Pura, Jammu, J&K, 181102, India
| | - Vikrant Sudan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, U P Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001, India
| | - D Chakraborty
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu. RS Pura, Jammu, J&K, 181102, India
| | - Rajesh Katoch
- Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu. RS Pura, Jammu, J&K, 181102, India
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17
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Woods K, Perry C, Brühlmann F, Olias P. Theileria's Strategies and Effector Mechanisms for Host Cell Transformation: From Invasion to Immortalization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:662805. [PMID: 33959614 PMCID: PMC8096294 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.662805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the first events that follows invasion of leukocytes by Theileria sporozoites is the destruction of the surrounding host cell membrane and the rapid association of the intracellular parasite with host microtubules. This is essential for the parasite to establish its niche within the cytoplasm of the invaded leukocyte and sets Theileria spp. apart from other members of the apicomplexan phylum such as Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium spp., which reside within the confines of a host-derived parasitophorous vacuole. After establishing infection, transforming Theileria species (T. annulata, T. parva) significantly rewire the signaling pathways of their bovine host cell, causing continual proliferation and resistance to ligand-induced apoptosis, and conferring invasive properties on the parasitized cell. Having transformed its target cell, Theileria hijacks the mitotic machinery to ensure its persistence in the cytoplasm of the dividing cell. Some of the parasite and bovine proteins involved in parasite-microtubule interactions have been fairly well characterized, and the schizont expresses at least two proteins on its membrane that contain conserved microtubule binding motifs. Theileria-encoded proteins have been shown to be translocated to the host cell cytoplasm and nucleus where they have the potential to directly modify signaling pathways and host gene expression. However, little is known about their mode of action, and even less about how these proteins are secreted by the parasite and trafficked to their target location. In this review we explore the strategies employed by Theileria to transform leukocytes, from sporozoite invasion until immortalization of the host cell has been established. We discuss the recent description of nuclear pore-like complexes that accumulate on membranes close to the schizont surface. Finally, we consider putative mechanisms of protein and nutrient exchange that might occur between the parasite and the host. We focus in particular on differences and similarities with recent discoveries in T. gondii and Plasmodium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Woods
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Philipp Olias
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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18
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Tajeri S, Haidar M, Sakura T, Langsley G. Interaction between transforming Theileria parasites and their host bovine leukocytes. Mol Microbiol 2021; 115:860-869. [PMID: 33565178 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Theileria are tick-transmitted parasites that cause often fatal leuko-proliferative diseases in cattle called tropical theileriosis (T. annulata) and East Coast fever (T. parva). However, upon treatment with anti-theilerial drug-transformed leukocytes die of apoptosis indicating that Theileria-induced transformation is reversible making infected leukocytes a powerful example of how intracellular parasites interact with their hosts. Theileria-transformed leukocytes disseminate throughout infected cattle causing a cancer-like disease and here, we discuss how cytokines, noncoding RNAs and oncometabolites can contribute to the transformed phenotype and disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Tajeri
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, Paris, France
| | - Malak Haidar
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Takaya Sakura
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Department of Molecular Infection Dynamics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
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19
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Daibert RMDP, de Biagi Junior CAO, Vieira FDO, da Silva MVGB, Hottz ED, Mendonça Pinheiro MB, Faza DRDLR, Pereira HP, Martins MF, Brandão HDM, Machado MA, Carvalho WA. Lipopolysaccharide triggers different transcriptional signatures in taurine and indicine cattle macrophages: Reactive oxygen species and potential outcomes to the development of immune response to infections. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241861. [PMID: 33156842 PMCID: PMC7647108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are classified upon activation as classical activated M1 and M2 anti-inflammatory regulatory populations. This macrophage polarization is well characterized in humans and mice, but M1/M2 profile in cattle has been far less explored. Bos primigenius taurus (taurine) and Bos primigenius indicus (indicine) cattle display contrasting levels of resistance to infection and parasitic diseases such as C57BL/6J and Balb/c murine experimental models of parasite infection outcomes based on genetic background. Thus, we investigated the differential gene expression profile of unstimulated and LPS stimulated monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from Holstein (taurine) and Gir (indicine) breeds using RNA sequencing methodology. For unstimulated MDMs, the contrast between Holstein and Gir breeds identified 163 Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) highlighting the higher expression of C-C chemokine receptor type five (CCR5) and BOLA-DQ genes in Gir animals. LPS-stimulated MDMs from Gir and Holstein animals displayed 1,257 DEGs enriched for cell adhesion and inflammatory responses. Gir MDMs cells displayed a higher expression of M1 related genes like Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 (NOS2), Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B 2 (NFKB2) in addition to higher levels of transcripts for proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, complement factors and the acute phase protein Serum Amyloid A (SAA). We also showed that gene expression of inflammatory M1 population markers, complement and SAA genes was higher in Gir in buffy coat peripheral cells in addition to nitric oxide concentration in MDMs supernatant and animal serum. Co-expression analyses revealed that Holstein and Gir animals showed different transcriptional signatures in the MDMs response to LPS that impact on cell cycle regulation, leukocyte migration and extracellular matrix organization biological processes. Overall, the results suggest that Gir animals show a natural propensity to generate a more pronounced M1 inflammatory response than Holstein, which might account for a faster immune response favouring resistance to many infection diseases.
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20
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Larcombe SD, Kolte SW, Ponnudurai G, Kurkure N, Magar S, Velusamy R, Rani N, Rubinibala B, Rekha B, Alagesan A, Weir W, Shiels BR. The impact of tick-borne pathogen infection in Indian bovines is determined by host type but not the genotype of Theileria annulata. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:103972. [PMID: 31344487 PMCID: PMC6853275 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens (TBP) are a major source of production loss and a welfare concern in livestock across the globe. Consequently, there is a trade-off between keeping animals that are tolerant to TBP infection, but are less productive than more susceptible breeds. Theileria annulata is a major TBP of bovines, with different host types (i.e. exotic and native cattle breeds, and buffalo) displaying demonstrable differences in clinical susceptibility to infection. However, the extent to which these differences are driven by genetic/physiological differences between hosts, or by different parasite populations/genotypes preferentially establishing infection in different host breeds and species is unclear. In this study, three different bovine host types in India were blood sampled to test for the presence of various TBP, including Theileria annulata, to determine whether native cattle (Bos indicus breeds), crossbreed cattle (Bos taurus x Bos indicus breeds) or water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) differ in the physiological consequences of infection. Population genetic analyses of T. annulata isolated from the three different host types was also performed, using a panel of mini- and micro-satellite markers, to test for sub-structuring of the parasite population among host types. We discovered that compared to other host types, “carrier” crossbreed cattle showed a higher level of haematological pathology when infected with T. annulata. Despite this finding, we found no evidence for differences in the genotypes of T. annulata infecting different host types, although buffalo appeared to harbour fewer mixed parasite genotype infections, indicating they are not the major reservoir of parasite diversity. The apparent tolerance/resistance of native breed cattle and buffalo to the impacts of T. annulata infection is thus most likely to be driven by host genotype, rather than differences in the parasite population. Our results suggest that an improved understanding of the genetic factors that underpin disease resistance could help to ameliorate future economic loss due to TBP or tropical theileriosis. Theileria annulata infection has different consequences in crossbreed cattle, native cattle and water buffalo in India Crossbreed Bos taurus x Bos indicus cattle showed reductions in haematological parameters when infected with T. annulata We found no evidence for infection-mediated physiological change in native cattle breeds or water buffalo We found no sub-structuring of the T. annulata population between different host types using microsatellite analysis Buffalo were not a major reservoir of genetically diverse T. annulata infecting cattle, contrasting the epidemiology of T. parva
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Larcombe
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK.
| | - S W Kolte
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Nagpur, India
| | - G Ponnudurai
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - N Kurkure
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Nagpur, India
| | - S Magar
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Nagpur, India
| | - R Velusamy
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Nagpur, India
| | - N Rani
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Nagpur, India
| | - B Rubinibala
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, India
| | - B Rekha
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, India
| | - A Alagesan
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, India
| | - W Weir
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland G61 1QH, UK
| | - B R Shiels
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK
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21
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Subhash V, Monika S, Richa S, Chander S, Geetanjali S, Mandeep S. Distribution of single nucleotide polymorphisms and protein domain architecture of toll-like receptor-2 in Pahari cattle (Indian non-descript indigenous breed). Res Vet Sci 2017; 117:144-149. [PMID: 29274514 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Distribution of polymorphism in TLR2 gene was studied in Pahari (Indian non-descript indigenous breed) cattle of Himachal Pradesh. The complete sequence of TLR2 gene consisted of 136bp 5'-UTR, 2355bp CDS and 1316bp 3'UTR. The phylogenetic analysis revealed clustering of Indian Zebu with Bos taurus as the nearest neighbour. The nucleotide sequences of TLR2 revealed the occurrence of 19 SNPs including 47% non-synonymous and 53% synonymous SNPs within TLR domain among all bovines. The dS/dN ratio (ω)<1 at polymorphic sites revealed purifying selection and thus, indicating the presence of highly conserved domains. Two SNPs in the extracellular domain of TLR2 were predicted to have damaging effect whereas the rest have benign effect. The amino acid sequence of the coding region corresponds to a protein of 784 amino acids long with predicted molecular weight 104kDa and 6.97 pI value. The amino acid sequence analysis showed extracellular domain composed of leucine rich repeats (LRR), trans- membrane domain and Toll-IL receptor domain in the protein. The 3D structure of TLR2 is a solenoid-like having active sites buried in the concave side and forming a pocket for ligand binding. The substitution of G with T in nucleotide sequence leads to the replacement of amino acid W↔L at position 119 which has not been reported so far. These findings indicate that polymorphism may be associated with PAMPs mediated differential TLR signaling of bovine immunity and could determine the outcome of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verma Subhash
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN-COVAS, CSK HPKV, Palampur, HP 176 062, India.
| | - Sodhi Monika
- Animal Biotechnology, NBAGR, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Salwan Richa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN-COVAS, CSK HPKV, Palampur, HP 176 062, India
| | - Shekhar Chander
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN-COVAS, CSK HPKV, Palampur, HP 176 062, India
| | - Singh Geetanjali
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, DGCN-COVAS, Palampur, India
| | - Sharma Mandeep
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, DGCN-COVAS, CSK HPKV, Palampur, HP 176 062, India
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22
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Verma S, Thakur A, Katoch S, Shekhar C, Wani AH, Kumar S, Dohroo S, Singh G, Sharma M. Differences in innate and adaptive immune response traits of Pahari (Indian non-descript indigenous breed) and Jersey crossbred cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 192:20-27. [PMID: 29042011 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cattle are an integral part of the largely agrarian economy of India. Indigenous breeds of cattle comprise about 80% of total cattle population of the country and contribute significantly to the overall milk production. There are 40 recognized indigenous breeds of cattle and a number of uncharacterized non-descript cattle. Pahari cattle of Himachal Pradesh in Northern India are one such non-descript indigenous breed. Here we describe a comprehensive evaluation of haematobiochemical parameters and innate and adaptive immune response traits of Pahari cattle and a comparison with Jersey crossbred cattle. The study shows demonstrable differences in the two breeds with respect to some innate and adaptive immunological traits. This is a first attempt to characterize immune response traits of Pahari cattle and the results of the study provide an understanding of breed differences in immune status of cattle which could be useful for their breeding and conservations programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Verma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur,176062, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Aneesh Thakur
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur,176062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shailja Katoch
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur,176062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Chander Shekhar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur,176062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Aasim Habib Wani
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur,176062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur,176062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shweta Dohroo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur,176062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Geetanjali Singh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur,176062, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Mandeep Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Dr. G. C. Negi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, CSK HPKV, Palampur,176062, Himachal Pradesh, India
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23
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Kolte SW, Larcombe SD, Jadhao SG, Magar SP, Warthi G, Kurkure NV, Glass EJ, Shiels BR. PCR diagnosis of tick-borne pathogens in Maharashtra state, India indicates fitness cost associated with carrier infections is greater for crossbreed than native cattle breeds. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174595. [PMID: 28358861 PMCID: PMC5373575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens (TBP) are responsible for significant economic losses to cattle production, globally. This is particularly true in countries like India where TBP constrain rearing of high yielding Bos taurus, as they show susceptibility to acute tick borne disease (TBD), most notably tropical theileriosis caused by Theileria annulata. This has led to a programme of cross breeding Bos taurus (Holstein-Friesian or Jersey) with native Bos indicus (numerous) breeds to generate cattle that are more resistant to disease. However, the cost to fitness of subclinical carrier infection in crossbreeds relative to native breeds is unknown, but could represent a significant hidden economic cost. In this study, a total of 1052 bovine blood samples, together with associated data on host type, sex and body score, were collected from apparently healthy animals in four different agro-climatic zones of Maharashtra state. Samples were screened by PCR for detection of five major TBPs: T. annulata, T. orientalis, B. bigemina, B. bovis and Anaplasma spp.. The results demonstrated that single and co-infection with TBP are common, and although differences in pathogen spp. prevalence across the climatic zones were detected, simplistic regression models predicted that host type, sex and location are all likely to impact on prevalence of TBP. In order to remove issues with autocorrelation between variables, a subset of the dataset was modelled to assess any impact of TBP infection on body score of crossbreed versus native breed cattle (breed type). The model showed significant association between infection with TBP (particularly apicomplexan parasites) and poorer body condition for crossbreed animals. These findings indicate potential cost of TBP carrier infection on crossbreed productivity. Thus, there is a case for development of strategies for targeted breeding to combine productivity traits with disease resistance, or to prevent transmission of TBP in India for economic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil W. Kolte
- Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Stephen D. Larcombe
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Suresh G. Jadhao
- Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Swapnil P. Magar
- Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ganesh Warthi
- Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nitin V. Kurkure
- Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Elizabeth J. Glass
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Brian R. Shiels
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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24
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Kumar A, Gaur GK, Gandham RK, Panigrahi M, Ghosh S, Saravanan BC, Bhushan B, Tiwari AK, Sulabh S, Priya B, V N MA, Gupta JP, Wani SA, Sahu AR, Sahoo AP. Global gene expression profile of peripheral blood mononuclear cells challenged with Theileria annulata in crossbred and indigenous cattle. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 47:9-18. [PMID: 27840256 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tropical theileriosis is an important haemoprotozoan disease associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality particularly in exotic and crossbred cattle. It is one of the major constraints of the livestock development programmes in India and Southeast Asia. Indigenous cattle (Bos indicus) are reported to be comparatively less affected than exotic and crossbred cattle. However, genetic basis of resistance to tropical theileriosis in indigenous cattle is not well documented. Recent studies incited an idea that differentially expressed genes in exotic and indigenous cattle play significant role in breed specific resistance to tropical theileriosis. The present study was designed to determine the global gene expression profile in peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from indigenous (Tharparkar) and cross-bred cattle following in vitro infection of T. annulata (Parbhani strain). Two separate microarray experiments were carried out each for cross-bred and Tharparkar cattle. The cross-bred cattle showed 1082 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Out of total DEGs, 597 genes were down-regulated and 485 were up-regulated. Their fold change varied from 2283.93 to -4816.02. Tharparkar cattle showed 875 differentially expressed genes including 451 down-regulated and 424 up-regulated. The fold change varied from 94.93 to -19.20. A subset of genes was validated by qRT-PCR and results were correlated well with microarray data indicating that microarray results provided an accurate report of transcript level. Functional annotation study of DEGs confirmed their involvement in various pathways including response to oxidative stress, immune system regulation, cell proliferation, cytoskeletal changes, kinases activity and apoptosis. Gene network analysis of these DEGs plays an important role to understand the interaction among genes. It is therefore, hypothesized that the different susceptibility to tropical theileriosis exhibited by indigenous and crossbred cattle is due to breed-specific differences in the dealing of infected cells with other immune cells, which ultimately influence the immune response responded against T. annulata infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amod Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Gyanendra Kumar Gaur
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India.
| | - Ravi Kumar Gandham
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India.
| | - Manjit Panigrahi
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Shrikant Ghosh
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - B C Saravanan
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Tiwari
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Sourabh Sulabh
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Bhuvana Priya
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Muhasin Asaf V N
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Jay Prakash Gupta
- Division of Animal Genetics, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Sajad Ahmad Wani
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Amit Ranjan Sahu
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
| | - Aditya Prasad Sahoo
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, UP, India
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Ali MW, Alauddin M, Azad MTA, Hasan MA, Appiah-Kwarteng C, Takasu M, Baba M, Kitoh K, Rahman M, Takashima Y. Theileria annulata seroprevalence among different cattle breeds in Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1577-1582. [PMID: 27396398 PMCID: PMC5095627 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An epidemiological survey of Theileria annulata infection was undertaken in a cattle population in Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh. The local
cattle breeds from the area (North Bengal Gray and Deshi) and crosses between the local breeds and Holstein cattle were predominantly screened. In total, 192
cattle serum samples were collected in two areas of Rajshahi Division, the Rajshahi District (n=147) and Natore District (n=45). The samples were screened with
an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using T. annulata surface protein (TaSP) as the antigen. The seroprevalence was 80.0%
(36/45) in Natore and 20.4% (30/147) in Rajshahi. A logistic regression analysis showed that the sampling location was significantly associated with
seropositivity, whereas age, sex and breed were not. Although the logistic regression analysis did not show a linear dependence on age, we considered
age-specific seroprevalence separately in the two districts. Seroprevalence did not differ significantly among age categories in the Natore District. In
contrast, all the cattle <1 year old in the Rajshahi District were seronegative (11/11). Seroprevalence in the 1- and 2-year-old cattle was significantly
lower in the Rajshahi District than in the Natore District. In the older age categories (3, 4 and >5 years), seroprevalence did not differ significantly
between the Natore and Rajshahi Districts. These results suggest that the cattle in the Rajshahi District were sporadically exposed to T.
annulata, whereas most cattle in the Natore District became infected during an early phase of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Wajed Ali
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
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Panigrahi M, Kumar A, Bhushan B, Ghosh S, Saravanan BC, Sulabh S, Parida S, Gaur GK. No change in mRNA expression of immune-related genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells challenged with Theileria annulata in Murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 7:754-758. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Dewangan P, Panigrahi M, Kumar A, Saravanan BC, Ghosh S, Asaf VNM, Parida S, Gaur GK, Sharma D, Bhushan B. The mRNA expression of immune-related genes in crossbred and Tharparkar cattle in response to in vitro infection with Theileria annulata. Mol Biol Rep 2015; 42:1247-55. [PMID: 25697418 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-015-3865-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tropical theileriosis is a major protozoan disease of cattle and is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Indigenous cattle (Bos indicus) are less affected by this disease than exotic and crossbred cattle. Genetic basis of resistance to tropical theileriosis in indigenous cattle is not well studied. Recent reports suggest that number of immune response genes expressed differentially in exotic and indigenous breeds play an important role in breed specific resistance to tropical theileriosis. Such studies comparing expression of these genes in crossbred cattle and indigenous cattle are lacking. The present study compares the mRNA expression of immune-related genes in response to Theileria annulata infection in indigenous and crossbred cattle. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from blood samples of indigenous (Tharparkar) and crossbred (HF/BS/Jersey × Hariana) cattle and challenged with prepared ground-up tick supernatant carrying Theileria annulata sporozoites in vitro. qPCR was employed to measure relative mRNA expression of toll-like receptor 10 (TLR10), signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRPA), MHC class II DQα (BoLA-DQA), musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma (MAF) and prion protein (PRNP) genes in infected and control PBMCs from crossbred and indigenous cattle. On the basis of comparative fold change analysis, significant up-regulation in SIRPA, PRNP and MHC DQα genes and significant down-regulation in TLR10, cMAF and MAFB genes in crossbreds as compared to indigenous cattle was observed. Results of the present study suggest that breed specific differential expression of the genes under study may contribute to the breed specific resistance to Theileria annulata infection in indigenous cattle compared to crossbred cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Dewangan
- Division of Animal Genetics, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, UP, India,
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Cunha MV, Inácio J, Freimanis G, Fusaro A, Granberg F, Höper D, King DP, Monne I, Orton R, Rosseel T. Next-generation sequencing in veterinary medicine: how can the massive amount of information arising from high-throughput technologies improve diagnosis, control, and management of infectious diseases? Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1247:415-36. [PMID: 25399113 PMCID: PMC7123048 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2004-4_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-throughput molecular technologies and associated bioinformatics has dramatically changed the capacities of scientists to produce, handle, and analyze large amounts of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data. A clear example of this step-change is represented by the amount of DNA sequence data that can be now produced using next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms. Similarly, recent improvements in protein and peptide separation efficiencies and highly accurate mass spectrometry have promoted the identification and quantification of proteins in a given sample. These advancements in biotechnology have increasingly been applied to the study of animal infectious diseases and are beginning to revolutionize the way that biological and evolutionary processes can be studied at the molecular level. Studies have demonstrated the value of NGS technologies for molecular characterization, ranging from metagenomic characterization of unknown pathogens or microbial communities to molecular epidemiology and evolution of viral quasispecies. Moreover, high-throughput technologies now allow detailed studies of host-pathogen interactions at the level of their genomes (genomics), transcriptomes (transcriptomics), or proteomes (proteomics). Ultimately, the interaction between pathogen and host biological networks can be questioned by analytically integrating these levels (integrative OMICS and systems biology). The application of high-throughput biotechnology platforms in these fields and their typical low-cost per information content has revolutionized the resolution with which these processes can now be studied. The aim of this chapter is to provide a current and prospective view on the opportunities and challenges associated with the application of massive parallel sequencing technologies to veterinary medicine, with particular focus on applications that have a potential impact on disease control and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica V. Cunha
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, IP and Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Inácio
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, IP, Lisboa, Portugal and School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
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Cayir E, Erdemir A, Ozkan E, Topuzogullari M, Bolat ZB, Akat A, Turgut-Balik D. Cloning of Intron-Removed Enolase Gene and Expression, Purification, Kinetic Characterization of the Enzyme from Theileria annulata. Mol Biotechnol 2014; 56:689-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-014-9747-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ramsay JD, Ueti MW, Johnson WC, Scoles GA, Knowles DP, Mealey RH. Lymphocytes and macrophages are infected by Theileria equi, but T cells and B cells are not required to establish infection in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76996. [PMID: 24116194 PMCID: PMC3792048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Theileria equi has a biphasic life cycle in horses, with a period of intraleukocyte development followed by patent erythrocytic parasitemia that causes acute and sometimes fatal hemolytic disease. Unlike Theileria spp. that infect cattle (Theileria parva and Theileria annulata), the intraleukocyte stage (schizont) of Theileria equi does not cause uncontrolled host cell proliferation or other significant pathology. Nevertheless, schizont-infected leukocytes are of interest because of their potential to alter host cell function and because immune responses directed against this stage could halt infection and prevent disease. Based on cellular morphology, Theileria equi has been reported to infect lymphocytes in vivo and in vitro, but the specific phenotype of schizont-infected cells has yet to be defined. To resolve this knowledge gap in Theileria equi pathogenesis, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were infected in vitro and the phenotype of infected cells determined using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. These experiments demonstrated that the host cell range of Theileria equi was broader than initially reported and included B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and monocyte/macrophages. To determine if B and T lymphocytes were required to establish infection in vivo, horses affected with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), which lack functional B and T lymphocytes, were inoculated with Theileria equi sporozoites. SCID horses developed patent erythrocytic parasitemia, indicating that B and T lymphocytes are not necessary to complete the Theileria equi life cycle in vivo. These findings suggest that the factors mediating Theileria equi leukocyte invasion and intracytoplasmic differentiation are common to several leukocyte subsets and are less restricted than for Theileria annulata and Theileria parva. These data will greatly facilitate future investigation into the relationships between Theileria equi leukocyte tropism and pathogenesis, breed susceptibility, and strain virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Ramsay
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Massaro W. Ueti
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Wendell C. Johnson
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Glen A. Scoles
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Donald P. Knowles
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Mealey
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
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Glass EJ. The molecular pathways underlying host resistance and tolerance to pathogens. Front Genet 2012; 3:263. [PMID: 23403960 PMCID: PMC3566117 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Breeding livestock that are better able to withstand the onslaught of endemic- and exotic pathogens is high on the wish list of breeders and farmers world-wide. However, the defense systems in both pathogens and their hosts are complex and the degree of genetic variation in resistance and tolerance will depend on the trade-offs that they impose on host fitness as well as their life-histories. The genes and pathways underpinning resistance and tolerance traits may be distinct or intertwined as the outcome of any infection is a result of a balance between collateral damage of host tissues and control of the invading pathogen. Genes and molecular pathways associated with resistance are mainly expressed in the mucosal tract and the innate immune system and control the very early events following pathogen invasion. Resistance genes encode receptors involved in uptake of pathogens, as well as pattern recognition receptors (PRR) such as the toll-like receptor family as well as molecules involved in strong and rapid inflammatory responses which lead to rapid pathogen clearance, yet do not lead to immunopathology. In contrast tolerance genes and pathways play a role in reducing immunopathology or enhancing the host's ability to protect against pathogen associated toxins. Candidate tolerance genes may include cytosolic PRRs and unidentified sensors of pathogen growth, perturbation of host metabolism and intrinsic danger or damage associated molecules. In addition, genes controlling regulatory pathways, tissue repair and resolution are also tolerance candidates. The identities of distinct genetic loci for resistance and tolerance to infectious pathogens in livestock species remain to be determined. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved and phenotypes associated with resistance and tolerance should ultimately help to improve livestock health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Glass
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
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