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Lu X, Ward MP. Spatiotemporal analysis of reported classical swine fever outbreaks in China (2005-2018) and the influence of weather. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3183-e3195. [PMID: 35007396 PMCID: PMC9787383 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a viral disease that causes enormous economic losses in the swine industry in endemic countries including China. The aims of the current study were to describe the spatial distribution of annual CSF reports in China from 2005 to 2018, identify spatiotemporal clusters of annual CSF reports during this time period and to investigate the correlations between climate factors (rainfall, wind speed, temperature, vapour pressure and relative humidity) and the occurrence of CSF outbreaks. The strongest (Moran's index > 0.19), significant (p < .05) spatial clustering of reported outbreaks was observed during the first 4 years of the study period. This clustering was apparent in the four southern provinces of Guizhou, Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan. Five of the six significant (p ≤ .0001) spatiotemporal clusters occurred during the period 2005-2012. These were widely dispersed, with four clusters persisting for only 1 or 2 years, whereas two clusters (Jiangxi and Yunnan) persisted for 8 and 7 years, respectively. As a result of implementation of a national animal disease control plan and increasing coverage of vaccination, CSF outbreaks in China have generally been controlled and reduced, becoming sporadic in most provinces by 2018. We also confirmed that low relative humidity and high wind speed were significant weather variables associated with the occurrence of CSF. Furthermore, our study has confirmed that CSF is still endemic in some Chinese provinces, and we recommend that the national CSF control protocol be updated and standardized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lu
- Sydney School of Veterinary ScienceThe University of SydneyCamdenAustralia
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary ScienceThe University of SydneyCamdenAustralia
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Nguyen NH, Thi Phuong BN, Nguyen TQ, Do Tien D, Nguyen Thi MD, Nguyen MN. Genotypic diversity of CSFV field strains: A silent risk reduces vaccination efficacy of CSFV vaccines in Vietnam. Virology 2022; 571:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Genetic diversity and molecular characterization of classical swine fever virus envelope protein genes E2 and E rns circulating in Vietnam from 2017 to 2019. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 96:105140. [PMID: 34781037 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is an RNA virus that incurs severe economic costs to swine industries worldwide. This study was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity among CSFV strains circulating in Vietnam, with a focus on their genetic variants relative to four vaccine strains. Samples from clinical cases were collected from different provinces of Central and Southern Vietnam from 2017 to 2019. 21 CSFV-positive samples were selected for amplification and sequencing of the full-length Erns and E2 genes. Phylogenetic analyses of these two genes showed that most CSFV strains circulating in Central and Southern Vietnam from 2017 to 2019 belong to subgroup 2.1c, whereas the remaining strains cluster into subgroup 2.2. All CSFV field strains in this study were genetically distant from group 1 strains. Analysis of the E2 and Erns genes indicated that all CSFV field strains have low sequence identity with the vaccine strains (80-83.5% and 82.3-86% sequence identity for E2 and Erns, respectively). Likewise, amino acid-level sequence analysis showed 87.3-91.1% and 87.6-91.6% sequence identity for E2 and Erns, respectively. Together, our findings indicate that CSFV strains circulating in Vietnam belong to subtypes 2.2 and 2.1c, and we also provide novel insights into the epidemiology, molecular characteristics, genetic diversity, and evolution of these circulating CSFV strains.
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Seroprevalence of the viral pig diseases among backyard pigs in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Prev Vet Med 2021; 190:105330. [PMID: 33774502 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Participatory One-Health Disease Detection project (PODD) (www.cmonehealth.org) developed a health-based surveillance system with the local government of Chiang Mai community ownership that has been created a mobile application on smartphone for reporting an abnormal event, especially animal health. Previously, the PODD project has obtained a significant number of pig abnormal events. Therefore, there are likely to be some diseases that are currently circulating among backyard pigs. A cross-sectional serological study was undertaken to determine the risk factors for virus infection and prevalence of antibodies against the classical swine fever virus (CSFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and influenza A virus (IAV) among backyard pigs in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Antibodies against the CSFV, PRRSV and PCV2 in backyard pigs were shown in swine level to be 14 % (95 % CI: 9-20), 14 % (95 % CI: 10-19), and 15 % (95 % CI: 8-23), respectively. For the household level, antibodies against the CSFV, PRRSV and PCV2 were found to be 23 % (95 % CI: 13-37), 22 % (95 % CI: 14-23), and 48 % (95 % CI: 32-63), respectively, while antibodies against IAV were shown to be absent. The use of artificial insemination for breeding purposes has been considered to be a significant risk factor associated with PRRSV (OR = 21.08, 95 % CI: 1.92-232.02) and CSFV (OR = 7.7, 95 % CI: 1.49-39.90) infections. Meanwhile, a risk factor for PCV2 infection was found to significantly involve the feeding of pigs with commercial feed (OR = 9.64, 95 % CI: 1.85-50.26). The findings of this study indicate that infections with CSFV, PRRSV, and PCV2 remain a significant concern and may have an impact on the growth performance of the backyard pigs. The lack of antibodies against the influenza A virus has indicated a low degree of interspecies transmission of influenza A among backyard pigs in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Effective control measures need to be prepared and implemented, and these should include the strict regulation of pig imports as a free source of the viruses along with effective animal quarantine, policies, and appropriate vaccination programs.
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Coronado L, Perera CL, Rios L, Frías MT, Pérez LJ. A Critical Review about Different Vaccines against Classical Swine Fever Virus and Their Repercussions in Endemic Regions. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:154. [PMID: 33671909 PMCID: PMC7918945 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is, without any doubt, one of the most devasting viral infectious diseases affecting the members of Suidae family, which causes a severe impact on the global economy. The reemergence of CSF virus (CSFV) in several countries in America, Asia, and sporadic outbreaks in Europe, sheds light about the serious concern that a potential global reemergence of this disease represents. The negative aspects related with the application of mass stamping out policies, including elevated costs and ethical issues, point out vaccination as the main control measure against future outbreaks. Hence, it is imperative for the scientific community to continue with the active investigations for more effective vaccines against CSFV. The current review pursues to gather all the available information about the vaccines in use or under developing stages against CSFV. From the perspective concerning the evolutionary viral process, this review also discusses the current problematic in CSF-endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liani Coronado
- National Centre for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Disaster Risk Reduction in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (L.C.); (C.L.P.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Carmen L. Perera
- National Centre for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Disaster Risk Reduction in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (L.C.); (C.L.P.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Liliam Rios
- Reiman Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada;
| | - María T. Frías
- National Centre for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), OIE Collaborating Centre for Disaster Risk Reduction in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (L.C.); (C.L.P.); (M.T.F.)
| | - Lester J. Pérez
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL 61802, USA
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Izzati UZ, Hoa NT, Lan NT, Diep NV, Fuke N, Hirai T, Yamaguchi R. Pathology of the outbreak of subgenotype 2.5 classical swine fever virus in northern Vietnam. Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:164-174. [PMID: 32781492 PMCID: PMC7840204 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is an endemic disease in southeastern Asia and is one of the most important swine diseases in Vietnam. This study was conducted to characterize the pathology of natural cases of CSF in northern Vietnam in 2018 and their genetic prevalence. A total of 10 representative pigs were collected from four provinces (Hung Yen, Ha Noi, Quang Ninh and Thai Binh) during five outbreaks and examined pathologically. The gross and histopathological findings showed the disease was expressed as the acute or the subacute to chronic form of CSF, depending on the age of the animals. The most consistently observed lesions associated with infection by the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) included lymphoid depletions in tonsils, lymph node and spleen; histiocytic hyperplasia in spleen; cerebral haemorrhage; perivascular cuffing in the brain; renal erythrodiapedesis; urothelial vacuolation and degeneration and interstitial pneumonia. The immunohistochemical findings showed a ubiquitous CSFV antigen mainly in the monocytes/macrophages and in the epithelial and endothelial cells in various organs. CSFV neurotropism was also found in the small neurons of the cerebrum and the ganglia of the myenteric plexus. Analysis of the full-length envelope protein (E2) genome sequence showed that all strains were genetically clustered into subgenotype 2.5, sharing a nucleotide identity of 94.0%-100.00%. Based on the results of this study, the strain was categorized as a moderately virulent CSFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uda Zahli Izzati
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Nguyen Thi Hoa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Lan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Diep
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Naoyuki Fuke
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takuya Hirai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ryoji Yamaguchi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Espinosa R, Tago D, Treich N. Infectious Diseases and Meat Production. ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS 2020; 76:1019-1044. [PMID: 32836843 PMCID: PMC7399585 DOI: 10.1007/s10640-020-00484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Most infectious diseases in humans originate from animals. In this paper, we explore the role of animal farming and meat consumption in the emergence and amplification of infectious diseases. First, we discuss how meat production increases epidemic risks, either directly through increased contact with wild and farmed animals or indirectly through its impact on the environment (e.g., biodiversity loss, water use, climate change). Traditional food systems such as bushmeat and backyard farming increase the risks of disease transmission from wild animals, while intensive farming amplifies the impact of the disease due to the high density, genetic proximity, increased immunodeficiency, and live transport of farmed animals. Second, we describe the various direct and indirect costs of animal-based infectious diseases, and in particular, how these diseases can negatively impact the economy and the environment. Last, we discuss policies to reduce the social costs of infectious diseases. While existing regulatory frameworks such as the "One Health" approach focus on increasing farms' biosecurity and emergency preparedness, we emphasize the need to better align stakeholders' incentives and to reduce meat consumption. We discuss in particular the implementation of a "zoonotic" Pigouvian tax, and innovations such as insect-based food or cultured meat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Damian Tago
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand
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Choe S, Le VP, Shin J, Kim JH, Kim KS, Song S, Cha RM, Park GN, Nguyen TL, Hyun BH, Park BK, An DJ. Pathogenicity and Genetic Characterization of Vietnamese Classical Swine Fever Virus: 2014-2018. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030169. [PMID: 32121079 PMCID: PMC7157220 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we examined the pathogenicity and genetic differences between classical swine fever viruses (CSFV) isolated on pig farms in North Vietnam from 2014–2018. Twenty CSFV strains from 16 pig farms were classified as genotype 2 (sub-genotypes 2.1b, 2.1c, and 2.2). The main sub-genotype, 2.1c, was classified phylogenetically as belonging to the same cluster as viruses isolated from the Guangdong region in South China. Strain HY58 (sub-genotype 2.1c), isolated from pigs in Vietnam, caused higher mortality (60%) than the Vietnamese ND20 strain (sub-genotype 2.2). The Vietnamese strain of sub-genotype 2.1b was estimated to have moderate virulence; indeed, genetic analysis revealed that it belongs to the same cluster as Korean CSFV sub-genotype 2.1b. Most CSFVs circulating in North Vietnam belong to sub-genotype 2.1c. Geographical proximity means that this genotype might continue to circulate in both North Vietnam and Southern China (Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hunan).
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Affiliation(s)
- SeEun Choe
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (J.S.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (R.M.C.); (G.-N.P.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Van Phan Le
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (V.P.L.); (T.L.N.)
| | - Jihye Shin
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (J.S.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (R.M.C.); (G.-N.P.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Jae-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea;
| | - Ki-Sun Kim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (J.S.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (R.M.C.); (G.-N.P.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Sok Song
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (J.S.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (R.M.C.); (G.-N.P.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Ra Mi Cha
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (J.S.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (R.M.C.); (G.-N.P.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Gyu-Nam Park
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (J.S.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (R.M.C.); (G.-N.P.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Thi Lan Nguyen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (V.P.L.); (T.L.N.)
| | - Bang-Hun Hyun
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (J.S.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (R.M.C.); (G.-N.P.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
| | - Bong-Kyun Park
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (J.S.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (R.M.C.); (G.-N.P.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk 39660, Korea; (S.C.); (J.S.); (K.-S.K.); (S.S.); (R.M.C.); (G.-N.P.); (B.-H.H.); (B.-K.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-912-0795
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Lee HS, Bui VN, Nguyen HX, Bui AN, Hoang TD, Nguyen-Viet H, Grace Randolph D, Wieland B. Seroprevalences of multi-pathogen and description of farm movement in pigs in two provinces in Vietnam. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:15. [PMID: 31937298 PMCID: PMC6958752 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Vietnam, lack of animal health information is considered a major challenge for pig production. The main objective of this study was to assess the seroprevalences of five pathogens [porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyo), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and leptospirosis] and to better characterize the farm movements through a survey. Results A total of 600 samples were collected from 120 farms from Bac Giang and Nghe An. Among unvaccinated herds, the highest seroprevalence was found for JE with 73.81% (95% CI: 68.39–78.74) in Bac Giang and 53.51% (95% CI 47.68–59.27) in Nghe An. Seroprevalences for PCV2 and M.hyo were 49.43% (95% CI: 45.06–53.80) and 46.06% (95% CI: 41.48–50.69) among unvaccinated animals. Accumulative co-infections for JE (86.25%) showed the highest level followed by M. hyo (66.25%) and PCV2 (62.50%). Three co-infections with JE had the highest positive rate (28.75%) followed by four co-infections (25.0%). Medium farms had relatively higher herd prevalences for all pathogens, except from leptospirosis. Overall, farmers exported/imported their pigs at the most 1–2 times every 6 months. Some respondents (5% for exportation and 20% for importation) had moved pigs more than 6 times over the last 6 months. Conclusions Our study provided another pool of evidence that showed that PCV2, PRRS and H. hyo are endemic in pigs in Vietnam. Given the economic impacts of these pathogens elsewhere, the findings confirm the need for studies to evaluate the association between antibody response and clinical relevance as well as to assess the economic impact of co-infections at farm level. We also found that high seroprevalences of JE and leptospirosis were detected in pigs. From a pubic health point of view, it is crucial to raise public awareness especially for high risk occupations (mainly pig farm workers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Room 301-302, B1 Building, Van Phuc Diplomatic Compound, 298 Kim Ma Street, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Vuong Nghia Bui
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Phuong Mai, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huyen Xuan Nguyen
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Phuong Mai, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Ngoc Bui
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Phuong Mai, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Trung Duc Hoang
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Phuong Mai, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hung Nguyen-Viet
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Room 301-302, B1 Building, Van Phuc Diplomatic Compound, 298 Kim Ma Street, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Barbara Wieland
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Complete Genome Sequences of Classical Swine Fever Virus Subgenotype 2.1 and 2.2 Strains Isolated from Vietnamese Pigs. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/22/e01634-18. [PMID: 31147435 PMCID: PMC6544192 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01634-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) strains ND20 and HY78 were detected from infected pigs in the Xuan Truong-Nam Dinh and Hung Yen provinces in North Vietnam in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The most prevalent CSFV subgenotypes in Vietnam are 2.1 and 2.2, and these two complete genome sequences will help the CSFV prevention policy in Vietnam. Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) strains ND20 and HY78 were detected from infected pigs in the Xuan Truong-Nam Dinh and Hung Yen provinces in North Vietnam in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The most prevalent CSFV subgenotypes in Vietnam are 2.1 and 2.2, and these two complete genome sequences will help the CSFV prevention policy in Vietnam. In particular, subgenotype 2.2 (ND20 strain) has been reported less worldwide, so it is worth sharing information about this subgenotype.
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Lee HS, Pham TL, Nguyen TN, Lee M, Wieland B. Seasonal patterns and space-time clustering of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) cases from 2008 to 2016 in Vietnam. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:986-994. [PMID: 30636103 PMCID: PMC6850339 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is an important disease in pig production and is endemic in Vietnam. No nationwide studies have been carried out to understand the spread of PRRS in Vietnam. The main objective of this study was to identify the seasonal patterns and space‐time clusters of PRRS from 2008 to 2016 using national surveillance data in Vietnam. A total of 614,219 cases were reported during the period. There was a seasonal pattern with single peak by region (except North Central Coast, showing double peaks in March and June). The seasonal plots from the Northern regions showed a higher peak between March and April, whereas the four regions from Southern part displayed a higher peak between June and August. Overall, outbreaks from the northern part of Vietnam tended to occur 3–4 months earlier than the southern part. When the spatial window was set at 50%, space‐time cluster analysis found that the first cluster occurred in the Red River Delta (RRD) (radius: 82.17 km; ratios: 5.5; period: Mar–May/2010) and the second (radius: 50.8 km; ratios: 10.61; period: Aug–Oct/2011) in the Mekong River Delta (MRD) region. Four other clusters were observed in the central and Southern parts. Our findings might provide better insight into the distribution of clusters and temporal patterns of PRRS in Vietnam. This study may provide policy makers with valuable information on the hotspot areas and timing of outbreaks. Also, it identifies when and where national control program could be implemented more efficiently by targeting resources for the prevention and control of PRRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Long Pham
- Epidemiology Division, Department of Animal Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tien Ngoc Nguyen
- Epidemiology Division, Department of Animal Health, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mihye Lee
- Medical Microbiology Department, The Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Barbara Wieland
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Hall DC, Le QB. Factors Influencing Mitigation of Risk of Waterborne Disease in Vietnam Among Small Scale Integrated Livestock Farmers. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:154. [PMID: 30038910 PMCID: PMC6046405 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrated livestock, crops, and fish (VAC) model of integrated small scale agriculture has been important to economic and ecological sustainability in Vietnam for many centuries. Recently, emerging waterborne diseases including avian influenza as well as the potential for zoonotic disease arising from small scale farms have jeopardized the VAC model. In order to promote mitigation of the risk of waterborne and other diseases in the VAC system, there needs to be recognition of the significant predictors of such behavior, particularly with respect to water sources including well and rain water. We report primarily quantitative results of research generated from 300 farms in each of North and South Vietnam that indicate the small scale farmers who are more likely to engage in mitigation of waterborne disease are those who raise pigs, perceive themselves to be more at risk of HPAI infection from well water, report they are good livestock managers, value the advice of health care workers, and where a female household member is the decision maker for family health. These results bear importance to water and health policy formulators in rural Vietnam. (JEL I130, I180, O130, Q180, Q570). JEL CLASSIFICATIONS:I130: Health and economic development I180: Public health O130: Economic Development: Agriculture; Environment Q180: Agricultural policy; Food policy Q570: Ecological economics: biodiversity conservation
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Hall
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Quynh B Le
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Complete Genome Sequencing of a Classical Swine Fever Virus Strain Endemic in Vietnam. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2018; 6:6/18/e00307-18. [PMID: 29724831 PMCID: PMC5940935 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00307-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A Vietnamese strain of classical swine fever virus, VN91, was isolated in Hung Yen in 1991. While VN91 has been used as a challenge strain in efficacy tests of vaccines, its genetic background has never been described. Here, we report the genome sequence of the strain circulating in Vietnam.
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Baudon E, Fournié G, Hiep DT, Pham TTH, Duboz R, Gély M, Peiris M, Cowling BJ, Ton VD, Peyre M. Analysis of Swine Movements in a Province in Northern Vietnam and Application in the Design of Surveillance Strategies for Infectious Diseases. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:411-424. [PMID: 26040303 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While swine production is rapidly growing in South-East Asia, the structure of the swine industry and the dynamic of pig movements have not been well-studied. However, this knowledge is a prerequisite for understanding the dynamic of disease transmission in swine populations and designing cost-effective surveillance strategies for infectious diseases. In this study, we assessed the farming and trading practices in the Vietnamese swine familial farming sector, which accounts for most pigs in Vietnam, and for which disease surveillance is a major challenge. Farmers from two communes of a Red River Delta Province (northern Vietnam) were interviewed, along with traders involved in pig transactions. Major differences in the trade structure were observed between the two communes. One commune had mainly transversal trades, that is between farms of equivalent sizes, whereas the other had pyramidal trades, that is from larger to smaller farms. Companies and large familial farrow-to-finish farms were likely to act as major sources of disease spread through pig sales, demonstrating their importance for disease control. Familial fattening farms with high pig purchases were at greater risk of disease introduction and should be targeted for disease detection as part of a risk-based surveillance. In contrast, many other familial farms were isolated or weakly connected to the swine trade network limiting their relevance for surveillance activities. However, some of these farms used boar hiring for breeding, increasing the risk of disease spread. Most familial farms were slaughtering pigs at the farm or in small local slaughterhouses, making the surveillance at the slaughterhouse inefficient. In terms of spatial distribution of the trades, the results suggested that northern provinces were highly connected and showed some connection with central and southern provinces. These results are useful to develop risk-based surveillance protocols for disease detection in the swine familial sector and to make recommendations for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Baudon
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs), French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
| | - G Fournié
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Production and Population Health Department, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - D T Hiep
- Hanoi University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - T T H Pham
- Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs), French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
| | - R Duboz
- Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs), French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
| | - M Gély
- Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs), French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
| | - M Peiris
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - V D Ton
- Hanoi University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - M Peyre
- Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs), French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
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15
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First isolation of border disease virus in Japan is from a pig farm with no ruminants. Vet Microbiol 2014; 171:210-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Kim YK, Lim SI, Cho YY, Song JY, Kim J, An DJ. The CSFV DNAChip: a novel diagnostic assay for classical swine fever virus. J Virol Methods 2014; 204:44-8. [PMID: 24698761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel assay, the CSFV DNAChip, was developed to clearly and rapidly discriminate three genotypes of classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Total RNA was extracted from clinical samples and then subjected to a one-step reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using Cy3-labeled primers from the 5' non-coding region (NCR) of CSFV. Amplicons were hybridized to the CSFV DNAChip and fluorescence scanning was performed for detection of CSFV. A cut-off fluorescence intensity value of 5000 was determined by two-graph receiver operating curve (TG-ROC) analysis. The limit of detection values for the developed DNA chip assay were 0.313ng/μL for amplicon concentration and 1TCID50/100μL for virus titer. Using the developed DNA chip, 157 field samples (91 CSFV-positive and 66 CSFV-negative) were investigated. The genotypes determined by the CSFV DNAChip agreed completely with those determined by nucleotide sequence analysis of the viral genome. The developed CSFV DNAChip will be helpful in implementing a CSFV eradication strategy, as it provides a rapid and accurate diagnostic assay that can discriminate easily among CSFV genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Kwan Kim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-In Lim
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Young Cho
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Song
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 430-757, Republic of Korea
| | - JoonBae Kim
- Median Diagnostics Inc, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 200-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun An
- Viral Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, 430-757, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Lindahl JF, Ståhl K, Chirico J, Boqvist S, Thu HTV, Magnusson U. Circulation of Japanese encephalitis virus in pigs and mosquito vectors within Can Tho city, Vietnam. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2153. [PMID: 23593520 PMCID: PMC3617195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne, zoonotic flavivirus causing encephalitis in humans and reproductive disorder in pigs. JEV is present in large parts of Asia, where urbanization is high. Households within and outside Can Tho city, South Vietnam, were selected to monitor circulation of JEV. A nested RT-PCR was established to detect the presence of JEV in mosquitoes whereas sera from pigs belonging to households within the province were analyzed for the presence of antibodies to JEV. A total of 7885 mosquitoes were collected and divided into 352 pools whereof seven were JEV-positive, six of which were collected within the city. Fragments from four pools clustered with JEV genotype III and three with genotype I. Of the 43 pigs sampled inside the city 100% had JEV antibodies. Our study demonstrates exposure to JEV in pigs, and co-circulation of JEV genotype I and III in mosquitoes within an urban environment in South Vietnam. Thus, although JEV has mainly been considered a rural disease, the potential for transmission in urban areas cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna F. Lindahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Reproduction, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl Ståhl
- Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Chirico
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, National Veterinary Institute, SVA, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sofia Boqvist
- Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ho Thi Viet Thu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Can Tho University, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Ulf Magnusson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Reproduction, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Sun SQ, Yin SH, Guo HC, Jin Y, Shang YJ, Liu XT. Genetic typing of classical swine fever virus isolates from China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 60:370-5. [PMID: 22672483 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The E2 genes of 73 classical swine fever virus (CSFV) originated from CSF suspected cases in different regions of China were genetically characterized and compared with reference CSF viruses. All Chinese viruses that characterized were segregated into two major groups and subdivided into four subgroups. Most of isolates (61.6%) belonged to group 2 and were further divided into three subgroups: subgroup 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3. Subgroup 2.1 was the largest subgroup which contained 46.6% of isolates, while subgroup 2.3 was the smallest subgroup which contained only one isolate (1.4%). The remaining 38.4% of isolates were classified into subgroup 1.1 within group 1. However, no group 3 and subgroups 1.2 and 1.3 viruses were found in this study. This study has provided epidemiological information useful for assessing the virus origin and establishing a national prevention and control strategy against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Q Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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19
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Sebesvari Z, Le HTT, Van Toan P, Arnold U, Renaud FG. Agriculture and Water Quality in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. SPRINGER ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-3962-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Le H, Poljak Z, Deardon R, Dewey CE. Clustering of and Risk Factors for the Porcine High Fever Disease in a Region of Vietnam. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011; 59:49-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Animal health safety of fresh meat derived from pigs vaccinated against Classic Swine Fever. EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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22
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23
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Feng Y, Zhao T, Nguyen T, Inui K, Ma Y, Nguyen TH, Nguyen VC, Liu D, Bui QA, To LT, Wang C, Tian K, Gao GF. Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus variants, Vietnam and China, 2007. Emerg Infect Dis 2009; 14:1774-6. [PMID: 18976568 PMCID: PMC2630730 DOI: 10.3201/eid1411.071676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized isolates from porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus epidemics in Vietnam and China in 2007. These isolates showed ≈99% identity at the genomic level. Genetic analysis indicated that they share a discontinuous deletion of 30 aa in nonstructural protein 2, which indicates that identical variants emerged in Vietnam and China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjun Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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24
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Lin YJ, Chien MS, Deng MC, Huang CC. Complete sequence of a subgroup 3.4 strain of classical swine fever virus from Taiwan. Virus Genes 2007; 35:737-44. [PMID: 17721814 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-007-0154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Classical swine fever viruses from Taiwan have been classified into two subgroups (3.4 and 2.1). Outbreaks caused by 3.4 viruses were reported in Taiwan prior to 1996 and which mainly distributed in the geographic range from southern Japan to Taiwan. We have determined the complete sequence of a reference strain, 94.4/IL/94/TWN. The genome contains 12,296 nucleotides, encoding 3,898 amino acids flanked by a 372-nt region at the 5' untranslated region (UTR) and a 227-nt region at the 3'-UTR. Similarities of nucleotides among 3.4 viruses isolated from Taiwan and Japan (Kanagawa/74; Okinawa/86) maintained in 94.2-97.5%; however, comparing to subgroup 1.1 (ALD/64/Jap) and 2.1 (TD/96/TWN) only showed about 72.5-80.8%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on positioning from 11,157 to 11,565 nt (NS5B region) revealed that CSFVs were divided into three major lineages and their sublineages. Strain 94.4/IL/94/TWN is the first completely genomic sequence of subgroup 3.4 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ju Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, 250 Kou-Kwang Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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