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Ali ST, Wu P, He D, Tian L, Cowling BJ. Forecasting influenza epidemics in Hong Kong using multiple streams of syndromic and laboratory surveillance data: abridged secondary publication. Hong Kong Med J 2024; 30 Suppl 1:4-8. [PMID: 38413204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S T Ali
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - P Wu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - D He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - L Tian
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Zhao J, Schooling CM, Au Yeung SL, Cowling BJ, Baccarelli A. Environment-wide and epigenome-wide association study of adiposity in 'Children of 1997' birth cohort: abridged secondary publication. Hong Kong Med J 2023; 29 Suppl 7:9-13. [PMID: 38148649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Zhao
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - C M Schooling
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - S L Au Yeung
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - A Baccarelli
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, United States
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3
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Valkenburg S, Cowling BJ, Leung NHL. Influenza ADCC-antibody responses in vaccinated and infected children as a correlate of protection: abridged secondary publication. Hong Kong Med J 2023; 29 Suppl 7:39-40. [PMID: 38148656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Valkenburg
- Department of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - B J Cowling
- Department of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - N H L Leung
- Department of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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4
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Wu P, Cowling BJ, Chiu SS, Wong IOL, Yeung WKY. Cost-effectiveness of prophylaxis with palivizumab among high-risk children in Hong Kong: abridged secondary publication. Hong Kong Med J 2023; 29 Suppl 7:37-38. [PMID: 38148655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P Wu
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - S S Chiu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - I O L Wong
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - W K Y Yeung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
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5
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Fukuda K, Lam T, Tun H, Peiris JSM, Cowling BJ, Zhang T. Surveillance of environmental contamination by antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant pathogens: abridged secondary publication. Hong Kong Med J 2023; 29 Suppl 1:32-33. [PMID: 36919217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K Fukuda
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - T Lam
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - H Tun
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J S M Peiris
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - T Zhang
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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6
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Wong IOL, Cowling BJ, Lam YT, Lam KF. Epidemiological and demographic contributions to future cancer burden in Hong Kong: abridged secondary publication. Hong Kong Med J 2023; 29 Suppl 1:8-11. [PMID: 36919210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I O L Wong
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Y T Lam
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - K F Lam
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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7
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Ip DKMI, Lau EYC, Cowling BJ. Smartphone application-based school absenteeism reporting system for infectious disease surveillance in Hong Kong schools: abridged secondary publication. Hong Kong Med J 2022; 28 Suppl 3:34-36. [PMID: 35701229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D K M I Ip
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - E Y C Lau
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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8
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Ofori SK, Hung YW, Schwind JS, Diallo K, Babatunde D, Nwaobi SO, Hua X, Sullivan KL, Cowling BJ, Chowell G, Fung ICH. Economic evaluations of interventions against influenza at workplaces: systematic review. Occup Med (Lond) 2021; 72:70-80. [PMID: 34931675 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqab163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden of influenza is mostly felt by employees and employers because of increased absenteeism rates, loss of productivity and associated direct costs. Even though interventions against influenza among working adults are effective, patronage and compliance to these measures especially vaccination are low compared to other risk groups. AIMS This study was aimed to assess evidence of economic evaluations of interventions against influenza virus infection among workers or in the workplace setting. METHODS The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) reporting guideline for systematic reviews was followed. Three databases, PubMed, Web of Science and EconLit, were searched using keywords to identify relevant articles from inception till 25 October 2020. Original peer-reviewed papers that conducted economic evaluations of influenza interventions using cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness or cost-utility analysis methods focused on working-age adults or work settings were eligible for inclusion. Two independent teams of co-authors extracted and synthesized data from identified studies. RESULTS Twenty-four articles were included: 21 were cost-benefit analyses and 3 examined cost-effectiveness analyses. Two papers also presented additional cost-utility analysis. Most of the studies were pharmaceutical interventions (n = 23) primarily focused on vaccination programs while one study was a non-pharmaceutical intervention examining the benefit of paid sick leave. All but two studies reported that interventions against influenza virus infection at the workplace were cost-saving and cost-effective regardless of the analytic approach. CONCLUSIONS Further cost-effectiveness research in non-pharmaceutical interventions against influenza in workplace settings is warranted. There is a need to develop standardized methods for reporting economic evaluation methods to ensure comparability and applicability of future research findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Ofori
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Y W Hung
- Salient Advisory, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J S Schwind
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - K Diallo
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - D Babatunde
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - S O Nwaobi
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - X Hua
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - K L Sullivan
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - B J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - G Chowell
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - I C H Fung
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Environmental Health Sciences, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
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9
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Lau EHY, Wong IOL, Ip DKM, Kwok KO, Cowling BJ. Symptom-specific health-seeking behaviour for common infectious diseases and implications in disease control and surveillance: abridged secondary publication. Hong Kong Med J 2021; 27 Suppl 2:44-47. [PMID: 34075892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E H Y Lau
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
| | - I O L Wong
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
| | - D K M Ip
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
| | - K O Kwok
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
| | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
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10
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Leung TYM, Chan AYL, Chan EW, Chan VKY, Chui CSL, Cowling BJ, Gao L, Ge MQ, Hung IFN, Ip MSM, Ip P, Lau KK, Lau CS, Lau LKW, Leung WK, Li X, Luo H, Man KKC, Ng VWS, Siu CW, Wan EYF, Wing YK, Wong CSM, Wong KHT, Wong ICK. Short- and potential long-term adverse health outcomes of COVID-19: a rapid review. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:2190-2199. [PMID: 32940572 PMCID: PMC7586446 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1825914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in millions of patients
infected worldwide and indirectly affecting even more individuals through disruption of
daily living. Long-term adverse outcomes have been reported with similar diseases from
other coronaviruses, namely Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Emerging evidence suggests that COVID-19 adversely affects
different systems in the human body. This review summarizes the current evidence on the
short-term adverse health outcomes and assesses the risk of potential long-term adverse
outcomes of COVID-19. Major adverse outcomes were found to affect different body systems:
immune system (including but not limited to Guillain-Barré syndrome and paediatric
inflammatory multisystem syndrome), respiratory system (lung fibrosis and pulmonary
thromboembolism), cardiovascular system (cardiomyopathy and coagulopathy), neurological
system (sensory dysfunction and stroke), as well as cutaneous and gastrointestinal
manifestations, impaired hepatic and renal function. Mental health in patients with
COVID-19 was also found to be adversely affected. The burden of caring for COVID-19
survivors is likely to be huge. Therefore, it is important for policy makers to develop
comprehensive strategies in providing resources and capacity in the healthcare system.
Future epidemiological studies are needed to further investigate the long-term impact on
COVID-19 survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Y M Leung
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - A Y L Chan
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - E W Chan
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - V K Y Chan
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - C S L Chui
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.,Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.,Department of Social Work and Social Administration, Faculty of Social Science, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - B J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - L Gao
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - M Q Ge
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - I F N Hung
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - M S M Ip
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - P Ip
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - K K Lau
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - C S Lau
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - L K W Lau
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - W K Leung
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - X Li
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - H Luo
- Department of Social Work and Social Administration, Faculty of Social Science, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.,Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - K K C Man
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.,Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - V W S Ng
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - C W Siu
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - E Y F Wan
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.,Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Y K Wing
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - C S M Wong
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - K H T Wong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - I C K Wong
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.,Research Department of Practice and Policy, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Fong
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - B J Cowling
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - G M Leung
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - P Wu
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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12
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Petti S, Cowling BJ. Ecologic association between influenza and COVID-19 mortality rates in European countries. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 148:e209. [PMID: 32912363 PMCID: PMC7506171 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268820002125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecologic studies investigating COVID-19 mortality determinants, used to make predictions and design public health control measures, generally focused on population-based variable counterparts of individual-based risk factors. Influenza is not causally associated with COVID-19, but shares population-based determinants, such as similar incidence/mortality trends, transmission patterns, efficacy of non-pharmaceutical interventions, comorbidities and underdiagnosis. We investigated the ecologic association between influenza mortality rates and COVID-19 mortality rates in the European context. We considered the 3-year average influenza (2014-2016) and COVID-19 (31 May 2020) crude mortality rates in 34 countries using EUROSTAT and ECDC databases and performed correlation and regression analyses. The two variables - log transformed, showed significant Spearman's correlation ρ = 0.439 (P = 0.01), and regression coefficients, b = 0.743 (95% confidence interval, 0.272-1.214; R2 = 0.244; P = 0.003), b = 0.472 (95% confidence interval, 0.067-0.878; R2 = 0.549; P = 0.02), unadjusted and adjusted for confounders (population size and cardiovascular disease mortality), respectively. Common significant determinants of both COVID-19 and influenza mortality rates were life expectancy, influenza vaccination in the elderly (direct associations), number of hospital beds per population unit and crude cardiovascular disease mortality rate (inverse associations). This analysis suggests that influenza mortality rates were independently associated with COVID-19 mortality rates in Europe, with implications for public health preparedness, and implies preliminary undetected SARS-CoV-2 spread in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Petti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - B. J. Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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13
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Wu P, Cowling BJ, Peiris JSM. Severity profiles of respiratory viruses in children in Hong Kong: abridged secondary publication. Hong Kong Med J 2020; 26 Suppl 4:17-21. [PMID: 32690813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P Wu
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - J S M Peiris
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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14
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Cowling BJ, Ip DK, Yen HL. Efficacy of face masks to prevent respiratory virus transmission: abridged secondary publication. Hong Kong Med J 2020; 26 Suppl 4:4-7. [PMID: 32690810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - D K Ip
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - H L Yen
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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15
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He DH, Chiu APY, Wu JTK, Cowling BJ. Pre-pandemic live-attenuated influenza vaccine. Hong Kong Med J 2019; 25 Suppl 9:24-27. [PMID: 31889031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D H He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
| | - A P Y Chiu
- Department of Applied Mathematics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
| | - J T K Wu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
| | - B J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
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16
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Cowling BJ, Peiris JSM, Kwok KO. Influenza virus infections in Hong Kong in 2013-14: a community-based longitudinal seroepidemiological study. Hong Kong Med J 2019; 25 Suppl 7:23-26. [PMID: 31761766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
| | - J S M Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
| | - K O Kwok
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
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17
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Yang L, Wong CM, Chiu SS, Cowling BJ, Peiris JS. Estimation of excess mortality and hospitalisation associated with the 2009 pandemic influenza. Hong Kong Med J 2018; 24 Suppl 6:19-22. [PMID: 30229731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L Yang
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
| | - C M Wong
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
| | - S Ss Chiu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
| | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
| | - J Sm Peiris
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
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18
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Cowling BJ, Chan KH, Peiris JS. Influenza-like illness and viral aetiology in Hong Kong children. Hong Kong Med J 2018; 24 Suppl 6:12-15. [PMID: 30229729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
| | - K H Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong
| | - J Sm Peiris
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
- Centre for Influenza Research, The University of Hong Kong
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19
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Wu JT, Cowling BJ. Real-time forecasting of infectious disease epidemics. Hong Kong Med J 2018; 24 Suppl 6:26-29. [PMID: 30229733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J T Wu
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
| | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
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20
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Wendlandt R, Cowling BJ, Chen Y, Havers F, Shifflett P, Song Y, Zhang R, Iuliano D, Xu C, Yu H, Zhang J, Zhang H, Tang F, Thompson M. Knowledge, attitudes and practices related to the influenza virus and vaccine among older adults in Eastern China. Vaccine 2018; 36:2673-2682. [PMID: 29606516 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to assess the association between socio-demographic and health characteristics of older adults in Eastern China and knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) about the influenza virus and vaccine. METHODS A prospective cohort of 1506 older adults (aged ≥60 years) was enrolled from November to December 2015 in Jiangsu Province. We examined the association between demographics, health and functional status, and cognitive impairment at enrollment with awareness of influenza virus and vaccine and KAP items focused on five Health Belief Model domains. At a 12-month follow-up interview we assessed change in awareness and readiness to be vaccinated. RESULTS One in five older adults was aware of the influenza virus (21%) or vaccine (20%); even fewer reported having at least "a little" knowledge of the virus and vaccine (7% and 4%, respectively); less than 1% reported ever receiving an influenza vaccine. Retirement, higher education and income, and normal cognitive status were consistently associated with both awareness and knowledge of influenza virus. The odds of having at least "a little" knowledge of the vaccine was 2.9-fold (95% CI = 1.6-5.3) higher among older adults with at least some secondary schooling. Among the 108 with knowledge of the virus, 55% said they "worry about getting the flu this season." Among the 73 with knowledge of the vaccine, 92% believed the vaccine was at least somewhat effective and less than half (43%) thought that influenza vaccination was safe. At a 12-month follow-up interview, 33% (442/1333) increased from no knowledge to at least "a little". CONCLUSIONS If and when influenza vaccines become widely available to older adults in China, our results indicate that influenza vaccination campaigns with basic information on the virus and vaccine could be beneficial for all older adults, especially those with less education and/or more cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Wendlandt
- Abt Associates, Inc., 2200 Century Parkway NE, Suite 950, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - B J Cowling
- Hong Kong University, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Yuyun Chen
- Hong Kong University, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Fiona Havers
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pat Shifflett
- Abt Associates, Inc., 2200 Century Parkway NE, Suite 950, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ying Song
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing, Suite 601, Dongwai Diplomatic Office, 23 Dongzhimenwai Dajie, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ran Zhang
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Beijing, Suite 601, Dongwai Diplomatic Office, 23 Dongzhimenwai Dajie, Beijing, PR China
| | - Danielle Iuliano
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cuiling Xu
- China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hongie Yu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Suzhou Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 72 San Xiang Road, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Hongjun Zhang
- Yancheng Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 66 East Yu Long Road, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Fenyang Tang
- Jiangsu Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 172 Nan Jing Road, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Mark Thompson
- United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Atlanta, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA
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21
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Wong IO, Schooling CM, Cowling BJ, Wong CN, Leung GM. Disease burden of breast cancer in Hong Kong: an exploration of trends for screening policy and resource allocation. Hong Kong Med J 2016; 22 Suppl 6:4-7. [PMID: 27807309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I Ol Wong
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
| | - C M Schooling
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
| | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
| | - C N Wong
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
| | - G M Leung
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
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22
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23
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Wong IOL, Cowling BJ, Lo SV, Chan WYH, Schooling CM. Projecting ischaemic heart disease mortality and morbidity in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J 2015; 21 Suppl 6:19-22. [PMID: 26645878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I O L Wong
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
| | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
| | - S V Lo
- Hospital Authority Head Office, Hong Kong
| | - W Y H Chan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
| | - C M Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
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24
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Wong IOL, Tsang JWH, Cowling BJ, Leung GM. Generalised cost-effectiveness analysis for breast cancer prevention and care in Hong Kong Chinese. Hong Kong Med J 2015; 21 Suppl 6:9-12. [PMID: 26645875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I O L Wong
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
| | | | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
| | - G M Leung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
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25
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Cowling BJ, Park M, Fang VJ, Wu P, Leung GM, Wu JT. Preliminary epidemiological assessment of MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea, May to June 2015. Euro Surveill 2015. [PMID: 26132767 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3369.three] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
South Korea is experiencing the largest outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections outside the Arabian Peninsula, with 166 laboratory-confirmed cases, including 24 deaths up to 19 June 2015. We estimated that the mean incubation period was 6.7 days and the mean serial interval 12.6 days. We found it unlikely that infectiousness precedes symptom onset. Based on currently available data, we predict an overall case fatality risk of 21% (95% credible interval: 14–31).
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Cowling
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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26
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Cowling BJ, Park M, Fang VJ, Wu P, Leung GM, Wu JT. Preliminary epidemiological assessment of MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea, May to June 2015. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:7-13. [PMID: 26132767 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.25.21163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
South Korea is experiencing the largest outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections outside the Arabian Peninsula, with 166 laboratory-confirmed cases, including 24 deaths up to 19 June 2015. We estimated that the mean incubation period was 6.7 days and the mean serial interval 12.6 days. We found it unlikely that infectiousness precedes symptom onset. Based on currently available data, we predict an overall case fatality risk of 21% (95% credible interval: 14–31).
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Cowling
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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27
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Baudon E, Fournié G, Hiep DT, Pham TTH, Duboz R, Gély M, Peiris M, Cowling BJ, Ton VD, Peyre M. Analysis of Swine Movements in a Province in Northern Vietnam and Application in the Design of Surveillance Strategies for Infectious Diseases. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:411-424. [PMID: 26040303 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While swine production is rapidly growing in South-East Asia, the structure of the swine industry and the dynamic of pig movements have not been well-studied. However, this knowledge is a prerequisite for understanding the dynamic of disease transmission in swine populations and designing cost-effective surveillance strategies for infectious diseases. In this study, we assessed the farming and trading practices in the Vietnamese swine familial farming sector, which accounts for most pigs in Vietnam, and for which disease surveillance is a major challenge. Farmers from two communes of a Red River Delta Province (northern Vietnam) were interviewed, along with traders involved in pig transactions. Major differences in the trade structure were observed between the two communes. One commune had mainly transversal trades, that is between farms of equivalent sizes, whereas the other had pyramidal trades, that is from larger to smaller farms. Companies and large familial farrow-to-finish farms were likely to act as major sources of disease spread through pig sales, demonstrating their importance for disease control. Familial fattening farms with high pig purchases were at greater risk of disease introduction and should be targeted for disease detection as part of a risk-based surveillance. In contrast, many other familial farms were isolated or weakly connected to the swine trade network limiting their relevance for surveillance activities. However, some of these farms used boar hiring for breeding, increasing the risk of disease spread. Most familial farms were slaughtering pigs at the farm or in small local slaughterhouses, making the surveillance at the slaughterhouse inefficient. In terms of spatial distribution of the trades, the results suggested that northern provinces were highly connected and showed some connection with central and southern provinces. These results are useful to develop risk-based surveillance protocols for disease detection in the swine familial sector and to make recommendations for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Baudon
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.,Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs), French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
| | - G Fournié
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Production and Population Health Department, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - D T Hiep
- Hanoi University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - T T H Pham
- Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs), French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
| | - R Duboz
- Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs), French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
| | - M Gély
- Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs), French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
| | - M Peiris
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - V D Ton
- Hanoi University of Agriculture, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - M Peyre
- Animal and Integrated Risk Management Research Unit (AGIRs), French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), Montpellier, France
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28
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Wei L, Chan KH, Ip DKM, Fang VJ, Fung ROP, Leung GM, Peiris MJS, Cowling BJ. Burden, seasonal pattern and symptomatology of acute respiratory illnesses with different viral aetiologies in children presenting at outpatient clinics in Hong Kong. Clin Microbiol Infect 2015; 21:861-6. [PMID: 26033670 PMCID: PMC7129816 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses cause acute respiratory diseases with a broad and overlapping spectrum of symptoms. We examined the clinical symptoms and explored the patterns of various respiratory viral infections in children in Hong Kong. Among 2090 specimens collected from outpatient care (2007–2010), 1343 (64.3%) were positive for any virus by the xTAG assay, and 81 (3.9%) were positive for co-infection. The most frequently detected viruses among children aged 6–15 years were enterovirus/rhinovirus and influenza virus A, whereas most non-influenza viruses were more frequently detected in younger children. Higher body temperature was more common for illnesses associated with influenza viruses than for those associated with non-influenza viruses, but other symptoms were largely similar across all infections. The seasonality pattern varied among different viruses, with influenza virus A being the predominant virus detected in winter, and enterovirus/rhinovirus being more commonly detected than influenza virus A in the other three seasons, except for 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wei
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - K-H Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - D K M Ip
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - V J Fang
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - R O P Fung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - G M Leung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - M J S Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Centre of Influenza Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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29
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Feng L, Wu JT, Liu X, Yang P, Tsang TK, Jiang H, Wu P, Yang J, Fang VJ, Qin Y, Lau EH, Li M, Zheng J, Peng Z, Xie Y, Wang Q, Li Z, Leung GM, Gao GF, Yu H, Cowling BJ. Clinical severity of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus, China, 2013/14. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19. [PMID: 25523971 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.49.20984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Assessing the severity of emerging infections is challenging because of potential biases in case ascertainment. The first human case of infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus was identified in China in March 2013; since then, the virus has caused two epidemic waves in the country. There were 134 laboratory-confirmed cases detected in the first epidemic wave from January to September 2013. In the second epidemic wave of human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus in China from October 2013 to October 2014, we estimated that the risk of death among hospitalised cases of infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus was 48% (95% credibility interval: 42-54%), slightly higher than the corresponding risk in the first wave. Age-specific risks of death among hospitalised cases were also significantly higher in the second wave. Using data on symptomatic cases identified through national sentinel influenza-like illness surveillance, we estimated that the risk of death among symptomatic cases of infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus was 0.10% (95% credibility interval: 0.029-3.6%), which was similar to previous estimates for the first epidemic wave of human infections with influenza A(H7N9) virus in 2013. An increase in the risk of death among hospitalised cases in the second wave could be real because of changes in the virus, because of seasonal changes in host susceptibility to severe infection, or because of variation in treatment practices between hospitals, while the increase could be artefactual because of changes in ascertainment of cases in different areas at different times.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Feng
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
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30
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Lam WWT, Fielding R, Butow P, Cowling BJ, Chan M, Or A, Kwong A, Suen D. Decision aids for breast cancer surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Hong Kong Med J 2014; 20 Suppl 7:24-27. [PMID: 25647821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- W W T Lam
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
| | - R Fielding
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
| | - P Butow
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney
| | - B J Cowling
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
| | - M Chan
- The Breast Centre, Department of Surgery, Kwong Wah Hospital
| | - A Or
- The Breast Centre, Department of Surgery, Kwong Wah Hospital
| | - A Kwong
- Breast Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong
| | - D Suen
- Breast Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong
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31
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Wong IOL, Schooling CM, Cowling BJ. Cost-effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori screening and treatment for gastric cancer in Hong Kong: a decision analytic approach. Hong Kong Med J 2014; 20 Suppl 7:13-15. [PMID: 25647818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I O L Wong
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
| | - C M Schooling
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
| | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
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32
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Baudon E, Poon LL, Dao TD, Pham NT, Cowling BJ, Peyre M, Nguyen KV, Peiris M. Detection of Novel Reassortant Influenza A (H3N2) and H1N1 2009 Pandemic Viruses in Swine in Hanoi, Vietnam. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:429-34. [PMID: 25363845 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
From May to September 2013, monthly samples were collected from swine in a Vietnamese slaughterhouse for influenza virus isolation and serological testing. A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses and a novel H3N2 originating from reassortment between A(H1N1)pdm09 and novel viruses of the North American triple reassortant lineage were isolated. Serological results showed low seroprevalence for the novel H3N2 virus and higher seroprevalence for A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. In addition, serology suggested that other swine influenza viruses are also circulating in Vietnamese swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Baudon
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,CIRAD, UPR AGIRs, Montpellier, France
| | - L L Poon
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - T D Dao
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - N T Pham
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - M Peyre
- CIRAD, UPR AGIRs, Montpellier, France
| | - K V Nguyen
- National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - M Peiris
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ng
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States
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34
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Wong IOL, Schooling CM, Cowling BJ, Leung GM. Breast cancer incidence and mortality in a transitioning Chinese population: current and future trends. Br J Cancer 2014; 112:167-70. [PMID: 25290086 PMCID: PMC4453599 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Projections of future trends in cancer incidence and mortality are important for public health planning. METHODS By using 1976-2010 data in Hong Kong, we fitted Poisson age-period-cohort models and made projections for future breast cancer incidence and mortality to 2025. RESULTS Age-standardised breast cancer incidence (/mortality) is projected to increase (/decline) from 56.7 (/9.3) in 2011-2015 to 62.5 (/8.6) per 100,000 women in 2021-2025. CONCLUSIONS The incidence pattern may relate to Hong Kong's socio-economic developmental history, while falling mortality trends are, most likely, due to improvements in survival from treatment advancement and improved health service delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- I O L Wong
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - C M Schooling
- 1] School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China [2] City University of New York School of Public Health and Hunter College, New York, NY, USA
| | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - G M Leung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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35
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Abstract
Ebolavirus disease (EVD) outbreaks have been occurring sporadically in Central Africa since 1976. In 2014, the first outbreak in West Africa was reported in Guinea. Subsequent outbreaks then appeared in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Nigeria. The study of environmental factors underlying EVD epidemiology may provide useful insights into when and where EVD outbreaks are more likely to occur. In this paper, we aimed to investigate the association between climatic factors and onset of EVD outbreaks in humans. Our results suggest lower temperature and higher absolute humidity are associated with EVD outbreak onset in the previous EVD outbreaks in Africa during 1976 to 2014. Potential mechanisms through which climate may have an influence on ebolavirus infection in the natural host, intermediate hosts and humans are discussed. Current and future surveillance efforts should be supported to further understand ebolavirus transmission events between and within species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ng
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States
| | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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36
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Fielding R, Cowling BJ, Liao Q, Lam WWT. Behavioural changes in relation to risk perception and prevention of avian and human influenza in Hong Kong, 2006 to 2010. Hong Kong Med J 2014; 20 Suppl 4:26-28. [PMID: 25224115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Fielding
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
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37
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Wu JT, Cowling BJ, Hung I, Lau YL, Peiris JSM. Infection attack rates during the epidemic of swine influenza A by tracking temporal changes in age-specific seroprevalence rates. Hong Kong Med J 2014; 20 Suppl 4:29-33. [PMID: 25224116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J T Wu
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
| | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
| | - I Hung
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong
| | - Y L Lau
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Hong Kong
| | - J S M Peiris
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong
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38
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kelly
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - B J Cowling
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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39
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Kelly H, Cowling BJ. Evidence and policy for influenza control. Euro Surveill 2014; 19:2-4. [PMID: 25033050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H Kelly
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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40
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Ng GKB, Leung GKK, Johnston JM, Cowling BJ. Factors affecting implementation of accreditation programmes and the impact of the accreditation process on quality improvement in hospitals: a SWOT analysis. Hong Kong Med J 2014; 19:434-46. [PMID: 24088588 DOI: 10.12809/hkmj134063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this review were to identify factors that influence implementation of hospital accreditation programmes and to assess the impact of the accreditation process on quality improvement in public hospitals. DATA SOURCES Two electronic databases, Medline (OvidSP) and PubMed, were systematically searched. STUDY SELECTION "Public hospital", "hospital accreditation", and "quality improvement" were used as the search terms. A total of 348 citations were initially identified. After critical appraisal and study selection, 26 articles were included in the review. DATA EXTRACTION The data were extracted and analysed using a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis. DATA SYNTHESIS Increased staff engagement and communication, multidisciplinary team building, positive changes in organisational culture, and enhanced leadership and staff awareness of continuous quality improvement were identified as strengths. Weaknesses included organisational resistance to change, increased staff workload, lack of awareness about continuous quality improvement, insufficient staff training and support for continuous quality improvement, lack of applicable accreditation standards for local use, and lack of performance outcome measures. Opportunities included identification of improvement areas, enhanced patient safety, additional funding, public recognition, and market advantage. Threats included opportunistic behaviours, funding cuts, lack of incentives for participation, and a regulatory approach to mandatory participation. CONCLUSIONS By relating the findings to the operational issues of accreditation, this review discussed the implications for successful implementation and how accreditation may drive quality improvement. These findings have implications for various stakeholders (government, the public, patients and health care providers), when it comes to embarking on accreditation exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K B Ng
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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41
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Schooling CM, Freeman G, Cowling BJ. Re: "Mendelian randomization and estimation of treatment efficacy for chronic diseases". The authors reply. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 179:264-5. [PMID: 24511630 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwt307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Schooling CM, Hui LL, Cowling BJ, Ho LM, Leung GM. Are the 2006 World Health Organization standards for infant growth applicable to Hong Kong Chinese? Universalistic standards or epidemiological transition stage-specific norms. Hong Kong Med J 2013; 19 Suppl 9:30-32. [PMID: 24473587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Parental socio-economic status was positively associated with length and body mass index of Hong Kong Chinese infants at 9 months. 2. Maternal smoking in pregnancy was negatively associated with infant length at 9 months. 3. Some of the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for an optimal nurturing environment contributed positively to growth. At 36 months, Hong Kong Chinese infants were generally shorter and fatter than the WHO growth references.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Schooling
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong
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Chen E, Chen Y, Fu L, Chen Z, Gong Z, Mao H, Wang D, Ni MY, Wu P, Yu Z, He T, Li Z, Gao J, Liu S, Shu Y, Cowling BJ, Xia S, Yu H. Human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus re-emerges in China in winter 2013. Euro Surveill 2013; 18. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.43.20616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Through a national surveillance system for unexplained pneumonia, a severe case of influenza A(H7N9) in a man in his mid-30s was identified in Zhejiang Province, China on 14 October 2013. Epidemiological and clinical findings were consistent with the patterns reported during the outbreak in spring 2013, and laboratory findings showed that the virus had 99.6% identity with earlier H7N9 viruses identified in humans in the spring except for five mutations in the NA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chen
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - L Fu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shaoxing Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Z Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Z Gong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - H Mao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - D Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - M Y Ni
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - P Wu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Z Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - T He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shaoxing Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Z Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - J Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - S Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Y Shu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - S Xia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - H Yu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Freeman G, Cowling BJ, Schooling CM. Power and sample size calculations for Mendelian randomization studies using one genetic instrument. Int J Epidemiol 2013; 42:1157-63. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyt110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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45
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Cowling BJ, Ho LM, Riley S, Leung GM. Statistical algorithms for early detection of the annual influenza peak season in Hong Kong using sentinel surveillance data. Hong Kong Med J 2013; 19 Suppl 4:4-5. [PMID: 23775178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In Hong Kong, influenza sentinel surveillance systems have been recently established. Methods that compare current data to data from recent weeks may be appropriate to indicate the start of peak influenza activity. These methods can produce reliable and timely alerts at the start of the annual influenza peak season.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, 100 Cyberport Road, Hong Kong.
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Riley S, Cowling BJ, Chan KH, Peiris JSM, Leung GM. Viral evolution from one generation of human influenza infection to the next. Hong Kong Med J 2013; 19 Suppl 4:6-10. [PMID: 23775179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
1. In a sub-tropical epidemic, most of the apparent household secondary cases are actually secondary infections. 2. The consensus sequence for the entire influenza virus genome is not usually identical within the same household sample. Rather, there are commonly one or two nucleotide changes. 3. These results hint at an obvious generational threshold for adaptation at the level of the consensus sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Riley
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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47
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Cowling BJ, Chan KH, Peiris JSM, Riley S, Leung GM. Viral shedding, clinical history and transmission of influenza. Hong Kong Med J 2013; 19 Suppl 4:19-23. [PMID: 23775182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
1. During influenza infections, most viral shedding occurs within a few days of illness onset. 2. Children may be more infectious than adults because they shed more virus. 3. The degree of viral shedding (infectiousness) correlates with symptoms and tympanic temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, 100 Cyberport Road, Hong Kong.
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48
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Abstract
Prevention and treatment of common noncommunicable chronic diseases have been revolutionized by the development of therapies. Recently, several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) designed to assess the efficacy of new therapies targeted at well-established risk factors for noncommunicable chronic diseases have reported lower benefits than expected. Subsequent observational analysis of the same trial data has not clarified these unexpected findings. Mendelian randomization (MR) provides an approach for estimating causal effects from observational or trial data and thus provides information complementary to that from an RCT. An RCT assesses the efficacy of a therapy but does not usually confirm the underlying mechanistic pathway. In contrast, an MR study does not assess the efficacy of a therapy but rather assesses causal effects on an underlying mechanistic pathway. We suggest that incorporating an MR study into an RCT at the design stage would improve etiologic understanding of current therapies and enhance the search for therapies for the significant amount of noncommunicable chronic diseases that resists current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Schooling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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49
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Cowling BJ, Freeman G, Wong JY, Wu P, Liao Q, Lau EH, Wu JT, Fielding R, Leung GM. Preliminary inferences on the age-specific seriousness of human disease caused by avian influenza A(H7N9) infections in China, March to April 2013. Euro Surveill 2013. [DOI: 10.2807/ese.18.19.20475-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Cowling
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - G Freeman
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - J Y Wong
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - P Wu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Q Liao
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - E H Lau
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - J T Wu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - R Fielding
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - G M Leung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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50
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Cowling BJ, Freeman G, Wong JY, Wu P, Liao Q, Lau EH, Wu JT, Fielding R, Leung GM. Preliminary inferences on the age-specific seriousness of human disease caused by avian influenza A(H7N9) infections in China, March to April 2013. Euro Surveill 2013; 18:20475. [PMID: 23725807 PMCID: PMC3838615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Between 31 March and 21 April 2013, 102 laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H7N9) infections have been reported in six provinces of China. Using survey data on age-specific rates of exposure to live poultry in China, we estimated that risk of serious illness after infection is 5.1 times higher in persons 65 years and older versus younger ages. Our results suggest that many unidentified mild influenza A(H7N9) infections may have occurred, with a lower bound of 210–550 infections to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Cowling
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - G Freeman
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - J Y Wong
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - P Wu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Q Liao
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - E H Lau
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - J T Wu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - R Fielding
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - G M Leung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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