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Monika, Madugula SK, Kondabagil K, Kunwar A. Far-UVC (222 nm) irradiation effectively inactivates ssRNA, dsRNA, ssDNA, and dsDNA viruses as compared to germicidal UVC (254 nm). Photochem Photobiol 2024. [PMID: 38736273 DOI: 10.1111/php.13961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-C (UVC) irradiation is being used as an effective approach for the disinfection of pathogenic viruses present in air, surfaces, and water. Recently, far-UVC radiation (222 nm) emitted by KrCl* (krypton-chloride) excimer lamps have been recommended for disinfecting high-risk public spaces to reduce the presence and transmission of infectious viruses owing to limited human health exposure risks as compared to germicidal UVC (254 nm). In this study, the UVC inactivation performances of individual filtered KrCl* excimer lamp (222 nm) and germicidal UVC lamp (254 nm) were determined against four viruses, bacteriophages MS2, Phi6, M13, and T4, having different genome compositions (ssRNA, dsRNA, ssDNA and dsDNA, respectively) and shapes (i.e., spherical (Phi6), linear (M13), and icosahedral (MS2 and T4)). Here, the disinfection efficacies of filtered KrCl* excimer lamp (222 nm) and germicidal UVC lamp (254 nm) were evaluated for highly concentrated virus droplets that mimic the virus-laden droplets released from the infected person and deposited on surfaces as fomites. Filtered KrCl* excimer (222 nm) showed significantly better inactivation against all viruses having different genome compositions and structures compared to germicidal UVC (254 nm). The obtained sensitivity against the filtered KrCl* excimer (222 nm) was found to be in the order, T4 > M13 > Phi6 > MS2 whereas for the germicidal UVC (254 nm) it was T4 > M13 > MS2 > Phi6. These results provide a strong basis to promote the use of filtered KrCl* excimer lamps (222 nm) in disinfecting contagious viruses and to limit the associated disease spread in public places and other high-risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Santhosh Kumar Madugula
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kiran Kondabagil
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ambarish Kunwar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Koita Centre for Digital Health (KCDH), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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2
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Wu H, Zhou HY, Zheng H, Wu A. Towards Understanding and Identification of Human Viral Co-Infections. Viruses 2024; 16:673. [PMID: 38793555 PMCID: PMC11126107 DOI: 10.3390/v16050673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral co-infections, in which a host is infected with multiple viruses simultaneously, are common in the human population. Human viral co-infections can lead to complex interactions between the viruses and the host immune system, affecting the clinical outcome and posing challenges for treatment. Understanding the types, mechanisms, impacts, and identification methods of human viral co-infections is crucial for the prevention and control of viral diseases. In this review, we first introduce the significance of studying human viral co-infections and summarize the current research progress and gaps in this field. We then classify human viral co-infections into four types based on the pathogenic properties and species of the viruses involved. Next, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of viral co-infections, focusing on virus-virus interactions, host immune responses, and clinical manifestations. We also summarize the experimental and computational methods for the identification of viral co-infections, emphasizing the latest advances in high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics approaches. Finally, we highlight the challenges and future directions in human viral co-infection research, aiming to provide new insights and strategies for the prevention, control, diagnosis, and treatment of viral diseases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge and future perspectives on human viral co-infections and underscores the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to address this complex and important topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, China;
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hang-Yu Zhou
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Heng Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, China;
| | - Aiping Wu
- Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou 215123, China
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3
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Spandole-Dinu S, Cimponeriu D, Stoica I, Apircioaie O, Gogianu L, Berca LM, Nica S, Toma M, Nica R. Phylogenetic analysis of torque teno virus in Romania: possible evidence of distinct geographical distribution. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2311-2318. [PMID: 35962263 PMCID: PMC9374574 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05559-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Torque teno virus (TTV) is highly prevalent, but little is known about its circulation in humans. Here, we investigated the geographical distribution and phylogeny of TTV in Romania. A fragment of TTV untranslated region B was sequenced in samples from volunteers across the country. Additional sequences from dialyzed patients were also included in the study. Phylogenetic analysis showed that more than 80% of Romanian sequences clustered with isolates assigned to the species Torque teno virus 1 and Torque teno virus 3 (former genogroup 1), and this analysis discriminated between isolates from the North-East and West regions. Further studies assessing the pathogenic potential of TTV isolates should employ analysis based on genomic regions with phylogenetic resolution below the species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Spandole-Dinu
- Department of Genetics, University of Bucharest, Intrarea Portocalelor 1-3, 060101, Bucharest, Romania
- Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences Division, The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dănuţ Cimponeriu
- Department of Genetics, University of Bucharest, Intrarea Portocalelor 1-3, 060101, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Ileana Stoica
- Department of Genetics, University of Bucharest, Intrarea Portocalelor 1-3, 060101, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Oana Apircioaie
- Department of Genetics, University of Bucharest, Intrarea Portocalelor 1-3, 060101, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Larisa Gogianu
- Department of Genetics, University of Bucharest, Intrarea Portocalelor 1-3, 060101, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lavinia Mariana Berca
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, National R&D Institute for Food Bioresources, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Silvia Nica
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Emergency University Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Toma
- Emergency Department, Central Military Emergency Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Remus Nica
- Surgery Clinic II, Central Military Emergency Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
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4
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Horníková L, Bruštíková K, Huérfano S, Forstová J. Nuclear Cytoskeleton in Virus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010578. [PMID: 35009004 PMCID: PMC8745530 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear lamina is the main component of the nuclear cytoskeleton that maintains the integrity of the nucleus. However, it represents a natural barrier for viruses replicating in the cell nucleus. The lamina blocks viruses from being trafficked to the nucleus for replication, but it also impedes the nuclear egress of the progeny of viral particles. Thus, viruses have evolved mechanisms to overcome this obstacle. Large viruses induce the assembly of multiprotein complexes that are anchored to the inner nuclear membrane. Important components of these complexes are the viral and cellular kinases phosphorylating the lamina and promoting its disaggregation, therefore allowing virus egress. Small viruses also use cellular kinases to induce lamina phosphorylation and the subsequent disruption in order to facilitate the import of viral particles during the early stages of infection or during their nuclear egress. Another component of the nuclear cytoskeleton, nuclear actin, is exploited by viruses for the intranuclear movement of their particles from the replication sites to the nuclear periphery. This study focuses on exploitation of the nuclear cytoskeleton by viruses, although this is just the beginning for many viruses, and promises to reveal the mechanisms and dynamic of physiological and pathological processes in the nucleus.
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Lu X, Hua X, Wang Y, Zhang D, Jiang S, Yang S, Wang X, Shen Q, Zhou T, Lin Z, Zhang W, Cui L. Comparison of gut viral communities in diarrhoea and healthy dairy calves. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34714225 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calf diarrhoea has been a major cause of economic losses in the global dairy industry. Many factors, including multiple pathogen infections, can directly or indirectly cause calf diarrhoea. This study compared the faecal virome between 15 healthy calves and 15 calves with diarrhoea. Significantly lower diversity of viruses was found in samples from animals with diarrhoea than those in the healthy ones, and this feature may also be related to the age of the calves. Viruses belonging to the families Astroviridae and Caliciviridae that may cause diarrhoea in dairy calves have been characterized, which revealed that reads of caliciviruses and astroviruses in diarrhoea calves were much higher than those in healthy calves. Five complete genomic sequences closely related to Smacoviridae have been identified, which may participate in the regulation of the gut virus community ecology of healthy hosts together with bacteriophages. This research provides a theoretical basis for further understanding of known or potential enteric pathogens related to calf diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Lu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Xiuguo Hua
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Dong Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Shengyao Jiang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Shixing Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Quan Shen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Tianji Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Zhibing Lin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China
| | - Li Cui
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
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Li G, Zhou D, Zhao M, Liu Q, Hao X, Yan T, Yuan S, Zhang S, Cheng Z. Kinetic analysis of pathogenicity and tissue tropism of gyrovirus 3 in experimentally infected chickens. Vet Res 2021; 52:120. [PMID: 34526128 PMCID: PMC8442313 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00990-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gyrovirus 3 (GyV3), the third novel emerging species of the genus Gyrovirus of the Anelloviridae family, has been described in multiple hosts. Epidemiologically, there are suggestions that GyV3 is associated with diarrhea/proventriculitis, however, no direct causal evidence exists between GyV3 infection and specific clinical diseases. Herein, we infected special pathogen-free (SPF) chickens with GyV3, and then assessed the pathogenicity and tissue tropism. The results revealed that GyV3 induced persistent infection characterized by diarrhea, aplastic anemia, immunosuppression, and persistent systemic lymphocytic inflammation. Clinically, the infected chickens presented ruffled feathers, diarrhea, anemia, and weight loss. Aplastic anemia was characterized by progressive depletion of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow, immunosuppression was associated with atrophy of the thymus, spleen, and bursa of Fabricious, progressive lymphocytic inflammations were characterized by proventriculitis, adrenalitis, pancreatitis, hepatitis, nephritis, and bronchitis. Viral loads of GyV3 in tissues exhibited “M”, “N”, “W” or “V” type dynamic changes. The highest level of viral loads was reported in bone marrow at 7dpi, followed by the adrenal gland at 2 dpi, the sciatic nerve at 7 dpi, and bile at 35 dpi. The bone marrow and kidney demonstrate the strongest immunostaining of GyV3-VP1 antigen and were suggested as the target tissues of GyV3. Collectively, GyV3 is an immunosuppressive pathogenic virus that targets the bone marrow and kidney in chickens. Exploring the pathogenicity and tissue tropism of GyV3 will guide the basic understanding of the biology of GyV3 and its pathogenesis in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Defang Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Manda Zhao
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Vocational-Technical School of Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Weifang, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Service Center of Jinan Zoo, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojing Hao
- Qindao Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Tianxing Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Shiyu Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Ziqiang Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
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7
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Liu Q, Wang H, Ling Y, Yang SX, Wang XC, Zhou R, Xiao YQ, Chen X, Yang J, Fu WG, Zhang W, Qi GL. Viral metagenomics revealed diverse CRESS-DNA virus genomes in faeces of forest musk deer. Virol J 2020; 17:61. [PMID: 32334626 PMCID: PMC7183601 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Musk deer can produce musk which has high medicinal value and is closely related to human health. Viruses in forest musk deer both threaten the health of forest musk deer and human beings. Methods Using viral metagenomics we investigated the virome in 85 faeces samples collected from forest musk deer. Results In this article, eight novel CRESS-DNA viruses were characterized, whole genomes were 2148 nt–3852 nt in length. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that some viral genomes were part of four different groups of CRESS-DNA virus belonging in the unclassified CRESS-DNA virus, Smacoviridae, pCPa-like virus and pPAPh2-like virus. UJSL001 (MN621482), UJSL003 (MN621469) and UJSL017 (MN621476) fall into the branch of unclassified CRESS-DNA virus (CRESSV1–2), UJSL002 (MN621468), UJSL004 (MN621481) and UJSL007 (MN621470) belong to the cluster of Smacoviridae, UJSL005 (MN604398) showing close relationship with pCPa-like (pCRESS4–8) clusters and UJSL006 (MN621480) clustered into the branch of pPAPh2-like (pCRESS9) virus, respectively. Conclusion The virome in faeces samples of forest musk deer from Chengdu, Sichuan province, China was revealed, which further characterized the diversity of viruses in forest musk deer intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.,Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yu Ling
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Shi-Xing Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yu-Qing Xiao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Wei-Guo Fu
- Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
| | - Gui-Lan Qi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Chengdu Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.
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8
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Human anelloviruses: an update of molecular, epidemiological and clinical aspects. Arch Virol 2015; 160:893-908. [PMID: 25680568 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human torque teno viruses (TTVs) are new, emerging infectious agents, recently assigned to the family Anelloviridae. The first representative of the genus, torque teno virus (TTV), was discovered in 1997, followed by torque teno mini virus (TTMV) in 2000, and torque teno midi virus (TTMDV) in 2007. These viruses are characterized by an extremely high prevalence, with relatively uniform distribution worldwide and a high level of genomic heterogeneity, as well as an apparent pan-tropism at the host level. Although these viruses have a very high prevalence in the general population across the globe, neither their interaction with their hosts nor their direct involvement in the etiology of specific diseases are fully understood. Since their discovery, human anelloviruses, and especially TTV, have been suggested to be associated with various diseases, such as hepatitis, respiratory diseases, cancer, hematological and autoimmune disorders, with few arguments for their direct involvement. Recent studies have started to reveal interactions between TTVs and the host's immune system, leading to new hypotheses for potential pathological mechanisms of these viruses. In this review article, we discuss the most important aspects and current status of human TTVs in order to guide future studies.
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Foulongne V. [The human virome]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2015:59-65. [PMID: 32288819 PMCID: PMC7140283 DOI: 10.1016/s1773-035x(15)72822-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The human virome is the collection of viruses found in human, including viruses that infect eucaryotic cells, bacteriophages and virus-derived genetic elements in host chromosomes that can influence host-genes expression. Most of the recent knowledges regarding the human virome were driven by advances in high-throughput, deep sequencing approaches. Thanks to these new technologies, many new human viruses were described with, furthermore, the evidence of the presence of a resident viral community in most human tissus. This new concept will have profound implications for understanding the biological role of viruses in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Foulongne
- Pôle Biologie et pathologie, Unité de virologie, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Montpellier, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, Université de Montpellier I - INSERM U1058, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5
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10
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Pirouzi A, Bahmani M, Feizabadi MM, Afkari R. Molecular characterization of Torque teno virus and SEN virus co-infection with HIV in patients from Southern Iran. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014; 47:275-9. [PMID: 25075476 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0073-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Torque teno virus (TTV) and SEN virus are circular single-stranded DNA viruses that cause blood-borne infections. The SEN virus (SEN-V) was originally detected in the serum of an injection drug user infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Recently TTV was discovered as a potential causative agent of non-A-E hepatitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the SEN-V-D/H and TTV in HIV patients and healthy blood donors in Iran. METHODS One hundred and fifty HIV patients with a mean age of 50.46 ± 18.46 years and 150 healthy blood donors with a mean age of 48.16 ± 13.73 years were included in this study. TTV and SEN-V were detected by the PCR and were quantitatively assayed by competitive PCR (nested and semi-nested PCR). Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were used to determine the heterogeneity of TTV. RESULTS TTV and SEN-V were detected 96 (64%) and 84 (56%) of 150 HIV patients respectively. These rates were 34% (n=51) and 37.33% (n=56) in healthy blood donors (significant, p<0.05). PCR detected SEN-V/TTV DNA from 32 of the healthy blood donors (21.33%), while 65 (43.33%) of HIV patients were positive for SEN-V/TTV DNA. Of 150 HIV patients, 32.66% and 23.33% were positive for SEN-V-H and SEN-V-D, respectively and 18.66% (n=28) were co-infected with SEN-V-D/H. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of SEN-VD/H and TTV is higher in HIV patients than in healthy blood donors in Southern Iran. Our results suggest that TTV and SEN-V might play a role in the development of liver disease in patients with immunodeficiency diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliyar Pirouzi
- Cellular and Molecular Gerash Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mirzakhalil Bahmani
- Cellular and Molecular Gerash Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Feizabadi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rouhi Afkari
- Cellular and Molecular Gerash Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Foulongne V, Sauvage V, Hebert C, Dereure O, Cheval J, Gouilh MA, Pariente K, Segondy M, Burguière A, Manuguerra JC, Caro V, Eloit M. Human skin microbiota: high diversity of DNA viruses identified on the human skin by high throughput sequencing. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38499. [PMID: 22723863 PMCID: PMC3378559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human skin is a complex ecosystem that hosts a heterogeneous flora. Until recently, the diversity of the cutaneous microbiota was mainly investigated for bacteria through culture based assays subsequently confirmed by molecular techniques. There are now many evidences that viruses represent a significant part of the cutaneous flora as demonstrated by the asymptomatic carriage of beta and gamma-human papillomaviruses on the healthy skin. Furthermore, it has been recently suggested that some representatives of the Polyomavirus genus might share a similar feature. In the present study, the cutaneous virome of the surface of the normal-appearing skin from five healthy individuals and one patient with Merkel cell carcinoma was investigated through a high throughput metagenomic sequencing approach in an attempt to provide a thorough description of the cutaneous flora, with a particular focus on its viral component. The results emphasize the high diversity of the viral cutaneous flora with multiple polyomaviruses, papillomaviruses and circoviruses being detected on normal-appearing skin. Moreover, this approach resulted in the identification of new Papillomavirus and Circovirus genomes and confirmed a very low level of genetic diversity within human polyomavirus species. Although viruses are generally considered as pathogen agents, our findings support the existence of a complex viral flora present at the surface of healthy-appearing human skin in various individuals. The dynamics and anatomical variations of this skin virome and its variations according to pathological conditions remain to be further studied. The potential involvement of these viruses, alone or in combination, in skin proliferative disorders and oncogenesis is another crucial issue to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Foulongne
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1058- University of Montpellier I- Montpellier University Hospital, Department of Biology and Pathology-Laboratory of Virology and Department of Dermatology, Montpellier, France
| | - Virginie Sauvage
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratory for Urgent Responses to Biological Threats, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Dereure
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1058- University of Montpellier I- Montpellier University Hospital, Department of Biology and Pathology-Laboratory of Virology and Department of Dermatology, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Meriadeg Ar Gouilh
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratory for Urgent Responses to Biological Threats, Paris, France
| | | | - Michel Segondy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1058- University of Montpellier I- Montpellier University Hospital, Department of Biology and Pathology-Laboratory of Virology and Department of Dermatology, Montpellier, France
| | - Ana Burguière
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratory for Urgent Responses to Biological Threats, Paris, France
| | | | - Valérie Caro
- Institut Pasteur, Genotyping of Pathogens and Public Health Platform, Paris, France
| | - Marc Eloit
- Pathoquest, Paris, France
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie ENVA, INRA, ANSES, Maisons Alfort, France
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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12
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Role of hematopoietic cells in the maintenance of chronic human torquetenovirus plasma viremia. J Virol 2010; 84:6891-3. [PMID: 20410268 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00273-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many aspects of the life cycle of torquetenoviruses (TTVs) are essentially unexplored. In particular, it is still a matter of speculation which cell type(s) replicates the viruses and maintains the generally high viral loads found in the blood of infected hosts. In this study, we sequentially measured the TTV loads in the plasma of four TTV-positive leukemia patients who were strongly myelosuppressed and then transplanted with haploidentical hematopoietic stem cells. The findings provide clear quantitative evidence for an extremely important role of hematopoietic cells in the maintenance of TTV viremia.
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Quantitative Detection of Porcine Torque Teno Virus in Porcine Circovirus-2–Negative and Porcine Circovirus–Associated Disease-Affected Pigs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2010; 22:261-4. [DOI: 10.1177/104063871002200217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Torque teno virus (TTV) is a recently identified virus that has a wide range of host tropisms from humans to shrews. Human TTV and Torque teno mini virus are distributed worldwide, and their high prevalence in human populations has been reported. Pigs have their own species-specific TTV, and like human TTV, a high prevalence of porcine TTV also has been reported. Despite its high prevalence, the role of TTV-related disease or syndrome in humans and pigs has not been determined. In the swine industry, TTV is thought to be one of the agents that aggravate clinical manifestation of Porcine circovirus–associated disease (PCVAD), a newly emerging, economically devastating disease. The purpose of the current study was to quantify TTV viral load in serum obtained from Porcine circovirus-2–negative pigs and PCVAD-affected pigs with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays and to compare TTV viral load between these groups. Results of this study indicate that there are no statically remarkable differences in TTV viral load between the 2 groups, which indicates that TTV might not be an agent of aggravation in PCVAD.
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Roperto S, Paciello O, Paolini F, Pagnini U, Palma E, Di Palo R, Russo V, Roperto F, Venuti A. Short communication: Detection of human Torque teno virus in the milk of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). J Dairy Sci 2009; 92:5928-32. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Timmusk S, Merlot E, Lövgren T, Järvekülg L, Berg M, Fossum C. Regulator of G protein signalling 16 is a target for a porcine circovirus type 2 protein. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2425-2436. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.008896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction studies have suggested that the non-structural protein encoded by open reading frame 3 (ORF3) of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) binds specifically to a regulator of G protein signalling (RGS) related to human RGS16 (huRGS16). The full-length clone of RGS16 was generated from porcine cells and sequence analysis revealed a close relationship to huRGS16 and murine RGS16. In vitro pull-down experiments verified an interaction between porcine RGS16 (poRGS16) and ORF3 from PCV2. Using GST-linked ORF3 proteins from three different genogroups of PCV2 and from porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) in the pull-down experiments indicated that there were differences in their ability to bind poRGS16. Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that the expression of poRGS16 mRNA could be induced by a number of cell activators including mitogens (LPS and PHA), interferon inducers (ODN 2216 and poly I : C) and the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Immunofluorescence labelling confirmed the induced expression of poRGS16 at the protein level and suggested that the PCV2 ORF3 protein co-localized with poRGS16 in LPS-activated porcine PBMC. Furthermore, poRGS16 appeared to participate in the translocation of the ORF3 protein into the cell nucleus, suggesting that the observed interaction may play an important role in the infection biology of porcine circovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirje Timmusk
- Institute of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, Box 588, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elodie Merlot
- INRA, UMR1079, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, Box 588, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tanja Lövgren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, Box 588, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lilian Järvekülg
- Institute of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Mikael Berg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Parasitology and Virology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7036, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Fossum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, Box 588, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Djikeng A, Kuzmickas R, Anderson NG, Spiro DJ. Metagenomic analysis of RNA viruses in a fresh water lake. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7264. [PMID: 19787045 PMCID: PMC2746286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Freshwater lakes and ponds present an ecological interface between humans and a variety of host organisms. They are a habitat for the larval stage of many insects and may serve as a medium for intraspecies and interspecies transmission of viruses such as avian influenza A virus. Furthermore, freshwater bodies are already known repositories for disease-causing viruses such as Norwalk Virus, Coxsackievirus, Echovirus, and Adenovirus. While RNA virus populations have been studied in marine environments, to this date there has been very limited analysis of the viral community in freshwater. Here we present a survey of RNA viruses in Lake Needwood, a freshwater lake in Maryland, USA. Our results indicate that just as in studies of other aquatic environments, the majority of nucleic acid sequences recovered did not show any significant similarity to known sequences. The remaining sequences are mainly from viral types with significant similarity to approximately 30 viral families. We speculate that these novel viruses may infect a variety of hosts including plants, insects, fish, domestic animals and humans. Among these viruses we have discovered a previously unknown dsRNA virus closely related to Banna Virus which is responsible for a febrile illness and is endemic to Southeast Asia. Moreover we found multiple viral sequences distantly related to Israeli Acute Paralysis virus which has been implicated in honeybee colony collapse disorder. Our data suggests that due to their direct contact with humans, domestic and wild animals, freshwater ecosystems might serve as repositories of a wide range of viruses (both pathogenic and non-pathogenic) and possibly be involved in the spread of emerging and pandemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Appolinaire Djikeng
- Infectious Diseases Group, The J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AD); (DJS)
| | - Ryan Kuzmickas
- Infectious Diseases Group, The J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Norman G. Anderson
- Viral Defense Foundation, Kensington, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David J. Spiro
- Infectious Diseases Group, The J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AD); (DJS)
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Ellis JA, Allan G, Krakowka S. Effect of coinfection with genogroup 1 porcine torque teno virus on porcine circovirus type 2-associated postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in gnotobiotic pigs. Am J Vet Res 2009; 69:1608-14. [PMID: 19046008 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.12.1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether genogroup 1 porcine torque teno virus (g1-TTV) can potentiate clinical disease associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). SAMPLE POPULATION 33 gnotobiotic baby pigs. PROCEDURES Pigs were allocated into 7 groups: group A, 5 uninoculated control pigs from 3 litters; group B, 4 pigs oronasally inoculated with PCV2 alone; group C, 4 pigs inoculated IP with first-passage g1-TTV alone; group D, 4 pigs inoculated IP with fourth-passage g1-TTV alone; group E, 6 pigs inoculated IP with first-passage g1-TTV and then oronasally inoculated with PCV2 7 days later; group F, 6 pigs inoculated IP with fourth-passage g1-TTV and then inoculated oronasally with PCV2 7 days later; and group G, 4 pigs inoculated oro-nasally with PCV2 and then inoculated IP with fourth-passage g1-TTV 7 days later. RESULTS 6 of 12 pigs inoculated with g1-TTV prior to PCV2 developed acute onset of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). None of the pigs inoculated with g1-TTV alone or PCV2 alone or that were challenge exposed to g1-TTV after establishment of infection with PCV2 developed clinical illness. Uninoculated control pigs remained healthy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These data implicated g1-TTV as another viral infection that facilitates PCV2-induced PMWS. This raises the possibility that torque teno viruses in swine may contribute to disease expression currently associated with only a single infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Ellis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
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18
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Krakowka S, Ellis JA. Evaluation of the effects of porcine genogroup 1 torque teno virus in gnotobiotic swine. Am J Vet Res 2009; 69:1623-9. [PMID: 19046010 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.12.1623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether porcine genogroup 1 torque teno virus (g1-TTV) can infect and cause disease in gnotobiotic swine. SAMPLE POPULATION 20 conventional baby pigs and 46 gnotobiotic baby pigs. PROCEDURES Porcine g1-TTV was transmitted from conventional swine to gnotobiotic pigs via pooled leukocyte-rich plasmas (n=18) that had positive results for g1-TTV DNA. Bone marrow-liver homogenates that had positive results for torque teno virus (TTV) were used in 4 serial passages in gnotobiotic pigs (2 pigs/passage). A pathogenesis experiment was conducted with in vivo passages of g1-TTV in various groups of gnotobiotic pigs. RESULTS All g1-TTV inoculated pigs had no clinical signs but developed interstitial pneumonia, transient thymic atrophy, membranous glomerulonephropathy, and modest lymphocytic to histiocytic infiltrates in the liver after inoculation with the TTV-containing tissue homogenate; these changes were not detected in uninoculated control pigs or pigs injected with tissue homogenate devoid of TTV DNAs. In situ hybridization was used to identify g1-TTV DNAs in bone marrow mononuclear cells. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Analysis of these data revealed that porcine g1-TTV was readily transmitted to TTV-naïve swine and that infection was associated with characteristic pathologic changes in gnotobiotic pigs inoculated with g1-TTV. Thus, g1-TTV could be an unrecognized pathogenic viral infectious agent of swine. This indicated a directly associated induction of lesions attributable to TTV infection in swine for a virus of the genus Anellovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Krakowka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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19
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Harkins GW, Delport W, Duffy S, Wood N, Monjane AL, Owor BE, Donaldson L, Saumtally S, Triton G, Briddon RW, Shepherd DN, Rybicki EP, Martin DP, Varsani A. Experimental evidence indicating that mastreviruses probably did not co-diverge with their hosts. Virol J 2009; 6:104. [PMID: 19607673 PMCID: PMC2719613 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the demonstration that geminiviruses, like many other single stranded DNA viruses, are evolving at rates similar to those of RNA viruses, a recent study has suggested that grass-infecting species in the genus Mastrevirus may have co-diverged with their hosts over millions of years. This "co-divergence hypothesis" requires that long-term mastrevirus substitution rates be at least 100,000-fold lower than their basal mutation rates and 10,000-fold lower than their observable short-term substitution rates. The credibility of this hypothesis, therefore, hinges on the testable claim that negative selection during mastrevirus evolution is so potent that it effectively purges 99.999% of all mutations that occur. Results We have conducted long-term evolution experiments lasting between 6 and 32 years, where we have determined substitution rates of between 2 and 3 × 10-4 substitutions/site/year for the mastreviruses Maize streak virus (MSV) and Sugarcane streak Réunion virus (SSRV). We further show that mutation biases are similar for different geminivirus genera, suggesting that mutational processes that drive high basal mutation rates are conserved across the family. Rather than displaying signs of extremely severe negative selection as implied by the co-divergence hypothesis, our evolution experiments indicate that MSV and SSRV are predominantly evolving under neutral genetic drift. Conclusion The absence of strong negative selection signals within our evolution experiments and the uniformly high geminivirus substitution rates that we and others have reported suggest that mastreviruses cannot have co-diverged with their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Harkins
- South African National Bioinformatics Institute, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
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20
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In utero transmission of porcine torque teno viruses. Vet Microbiol 2009; 137:375-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Krupovic M, Ravantti JJ, Bamford DH. Geminiviruses: a tale of a plasmid becoming a virus. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:112. [PMID: 19460138 PMCID: PMC2702318 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Geminiviruses (family Geminiviridae) are small single-stranded (ss) DNA viruses infecting plants. Their virion morphology is unique in the known viral world – two incomplete T = 1 icosahedra are joined together to form twinned particles. Geminiviruses utilize a rolling-circle mode to replicate their genomes. A limited sequence similarity between the three conserved motifs of the rolling-circle replication initiation proteins (RCR Reps) of geminiviruses and plasmids of Gram-positive bacteria allowed Koonin and Ilyina to propose that geminiviruses descend from bacterial replicons. Results Phylogenetic and clustering analyses of various RCR Reps suggest that Rep proteins of geminiviruses share a most recent common ancestor with Reps encoded on plasmids of phytoplasmas, parasitic wall-less bacteria replicating both in plant and insect cells and therefore occupying a common ecological niche with geminiviruses. Capsid protein of Satellite tobacco necrosis virus was found to be the best template for homology-based structural modeling of the geminiviral capsid protein. Good stereochemical quality of the generated models indicates that the geminiviral capsid protein shares the same structural fold, the viral jelly-roll, with the vast majority of icosahedral plant-infecting ssRNA viruses. Conclusion We propose a plasmid-to-virus transition scenario, where a phytoplasmal plasmid acquired a capsid-coding gene from a plant RNA virus to give rise to the ancestor of geminiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart Krupovic
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Institute of Biotechnology, Biocenter 2, PO Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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22
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Kekarainen T, Segalés J. Torque teno virus infection in the pig and its potential role as a model of human infection. Vet J 2009; 180:163-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 12/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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23
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Singer MC. Doorways in nature: syndemics, zoonotics, and public health. A commentary on Rock, Buntain, Hatfield & Hallgrímsson. Soc Sci Med 2009; 68:996-9. [PMID: 19188010 PMCID: PMC7131438 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Merrill C Singer
- Center for Health, Intervention and Prevention and Dept of Anthropology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Park JS, Ha Y, Kwon B, Cho KD, Lee BH, Chae C. Detection of porcine circovirus 2 in mammary and other tissues from experimentally infected sows. J Comp Pathol 2009; 140:208-11. [PMID: 19124134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) may infect the mammary gland of sows and be shed in the milk. Six pregnant sows were inoculated intranasally with PCV2 three weeks before their expected farrowing date and two further sows acted as uninfected controls. The animals remained clinically healthy and farrowed normally. Milk samples were collected from all sows on the first, second and third days of lactation. PCV2 DNA was detected in the milk of infected sows from day 1 of lactation but not in the milk of uninfected controls. PCV2 antigen and DNA were detected in the mammary gland and other tissues by immunohistochemistry and in-situ hybridization, respectively. Simultaneous detection of viral protein and DNA provided molecular evidence of PCV2 infection and replication within these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-S Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Leps J, Fries R. Incision of the heart during meat inspection of fattening pigs - A risk-profile approach. Meat Sci 2009; 81:22-7. [PMID: 22063958 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Meat inspection in the EU is based on Regulation (EC) 854/2004. Accordingly a risk based meat inspection should be implemented. In this paper, the incision of the heart in pig meat inspection is discussed with respect to efficacy. The incision especially can reveal the presence of endocarditis. Here, Erysipelothrixrhusiopathiae (E. rhusiopathiae) and/or Streptococcussuis (S. suis) are of particular concern. Both agents are regarded to be zoonotic agents. There is some evidence for infection of humans via an alimentary pathway. Hence, the occurrence of E. rhusiopathiae and S. suis is a concern of public health (PH) as well as veterinary public health (VPH). However, other measures, including on-farm disease prevention and diagnosis, seem to be more important for food safety. It is concluded that the incision and inspection of the heart is not justifiable with respect to PH aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Leps
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Meat-Hygiene and Technology, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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26
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Abstract
Many features of the Torque teno virus and the other anelloviruses (AVs) that have been identified after this virus was discovered in 1997 remain elusive. The immunobiology of the AVs is no exception. However, evidence is progressively accumulating that at least some AVs have an interesting interplay with cells and soluble factors known to contribute to the homeostasis of innate and adaptive immunity. Evidence is also accumulating that this interplay can have a significant impact on how effectively an infected host can deal with superimposed infectious and non-infectious noxae. This review article discusses the scanty information available on these aspects and highlights the ones that would be more urgent to precisely understand in order to get an adequate assessment of how important for human health these extremely ubiquitous and pervasive viruses really are.
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Les anellovirus (TTV et variants) : données actuelles dix ans après leur découverte. Transfus Clin Biol 2008; 15:406-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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van der Walt E, Martin DP, Varsani A, Polston JE, Rybicki EP. Experimental observations of rapid Maize streak virus evolution reveal a strand-specific nucleotide substitution bias. Virol J 2008; 5:104. [PMID: 18816368 PMCID: PMC2572610 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent reports have indicated that single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses in the taxonomic families Geminiviridae, Parvoviridae and Anellovirus may be evolving at rates of ~10-4 substitutions per site per year (subs/site/year). These evolution rates are similar to those of RNA viruses and are surprisingly high given that ssDNA virus replication involves host DNA polymerases with fidelities approximately 10 000 times greater than those of error-prone viral RNA polymerases. Although high ssDNA virus evolution rates were first suggested in evolution experiments involving the geminivirus maize streak virus (MSV), the evolution rate of this virus has never been accurately measured. Also, questions regarding both the mechanistic basis and adaptive value of high geminivirus mutation rates remain unanswered. Results We determined the short-term evolution rate of MSV using full genome analysis of virus populations initiated from cloned genomes. Three wild type viruses and three defective artificial chimaeric viruses were maintained in planta for up to five years and displayed evolution rates of between 7.4 × 10-4 and 7.9 × 10-4 subs/site/year. Conclusion These MSV evolution rates are within the ranges observed for other ssDNA viruses and RNA viruses. Although no obvious evidence of positive selection was detected, the uneven distribution of mutations within the defective virus genomes suggests that some of the changes may have been adaptive. We also observed inter-strand nucleotide substitution imbalances that are consistent with a recent proposal that high mutation rates in geminiviruses (and possibly ssDNA viruses in general) may be due to mutagenic processes acting specifically on ssDNA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric van der Walt
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Davidson I, Shulman LM. Unraveling the puzzle of human anellovirus infections by comparison with avian infections with the chicken anemia virus. Virus Res 2008; 137:1-15. [PMID: 18656506 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 06/15/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Current clinical studies on human annelloviruses infections are directed towards finding an associated disease. In this review we have emphasized the many similarities between human anellovirus and avian circoviruses and the cell and tissue types infected by these pathogens. We have done this in order to explore whether knowledge acquired from natural and experimental avian infections could reflect and be extrapolated to the less well-characterized human annellovirus infections. The knowledge gained from the avian system may provide suggestions for decoding the enigmatic human anellovirus infections, and finding the specific disease or diseases caused by these human anellovirus infections. Each additional parallelism between chicken anemia virus (CAV) and Torque teno virus (TTV) further strengthens this premise. As we have seen information from human infections can also be used to better understand avian infections as well. Increased attention must be focused on the "hidden" or unrecognized, seemingly asymptomatic effects of circovirus and anellovirus infections. Understanding the facilitating effect of these infections on disease progression caused by other pathogens may help to explain differences in outcome of complicated poultry and human diseases. The final course of a pathogenic infection is determined by variations in the state of health of the host before, during and after contact with a pathogen, in addition to the phenotype of the pathogen and host. The health burden of circoviridae and anellovirus infections may be underestimated, due to lack of awareness of the need to search past the predominant clinical effect of identified pathogens and look for modulation of cellular-based immunity caused by co-infecting circoviruses, and by analogy, human anneloviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Davidson
- Division of Avian Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel.
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Blazsek A, Sillo P, Ishii N, Gergely P, Poor G, Preisz K, Hashimoto T, Medvecz M, Kárpáti S. Searching for foreign antigens as possible triggering factors of autoimmunity: Torque Teno virus DNA prevalence is elevated in sera of patients with bullous pemphigoid. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17:446-54. [PMID: 18400063 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Torque Teno virus (TTV), a member of virus genus Anellovirus has been shown to be commonly present in humans, yet without detectable pathogenicity. Recent studies imply that TTV may contribute to provoke autoimmune progresses in systemic lupus erythematosus and idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. We aimed to study the presence of TTV in a group of patients with autoimmune bullous diseases with a further goal to identify long-lasting foreign antigen, such as TTV as possible triggers of skin-specific autoimmunity. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed in silico research to study similarities between known TTV sequences and antigens of bullous pemphigoid (BP), pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and dermatitis herpetiformis (DH). Basic Local Alignment Search Tool results showed matching regions for the major BP antigens BP180 and BP230, PV antigen desmoglein 3 and DH antigen transglutaminase 3 and disclosed overlapping, antigen-predicted sequences only for BP180 regions. We also assessed the prevalence of TTV in these disorders and compared them with the results from two healthy blood donor groups (group 1: sex- and age-matched for the general bullous group, n = 95; group 2: sex- and age-matched for BP, n = 50). Furthermore, we assayed lymphocytes from four TTV DNA and BP180 NC16A blot-positive BP patients and three controls in a standard lymphocyte transformation test with a TTV peptide from the conserved ORF(Open Reading Frame)1/N22 region. RESULTS We found that the detection rate of TTV was comparable with that in healthy controls in the group of PV (19/33); whereas detection rates in DH showed a slight, but not significant tendency for elevation (17/20). Contrary, the TTV prevalence in BP patients was significantly elevated (group 1: 36/40 vs group 2: 31/50, P < 0.032). Lymphocytes from all four virus-positive BP patients heavily reacted to TTV peptide while two of the three healthy controls have shown not to recognize the viral sequences. Only the TTV carrier healthy control had a minor reaction at lowest peptide concentration. The combined in silico, polymerse chain reaction and in vitro cell assay data of the present study indicate that a TTV persistence may contribute to the pathogenesis of BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antal Blazsek
- Department of Dermato-Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Arguello-Astorga G, Ascencio-Ibáñez JT, Dallas MB, Orozco BM, Hanley-Bowdoin L. High-frequency reversion of geminivirus replication protein mutants during infection. J Virol 2007; 81:11005-15. [PMID: 17670823 PMCID: PMC2045516 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00925-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The geminivirus replication protein AL1 interacts with retinoblastoma-related protein (RBR), a key regulator of the plant division cell cycle, to induce conditions permissive for viral DNA replication. Previous studies of tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) AL1 showed that amino acid L148 in the conserved helix 4 motif is critical for RBR binding. In this work, we examined the effect of an L148V mutation on TGMV replication in tobacco cells and during infection of Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The L148V mutant replicated 100 times less efficiently than wild-type TGMV in protoplasts but produced severe symptoms that were delayed compared to those of wild-type infection in plants. Analysis of progeny viruses revealed that the L148V mutation reverted at 100% frequency in planta to methionine, leucine, isoleucine, or a second-site mutation depending on the valine codon in the initial DNA sequence. Similar results were seen with another geminivirus, cabbage leaf curl virus (CaLCuV), carrying an L145A mutation in the equivalent residue. Valine was the predominant amino acid recovered from N. benthamiana plants inoculated with the CaLCuV L145A mutant, while threonine was the major residue in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Together, these data demonstrated that there is strong selection for reversion of the TGMV L148V and CaLCuV L145A mutations but that the nature of the selected revertants is influenced by both the viral background and host components. These data also suggested that high mutation rates contribute to the rapid evolution of geminivirus genomes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Arguello-Astorga
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7622, USA
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Brassard J, Gagné MJ, Lamoureux L, Inglis GD, Leblanc D, Houde A. Molecular detection of bovine and porcine Torque teno virus in plasma and feces. Vet Microbiol 2007; 126:271-6. [PMID: 17723280 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 07/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Torque teno virus (TTV) is frequently detected in humans, livestock and some companion animals. Very little is known about presence of TTV in Canadian livestock and the goal of this study was to evaluate the presence of TTV in swine and cattle using molecular tools. TTV DNA was detected and confirmed by sequencing in the plasma of 90.5% and in the feces of 60.3% of the animals tested in a single swine herd as well as 80.9% and 1.1% in the plasma of individuals from general Quebec swine and cattle populations, respectively. The impact of the TTV presence in livestock population for the agri-food chain should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brassard
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Food Research and Development Centre, 3600 Casavant Boulevard West, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada J2S 8E3.
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Gergely P, Perl A, Poór G. Possible pathogenic nature of the recently discovered TT virus: Does it play a role in autoimmune rheumatic diseases? Autoimmun Rev 2006; 6:5-9. [PMID: 17110309 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2006.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis of viral origin has long been suggested in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Beside the well-defined virus induced transient or chronic rheumatic diseases often resembling systemic autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, viruses can contribute to disease pathogenesis by several different pathomechanisms. TT virus is a recently discovered virus of extremely high genetic diversity which commonly infects humans. Despite accumulated evidence on the biological characteristics of TTV, its pathogenicity is still in question; many consider TTV as a harmless endosymbiont. The recent paper overviews the biology of TT virus and investigates the hypothesis that TTV might have a causative role in human diseases with special attention to the possibility that TTV might trigger autoimmunity in rheumatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gergely
- National Institute of Rheumatology and Physiotherapy, Frankel Leó u 38-40, H-1023 Budapest, Hungary
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Al-Mozaini MA, Al-Ahdal MN, Kessie G, Dela Cruz DM, Rezeig MA, Al-Shammary FJ. Molecular epidemiology and genotyping of TT virus isolated from Saudi blood donors and hepatitis patients. Ann Saudi Med 2006; 26:444-9. [PMID: 17143020 PMCID: PMC6074335 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2006.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Saudi Arabia, the epidemiology and clinical significance of Torque Teno virus (TTV) infection alone and in patients with hepatitis virus infections have not been determined in a single study. In this paper, we molecularly investigated the rate and genotypes of TTV infection among Saudi Arabian blood donors and patients with viral hepatitis. The effect of TTV coinfection on viral hepatitis was also examined. SUBJECTS AND METHODS DNA was extracted from the sera of 200 healthy blood volunteers, 45 hepatitis B virus patients, 100 hepatitis C virus patients, 19 hepatitis G virus patients, and 56 non-A-G hepatitis patients. TTV DNA was amplified using primers derived from the ORF1 and 5'UTR regions. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level was determined for each specimen. Sequencing of ORF1 amplicons was carried out to investigate TTV genotypes. RESULTS Using primers derived from ORF1 and 5'UTR, TTV DNA was detected in 5.5% and 50.5%, respectively, of healthy blood donors, in 2.2% and 88.8% in hepatitis B patients, in 2.0% and 70% of hepatitis C patients, in 15.8% and 100% of hepatitis G patients, in 5.4% and 12.5% of non-A-G hepatitis patients and in 4.8% and 56.4% overall. No detrimental effect of TTV coinfection in viral hepatitis patients was noted. An overall prevalence of 4.8% and 56.4% was established. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the most common genotype of TTV among Saudis is 2c. CONCLUSION The rate of TTV infection among Saudi Arabians seems to be lower than that stated in previous reports on Saudi Arabia and in some other countries. The virus does not seem to worsen the status of those who are suffering from viral hepatitis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha A. Al-Mozaini
- Department of Biological and Medical Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed N. Al-Ahdal
- Department of Biological and Medical Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - George Kessie
- Department of Biological and Medical Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Damian M. Dela Cruz
- Department of Biological and Medical Research, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Rezeig
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad J. Al-Shammary
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences. College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Peterlana D, Puccetti A, Corrocher R, Lunardi C. Serologic and molecular detection of human Parvovirus B19 infection. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 372:14-23. [PMID: 16765338 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2006.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Revised: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Following its identification by Yvonne Cossart in 1975, human Parvovirus B19 has been recognized as the causative agent of a wide range of diseases. In childhood, the most common disease is a typical exanthema called "fifth disease". In adults, viral infection may be responsible for fetal loss and for aplastic anaemia in immuno-compromised patients. Because persistent viral infection may induce an autoimmune response, Parvovirus B19 is emerging as an environmental factor linked to the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. As a result of its expanding disease spectrum, Parvovirus B19 is the subject of intense efforts to clarify the pathogenesis of virus-related disorders as well as improve diagnostic laboratory testing including standardization of serological and nucleic acid-based detection assays. Enzymatic immunoassays based on conformational antigens have proven to be the most important tools for accurate diagnosis in the majority of cases. In other selected clinical cases, the detection of Parvovirus B19 infection can be complemented by PCR and, more recently, by the real-time PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Peterlana
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Performance of three PCR methods targeting different regions of viral genome for the detection of TTV in Non A-E hepatitis, chronic B and C hepatitis and healthy blood donors. Open Med (Wars) 2006. [DOI: 10.2478/s11536-006-0029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTT virus (TTV) was suggested to be the etiologic agent for non A-E hepatitis but this could not yet be proven due to high detection rates not only in hepatitis but also in healthy persons and sensitivity differences of PCR methods employed. The aim of this study was to evaluate TTV DNA positivity in non A-E hepatitis cases, chronic HBV and HCV hepatitis cases and healthy blood donors via PCR systems that target all regions of the viral genome used for viral detection. 23 non A-E hepatitis, 28 chronic HCV, 21 chronic HBV cases and 56 healthy blood donors were included in the study and evaluated by PCR protocols that target 5′-UTR, 3′-UTR and N22 (ORF1) regions. As a result, 3′-UTR and 5′-UTR PCR had comparable detection rates that were higher than N22 PCR. Differences in detection rates among study groups were not statistically significant for any PCR method. Hepatic enzyme levels of the patients were not correlated with the presence of TTV DNA. Detection rate was significantly higher for Non A-E hepatitis group when positivity rates from all methods were combined. These results suggest an alteration of viral genotypes in Non A-E hepatitis which might be associated with pathogenesis.
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Martelli F, Caprioli A, Di Bartolo I, Cibin V, Pezzotti G, Ruggeri FM, Ostanello F. Detection of Swine Torque Teno Virus in Italian Pig Herds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 53:234-8. [PMID: 16732882 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2006.00949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Anellovirus is a recently created, floating genus of viruses. Torque teno virus (TTV), the type species in the genus, was first discovered in a human patient with a post-transfusion hepatitis of unknown aetiology. Recently, TTV genetically related to but distinct from those discovered in humans have also been found in animals, including pigs. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of swine TTV in Italian pig herds and some risk factors possibly associated with this infection. Serum samples from 179 healthy pigs from 10 farms located in north-central Italy were tested by polymerase chain reaction for the presence of swine TTV DNA. Viral DNA was found in the sera of 43 pigs (24.0%), coming from eight of the 10 farms examined. Prevalence was significantly higher in finishing herds (40.1%) than in farrow-to-finish herds (11.0%) and did not depend on the size of the herd. Within the finishing herds the prevalence was significantly higher in weaners (57.4%) than in fatteners (22.9%), but this difference was not observed in farrow-to-finish herds. No relationship was observed between the prevalence of swine TTV and the implementation of some general hygiene practices and biosecurity procedures within the herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Martelli
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Patologia Animale, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Italy
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López-Bueno A, Villarreal LP, Almendral JM. Parvovirus variation for disease: a difference with RNA viruses? Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 299:349-70. [PMID: 16568906 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-26397-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The Parvoviridae, a family of viruses with single-stranded DNA genomes widely spread from invertebrates to mammal and human hosts, display a remarkable evolutionary capacity uncommon in DNA genomes. Parvovirus populations show high genetic heterogeneity and large population sizes resembling the quasispecies found in RNA viruses. These viruses multiply in proliferating cells, causing acute, persistent or latent infections relying in the immunocompetence and developmental stage of the hosts. Some parvovirus populations in natural settings, such as carnivore autonomous parvoviruses or primate adeno associated virus, show a high degree of genetic heterogeneity. However, other parvoviruses such as the pathogenic B19 human erythrovirus or the porcine parvovirus, show little genetic variation, indicating different virus-host relationships. The Parvoviridae evolutionary potential in mammal infections has been modeled in the experimental system formed by the immunodeficient scid mouse infected by the minute virus of mice (MVM) under distinct immune and adaptive pressures. The sequence of viral genomes (close to 10(5) nucleotides) in emerging MVM pathogenic populations present in the organs of 26 mice showed consensus sequences not representing the complex distribution of viral clones and a high genetic heterogeneity (average mutation frequency 8.3 x 10(-4) substitutions/nt accumulated over 2-3 months). Specific amino acid changes, selected at a rate up to 1% in the capsid and in the NS2 nonstructural protein, endowed these viruses with new tropism and increased fitness. Further molecular analysis supported the notion that, in addition to immune pressures, the affinity of molecular interactions with cellular targets, as the Crml nuclear export receptor or the primary capsid receptor, as well as the adaptation to tissues enriched in proliferating cells, are major selective factors in the rapid parvovirus evolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A López-Bueno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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Hung CC, Sheng WH, Lee KL, Yang SJ, Chen MY. Genetic drift of parvovirus B19 is found in AIDS patients with persistent B19 infection. J Med Virol 2006; 78:1374-84. [PMID: 16998895 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It is generally thought that parvovirus B19 is stable genetically. Consistently, genetic drift has not been found in patients with persistent B19 infection. In this report, longitudinal genetic changes in NS1 and VP1 gene of B19 isolates from three AIDS patients with persistent B19 infection were studied. One of the three patients was not treated with highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). B19 viral DNA from these patients was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and then sequenced directly. A single genetic change was found in the B19 isolate obtained from the patient not treated with HAART on Day 10 after intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment. The nucleotide sequences of B19 isolated from this patient, then remained unchanged over a period of 11 months. Analysis of NS1 clones derived from his longitudinal viral isolates showed the existence of quasi-species but genetic drift was not found. One of the other two patients treated with HAART experienced treatment failure; he was later treated with mega-HAART. In contrast to the genetic stability of B19 isolates from the patient not treated with HAART, multiple genetic changes were discovered in the viral isolates from the two other patients after HAART and mega-HAART, respectively. Through analysis of B19 clones, the frequency of clones containing these mutations confirmed the genetic drift. Nucleotide substitutions seen in VP2 gene of isolates with genetic drift from both patients were all non-conserved, suggesting that they are positively selected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ching Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Disease, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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40
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The human metapneumovirus: biology, epidemiological features, and clinical characteristics of infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/01.revmedmi.0000237165.94641.c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Maggi F, Andreoli E, Lanini L, Fornai C, Vatteroni M, Pistello M, Presciuttini S, Bendinelli M. Relationships between total plasma load of torquetenovirus (TTV) and TTV genogroups carried. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:4807-10. [PMID: 16145145 PMCID: PMC1234078 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.9.4807-4810.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 239 torquetenovirus-positive people, multiple-genogroup infections were common and associated with higher viral loads than would be expected from simple additive effects. The latter observation was restricted to the infections which included both genogroups 1 and 3, pointing to the possible existence of some kind of infection facilitation between these genogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Maggi
- Virology Section and Retrovirus Center, Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pisa, Italy
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Abstract
The rapid emergence of Cryptosporidium parvum and Escherichia coli 0157:H7 have created a threat to the drinking water industry and there is a growing need to develop a strategy for recognizing potential emerging waterborne pathogens. Globalization of trade, changing population demographics and changes in treatment technology have been driving factors in the emergence of these new pathogens. An understanding of disinfectant action and microbial resistance to treatment processes is needed to better identify those pathogens likely to be of greatest concern. Recent research on microbial resistance to treatment and disinfection demonstrates that the microbial surface structure and composition and the nature of the genome are key to determining the potential for waterborne transmission of emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nena Nwachcuku
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, Washington, DC 20460, USA
| | - Charles P Gerba
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Shackelton LA, Parrish CR, Truyen U, Holmes EC. High rate of viral evolution associated with the emergence of carnivore parvovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:379-84. [PMID: 15626758 PMCID: PMC544290 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0406765102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an emerging DNA virus that was first observed to cause disease in canines in 1978 and has since become a ubiquitous pathogen worldwide. CPV emerged from feline panleukopenia parvovirus (FPLV) or a closely related virus, differing at several key amino acid residues. Here we characterize the evolutionary processes underlying the emergence of CPV. Although FPLV has remained an endemic infection in its host populations, we show that, since the 1970s, the newly emerged CPV has undergone an epidemic-like pattern of logistic/exponential growth, effectively doubling its population size every few years. This rapid population growth was associated with a lineage of CPV that acquired a broader host range and greater infectivity. Recombination played no role in the emergence of CPV. Rather, any preexisting variation in the donor species and the subsequent rapid adaptation of the virus to canines were likely dependent on a high rate of mutation and the positive selection of mutations in the major capsid gene. Strikingly, although these single-stranded viruses have a DNA genome and use cellular replication machinery, their rate of nucleotide substitution is closer to that of RNA viruses than to that of double-stranded DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Shackelton
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
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44
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Lashley FR. Emerging infectious diseases: vulnerabilities, contributing factors and approaches. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2004; 2:299-316. [PMID: 15482195 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2.2.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We live in an ever more connected global village linked through international travel, politics, economics, culture and human-human and human-animal interactions. The realization that the concept of globalization includes global exposure to disease-causing agents that were formerly confined to small, remote areas and that infectious disease outbreaks can have political, economic and social roots and effects is becoming more apparent. Novel infectious disease microbes continue to be discovered because they are new or newly recognized, have expanded their geographic range, have been shown to cause a new disease spectrum, have jumped the species barrier from animals to humans, have become resistant to antimicrobial agents, have increased in incidence or have become more virulent. These emerging infectious disease microbes may have the potential for use as agents of bioterrorism. Factors involved in the emergence of infectious diseases are complex and interrelated and involve all classifications of organisms transmitted in a variety of ways. In 2003, outbreaks of interest included severe acute respiratory syndrome, monkeypox and avian influenza. Information from the human genome project applied to microbial organisms and their hosts will provide new opportunities for detection, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, control and prognosis. New technology related not only to genetics but also to satellite and monitoring systems will play a role in weather, climate and the approach to environmental manipulations that influence factors contributing to infectious disease emergence and control. Approaches to combating emerging infectious diseases include many disciplines, such as animal studies, epidemiology, immunology, ecology, environmental studies, microbiology, pharmacology, other sciences, health, medicine, public health, nursing, cultural, political and social studies, all of which must work together. Appropriate financial support of the public health infrastructure including surveillance, prevention, communication, adherence techniques and the like will be needed to support efforts to address emerging infectious disease threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felissa R Lashley
- College of Nursing, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 180 University Avenue, Ackerson Hall, Suite 102, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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